• S.M. Cousineau
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Space charge effects are a major contributor to beam halo and emittance growth leading to beam loss in high intensity, low energy accelerators. As future accelerators strive towards unprecedented levels of beam intensity and beam loss control, a more comprehensive understanding of space charge effects is required. A wealth of simulation tools have been developed for modeling beams in linacs and rings, and with the growing availability of high-speed computing systems, computationally expensive problems that were inconceivable a decade ago are now being handled with relative ease. This has opened the field for realistic simulations of space charge effects, including detailed benchmarks with experimental data. A great deal of effort is being focused in this direction, and several recent benchmark studies have produced remarkably successful results. This paper reviews the achievements in space charge benchmarking in the last few years, and discusses the challenges that remain.

• M. Doleans
  MSU, East Lansing, Michigan
• D. Gorelov, T.L. Grimm, F. Marti, X. Wu, R.C. York
  NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan

• X. Wu, M. Doleans, D. Gorelov, T.L. Grimm, F. Marti, R.C. York
  NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan

*X. Wu, "End-to-End Beam Simulations for the MSU RIA Driver Linac," Proceedings of the XXII Linac Conference, Lubeck, Germany, August 2004.

• G.P. Jackson
  Hbar Technologies, LLC, West Chicago, Illinois

• E.S. Lessner, V.S. Assev, P.N. Ostroumov
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

The driver linac of the projected RIA facility is a versatile accelerator, a 1.4-GV, CW superconducting linac designed to simultaneously accelerate several heavy-ion charge states, providing beams from protons at about 1 GeV to uranium at 400 MeV/u at power levels at a minimum of 100 kW and up to 400 kW for most beams. Acceleration of multiple-charge-state uranium beams places stringent requirements on the linac design. A steering algorithm was derived that fulfilled the driver’s real estate requirements, such as placement of steering dipole coils on SC solenoids and of beam position monitors outside cryostats, and beam-dynamics requirements, such as coupling effects induced by the focusing solenoids.* The algorithm has been fully integrated in the tracking code TRACK** and is used to study and optimize the number and position of steering elements that minimize the multiple-beam centroid oscillations and preserve the beam emittance under misalignments of accelerating and transverse focusing elements in the driver linac.

*E.S. Lessner and P.N. Ostroumov, Proceedings of the 9-th European Particle Accelerator Conference, July 2005, pp.1476-1478. **V.N. Aseev, P.N. Ostroumov, E.S. Lessner, and B. Mustapha, these proceedings.

• K. Yamamoto, S. Yamada, K. Yamamoto
  NIRS, Chiba-shi
• T. Hattori
  RLNR, Tokyo
• M. Okamura
  RIKEN, Saitama

• J. Wu, P. Emma, L. Hendrickson
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) will be the world's first x-ray free-electron laser (FEL). To ensure the vitality of FEL lasing, it is critical to preserve the high quality of the electron beam during acceleration and compression. The peak current and final energy are very sensitive to system jitter. To minimize this sensitivity, a longitudinal feedback system on the bunch length and energy is required, together with other diagnostics and feedback systems (e.g., on transverse phase space). In this paper, we describe a simulation framework, which includes a realistic jitter model for the LCLS accelerator system, the RF acceleration, structure wakefield, and second order optics. Simulation results show that to meet the tight requirements set by the FEL, such a longitudinal feedback system is mandatory.

• K.-U. Kasemir, M. Champion, M.T. Crofford, H. Ma
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

When initial beam studies at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) indicated a need for better compensation of the effects of beam loading, a succession of rapid-prototyping and experimentation lead to the development of a simple yet successful adaptive feed forward technique within a few weeks. We describe the process and first results.

• C. Yao, Y.-C. Chae, N. Sereno, B.X. Yang
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) particle accumulator ring (PAR) is a 325-MeV storage ring that collects and compresses linac pulse trains into a single bunch for booster injection. A vertical beam instability has been observed when only a single linac bunch is injected and the total beam charge is from 0.15 to 0.7 nC. The instability starts about 80 ms after the injection, lasts about 160 ms, and is highly reproducible. We performed spectral measurement and time-resolved imaging with both a gated-intensified camera and a streak camera in order to characterize this instability. Initial analysis of the data indicates that the instability is due to ion trapping. A stable lattice was established as result of the investigation. This report summarizes the experimental results and gives some preliminary analysis.

• T. Takayanagi, Y. Irie, J. Kamiya
  JAERI/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken
• T. Kawakubo, I. Sakai
  KEK, Ibaraki

• J.R. Lackey, D.J. Harding, J.A. John, V.S. Kashikhin, A. Makarov, E. Prebys
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

The beam from the Fermilab Linac is injected onto a bump in the closed orbit of the Booster Synchrotron where a carbon foil strips the electrons from the Linac’s negative ion hydrogen beam. Although the Booster itself runs at 15Hz, heat dissipation in the orbit bump magnets has been one limitation to the fraction of the cycles that can be used for beam. New, 0.28T pulsed window frame dipole magnets have been constructed that will fit into the same space as the old ones, run at the full repetition rate of the Booster, and provide a larger bump to allow a cleaner injection orbit. The new magnets use a high saturation flux density Ni-Zn ferrite in the yoke rather than laminated steel. The presented magnetic design includes two and three dimensional magnetic field calculations with eddy currents and ferrite nonlinear effects.

• R.F. Welton, S.N. Murray, M.P. Stockli
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• R. Keller
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

The ion source developed for the Spallation Neutron Source* (SNS) is a radio frequency, multi-cusp source designed to produce ~ 40 mA of H^- with a normalized rms emittance of less than 0.2 pi mm mrad. To date the source has been utilized in the commissioning of the SNS accelerator, delivering beams of 10^-50 mA with duty-factors of typically ~0.1% for operational periods of several weeks and availabilities now ~99%. Ultimately the SNS facility will require beam duty-factors of 6% (1 ms pulse length, 60 Hz repetition rate, 21 day run-period). Over the last year, several experiments were performed in which the ion source was continuously operated at full duty-factor and maximum beam current on a dedicated test stand. Recently, a breakthrough in our understanding of the Cs release process has led to the development of a new source conditioning technique which resulted in a dramatic increase in beam persistence with time. Average H^- beam attenuation rates have been improved from ~5 mA/day to ~0.4 mA/day, allowing beams in excess of 30 mA to be delivered continuously at full duty factor for periods of ~20 days. Prior to this development, full duty factor beams could only be sustained for periods of several hours.

• H. Loos, D. Dowell, A. Gilevich, C. Limborg-Deprey
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• M. Boscolo, M. Ferrario, M. Petrarca, C. Vicario
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
• J.B. Murphy, B. Sheehy, Y. Shen, T. Tsang, X.J. Wang, Z. Wu
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• L. Serafini
  INFN-Milano, Milano

New short-wavelength SASE light sources will require very bright electron beams, brighter in some cases than is now possible. One method for improving brightness involves the careful shaping of the electron bunch to control the degrading effects of its space charge forces. We study this experimentally in an S-band system, by using an acousto-optical programmable dispersive filter to shape the photocathode laser pulse that drives the RF photoinjector. We report on the efficacy of shaping from the IR through the UV, and the effects of shaping on the electron beam dynamics.

• D. Sertore, P. Michelato, L. Monaco
  INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI)
• A. Bonucci
  SAES Getters S.p.A., Lainate
• J.H. Han
  DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen
• S. Schreiber
  DESY, Hamburg

• T. Hunter, SH. Heimsoth, DL. Lebon, RM. McBrien, J.-G. Wang
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) contains more than 600 magnets. Among them, about 400 magnets for the Linac and transfer lines are being measured on site at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. These magnets include Permanent Magnet Quadrupoles, Electro-magnetic Quadrupoles, Dipoles and Correctors. The Permanent Magnet Quadrupoles are installed in the Drift Tube Linac (DTL) and are the only Permanent Magnets in the machine. These measurements are for magnets installed in the DTL, Coupled Cavity Linac (CCL), Superconducting Linac (SCL), High Energy Beam Transport (HEBT), and the Ring to Target Beam Transport (RTBT) line. All magnets have met specifications. Approximately three fourths of the magnets have so far been measured and installed. This presentation outlines the magnet measurements for SNS at ORNL and overviews the activities and accomplishments to date.

• J.E. Spencer, E.R. Colby, R.J. Noble, D.T. Palmer, R. Siemann
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

The NLC Test Accelerator at SLAC was built to address various beam dynamics issues for the Next Linear Collider. An S-Band RF gun, originally proposed for the NLCTA, is being installed together with a large-angle extraction line at 60 MeV. This is followed by a matching section, final focus and buncher for the laser acceleration experiment, E163. The laser-electron interaction area is followed by a broad range, high resolution spectrometer (HES) for electron bunch analysis. The RF gun is discussed in another paper. We discuss only the beam dynamics and high resolution analysis system at 6 MeV based on using Parmela and high-order Transport for bunch charges from 50 pC to 1 nC. Beyond the diagnostics, this system uses the emittance compensating solenoids and a low energy, high resolution spectrometer (LES) to help tune for best operating point and match to the linac. Optical symmetries in the design of the 25.5° extraction line provide 1:1 phase space transfer without linear dispersion or use of sextupoles for a large, 6D phase space volume and range of input conditions. Tolerances and tuning sensitivities (knobs) for certain parts of the system are discussed.

• A. Kanareykin
  Euclid TechLabs, LLC, Solon, Ohio
• P.A. Avrakhov
  LPI, Moscow
• W. Gai, C.-J. Jing, R. Konecny, J.G. Power
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

In this paper, we present a preliminary experimental study of a wakefield accelerating scheme that uses a carefully spaced and current ramped electron pulse train to produce wakefields that increases the transformer ratio much higher than 2. A dielectric structure was designed and fabricated to operate at 13.625 GHz with dielectric constant of 15.7. The structure will be initially excited by two beams with first and second beam charge ratio of 1:3. The expected transformer ratio is 3 and the setup can be easily extend to 4 pulses which leads to a transformer ratio of more than 6. The dielectric structure cold test results show the tube is within the specification. A set of laser splitters was also tested to produce ramped bunch train of 2 - 4 pulses. Overall design of the experiment and initial results will be presented.

• I. Ben-Zvi, D.S. Barton, D.B. Beavis, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, A. Burrill, R. Calaga, P. Cameron, X.Y. Chang, R. Connolly, Yu.I. Eidelman, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, D.M. Gassner, H. Hahn, M. Harrison, A. Hershcovitch, H.-C. Hseuh, A.K. Jain, P.D.J. Johnson, D. Kayran, J. Kewisch, R.F. Lambiase, V. Litvinenko, W.W. MacKay, G.J. Mahler, N. Malitsky, G.T. McIntyre, W. Meng, K.A.M. Mirabella, C. Montag, T.C.N. Nehring, T. Nicoletti, B. Oerter, G. Parzen, D. Pate, J. Rank, T. Rao, T. Roser, T. Russo, J. Scaduto, K. Smith, D. Trbojevic, G. Wang, J. Wei, N.W.W. Williams, K.-C. Wu, V. Yakimenko, A. Zaltsman, Y. Zhao
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• D.T. Abell, D.L. Bruhwiler
  Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
• H. Bluem, A. Burger, M.D. Cole, A.J. Favale, D. Holmes, J. Rathke, T. Schultheiss, A.M.M. Todd
  AES, Princeton, New Jersey
• A.V. Burov, S. Nagaitsev
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• J.R. Delayen, Y.S. Derbenev, L. W. Funk, P. Kneisel, L. Merminga, H.L. Phillips, J.P. Preble
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
• I. Koop, V.V. Parkhomchuk, Y.M. Shatunov, A.N. Skrinsky
  BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk
• I.N. Meshkov, A.O. Sidorin, A.V. Smirnov, G.V. Troubnikov
  JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region
• J.S. Sekutowicz
  DESY, Hamburg

Under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy, Contract Number DE-AC02-98CH10886.

• R. Duperrier, D. Uriot
  CEA/DSM/DAPNIA, Gif-sur-Yvette

The possibility of a high intensity accelerator at GANIL, producing secondary beams of unprecedented intensity, is considered. The proposed driver for the SPIRAL2 project aims to accelerate a 5 mA deuteron beam up to 20 A.MeV and a 1 mA ion beam for q/A = 1/3 up to 14.5 A.MeV. It is a continuous wave regime linac, designed for a maximum efficiency in the transmission of intense beams and a tunable energy. This paper presents the error sensitivity study which has been performed for this linac in order to define the tolerances for the construction. The correction scheme and the expected losses are described.

• T. Lau, E. Gjonaj, T. Weiland
  TEMF, Darmstadt
• I. Zagorodnov
  DESY, Hamburg

In this contribution novel numerical algorithms with no dispersion along the beam axis are investigated. This property is of interest for the long-time calculation of electromagnetic fields in accelerators. Instead of increasing the spatial stencil of the Yee scheme the compared methods modify the time-stepping algorithm.The results are compared on several test examples. As a practical application the electromagnetic field of a very short bunch inside a cavity is calculated.

• B. Mustapha, V.N. Aseev, E.S. Lessner, P.N. Ostroumov
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

The new ray-tracing code TRACK was developed* to fulfill the special requirements of the RIA accelerator systems. The RIA lattice includes an ECR ion source, a LEBT containing a MHB and a RFQ followed by three SC linac sections separated by two stripping stations with appropriate magnetic transport systems. No available beam dynamics code meet all the necessary requirements for an end-to-end simulation of the RIA driver linac. The latest version of TRACK was used for end-to-end simulations of the RIA driver including errors and beam loss analysis.** In addition to the standard capabilities, the code includes the following new features: i) multiple charge states ii) realistic stripper model; ii) static and dynamic errors iii) automatic steering to correct for misalignments iv) detailed beam-loss analysis; v) parallel computing to perform large scale simulations. Although primarily developed for simulations of the RIA machine, TRACK is a general beam dynamics code. Currently it is being used for the design and simulation of future proton and heavy-ion linacs at TRIUMF, Fermilab, JLAB and LBL.

*P.N. Ostroumov and K.W. Shepard. Phys. Rev. ST. Accel. Beams 11, 030101 (2001). **P.N. Ostroumov, V. N. Aseev, B. Mustapha. Phys. Rev. ST. Accel. Beams, Volume 7, 090101 (2004).

• B. Mustapha, V.N. Aseev, P.N. Ostroumov
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois
• J. Qiang, R.D. Ryne
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

In order to benchmark the newly developed beam dynamics code TRACK we have performed comparisons with well established existing codes. During code development, codes like TRANSPORT, COSY, GIOS and RAYTRACE were used to check TRACK's implementation of the different beam line elements. To benchmark the end-to-end simulation of the RIA driver linac, the simulation of the low-energy part (from the ion source to the entrance of the SC linac) was compared with PARMTEQ and found to agree well. For the simulation of the SC linac the code IMPACT is used. Prior to these simulations, the code IMPACT had to be updated to meet the special requirements of the RIA driver linac. Features such as multiple charge state acceleration, stripper simulation and beam collimation were added to the code. IMPACT was also modified to support new types of rf cavities and to include fringe fields for all the elements. This paper will present a comparison of the beam dynamics simulation in the RIA driver linac between the codes TRACK and IMPACT. A very good agreement was obtained which represents another validation of both codes.

• C. Chu, V.V. Danilov, D.-O. Jeon, M.A. Plum
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

An automated transverse beam matching application has been developed for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) beam transport lines. The application is written within the XAL Java framework and the matching algorithm is based on the simplex optimization method. Other functionalities, such as emittance calculated from profile monitor measurements (adopted from a LANL Fortran code), profile monitor display, and XAL on-line model calculation, are also provided by the application. Test results obtained during the SNS warm linac commissioning will be reported. A comparison between the emittances obtained from this application and an independent Trace-3D routine will also be shown.

• F. Zhou, R.B. Agustsson, G. Andonian, D. Cline, A.Y. Murokh, J.B. Rosenzweig
  UCLA, Los Angeles, California
• I. Ben-Zvi, V. Yakimenko
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

Coherent synchrotron radiation can significantly distort beam phase spaces in longitudinal direction and bending plane through a bunch compressor. A tomography technique is used to reconstruct transverse phase space of electron beam. Transverse 4-D phase spaces are systematically measured at UCLA/ATF compressor and their characteristics with different bunch compression conditions are analyzed.

• F. Zhou, D. Cline
  UCLA, Los Angeles, California
• M. Babzien, V. Yakimenko
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• W.D. Kimura
  STI, Washington

Although seeded SM-LWFA only requires one electron beam to initiate the laser wakefield, it would be highly desirable to have a second electron beam traveling after the first one to probe the accelerated electrons. To create and preserve significant amount of wakefield in the STELLA SM-LWFA experiment, the first e-beam needs to be tiny (<40 microns FWHM) in size and short in length within the plasma. To probe the wakefield which is damped within 10 ps for certain plasma density, the separation between the first and second beams needs to be within one RF period and the second e-beam must have smaller energy spread and smaller size. Design of double beams in one RF period to meet the strict requirements and the preliminary beam study at BNL-ATF facility are presented. The scheme of double beams with ATF bunch compressor is also discussed.

• G.T. Betzel, C.L. Bohn, I.V. Sideris
  Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois

• N.E. Vasyukhin, Y. Senichev, R. Tölle
  FZJ, Jülich

One of the most important problems for space charge dominated beam in the low energy part of superconducting linac is halo creation. Many authors show one of the key effects in halo creatiation is parametric resonance due to the mismatched beta-function oscillation (between core and particle). To estimate parametric resonance conditions the nonlinear tune shift for binomial distributed beam is described theoretically in this article. Simultaneously the beam dynamics simulation 3D PIC code was developed. The transverse oscillation frequencies compared with parametric resonance criteria. As a result the recommendation for space charge shift is concluded to minimize halo creation.

• N.E. Vasyukhin, Y. Senichev, R. Tölle
  FZJ, Jülich

At present the superconducting proton linacs have obvious applications in energy range ~100-1000 MeV. For the lower energy the comprehensive investigations are required. In this article the various variants of superconducting options from 3MeV up to 100MeV are discussed. The considered variants include both the conventional combination of half-wave and spoke cavity with quadrupoles and new schemes. In conclusion the table of major parameters for different structures is given.

• T. Ohkawa
  JAERI, Ibaraki-ken
• M. Ikegami
  KEK, Ibaraki

• O. Yavas
  Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Tandogan, Ankara
• H.-H. Braun, R. Corsini
  CERN, Geneva
• S. Sultansoy
  Gazi University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ankara

Main parameters of CLIC-LHC based FEL-Nucleus collider are determined. The matching of beam structures for maximum luminosity is studied. The advantages of the collider with respect to the traditional Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF) methods are presented considering (/Gamma-/Gamma(prime)) reactions. Determination of unknown decay width, spin and parity of excited levels is discussed for Pb nucleus.

• S. Sultansoy
  Gazi University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ankara

The investigation of lepton-hadron and photon-hadron collisions at TeV scale is crucial both to clarify the strong interaction dynamics from nuclei to quark-parton level and for adequate interpretation of experimental data from future hadron colliders (LHC and VLHC). In this presentation different TeV scale lepton-hadron and photon-hadron collider proposals (such as THERA, "LEP"-LHC, QCD Explorer etc) are discussed. The advantages of linac-ring type colliders has been shown comparatively.

• P. Emma, Z. Huang, C. Limborg-Deprey, J. Wu
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• W.M. Fawley, M.S. Zolotorev
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• S. Reiche
  UCLA, Los Angeles, California

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is an x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) project based on the SLAC linac. The nominal parameter set is founded on a 1-nC bunch charge and normalized emittance of about 1 micron. The most challenging issues, such as emittance generation, wakefields, and coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR), are associated with the high bunch charge. In the LCLS in particular, with its strong linac wakefields, the bunch compression process produces sharp temporal horns at the head and tail of the bunch with degraded local emittance, effectively wasting much of the charge. The sharp horns intensify CSR in the bends and further drive a strong resistive-wall wakefield in the long FEL undulator. Although these issues are not insurmountable, they suggest a lower bunch charge may be more suitable. This study uses a 0.2-nC bunch charge and 0.85-micron emittance with only 30 A of peak current in the injector, producing the same FEL saturation length. The resulting performance is more stable, has negligible resistive-wall wakefield, greatly reduced CSR effects, and no transverse wakefield emittance dilution in the linac, with no change to the baseline engineering design.

• E.A. Seddon, M.W. Poole
  CCLRC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire

• N. Hayashi, S.H. Hiroki, J. Kishiro, Y.T. Teruyama, R. Toyokawa
  JAERI/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken
• D.A. Arakawa, S. Lee, T. Miura, T. Toyama
  KEK, Ibaraki

• I.V. Bazarov
  Cornell University, Department of Physics, Ithaca, New York

Existing Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs) are successfully operated as kW-class average power infrared Free Electron Lasers (FELs). Various groups worldwide actively pursue ERLs as a technology of choice for a number of new applications. These include high brilliance light sources in a wide range of photon energies utilizing both spontaneous and FEL radiation production techniques, electron cooling of ion beams, and ERL-based electron-ion collider. All of these projects seek in various ways to extend performance parameters possible in ERLs beyond what has been achieved in existing relatively small scale demonstration facilities. The demand is for much higher average currents, significantly larger recirculated beam energies and powers and substantially improved electron sources. An overview of the ongoing ERL projects will be presented along with the summary of the progress that is being made in addressing the outstanding issues in this type of accelerators.

• R.C. Pardo, S.I. Baker, A.A.H. Hecht, E.F. Moore, G. Savard
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

An upgrade to the radioactive beam capability of the ATLAS facility has been proposed using 252Cf fission fragments thermalized and collected into a low-energy particle beam using a helium gas catcher. In order to reaccelerate these beams an existing ATLAS ECR ion source will be reconfigured as a charge breeder source. A 1Ci 252Cf source is expected to provide sufficient yield to deliver beams of up to ~106 far from stability ions per second on target. A facility description, the expected performance and the expected performance will be presented in this paper. This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under contract W-31-109-ENG-38.

• D. Raparia, Y.Y. Lee, J. Wei
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

• G. Pei
  IHEP Beijing, Beijing

• J.B. Rosenzweig, A.M. Cook, M.P. Dunning, P. Frigola, G. Travish
  UCLA, Los Angeles, California
• D.T. Palmer
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• C. Sanelli, F. Tazzioli
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)

The rf photocathode gun and the solenoid for the SPARC project at INFN-LNF (Frascati) have been fabricated and undergone initial testing at UCLA. The advanced aspects of the design of these devices are detailed. Final diagnosis of the tuning of the RF gun performance, including operating mode frequency and field balance, is described. The emittance compensating solenoid magnet, which is designed to be tuned in longitudinal position by differential excitation of the coils, has been measured using Hall probe scans for field profiling, and pulsed wire methods to determine the field center.

• J. Kewisch, I. Ben-Zvi, X.Y. Chang
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

An electron cooler, based on an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) is under development for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. This will be the first electron cooler operating at high energy with bunched beams. A better understanding of the cooling process and more accurate measurements of Intra Beam Scattering in RHIC have imposed increased requirements on the electron accelerator: Besides a doubling of the bunch charge to 20 nC, the strength of the cooling solenoid was increased five-fold to 5 Tesla. The magnetic field on the cathode should be increased to 500 Gauss to match the magnetization required in the cooling solenoid. This paper reports the measures taken to minimize the electron beam emittance in the cooling section. The front-to-end simulation using different tracking codes is presented.

• P. Piot, H. Edwards
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• M. Huening
  DESY, Hamburg
• T. W. Koeth
  Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
• J.L. Li, R. Tikhoplav
  Rochester University, Rochester, New York

The Femilab/NICADD photoinjector laboratory (FNPL) is a 16 MeV electron accelerator dedicated to beam dynamics and advanced accelerator studies. FNPL will soon be capable of operating at 50 MeV, after the installation of a high gradient TESLA cavity. In this paper we present the foreseen design for the upgraded facility along with its performance. We discuss the possible application of 50 MeV beam including the possible use of FNPL as an injector for the superconducting module and test facility (SM&TF).

• Y. Iwasaki, S. Koda, T. Okajima, Y. Takabayashi, T. Tomimasu, K. Yoshida
  Saga Synchrotron Light Source, Industry Promotion Division, Saga City
• H. Ohgaki
  Kyoto IAE, Kyoto

• A. Sakumi, A. Fukasawa, Y. Muroya, T. Ueda, M. Uesaka, K. Yoshii
  UTNL, Ibaraki
• K. Dobashi
  NIRS, Chiba-shi
• N. Kumagai, H. Tomizawa
  JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo
• J.U. Urakawa
  KEK, Ibaraki

• B. Liu, Y.L. Chi, M. Gu, C. Zhang
  IHEP Beijing, Beijing

• M. Kikuchi
  KEK, Ibaraki

• L. Merminga, J. F. Benesch, S.A. Bogacz, Y.-C. Chao, A. Freyberger, J.M. Grames, L. Harwood, R. Kazimi, G.A. Krafft, M. Spata, M. Tiefenback, M. Wiseman, B.C. Yunn, Y. Zhang
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

Beam physics aspects of the 12 GeV Upgrade of CEBAF are presented. The CEBAF Upgrade to 12 GeV is achieved via 5.5 recirculations through the linacs, and the installation of 10 new high-gradient cryomodules. A new experimental hall, Hall D, is envisioned at the end of North Linac. Simulation results for straight-through and recirculated injectors are summarized and compared. Beam transport designs are discussed and evaluated with respect to matching and beam breakup (BBU) optimization. Effects of synchrotron radiation excitation on the beam properties are calculated. BBU simulations and derived specifications for the damping of higher order modes of the new 7-cell cavities are presented. The energies that provide longitudinal polarization in multiple experimental halls simultaneously are calculated. Finally, a detailed optics design for the Hall D transport line has been obtained.

• P. Emma, L.D. Bentson, R.A. Erickson, H. Fieguth, J. Seeman, A. Seryi
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

With the impending construction of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at SLAC, displacing the well-used Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB) area, there is growing interest in developing a new test beam facility, available during LCLS operations and located in the old B-Line tunnel at the end of the linac. The success of the Sub-Picosecond Pulse Source (SPPS) and the desire to preserve this capacity suggests a new beamline with similar or improved electron beam quality, including bunch length compression to 10 microns. Beam availability during LCLS operations requires a new 1.2-km bypass line connecting the 2/3-point of the linac with the B-Line. A second operating mode, with LCLS not in use, involves a trajectory directly from the end of the linac to the B-line. This feature provides the highest beam quality at 30 GeV, and also allows a possible third operational mode by deflecting a few of the very high-brightness 120-Hz, 14-GeV LCLS bunches at low rate (1-10 Hz) into the B-line. Finally, linear collider research can be carried out in a short final focus system at the end of the B-Line, capable of producing a 70-nm rms beam size. We describe a possible design for these systems.

• M.C. Ross, J.C. Frisch, K.E. Hacker, R.M. Jones, D.J. McCormick, C.L. O'Connell, T.J. Smith
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• N. Baboi, M.W. Wendt
  DESY, Hamburg
• O. Napoly, R. Paparella
  CEA/DSM/DAPNIA, Gif-sur-Yvette

Each nine cell superconducting accelerator cavity in the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) at DESY* has two higher order mode (HOM) couplers that efficiently remove the HOM power.** They can also provide useful diagnostic signals. The most interesting modes are in the first 2 cavity dipole passbands. They are easy to identify and their amplitude depends linearly on the beam offset from the cavity axis making them excellent beam position monitors (BPM). By steering the beam through an eight-cavity cryomodule, we can use the HOM signals to estimate internal residual alignment errors and minimize wakefield related beam emittance growth. We built and commissioned a four channel heterodyne receiver and time-domain based waveform recorder system that captures information from each mode in these two bands on each beam pulse. In this paper we present an experimental study of the single-bunch generated HOM signals at the TTF linac including estimates of cavity alignment precision and HOM BPM resolution.

*P. Piot, DESY-TESLA-FEL-2002-08. **R. Brinkmann et al. (eds.), DESY-2001-011.

• J. Seeman, Y. Cai, S. Ecklund, J.D. Fox, S.A. Heifets, N. Li, P.A. McIntosh, A. Novokhatski, M.K. Sullivan, D. Teytelman, U. Wienands
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• M.E. Biagini
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)

Submitted for the High Luminosity Study Group: Parameters are being studied for a high luminosity e⁺e^- collider operating at the Upsilon 4S that would deliver a luminosity in the range of 7 to 10 x 10³⁵/cm²/s. Particle physics studies dictate that a much higher luminosity collider is needed to answer new key physics questions. A Super-B-Factory with 20 to 100 times the performance of the present PEP-II accelerator would incorporate a higher frequency RF system, lower impedance vacuum chambers, higher power synchrotron radiation absorbers, and stronger bunch-by-bunch feedback systems. Parameter optimizations are discussed.

• J.C. Gallardo, J.S. Berg, R.C. Fernow, H.G. Kirk, R. Palmer
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• D.V. Neuffer
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• K. Paul
  Muons, Inc, Batavia

As part of the APS Joint Study on the Future of Neutrino Physics* we have carried out detailed studies of the Neutrino Factory front-end. A major goal of the new study was to achieve equal performance to our earlier feasibility studies** at reduced cost. The optimal channel design is described in this paper. New innovations included an adiabatic buncher for phase rotation and a simplified cooling channel with LiH absorbers. The linear channel is 295 m long and produces 0.17 muons per proton on target into the assumed accelerator transverse acceptance of 30 mm and longitudinal acceptance of 150 mm.

*APS Multi-Divisional Study of the Physics of Neutrinos, http://www.aps.org/neutrino/. **S.Ozaki, R.B.Palmer, M.Zisman and J.C.Gallardo, edts., Tech. Rep., BNL-52623 (2001), http://www.cap.bnl.gov/mumu/studyii/FS2-report.html.

• M. Alsharo'a, R.P. Johnson
  Muons, Inc, Batavia
• M. Gosz, D.M. Kaplan, S. Nair
  Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
• A. Moretti, G. Romanov
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

RF cavities for muon ionization cooling channels can have RF windows over their ends to create better internal voltage profiles and to make them independent of each other. To be effective, the conducting window material must be sufficiently transparent to the muons to not affect the beam cooling, which means low mass and low Z. In the case of pressurized RF cavities, as to opposed to those that operate in vacuum, the RF window design is simplified because the heat deposited in the windows from the RF and the beam is carried off by the hydrogen gas. In this report we analyze the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of a simple beryllium grid structure to improve the performance of pressurized RF cavities that are to be used for muon beam cooling.

• G. Clemente, H. Podlech, U. Ratzinger, R. Tiede
  IAP, Frankfurt-am-Main
• L. Groening
  GSI, Darmstadt
• S. Minaev
  ITEP, Moscow

The normal conducting "Crossbar H-Type" (CH) accelerating structure is a good candidate for pulsed, high intensity linac application, covering the energy range from 3 to 100 MeV. H Mode cavities are outstanding in the low-beta range with respect to shunt impedance, high acceleration fields, and compact design, That's why we propose to base the 70 ma, 70 MeV, 352 MHz proton linan for GSI FAIR project on that structure. The actual design consists of 11 CH-DTL's for a total length of around 25 m. Latest results from beam dynamics optimisation will be discussed. Moreover, this paper describes the CH-DTL cavity design with enphasis on the optimisation with MacroWave Studio (single cell cross section, as well as multi cell cavity simulation), and on the achieved progress in the development of mechanical design concepts. A stainless steel multicell model cavity is presently fabricated by our institute in collaboration with GSI, in order to investigate manufacturing and assembly details. Based on this experience, the design of a CH prototipe power cavity will be optimised.

• S. Maebara, S. Moriyama, M.S. Sugimoto
  JAERI, Ibaraki-ken
• M.S. Saigusa, Y. Saitou
  Ibaraki University, Electrical and Electronic Eng., Ibaraki

• M. Yamamoto, M. Nomura, A. Schnase, F. Tamura
  JAERI/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken
• S. Anami, E. Ezura, K. Hara, Y. Hashimoto, C. Ohmori, A. Takagi, M. Yoshii
  KEK, Ibaraki

• T. Abe, T. Kageyama, H. Sakai, Y. Takeuchi
  KEK, Ibaraki

• T. Abe, T. Kageyama
  KEK, Ibaraki
• Z. Kabeya, T. Kawasumi
  MHI, Nagoya
• T. Nakamura, K. Tsujimoto
  Asahi Kinzoku Co., Ltd., Gifu
• K. Tajiri
  Churyo Engineering Co., Ltd., Nagoya

• T. Higo, M. Akemoto, A. Enomoto, S. Fukuda, H. Hayano, N.K. Kudo, S.M. Matsumoto, T. Saeki, N. Terunuma, N. Toge, K.W. Watanabe
  KEK, Ibaraki
• T.S. Suehara
  University of Tokyo, Tokyo

• T. Kamitani, N. Delerue, M. Ikeda, K. Kakihara, S. Ohsawa, T. Oogoe, T. Sugimura, T. T. Takatomi, S. Yamaguchi, K. Yokoyama
  KEK, Ibaraki
• Y. Hozumi
  GUAS/AS, Ibaraki

• K. Yokoyama, M. Ikeda, K. Kakihara, T. Kamitani, S. Ohsawa, T. Sugimura, T. T. Takatomi
  KEK, Ibaraki

• W. Wuensch, C. Achard, H.-H. Braun, G. Carron, R. Corsini, A. Grudiev, S.T. Heikkinen, D. Schulte, J.P.H. Sladen, I. Syratchev, F. Tecker, I. Wilson
  CERN, Geneva

• W.K. Lau, J. Chan, L.-H. Chang, C.W. Chen, H.Y. Chen, K.-T. Hsu, S.Y. Hsu, J.-Y. Hwang, Y.C. Wang, T.-T. Yang
  NSRRC, Hsinchu

• Z. Li, L.D. Bentson, J. Chan, D. Dowell, C. Limborg-Deprey, J.F. Schmerge, D.C. Schultz, L. Xiao
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

The LCLS injector is required to provide a 1-nC, 10-ps bunch with a normalized rms transverse projected emittance of less than 1.0-μm. The LCLS beam is generated and accelerated in a 1.6-cell S-band RF gun to 6-MeV followed by two SLAC 3-m S-band accelerator structures to further accelerate the beam to 135 MeV to move it out of the space-charge dominated regime. In the SLAC S-band structures, the RF power feed is through a single coupling-hole (single-feed coupler) which results in a field asymmetry. The time dependent multipole fields in the coupler induce a transverse kick along the bunch and cause the emittance to increase above the LCLS specification. To meet the stringent emittance requirements for the injector, the single-feed couplers will be replaced by a dual-feed racetrack design to minimize the multipole field effects. We will present detailed studies of the multipole fields in the S-band coupler and the improvements with the dual-feed racktrack design using the parallel finite element eigenmode solver Omega3P.

• C. Limborg-Deprey, D. Dowell, Z. Li, J.F. Schmerge, L. Xiao
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

Design of the first generation LCLS injector has now been completed. Components are currently under fabrication and their installation is planned for 2006. We discuss the last modifications made on both the 1.6 cell S-Band RF gun and the SLAC S-Band accelerating structures to minimize the beam emittance. We present results from PARMELA computations which justify those modifications, in particular the suppression of the time dependent dipole and quadrupole kicks. Geometry changes to increase the mode separation between the 0 and PI modes are also presented. For the initial geometry with a mode separation of 3.5MHz, the emittance can increase if the appropriate injection time along the klystron pulse is not chosen. For a mode separation of 15MHz, this problem is minimized and the beam dynamics are improved leading to a substantial reduction of total projected emittance.

• G.J. Waldschmidt, A. Nassiri
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

Coaxial subharmonic cavity designs are being investigated at the Advanced Photon Source to improve injector reliability by injecting beam directly from the linac to the booster in storage ring top-up mode. The subharmonic system must operate jointly with the present 352-MHz booster to accelerate the beam to 7 GeV with minimal beam degradation. Design considerations must be made to ensure that bunch purity is maintained and that a large percentage of the linac macropulse is captured. An analysis of rf cavity designs using electromagnetic simulation software has been conducted at 58 MHz and 117 MHz. The final design evaluates the total power loss, field uniformity, and peak surface fields to achieve the required gap voltage.

• T. Sugimura, M. Ikeda, K. Kakihara, T. Kamitani, S. Ohsawa, T. T. Takatomi, K. Yokoyama
  KEK, Ibaraki

• Y.W. Kang, A.V. Aleksandrov, D.E. Anderson, M.M. Champion, M. Champion, M.T. Crofford, C. Deibele, G.W. Dodson, R.E. Fuja, P.E. Gibson, P.A. Gurd, T.W. Hardek, G.A. Johnson, P. Ladd, H. Ma, M.P. McCarthy, M.F. Piller, J.Y. Tang, A.V. Vassioutchenko, D.C. Williams
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• J.A. Billen, J.T. Bradley, D. Rees, W. Roybal, J. Stovall, K.A. Young, L.M. Young
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 for the U.S. Department of Energy. SNS is a partnership of six national laboratories: Argonne, Brookhaven, Jefferson, Lawrence Berkeley, Los Alamos, and Oak Ridge.

• H. Ao, T. Morishita, A. Ueno
  JAERI/LINAC, Ibaraki-ken
• K. Hasegawa
  JAERI, Ibaraki-ken
• M. Ikegami
  KEK, Ibaraki
• V.V. Paramonov
  RAS/INR, Moscow
• Y. Yamazaki
  JAERI/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken

• S. Doebert, C. Adolphsen, R.M. Jones, J.R. Lewandowski, Z. Li, M.T.F. Pivi, J.W. Wang
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• T. Higo
  KEK, Ibaraki

The Next Linear Collider (NLC) and Global Linear Collider (GLC) designs require precision beam-to-accelerator-structure alignment to reduce the effect of short range wakefields. For this purpose, the HOM signals from the structure dipole mode damping ports would be used to determine the beam position in the structure, and then the structures would be moved remotely to center them about the beam (a 5 micron rms alignment is required). In 2000, a test of a 1.8 m prototype structure in the ASSET facility at SLAC achieved 11 micron rms centering accuracy, which was limited by systematic effects caused by beam jitter. This year, such measurements were repeated for a pair of shorter structures (60 cm) that were developed to improve high gradient performance. In addition, the beam position resolution was determined by measuring simultaneously three signal frequencies (14.3, 15, 15.7 GHz) corresponding to modes localized at the beginning, the middle and the end of the structures. In this paper, we present results from the beam centering and position resolution measurements.

• S. Chel, P.-E. Bernaudin, P. Bosland, G. Devanz, P. Hardy, F. Michel, A. Mosnier
  CEA/DSM/DAPNIA, Gif-sur-Yvette

• J. Knobloch, W. Anders, M. Martin
  BESSY GmbH, Berlin
• S. Bauer, M. Pekeler
  ACCEL, Bergisch Gladbach
• S.A. Belomestnykh
  Cornell University, Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics, Ithaca, New York
• A. Buechner, H. Buettig, F.G. Gabriel
  FZR, Dresden
• D. Kostin, W.-D. Müller
  DESY, Hamburg

• A. Matheisen, h. Morales Zimmermann, B. Petersen, ms. Schmoekel, N. Steinhau-Kuehl
  DESY, Hamburg

• J.S. Sekutowicz
  DESY, Hamburg
• L. Ge, K. Ko, L. Lee, Z. Li, C.-K. Ng, G.L. Schussman, L. Xiao
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• I.G. Gonin, T.K. Khabiboulline, N. Solyak
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• P. Kneisel
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
• Y. Morozumi, K. Saito
  KEK, Ibaraki

• C. Pagani, A. Bosotti, P. Michelato, N. Panzeri, P. Pierini
  INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI)

As of today, no complete technological solution exists for a cold tuning system fulfilling the requirements envisaged for the International Linear Collider, based on the superconducting RF technology. We present here the design improvements for the blade tuner, a coaxial device, which can provide both the slow structure tuning and the fast tuning capabilities needed for Lorentz Force Detuning (LFD) compensation and microphonics stabilitization (by means of the integration with a piezoelectric system). The system has been originally built by INFN and installed and tested at DESY on the superstructures, since it is located around the cavity helium vessel and does not require longitudinal clearance. Its design here is parametrically reviewed in terms of the requirements for higher accelerating fields and of the mechanical integration with a piezoelectric based system for the LFD and microphonics compensation.

• A. Facco, F. Scarpa, D. Zenere
  INFN/LNL, Legnaro, Padova
• V. Zviagintsev
  TRIUMF, Vancouver

• E. Kako, S. Noguchi, N. Ohuchi, T. Shishido, K. Tsuchiya
  KEK, Ibaraki
• N. Akaoka, H. Kobayashi, N. Ouchi
  JAERI/LINAC, Ibaraki-ken
• E. Chishiro, T. Hori, M. Nakata, M. Yamazaki
  JAERI, Ibaraki-ken

• K. Umemori, M. Izawa, K. Saito, S. Sakanaka
  KEK, Ibaraki

• J.H.P. Rogers, C.D. Beard, P.A. Corlett
  CCLRC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire

Two Superconducting RF modules of the ELBE type have been ordered from Accel Instruments GmbH for use on the Energy Recovery Linac Prototype (ERLP) being built at Daresbury Laboratory. One structure is to be used as a booster module, with an energy gain of 8 MeV, and the other is to act as an energy recovery linac operating at electron beam energy of up to 35 MeV. High power couplers capable of handling up to 10 kW CW are required to provide successful operation of the ERLP. Once received from Accel four couplers including RF windows will be conditioned and tested at FZR Dresden; this paper describes the test procedure anticipated.

• P. Kneisel, G. Ciovati, G. Myneni
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
• T. Carneiro
  Reference Metals, Bridgeville, Pennsylvania
• D. Proch, W. Singer, X. Singer
  DESY, Hamburg

In a previous paper* we have reported about initial tests of single cell 1500 MHz cavities made from high purity niobium with three different Ta contents of 160 ppm, ~600 ppm and ~1400 ppm. These cavities had been treated by buffered chemical polishing several times and 100 mm, 200 mm and 300 mm of material had been removed from the surfaces. This contribution reports about subsequent tests following post purification heat treatments with Ti and “in situ” baking. As a result, all cavities exhibited increased quench fields due to the improved thermal conductivity after the heat treatment. After the "in situ" baking at 120C for ~40 hrs the always present Q-drop at high fields disappeared and further improvements in accelerating gradient could be realized. Gradients as high as Eacc = 35 MV/m were achieved and there were no clear indications that the cavity performance was influenced by the Ta content in the material. A multi-cell cavity from the high Ta content material is being fabricated and results will be presented at this conference.

*P. Kneisel et al., Linac 2004.

• J.P. Ozelis, J.R. Delayen, J. Mammosser
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

As part of its efforts for the SNS construction project, Jefferson Lab has produced 23 cryomodules for the superconducting linac. These modules contained 81 industrially produced multicell Nb accelerating cavities. Each of these cavities was individually tested before assembly into a cryomodule to verify that they achieved the required performance. This ensemble of cavities represents the 3rd largest set of production superconducting cavities fabricated and tested to date. The timely qualification testing of such a collection of cavities offers both challenges and opportunities. Their performance can be characterized by achieved gradient at the required Qo, achieved peak surface field, onset of field emission, and observations of multipacting. Possible correlations between cavity performance and process parameters, only really meaningful in the framework of a large scale production effort, will also be presented. In light of the potential adoption of these cavities for projects such as the Rare Isotope Accelerator or Fermilab Proton Driver, such an analysis is crucial to their success.

• R.L. Geng, P. Barnes, M. Liepe, V. Medjidzade, H. Padamsee, A.K. Seaman, J. Sears, V.D. Shemelin, N. Sherwood
  Cornell University, Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics, Ithaca, New York

• M. Liepe, S.A. Belomestnykh, R.L. Geng, V. Medjidzade, H. Padamsee, V.D. Shemelin, V. Veshcherevich
  Cornell University, Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics, Ithaca, New York

The Cornell ERL Prototype injector will accelerate bunches from an electron source to an energy of several MeV, while preserving the ultra-low emittance of the beam. The injector linac will be based on superconducting RF technology with five 2-cell RF cavities operated in cw mode. The beam tubes on one side of the cavities have been enlarged to propagate Higher-Order-Mode power from the cavities to broadband RF ring-absorbers located at 80 K between the cavities. The axial symmetry of these ferrite based absorbers, together with two symmetrically placed input couplers per cavity, avoids transverse on-axis fields, which would cause emittance growth. Each cavity is surrounded by a LHe vessel and equipped with a frequency tuner. The cryomodule provides the support and alignment for the cavity string, the LN cooling of the ferrite loads, and the 2K LHe cryogenic system for the high cw heat load of the cavities. In this paper we give an overview of the ERL injector cryomodule design.

• M. J. Johnson, J. Bierwagen, S. Bricker, C. Compton, P. Glennon, T.L. Grimm, W. Hartung, D. Harvell, A. Moblo, J. Popielarski, L. Saxton, R.C. York, A. Zeller
  NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan

*T.L. Grimm et al., "Experimental Study of an 805 MHz Cryomodule for the Rare Isotope Accelerator", in Proceedings of the XXII International Linear Accelerator Conference, Lubeck, Germany (2004).

• K.W. Shepard, Z.A. Conway, J.D. Fuerst, M. Kedzie, M.P. Kelly
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

This paper reports the development status of a 345 MHz, three-spoke-loaded, TEM-class superconducting cavity with a transit-time factor peaked at beta = v/c = 0.62. The cavity has a 4 cm diameter beam aperture, a transverse diameter of 45.8 cm, and an effective (interior) length of 85 cm. The cavity is the second of two three-spoke loaded cavities being developed for the RIA driver linac and other high-intensity ion linac applications. Construction of a prototype niobium cavity has been completed and the cavity has been chemically processed. Results of initial cold tests will be discussed

• K.W. Shepard, Z.A. Conway, J.D. Fuerst, M. Kedzie, M.P. Kelly
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

This paper reports results of cold tests of a 345 MHz, three-spoke-loaded TEM-class superconducting niobium cavity being developed for the RIA driver linac and for other high-intensity ion linac applications. The cavity has a beam aperture of 4 cm diameter, an interior length of 67 cm, and the transit-time factor peaks at beta = v/c = 0.5. In tests at 4.2 K, the cavity could be operated cw above the nominal design accelerating gradient of 9.3 MV/m, which corresponds to peak surface fields of 27.5 MV/m electric and 826 gauss magnetic. At this gradient the cavity provides more than 6 MV of accelerating potential. The cavity Q at 9.3 MV/m exceeded the nominal performance goal of 7.3E8. Operation at the design gradient at 4.2 K causes substantial boiling and two-phase flow in the liquid helium coolant, with the potential for microphonic-induced fluctuations of the rf frequency. Total microphonic eigenfrequency fluctuations were measured to be less than 1 Hz RMS in cw operation at 9.7 MV/m at 4.2 K.

• E.I. Smirnova, L.M. Earley, R.L. Edwards
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
• A.S. Kesar, I. Mastovsky, M.A. Shapiro, R.J. Temkin
  MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts

We report progress on the design and cold test of a metal Ku-band PBG accelerator structure. The 17.140 GHz 6-cell PBG accelerator structure with reduced long-range wakefields was designed for the experiment. The copper structure was electroformed and cold-tested. Tuning was performed through chemical etching of the rods. Final cold test measurements were found to be in very good agreement with the design. The structure will be installed on the beam line at the accelerator laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and will be powered with 3 MW of peak power from the Haimson 17.14 GHz klystron. Results of the design, fabrication, cold test and hot test on the Haimson accelerator will be presented.

• L. Lilje
  DESY, Hamburg

• C. Adolphsen
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

• H.-H. Braun
  CERN, Geneva

• B. Sinha, R.K. Bhandari, A. Chakrabarti
  DAE/VECC, Calcutta

• C. Zhang, G. Pei
  IHEP Beijing, Beijing

*Submitted on behalf of the BEPCII Team.

• A. Chakrabarti, R.K. Bhandari
  DAE/VECC, Calcutta

• M. Tigner
  Cornell University, Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics, Ithaca, New York

• H. Hayano
  KEK, Ibaraki

• F. Casagrande, I.E. Campisi, P.A. Gurd, D.R. Hatfield, M.P. Howell, D. Stout, W.H. Strong
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• D. Arenius, J.C. Creel, K. Dixon, V. Ganni, P.K. Knudsen
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is under construction at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The cold section of the Linac consists of 81 superconducting radio frequency cavities cooled to 2.1K by a 2400 Watt cryogenic refrigeration system. The major cryogenic system components include warm helium compressors with associated oil removal and gas management, 4.5K cold box, 7000L liquid helium dewar, 2.1K cold box (consisting of 4 stages of cold compressors), gaseous helium storage, helium purification and gas impurity monitoring system, liquid nitrogen storage and the cryogenic distribution transfer line system. The overall system commissioning strategy and status will be presented.

• M. Ikegami
  KEK, Ibaraki
• T. Ohkawa
  JAERI, Ibaraki-ken

• C.K. Sinclair
  Cornell University, Department of Physics, Ithaca, New York
• Y. He, C.H. Smith
  Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

The electron beam exiting an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) is dumped close to the injection energy. This energy is chosen as low as possible while allowing the beam quality specifications to be met. As ERLs are designed for high average beam current, beam dumps are required to handle high beam power at low energy. Low energy electrons have a short range in practical dump materials, requiring the beam size at the dump face be enlarged to give acceptable power densities and heat fluxes. Cornell University is developing a 100 mA average current ERL as a synchrotron radiation source. The 13 MeV optimum injection energy requires a 1.3 MW beam dump. We present a mature design for this dump, using an array of water-cooled extruded copper tubes. This array is mounted in the accelerator vacuum normal to the beam. Fatigue failure resulting from abrupt thermal cycles associated with beam trips is a potential failure mechanism. We report on designs for a 75 kW, 750 keV tube-cooled beryllium plate dump for electron gun testing, and a 500 kW, 5 to 15 MeV copper tube dump for use with the prototype injector under development. We expect to test the beryllium dump within a year, and the higher power copper dump within 2-1/2 years.

• R.C. McCrady
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

We have analyzed the requirements on alignment of the focusing elements (quadrupole doublets) in the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) side coupled linac. The analysis is performed in terms of harmonics of the quardrupole spacing. This allows us to determine the effect of intentional deviations from a straight line, such as following the curvature of the Earth, and of unintentional deviations introduced by measurement and alignment errors. Results are compared to measured positions of the doublets.

• P.E. Gibson, A.V. Aleksandrov, M.M. Champion, G.W. Dodson, J.P. Schubert, J.Y. Tang
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source being built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The warm linac portion, designed by Los Alamos, has been installed and commissioned. The warm linac is comprised of six Drift Tube Linac (DTL) tanks and four Coupled Cavity Linac (CCL) modules. For commissioning purposes the accelerating systems have been operated at less than the design 6% duty factor. During lower power operation there is less RF cavity heating. This decrease in heat load causes operational stability issues for the associated Resonance Control Cooling Systems (RCCSs) which were designed for full duty factor operation. To understand this effect operational results have been analyzed and tests have been performed. External system factors have been explored and the resulting impacts defined. Dynamic modeling of the systems has been done via a collaboration with the Institute for Nuclear Research (INR), Moscow, Russia. New RCCS operation code has been implemented. Increases in system performance achieved and solutions employed will be presented.

• D.-O. Jeon
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

It is important to bring the cavity field amplitude and phase to the design values for a high intensity linac such as the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS)linac. A few techniques are available, such as the longitudinal acceptance scan and phase scan. During SNS linac commissioning, tuning of cavities was conducted using the acceptance scan and phase scan technique based on multiparticle simulations. The two techniques are compared.

• G.W. Dodson, M. Giannella, A.T. Ruffin, T.L. Williams
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

The SNS Front End, Drift Tube Linac and most of the Coupled Cavity Linac have been operated during commissioning. Beam loss data were taken with differential Beam Current Monitors, and Beam loss Monitors during commissioning. Residual activation data were taken at various times during and after the run. An analysis of beam loss trending, beam loss monitor data and residual activation will be shown.

• T. Morishita, H. Ao, T. Ito, A. Ueno
  JAERI/LINAC, Ibaraki-ken
• K. Hasegawa
  JAERI, Ibaraki-ken
• M. Ikegami, C. Kubota, F. Naito, E. Takasaki, H. Tanaka, K. Yoshino
  KEK, Ibaraki

• V.S. Avagyan
  CANDLE, Yerevan

This work presents technologies of copper accelarating structure diffusion joints. The formation conditions of copper diffusion joint with minimal residual plastic strain are determined experimentally.

• S.-H. Jeong, H.S. Han, Y.G. Jung, H.-S. Kang, H.-G. Lee, K.-H. Park, C. K. Ryu, H.S. Suh
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk
• H.H. Lee
  UU, Gyeongju

The 100-MeV PEFP proton linac has two proton beam extraction lines for user’ experiment. Each extraction line has 5 beamlines and has 5 Hz operating frequency. An AC switching magnet is used to distribute the proton beam to the 5 beamlines, An AC switching magnet is powered by PWM-controlled bipolar switching-mode converters. This converter is designed to operate at ±350A, 5 Hz programmable step output. The power supply is employed IGBT module and has controlled by a DSP (Digital Signal Process). This paper describes the design and test results of the power supply.

• M.A. Clarke-Gayther
  CCLRC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon

A description is given of two "state of the art" high voltage pulse generator systems, designed to address the requirements of a fast beam chopping scheme for next generation high power proton drivers.[1] Measurements of output waveform and timing stability, for fast transition short duration, and slower transition long duration pulse generators, are presented.

[1]M. A. Clarke-Gayther, "A Fast Beam Chopper for Next Generation High Power Proton Drivers," Proc. of the ninth European Particle Accelerator Conference (EPAC), Lucerne, Switzerland, 5-9 July, 2004, p. 1449-145.

• K.R. Rust, W.E. Barnett, R.I. Cutler, J. T. Weaver
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• S. Dewan, R. Holmes, S. Wong
  IE Power Inc., Mississauga, Ontario
• R.F. Lambiase, J. Sandberg
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• J. Zeng
  Digital Predictive Systems Inc., Toronto

This paper describes the types and quantities of magnet power supplies required for the SNS Linear Accelerator, High-Energy Beam Transport (HEBT), Ring and the Ring-Target Beam Transport (RTBT). There are over 600 magnets and more than 550 magnet power supplies. These magnet power supplies range in size from the bipolar-corrector supplies rated at 35 volts, 20 amps to the main-ring dipole supply that is rated at 440 volts, 6000 amps. The Linac power supplies have a ripple/stability specification of 1000 parts per million while the ring supplies have a specification of 100 parts per million. There are also pulsed power supplies for beam injection and beam extraction. The paper will show acceptance test results from the manufacturers as well as test results performed by the SNS magnet power supply group.

• B. Pottin, R. Chaput, J.-P. Pollina, M.-A. Tordeux
  SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette
• D. Jousse, J.-L. Pastre, A.S. Setty
  THALES, Colombes

HELIOS is the Hundred MeV Electron Linac Injector Of SOLEIL the new French SR facility. The Linac is constructed by THALES as a “turn key” equipment on the basis of SOLEIL’s APD design. The Linac injector is composed of a triode gun (90 kV, 500 mA), a prebuncher (10 kV, 200 W), a buncher (SW, 15 MeV, 5 MW) focalised by a solenoid and two accelerating sections (TW, 2pi/3, 45 MeV, 12 MW) feeded by 2 klystrons (35 MW). The major Linac components have been previously tested at THALES factory and the installation on the site has begun from October 2004. After a brief description of the building construction, the tests of the Linac components and operating modes will be detailed. The commissioning with beam is planned on March; the results on beam qualities will be presented: energy spread, emittance, and beam dynamics along the Linac.

• J. Yang
  RCNP, Osaka
• K. Kan, T. Kondoh, T. Kozawa, S. Tagawa, Y. Yoshida
  ISIR, Osaka

• J. Yang, K. Kan, T. Kondoh, T. Kozawa, Y. Kuroda, S. Tagawa, Y. Yoshida
  ISIR, Osaka

• A. Fukasawa, F. Ebina, T. Kaneyasu, H. Ogino, F. Sakamoto, M. Uesaka
  UTNL, Ibaraki
• M. Akemoto, H. Hayano, T. Higo, J.U. Urakawa
  KEK, Ibaraki
• K. Dobashi
  NIRS, Chiba-shi
• K.M. Matsuo, H. Sakae
  IHI/Yokohama, Kanagawa

• H. Wang, W. Gai, K.-J. Kim, W. Liu
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

It is apparent that the gamma-ray based positron source components including positron linac and damping rings for ILC can not be easily commissioned until the electron beam is fully conditioned at high energies (> 150 GeV). In this paper, we discuss a scheme that could use a short and energetic electron beam scattered through a set of carefully selected targets to simulate certain behaviors of the positron beam, such as beam emittance and energy spread. The basic idea is to make the phase space distribution of the scattered electron beam to reflect certain aspects of the positron beam distributions. Subsequently, the positron source elements such as capture optics, linacs and even damping ring could be effectively commissioned before ILC colliding electron beam is ready. The simulation results using EGS4 for beam scattering and PARMELA for beam dynamics are presented.

• D. Kayran, V. Litvinenko
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

Energy recovery linacs (ERLs) are potential candidates for the high power and high brightness electron beams sources. The main advantages of ERL are that electron beam is generated at relatively low energy, injected and accelerated to the operational energy in a ERL loop with a common linac, then is decelerated in the same loop down to injection energy and dumped. The intrinsic part of any ERL is a merging system for the low-energy beam with a high-energy beam passing around the ERL loop. One of the challenges for generating high charge high brightness e-beam in ERL is development of merging system, which provides achromatic condition for space charge dominated beam and which is compatible with the emittance compensation scheme. In this paper we present principles of operation of such merging system. We also describe an example of such system, which we call Zigzag or Z-system. We use a specific implementation for R&D ERL at Brookhaven for illustration.

• R.P. Fliller, H. Edwards
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• W. Hartung
  NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan

A system was developed at INFN Milano for preparing cesium telluride photo-cathodes and transferring them into an RF gun under ultra-high vacuum. This system has been in use at the Fermilab NICADD Photo-Injector Laboratory (FNPL) since 1997. A similar load-lock system is used at the TeSLA Test Facility at DESY-Hamburg. Two 1.625-cell high duty cycle RF guns have been fabricated for the project. Studies of the photo-emission and field emission ("dark current") behavior of both RF guns have been carried out. Unexpected phenomena were observed in one of the RF guns. In situ changes in the cathode's quantum efficiency and dark current with time were seen during operation of the photo-injector. These changes were correlated with the magnetostatic field at the cathode.* In addition, multipacting is observed in the RF guns under certain conditions. Recent measurements indicate a correlation between multipacting, anomalous photo-emission behavior, and anomalous field emission behavior. Results will be presented.

*W. Hartung, J.-P. Carneiro, H. Edwards, M. Fitch, M. Kuchnir, P. Michelato, D. Sertore, in Proceedings of the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference, p. 2239-2241.

• P. Kneisel
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
• R.S. Lefferts, A.R. Lipski
  SBUNSL, Stony Brook, New York
• J.S. Sekutowicz
  DESY, Hamburg

Pure niobium has been proposed as a photocathode material and recently a successful test has been conducted with a niobium single cell cavity to extract photo-currents from the surface of this cavity. However, the quantum efficiency of niobium is ~2·10-4, whereas electrodeposited lead has a ~15 times higher quantum efficiency. We have designed and tested a photo-injector niobium cavity, which can be used to insert photo-cathodes made of different materials in the high electric field region of the cavity. Experiments have been conducted with niobium and lead, which show that neither the Q- values of the cavity nor the obtainable surface fields are significantly lowered. This paper reports about the results from these tests.

• H. Liebermann, H. Podlech, U. Ratzinger, A.C. Sauer
  IAP, Frankfurt-am-Main

The cross-bar H-type (CH) cavity is a multi-gap drift tube structure based on the H-210 mode currently under development at IAP Frankfurt and in collaboration with GSI. Numerical simulations and rf model measurements showed that the CH-type cavity is an excellent candidate to realize Room Temperature and Superconducting multi-cell structures with a frequency range from about 150 MHz up to 800 MHz. For coupling into such a complex structure, we compare two coupling methods, one with capacitive and the other with inductive couplers. This paper will present detailed MicroWave Studio simulations and measurements for these different coupling methods for Room Temperature and Superconducting CH-Cavities. For coupling into a Superconducting CH-Cavity we prefer a capacitive coupler. We will also present an optimized Superconducting CH-Cavity for capacitive couplers.

• V.G. Vaccaro
  Naples University Federico II, Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences Faculty, Napoli
• T. Clauser, A. Rainò, V. Variale
  INFN-Bari, Bari
• A. D'Elia
  Naples University Federico II and INFN, Napoli
• C. De Martinis, D. Giove
  INFN-Milano, Milano
• M.R. Masullo
  INFN-Napoli, Napoli
• M. Mauri
  INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI)

• A. Gallo, D. Alesini, M. Bellaveglia, R. Boni, G. Di Pirro, F. Tazzioli
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)

• E. Chishiro, T. Hori, H. Suzuki, M. Yamazaki
  JAERI, Ibaraki-ken
• S. Anami, S. Fukuda, Y. Fukui, M. Kawamura, S. Yamaguchi, M. Yoshida
  KEK, Ibaraki

• I.H. Yu, Y.J. Han, H.-S. Kang, D.T. Kim, S.-C. Kim, I.-S. Park, J.C. Yoon
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk
• Y.-S. Cho, H.-J. Kwon, K.T. Seol
  KAERI, Daejon

The 100 MeV Proton linear accelerator (Linac) for the PEFP (Proton Engineering Frontier Project) will include 1 RFQ and 1 DTL1 at 350 MHz as well as 7 DTL2 cavities at 700 MHz. The low level RF system with the digital feedback RF control provides the field control to accelerate a 20mA proton beam from 50 keV to 20 MeV with a RFQ and a DTL1 at 350M Hz. The FPGA-based digital feedback RF control system has been built and is used to control cavity field amplitude within ± 1% and relative phase within ± 1°. The fast digital processing is networked to the EPICS-based control system with an embedded processor (Blackfin). In this paper, the detailed description of the digital feedback RF control system will be described with the performance test results.

• A.J. Moss
  CCLRC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire

The Low Level RF system is described for the Energy Recovery Linac Prototype (ERLP) being constructed at Daresbury Laboratory. An analogue based feedback system, built around low cost proprietary components, has been designed to control the 1.3GHz RF system for this project. The system is scaleable, has digital control and can be easily upgraded as greater understanding of the accelerator becomes known. The design of the system is based around the central core of a very low phase noise master oscillator, which can provide, multiple outputs and timing pulses at all the required frequencies for the RF, laser and accelerator sub-systems.

• J. Norem
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois
• A. Bross, A. Moretti, Z. Qian
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• R.P. Johnson
  Muons, Inc, Batavia
• D. Li, M.S. Zisman
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• R.A. Rimmer
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
• R. Sandstrom
  CUI, Geneva
• Y. Torun
  IIT, Chicago, Illinois

The rf R&D program for high gradient, low frequency cavities to be used in muon cooling systems is underway in the Fermilab Muon Test Area. Cavities at 805 and 201 MHz are used for tests of conditioning techniques, surface modification and breakdown studies. This work has the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) as its immediate goal and efficient muon cooling systems for neutrino sources and muon colliders as the long term goal. We study breakdown, and dark current productions under a variety of conditions.

• S.I. Sharamentov, M. Bogaty, E. Clifft, R.C. Pardo
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

• M.J. Wissmann, AA. Guerra, C. Hovater, T. Plawski
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

The CEBAF energy upgrade from 6 GeV to 12GeV will increase the range of beam energies available to the experimental halls. RF deflection cavities (separators) are used to direct the electron beam to the three experimental halls. Consequently with the increase in RF separator cavity gradient needed for the higher energies, RF power will also increase requiring the cavities to have active resonance control. At the 6 GeV energy, the cavities are tuned mechanically and then stabilized with Low Conductivity Water (LCW), which is maintained at constant temperature of 95o Fahrenheit. This is no longer feasible and an active resonance control system, that controls both water temperature and flow has been built. The system uses a commercial PLC with embedded PID controls to control water temperature and flow to the cavities. The system allows the operator to remotely adjust temperature/flow and consequently cavity resonance for the full range of beam energies. Ultimately closed loop control will be maintained by monitoring the cavities reflected power. This paper describes this system.

• D. Rees, G. Bolme, S.I. Kwon, J.T.M. Lyles, M.T. Lynch, M. Prokop, W. Reass, P.J. Tallerico
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

• M. Liepe, S.A. Belomestnykh, J. Dobbins, R.P.K. Kaplan, C.R. Strohman, B.K. Stuhl
  Cornell University, Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics, Ithaca, New York
• C. Hovater, T. Plawski
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

The superconducting cavities in an Energy-Recovery-Linac will be operated with a high loaded Q of several 1E7, possible up to 1E8. Not only has no prior control system ever stabilized the RF field in a linac cavity with such high loaded Q, but also highest field stability in amplitude and phase is required at this high loaded Q. Because of a resulting bandwidth of the cavity of only a few Hz, this presents a significant challenge: the field in the cavity extremely sensitive to any perturbation of the cavity resonance frequency due to microphonics and Lorentz force detuning. To prove that the RF field in a high loaded Q cavity can be stabilized, and that Cornell's newly developed digital control system is able to achieve this, the system was connected to a high loaded Q cavity at the JLab IR-FEL. Excellent cw field stability – about 2·10^-4 rms in relative amplitude and 0.03 deg rms in phase - was achieved at a loaded Q of 2.1·10⁷ and 1.4E8, setting a new record in high loaded Q operation of a linac cavity. Piezo tuner based cavity frequency control proved to be very effective in keeping the cavity on resonance and allowed reliable to ramp up to high gradients in less than 1 second.

• P.A. McIntosh, R. Akre, R.F. Boyce, P. Emma, S. Hill, E. Rago
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at SLAC, when it becomes operational in 2009, will provide its user community with an X-ray source many orders of magnitude brighter than anything available in the world at that time. The electron beam acceleration will be provided by existing and new RF systems capable of maintaining the amplitude and phase stability of each bunch to extremely tight tolerances. RF feedback control of the various RF systems will be fundamental in ensuring the beam arrives at the LCLS undulator at precisely the required energy and phase. This paper details the requirements for RF stability for the various LCLS RF systems and also highlights proposals for how these injector and Linac RF systems can meet these constraints.

• P.A. McIntosh, R. Akre, J. Brooks, P. Emma, E. Rago
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

A single X-band (11.424 GHz) accelerating structure is to be incorporated in the LCLS Linac design to linearize the energy-time correlation (or gradient) across each bunch, features which originate in the preceding accelerating structures (L0 and L1). This harmonic RF system will operate near the negative RF crest to decelerate the beam, reducing these non-linear components of the correlation, providing a more efficient compression in the downstream bunch compressor chicanes (BC1 and BC2). These non-linear correlation components, if allowed to grow, would lead to Coherent Synchrotron Radiation (CSR) instabilities in the chicanes, effectively destroying the coherence of the photon radiation in the main LCLS undulator. The many years devoted at SLAC in the development of X-band RF components for the NLC/JLC linear collider project, has enabled the technical and financial realization of such an RF system for LCLS. This paper details the requirements for the X-band system and the proposed scheme planned for achieving those requirements.

• I. Terechkine, G.W. Foster, I.G. Gonin, T.K. Khabiboulline, A. Makarov, N. Solyak, D. Wildman
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

• K. Nakao, S. Fukuda, H. Katagiri, T. Matsumoto, S. Michizono, T. Takenaka, Y. Yano, M. Yoshida
  KEK, Ibaraki

• K.A. Young, J.T. Bradley, T.W. Hardek, M.T. Lynch, D. Rees, W. Roybal, P.J. Tallerico, P.A. Torrez
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

The RF system for the 805 MHz normal conducting linac of the Spallation Nuetron Source (SNS) accelerator was designed, procured and tested at Los Alamos National Laboratory(LANL) and then installed and commissioned at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The RF power for this room temperature coupled cavity linac (CCL) of SNS accelerator is generated by four pulsed 5 MW peak power klystrons operating with a pulse width of 1.25 mSec and a 60 Hz repetition frequency. The RF power from each klystron is divided and delivered to the CCL through two separate RF windows. The 5 MW RF system advanced the state of the art for simultaneous peak and average power. This paper summarizes the problems encountered, lessons learned and results of the high power testing at LANL of the 5 MW klystrons, 5 MW circulators, 5 MW loads, and 2.5 MW windows.*

*Tom Hardek is now at ORNL.

• D.E. Anderson, J. Hicks, D. E. Hurst, E.R. Tapp, M. Wezensky
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• D. Baca, W. Reass
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
• V.V. Peplov
  RAS/INR, Moscow

The first-generation high frequency switching megawatt-class high voltage converter modulators (HVCM) developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory for the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have been installed and are now operational. Each unit is capable of delivering pulses up to 11 MW peak, 1 MW average power at voltages up to 140 kV to drive klystron(s) rated up to 5 MW. To date, three variations of the basic design have been installed, each optimized to deliver power to a specific klystron load configuration. Design improvements, with the primary intention of improving system reliability and availability, have been under development since the initial installation of the HVCM units. This paper will examine HVCM reliability studies, reliability operational data, and modifications and improvements performed to increase the overall system availability. We will also discuss system enhancements aimed at improving the ease of operation and providing for additional equipment protection features.

• M. Champion, M.T. Crofford, K.-U. Kasemir, H. Ma, M.F. Piller
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• L.R. Doolittle, A. Ratti
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

The design and production of the Spallation Neutron Source Linac Low-Level RF control system is complete, and installation will be finished in Spring 2005. The warm linac beam commissioning run in Fall 2004 was the most extensive test to date of the LLRF control system, with fourteen (of an eventual 96) systems operating simultaneously. In this paper we present an overview of the LLRF control system, the experience in designing, building and installing the system, and operational results.

• M.T. Crofford, M. Champion, K.-U. Kasemir, H. Ma, M.F. Piller
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

• Y.W. Kang, D.E. Anderson, I.E. Campisi, M. Champion, M.T. Crofford, R.E. Fuja, P.A. Gurd, S. Hasan, K.-U. Kasemir, M.P. McCarthy, D. Stout, J.Y. Tang, A.V. Vassioutchenko, M. Wezensky
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• G.K. Davis, M. A. Drury, T. Powers, M. Stirbet
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 for the U.S. Department of Energy. SNS is a partnership of six national laboratories: Argonne, Brookhaven, Jefferson, Lawrence Berkeley, Los Alamos, and Oak Ridge.

• H. Ma, M. Champion, M.T. Crofford, K.-U. Kasemir, M.F. Piller
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• L.R. Doolittle, A. Ratti
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

A full digital Low-Level RF controller has been developed for SNS LINAC. Its design is a good example of a modern digital implementation of the classic control theory. The digital hardware for all the control and DSP functionalities, including the final vector modulation, is implemented on a single high-density FPGA. Two models for the digital hardware have been written in VHDL and Verilog respectively, based on a very low latency control algorithm, and both have been being used for supporting the testing and commissioning the LINAC to the date. During the commissioning, the flexibility and ability for precise controls that only digital design on a larger FPGA can offer has proved to be a necessity for meeting the great challenge of a high-power pulsed SCL.

• M.P. McCarthy, D.E. Anderson, R.E. Fuja, P.A. Gurd, T.W. Hardek, Y.W. Kang
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• J.T. Bradley, D. Rees, W. Roybal, K.A. Young
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) linac will provide a 1 GeV proton beam for injection into the accumulator ring. In the normal conducting (NC) section of this linac, the Radio Frequency Quadupole (RFQ) and six drift tube linac (DTL) tanks are powered by seven 2.5 MW, 402.5 MHz klystrons and the four coupled cavity linac (CCL) cavities are powered by four 5.0 MW, 805 MHz klystrons. Eighty-one 550 kW, 805 MHz klystrons each drive a single cavity in the superconducting (SC) section of the linac. The high power radio frequency (HPRF) equipment was specified and procured by LANL and tested before delivery to ensure a smooth transition from installation to commissioning. Installation of RF equipment to support klystron operation in the 350-meter long klystron gallery started in June 2002. The final klystron was set in place in September 2004. Presently, all RF stations have been installed and high power testing has been completed. This paper reviews the progression of the installation and testing of the HPRF Systems.

• M.F. Piller, M. Champion, M.T. Crofford, H. Ma
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• L.R. Doolittle
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

• A. Webster, C. Deibele, J. Pogge
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• J.F. Power
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source being built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The BPMs (Beam Position Monitors) requires RF reference signals to measure the phase of the beam with respect to the RF. In the MEBT (Medium Energy Beam Transport) Line and in the DTLs (Drift Tube Linac Cavities) are cavities that accelerate and bunch the beam at 402.5 MHz. In the CCLs (Coupled Cavity Linac) and SCLs (Superconducting Linac) accelerate the beam at 805 MHz. To mitigate effects of RF leakage into the BPM electrodes it is required to measure the phase in the MEBT and DTLs at 805 MHz and in the CCL and SCL at 402.5 MHz. We are directly connected to the RF group MO (master oscillator) and send these signals along the entire linac using fiber optic technology. Schematics, measurements, and installation update are discussed.

• F. Tamura
  JAERI/LINAC, Ibaraki-ken
• S. Anami, E. Ezura, K. Hara, C. Ohmori, A. Takagi, M. Yoshii
  KEK, Ibaraki
• M. Nomura, A. Schnase, M. Yamamoto
  JAERI, Ibaraki-ken

• S. Kwiatkowski, K.M. Baptiste
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

ALS is one of the first third generation synchrotron light sources which has been operating since 1993 at Berkeley Lab. In the present ALS operation scenario 1.5GeV electron beam is injected from the booster into the storage ring every 8 hours where is accelerated to the final energy of 1.9GeV. The beam decays between fills from 400mA to 200mA with the time average current of 250mA. In order to increase the beam brighthess ALS team plans to increase the beam current to 500mA and maintain it constant during machine operation ("Top-Off" mode of operation). This operation scenario will require full energy injection from the booster ring into the storage ring and constant operation of the injector (10 bunches with the total charge of 1nC every 30 to 35 seconds). In this paper we will present the results of the ALS injector RF system analysis fo Top-Off mode of operation and describe the way we intent to implement the necessary modifications to the booster RF system.

• Z. Geng, P. Gu, H.Mi. Hou, G. Pei
  IHEP Beijing, Beijing

• A. Smirnov, Y. Luo, R. Yi, D. Yu
  DULY Research Inc., Rancho Palos Verdes, California

Power extractor and coupler designs developed for an experiment planned at the 12th beam harmonic of the upgraded Advanced Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) facility is described. New features are an upstream HOM dielectric damper with additional tapering, and a single-port coupler considered in two variants. Performance analysis includes coupler geometric tolerances, overvoltage, dipole mode wake and BBU; and wakefield losses induced in the damper.

• P. Piot
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• M. Dohlus, K. Floettmann, M. Marx, S.G. Wipf
  DESY, Hamburg

Many state-of-art electron accelerator proposals incorporate TESLA-type superconducting standing wave cavities. These cavities include input coupler (to feed the RF power into the cavity) and a pairs of high order mode couplers (HOM) to absorb the energy associated to HOM field excited as the bunch passes through the cavity. In the present paper we investigate, using numerical simulations, the impact of the input and HOM couplers on the beam dynamics. We show the overall effects are: a dipole kick (zeroth order) and normal and skew quadrupole-type focusing (first order). We present parametric studies of the strength of these effect for various operating gradients and incoming beam energies. We finally study the impact of this non-asymmetric field on the beam dynamics, taking as an example the low energy section of the European X-FEL injector.

• H. Matsumoto, S. Kazakov, K. Saito
  KEK, Ibaraki

An attractive structure using capacitive coupling has been found for the input coupler for the 45 MV/m versions of the International Linear Collider (ILC) project. The coupler supports an electrical field gradient of ~1 kV/m around the rf window ceramic with 500 kW through power, a VSWR of 1.1 and a frequency bandwidth of 460 MHz. No unwanted resonances were found in the rf window near the first and second harmonics of the operation frequency.

• I.E. Campisi, S. Assadi, F. Casagrande, M. Champion, C. Chu, S.M. Cousineau, M.T. Crofford, C. Deibele, J. Galambos, P.A. Gurd, D.R. Hatfield, M.P. Howell, D.-O. Jeon, Y.W. Kang, K.-U. Kasemir, Z. Kursun, H. Ma, M.F. Piller, D. Stout, W.H. Strong, A.V. Vassioutchenko, Y. Zhang
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

The Spallation Neutron Source being built at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory employs eighty one 805 MHz superconducting cavities operated at 2.1 K for the H^- beam to gain energy in the main linac from 187 MeV to about 1 GeV. The superconducting cavities and cryomodules with two different values of beta .61 and .81 have been designed and constructed at Jefferson Lab for operation at 2.1 K with unloaded Q’s in excess of 5x109. To gain experience in testing cryomodules in the SNS tunnel before the final commissioning of the 2.1 K Central Helium Liquefier, integration tests were conducted on a medium beta (.61) cryomodule at 4.2 K. This is the first time that a superconducting cavity system specifically designed for 2.1 K operation has been extensively tested at 4.2 K without superfluid helium. Even at 4.2 K it was possible to test all of the functional properties of the cryomodule and of the cavities. In particular, at a nominal BCS Qo˜7x108, simultaneous pulse operation of all three cavities in the cryomodule was achieved at accelerating gradients in excess of 12 MV/m. These conditions were maintained for several hours at a repetition rate of 30 pps. Details of the tests will be presented and discussed.

• M.D. Cole, A. Burger, M. Falletta, D. Holmes, E. Peterson, R. Wong
  AES, Medford, NY
• I. Ben-Zvi
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

*Electron cooling of RHIC, Ilan Ben-Zvi, these proceedings.

• Z. Zhao, H. Ding, H. Xu
  SINAP, Shanghai

• S. Sultansoy, M. Yilmaz
  Gazi University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ankara
• O. Cakir, A.K. Ciftci, E. Recepoglu, O. Yavas
  Ankara University, Faculty of Sciences, Tandogan/Ankara

• U. Wienands
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

Traditionally, electron-positron colliders have been operating in a top-off-and-coast fashion with a cycle time depending on the beam life time, typically on the order of an hour. Each top-off involves ramping detector systems in addition to the actual filling time. The loss in accumulated luminosity is typically 20-50%. During the last year, both B-Factories have commissioned a continuous-injection mode of operation in which beam is injected without ramping the detector, thus raising luminosity integration by constant operation at peak luminosity. Constant beam currents reduce thermal drift and trips caused by change in beam loading. To achieve this level of operation, special efforts were made to reduce the injection losses and also to implement special gating procedures in the detectors, minimizing dead time. Bunch-injection control decides which bunch to inject into next while maintaining small charge variation between bunches. Beam collimation can reduce injection noise but also cause an increase in background rates. A challenge can be determining beam lifetime, important to maintain tuning of the beams. The paper will discuss the special features of continuous injection in both KEKB and PEP-II.

• I.E. Campisi
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

The superconducting linac for the Spallation Neutron Source is in the process of being commissioned. Eighty-one cavities resonating at 805 MHz are installed in the SNS tunnel in 11 medium beta (.61) cryomodules each containing 3 cavities and 12 high beta (.81) cryomodules each with 4 cavities. The niobium cavities and cryomodules were designed and assembled at Jefferson Lab and installed in the SNS tunnel at Oak Ridge and are operating at 2.1 K. A preliminary test of one medium beta cryomodule was performed at 4.2 K in September 2004. All functional parameters of the cryomodule were proven to meet specifications at that temperature. The Central Helium Liquefier is being commissioned for 2.1 K operation and all cavities will be tested by late Spring 2005. The testing will include all of the functional parameters necessary for beam operation, to be carried out in summer 2005. The focus of the testing is to characterize the cavities’ maximum gradients and that sustained simultaneous operation can be achieved for all the cavities in preparation of beam commissioning. The results of cryomodule and cavity testing in the superconducting linac will be presented.

• S. Doebert, C. Adolphsen, G.B. Bowden, D.L. Burke, J. Chan, V.A. Dolgashev, J.C. Frisch, R.K. Jobe, R.M. Jones, R.E. Kirby, J.R. Lewandowski, Z. Li, D.J. McCormick, R.H. Miller, C.D. Nantista, J. Nelson, C. Pearson, M.C. Ross, D.C. Schultz, T.J. Smith, S.G. Tantawi, J.W. Wang
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• T.T. Arkan, C. Boffo, H. Carter, I.G. Gonin, T.K. Khabiboulline, S.C. Mishra, G. Romanov, N. Solyak
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• Y. Funahashi, H. Hayano, N. Higashi, Y. Higashi, T. Higo, H. Kawamata, T. Kume, Y. Morozumi, K. Takata, T. T. Takatomi, N. Toge, K. Ueno, Y. Watanabe
  KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki

During the past five years, there has been an concerted effort at FNAL, KEK and SLAC to develop accelerator structures that meet the high gradient performance requirements for the Next Linear Collider (NLC) and Global Linear Collider (GLC) initiatives. The structure that resulted is a 60-cm-long, traveling-wave design with low group velocity (< 4% c) and a 150 degree phase advance per cell. It has an average iris size that produces an acceptable short-range wakefield in the linacs, and dipole mode damping and detuning that adequately suppresses the long-range wakefield. More than eight such structures have operated over 1000 hours at a 60 Hz pulse rate at the design gradient (65 MV/m) and pulse length (400 ns), and have reached breakdown rate levels below the limit for the linear collider. Moreover, the structures are robust in that the breakdown rates continue to decrease over time, and if the structures are briefly exposed to air, the rates recover to their low values within a few days. This paper presents a final summary of the results from this program, which effectively ended last August with the selection of ‘cold’ technology for a next generation linear collider.

• J.-S. Oh, Y.J. Han, I.S. Ko, W. Namkung, S.S. Park
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk

The PAL linac is planed to be converted to a SASE-XFEL facility (PAL XFEL) that supplies coherent X-rays down to 0.3-nm wavelength. PAL XEL requires a 3-GeV driver linac and a 60-m long in-vacuum undulator to realize an X-ray SASE-FEL. The linac should supply highly bright beams with emittance of 1.2 mm-mrad, a peak current of 3.5 kA, and a low energy spread of 0.03%. The RF stability of 0.06% rms is required for both RF phase and amplitude for reasonably stable SASE output. This stability is mainly determined by a klystron-modulator. Therefore present stability level of the modulator has to be improved 10 times better to get the pulse stability of 0.05%. The regulation methods such as traditional de-Q’ing and precision inverter charging technology are reviewed. Design considerations for the stability improvement of klystron-modulator for PAL XFEL are presented.

• D.J. Gibson, C.P.J. Barty, S.M. Betts, K. Crane, I. Jovanovic
  LLNL, Livermore, California

The PLEIADES (Picosecond Laser-Electron Interaction for the Dynamic Evaluation of Structures) facility provides tunable short x-ray pulses with energies of 30-140 keV and pulse durations of 0.3 – 5 ps by scattering an intense, ultrashort laser pulse off a 35-75 MeV electron beam. Synchronization of the laser and electron beam is obtained by using a photoinjector gun, and using the same laser system to generate the electrons and the scattering laser. The Ti:Sapphire, chirped pulse amplification based 500 mJ, 50 fs, 810 nm scattering laser and the similar 300 μJ, 5 ps, 266 nm photoinjector laser systems are detailed. Additionally, an optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) system is studied as a replacement for part of the scattering laser front end. Such a change would significantly simplify the set-up the laser system by removing the need for active switching optics, as well as increase the pre-pulse contrast ratio which will be important when part of the scattering laser is used as a pump beam in pump-probe diffraction experiments using the ultrashort tunable x-rays generated as the probe.

• A.M. Tremaine, S.G. Anderson, S.M. Betts, K. Crane, D.J. Gibson, F.V. Hartemann, J.S. Jacob
  LLNL, Livermore, California
• P. Frigola, J. Lim, J.B. Rosenzweig, G. Travish
  UCLA, Los Angeles, California

PLEIADES (Picosecond Laser Electron Interaction for the Dynamic Evaluation of Structures) produces tunable 30-140 keV x-rays with 0.3-5 ps pulse lengths and 10⁷ photons/pulse by colliding a high brightness electron beam with a high power laser. The electron beam is created by an rf photo-injector system, accelerated by a 120 MeV linac, and focused to 20 mm with novel permanent magnet quadrupoles. To produce Compton back scattered x-rays, the electron bunch is overlapped with a Ti:Sapphire laser that delivers 500 mJ, 80 fs, pulses to the interaction point. K-edge radiography at 115 keV on Uranium has verified the angle correlated energy spectrum inherent in Compton scattering and high-energy tunability of the Livermore source. Current upgrades to the facility will allow laser pumping of targets synchronized to the x-ray source enabling dynamic diffraction and time-resolved studies of high Z materials. Near future plans include extending the radiation energies to >400 keV, allowing for nuclear fluorescence studies of materials.

• R. Bartolini, A.I. Baldwin, M. Belgroune, C. Christou, V.C. Kempson, I.P.S. Martin, J.H. Rowland, B. Singh
  Diamond, Oxfordshire
• D.J. Holder, J.K. Jones, S.L. Smith, J.A. Varley, N.G. Wyles
  CCLRC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire

• C. Yao, M. Borland, A. Grelick, A.H. Lumpkin, N. Sereno
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

A particle accumulator ring (PAR) is used at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) to collect multiple linac bunches and compress them into a 0.3-ns (rms) single bunch for booster injection. A 9.77-MHz fundamental rf system and a 117.3-MHz harmonic rf system are employed for initial beam capture and bunch length compression. Satellite bunches with very low charge form due to rf phase drifts or beam loading change. These satellites, when injected into the booster and then into the storage ring (SR), cause bunch impurity at three buckets from the target bucket. Storage ring and booster bunch cleaning was tried but proved to be difficult due to the top-up mode of operation in the storage ring and tune drift in the booster synchrotron. Recently we implemented a PAR bunch-cleaning system with tune-modulated harmonic rf knockout. Preliminary tests gave a measured SR bunch purity of better than 10-6, which shows that the cleaning method is feasible and could achieve a bunch purity goal of 10-8. This report describes the system configuration, test results, and system performance.

• T.V. Shaftan, A. Blednykh, S. Chouhan, E.D. Johnson, S.L. Kramer, S. Krinsky, J.B. Murphy, I.P. Pinayev, S. Pjerov, B. Podobedov, G. Rakowsky, J. Rose, T. Tanabe, J.-M. Wang, X.J. Wang, L.-H. Yu
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

• K. Jacobs, J. Bisognano, R.A. Bosch, D. Eisert, M.V. Fisher, M.A. Green, R.G. Keil, K. J. Kleman, R.A. Legg, G.C. Rogers, J.P. Stott
  UW-Madison/SRC, Madison, Wisconsin

Following on the success of lower emittance operation at 800 MeV, SRC is pursuing a number of additional enhancements to the performance of the Aladdin storage ring. Work on Aladdin has included development of low emittance lattices at 1 GeV, which will maximize the capabilities of a recently installed spectromicroscopy beamline and a proposed high-resolution keV beamline. Installation of one-meter long insertion devices in the short straight sections within the quadrant arcs of the four sided storage ring is being considered to increase the number of undulator beamlines from four to possibly eight. Studies have been made to determine what is the minimum insertion device gap that does not interfere with nominal ring operation (injection, ramping, and lifetime at full energy), and indicate that smaller-gapped devices for higher photon energy are reasonable. Lifetime increases or further emittance reductions appear possible with modest aperture increases at a small number of points on the ring. Finally, planning is under way for long term projects such as a new injector or a next generation VUV/soft-xray source for the Midwest. Details will be presented.

• T. Tomimasu, Y. Iwasaki, S. Koda, Y. Takabayashi, K. Yoshida
  Saga Synchrotron Light Source, Industry Promotion Division, Saga City
• H. Ohgaki
  Kyoto IAE, Kyoto
• H. Toyokawa, M.Y. Yasumoto
  AIST, Ibaraki

• J. Thibus, A. Schempp
  IAP, Frankfurt-am-Main

Beam simulations for the Frankfurt Funneling Experiment are done with RFQSim and FUSIONS. RFQSim is a particle dynamic program to compute macro particle bunches in the 6D phase space through a RFQ accelerator. Behind the RFQ the simulation software FUSIONS calculates both beam lines through a r.f. funneling deflector. To optimise beam transport of existing and new funneling deflector structures FUSIONS is presently being developed. The status of the development of FUSIONS and the results will be presented.

• K. Dobashi
  NIRS, Chiba-shi
• M. Akemoto, H. Hayano, T. Higo, J.U. Urakawa
  KEK, Ibaraki
• F. Ebina, A. Fukasawa, T. Kaneyasu, H. Ogino, F. Sakamoto, M. Uesaka, Y. Yamamoto
  UTNL, Ibaraki

• Y. Iwata, T. Fujisawa, T. Furukawa, S. H. Hojo, T. Honma, M. Kanazawa, N. M. Miyahara, T. Murakami, M. Muramatsu, K. Noda, H. Ogawa, M. Torikoshi, S. Yamada, K. Yamamoto
  NIRS, Chiba-shi
• Y.F. Fujii, T. Mitsumoto, H. Tsutsui
  SHI, Tokyo
• T. Fujimoto, H.O. Ogawa
  AEC, Chiba
• V.V. Kapin
  MEPhI, Moscow

• Y. Yoshida, T. Kondo, J. Yang
  ISIR, Osaka

Femtosecond pulse radiolysis system based on linear accelerator was developed in Osaka University for study of radiation-induced ultra fast physical and chemical reactions. 35 MeV single electron pulse with pulse width of 100 fs was generated by using a laser photocathode rf gun s-band linac with a magnet pulse compression system. Femtosecond laser synchronized with the linac was used as analyzing light. Transient absorption was measured by the equivalent velocity spectroscopy which was a new method to get high time-resolution. Also, we have started the preliminary experiment on atosecond pulse radiolysis The double decker beam which is a new concept to realize the twin linac by using one linac will be used.

• M. Uesaka, T. Kaneyasu
  UTNL, Ibaraki
• K. Dobashi, M. Torikoshi
  NIRS, Chiba-shi

• J.W.  Staples, R. Keller, A. Sessler
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• W. Chou
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• P.N. Ostroumov
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

Accelerator-driven High-Energy Density Physics experiments require typically 1 nanosecond, 1 microcoulomb pulses of mass 20 ions accelerated to several MeV to produce eV-level excitations in thin targets, the "warm dense matter" regime. Traditionally the province of induction linacs, RF-based acceleration may be a viable alternative with recent breakthroughs in accelerating structures and high-field superconducting solenoids. A reference design for an RF-based accelerator for HEDP research is presented using 15 T solenoids and multiple-gap RF structures configured with either multiple parallel beams (combined at the target) or a single beam and a small stacking ring that accumulates 1 microcoulomb of charge. In either case, the beam is ballistically compressed with an induction linac core providing the necessary energy sweep and injected into a plasma-neutralized drift compression channel resulting in a 1 mm radius beam spot 1 nanosecond long at a thin foil or low-density target.

• M. Hernandez, H. Deruyter, D. Skowbo, R.R. Smith
  Accuray, Inc, Mountain View, California
• A.V. Mishin, A.J. Saverskiy
  AS&E, Billerica, Massachusetts

• A.J. Saverskiy, H. Deruyter, M. Hernandez, A.V. Mishin, D. Skowbo
  AS&E, Billerica, Massachusetts

• T. Webb, L.C. DeVeaux, F. Harmon, J.E. Petrisko, R.J. Spaulding
  IAC, Pocatello
• R. Assink
  Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
• W. Beezhold
  ISU, Pocatello, Idaho

• L. Auditore, R.C. Barnà, D. De Pasquale, U. Emanuele, A. Trifirò, M. Trimarchi
  INFN & Messina University, S. Agata, Messina
• A. Italiano
  INFN - Gruppo Messina, S. Agata, Messina

• V.G. Vaccaro
  Naples University Federico II and INFN, Napoli
• T. Clauser, A. Rainò
  Bari University, Science Faculty, Bari
• C. De Martinis, D. Giove, M. Mauri
  INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI)
• S. Lanzone
  Naples University Federico II, Napoli
• M.R. Masullo
  INFN-Napoli, Napoli
• V. Variale
  INFN-Bari, Bari

Recent results in accelerator physics have shown the feasibility of a coupling scheme between a cyclotron and a linac for proton acceleration. Cyclotrons with energies up to 30 MeV, mainly devoted to radioisotopes production, are available in a large number of medical centres. These two evidences have suggested the idea to study and design a linac booster able to increase the initial proton energy up to the values required for the treatment of tumors, like the ocular ones. Among the challenges in such a project one of the main ones is related to meet the requirement of having sufficient mean current for therapy from a given injection current coming from the cyclotron. In this paper we will review the rationale of the project in order to optimize the transmittance and to minimize the duty-cycle. In this frame we will discuss the basic design of a compact 3GHz linac with a new approach to the cavities used in a SCL (Side Coupled Linac) structure.

• T. Kondoh, T. Kozawa, S. Tagawa, T. Tomosada, J. Yang, Y. Yoshida
  ISIR, Osaka

For studies of electron beam induced ultra-fast reaction process, femtosecond(fs) pulse radiolysis is under construction. To realize fs time resolution, fs electron and analyzing light pulses and their jitter compensation system are needed. About a 100fs electron pulse was generated by a photocathode RF gun linac and a magnetic pulse compressor. Synchronized Ti: Sapphire laser have a puleswidth about 160fs. And, it is significant to avoid degradation of time resolution caused by velocity difference between electron and analyzing light in a sample. In the ‘Equivalent velocity spectroscopy’ method, incident analyzing light is slant toward electron beam with an angle associated with refractive index of sample. Then, to overlap light wave front and electron pulse shape, electron pulse shape is slanted toward the direction of travel. As a result of the equivalent velocity spectroscopy for hydrated electrons, using slanted electron pulse shape, optical absorption rise time was about 1.4ps faster than normal electron pulse shape. Thus, the 'Equivalent velocity spectroscopy’ is effective for femtosecond pulse radiolysis.

• M.R.W. North, A.H. Kershaw
  CCLRC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon

• J. Cao, Q. Ye
  IHEP Beijing, Beijing

• S.-H. Han, Y.-S. Cho
  KAERI, Daejon

We have developed a gas scattering energy monitor to measure the energy spectrum of the proton beam at the end of 3MeV RFQ and 20MeV DTL for the low energy part of the PEFP(Proton Engineering Frontier Project). The energy monitor is comprised of a Xe scattering chamber, two collimators to reduce the beam intensity, and a surface barrier detector for measuring the proton energy. In order to measure the beam current simultaneously, a faraday cup is incorporated into the energy monitor. The calculated flux attenuation through the 0.2 mm diameter collimator is 3·10^-4 and the energy loss is 28 keV. We report on design details and multiple gas scattering of proton beams in Xe gas by using a SRIM code.

• J.H. Park, J.Y. Huang, W.H. Hwang, Y.W. Parc, S.J. Park
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk
• Y.-S. Cho, B.H. Choi, S.-H. Han
  KAERI, Daejon

A proton linear accelerator is currently the construction at the KAERI (Korea Atomic Research Institute) to the PEFP (Proton Engineering Frontier Project) in Korea. We are accomplished the technique development of beam diagnostic system to be currently the construction. We treat beam diagnostics for the high power proton linear accelerator. Prototype beam position & phase monitor (BPPM) electronics was made and tested successfully in one of the beam diagnostic systems. The beam position monitor pickup electrode is a capacitive type (electrostatic type) which has a button form. Button form electrode, in common use around electron synchrotrons and storage rings, are a variant of the electrode with small button form (e.g., sub mm diameter). However, we are designed button form electrode to measure beam position of proton beam. The BCM (Beam Current Monitor) is developed Tuned CT (Current Transformer) for collaborate with Bergoz Instruments. This paper describes the status of beam diagnostic systems for the PEFP.

• I.H. Yu, D.T. Kim, S.-C. Kim, I.-S. Park, S.J. Park
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk
• Y.-S. Cho
  KAERI, Daejon

The PEFP (Proton Engineering Frontier Project) at the KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) is building a high-power proton linear accelerator aiming to generate 100-MeV proton beams with 20-mA peak current (pulse width and max. repetition rate of 1 ms and 120 Hz respectively). We are developing a prototype digital BPPM (Beam Position and Phase Monitor) for the PEFP linac utilizing the digital technology with field programmable gate array (FPGA). The RF input signals are down converted to 10 MHz and sampled at 40 MHz with 14-bit ADC to produce I and Q data streams. The system is designed to provide a position and phase resolution of 0.1% and 0.1? RMS respectively. The fast digital processing is networked to the EPICS-based control system with an embedded processor (Blackfin). In this paper, the detailed description of the prototype digital beam position and phase monitor will be described with the performance test results.

• R. Merl, T. Spickermann
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

Custom instrumentation has been developed at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center to measure the Proton Storage Ring (PSR) beam energy. The PSR accumulates up to 4x10¹³ protons from the linear accelerator for delivery to a spallation neutron source. The energy of the beam injected into the PSR must be adjusted so that the revolution frequency matches the ring buncher frequency, otherwise a large momentum spread will cause increased losses in high-dispersion areas. Errors in injected beam energy appear as deviations from the ideal revolution frequency. A low-cost, custom, reconfigurable VME module has been adapted to calculate the PSR revolution frequency in real-time. The module connects directly to an analog wall current monitor output and uses analog signal conditioning electronics, an analog to digital converter, field programmable gate arrays, and an embedded floating-point digital signal processor to calculate the revolution frequency. This is an improvement over the previously used method of manually measuring the frequency with an oscilloscope. Accelerator physicists can now simply observe the PSR frequency, which is dependent on beam energy, on a control room display.

LA-UR-04-8661.

• C. Deibele
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• S.S. Kurennoy
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source being built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The 805-MHz coupled-cavity linac (CCL) accelerates an H^- beam from 86 to 186 MeV, while the 805 MHz superconducting-cavity linac (SCL) accelerates the beam to its final energy of 1 GeV. The SNS beam position monitors (BPMs) which are used to measure both position and phase of the beam relative to the master oscillator, have the dual-planed design with four one-end-shorted stripline electrodes. We argue that the BPMs are optimally broadband matched to the cabling and electronics when the geometrical mean of the sum-mode and quadrupole-mode impedances is equal to the external-line impedance, 50 Ohms. The analytical results, MAFIA and HFSS simulations, wire measurements, and beam measurements that support this statement are presented.

• S. Sato, H. Akikawa, T. Tomisawa, A. Ueno
  JAERI/LINAC, Ibaraki-ken
• Z. Igarashi, M. Ikegami, N. Kamikubota, S. Lee, T. Toyama
  KEK, Ibaraki

• B. Steffen, S. Casalbuoni, E.-A. Knabbe, H. Schlarb, B. Schmidt
  DESY, Hamburg
• P. Schmüser, A. Winter
  Uni HH, Hamburg

• S.-C. Kim, M.-H. Chun, Y.J. Han, J.Y. Huang, D.T. Kim, W.W. Lee
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk

Electron Linac at the Pohnag Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) has been operated continuously as the full energy injector for storage ring. Linac and storage ring energy has been 2.0 GeV since Dec. 1994, and 2.5 GeV since Oct. 2002. In Aug. 2004, thirteen BPMs are newly installed at BTL(Beam Transport Line) for beam trajectory measurement and feedback. These BPMs consist of 100mm strip-line electrodes in 150mm long chamber, and 500MHz log-ratio signal processing circuits. BPM data acquisition system is developed as EPICS IOC using NI S-series data acquisition board and NI LabView 7.1. BTL BPMs will be used for optic correction and beam energy feedback for PLS beam injection. This paper describes on design, test results, installation and data acquisition system of the PLS BTL BPM.

• J.L. Bailey, T.W. Buffington, B.X. Yang
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), currently under design, requires beam diagnostic instruments between the magnets in the beam undulator section. Ten wire scanners are planned as one of the primary instruments to characterize electron beam properties. The development of these wire scanners presents several design challenges due to the need for high accuracy and resolution of the wire motion (3 microns tolerance, typical) and the high intensity of the beam (3400 A over an area of 30 micron rms radius). In this paper, we present the technical specification and design criteria for the scanners. We will also present the mechanical design of the UHV-compatible drive and its engineering analysis. Lastly, we present the wire card design and discuss associated thermal and mechanical issues originating from the highly intense x-ray and electron beams.

• S.R. Kauffman, H. Dong, A. Freyberger, L. Kaufman, J. Musson
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

The proposed HAPPEX experiment at CEBAF employs a three cavity monitor system for high-precision (1 mm), high-bandwidth (100 kHz) position measurements. This is performed using a cavity triplet consisting of two TM110-mode cavities (one each for X and Y planes) combined with a conventional TM-010-mode cavity for a phase and magnitude reference. Traditional systems have used the TM010 cavity output to directly down convert the BPM cavity signals to base band. The Multi-channel HAPPEX digital receiver simultaneously I/Q samples each cavity and extracts position using a CORDIC algorithm. The hardware design consists of a digital receiver daughter board and digital processor motherboard that resides in a VXI crate. The daughter board down converts 1.497 GHz signals from the TM010 cavity and X and Y signals from the TM110 cavities to 4 MHz, and extracts the quadrature digital signals. The motherboard processes this data and computes beam intensity and X-Y positions with a resolution of one mm, 100 kHz output bandwidth, and overall latency of ten microseconds. The results are available in both analog and digital format.

• R.B. Wilcox, J.W.  Staples
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• R. Holzwarth
  Menlo Systems GmbH, Martinsried

In femtosecond pump/probe experiments using short x-ray and optical pulses, precise synchronization must be maintained between widely separated lasers in a synchrotron or FEL facility. We are developing synchronization systems using optical signals for applications requiring different ranges of timing error. For the sub-100fs range we use an amplitude modulated CW laser at 1GHz to transmit RF phase information, and control the delay through a 100m fiber by observing the retroreflected signal. Initial results show 40fs peak-to-peak error above 10Hz, and 200fs long term drift, mainly due to amplitude sensitivity in the analog mixers. For the sub-10fs range we will lock two single-frequency lasers separated by several teraHertz to a master modelocked fiber laser, transmit the two frequencies over fiber, and lock two comb lines of a slave laser to these frequencies, thus synchronizing the two modelocked laser envelopes. For attosecond synchronization we propose a stabilized, free space link using bulk lens waveguides and high peak power ultrashort pulses.

• B.X. Yang, J.L. Bailey, S.J. Stein, D.R. Walters
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), a free-electron x-ray laser, is under design and construction. Its high intensity electron beam, 3400 A in peak current and 46 TW in peak power, is concentrated in a small area (30 micrometer rms in both horizontal and vertical directions) inside its undulator. Ten optical transition radiation (OTR) imagers are planned between the undulator segments for the characterization of the transverse profiles of the electron beam. In this paper, we present the performance requirements and technical requirements of the OTR imagers. We will discuss in detail the design of the OTR screen, the arrangement and modeling of the imaging optics, and the mechanical design and analysis of the compact camera module. Through a unique optical arrangement, this imager will achieve a fine resolution (12 micrometer rms or better) over the entire field of view (5 mm × 5 mm). The compact camera module will fit in the limited space available with remote focus adjustment. A digital camera will be used to read out the beam images in a programmable region (5 mm × 0.5 mm) at the full beam repetition rate (120 Hz), or over the entire field at a lower rate (15 Hz).

• M. Satoh, K.  Furukawa, T. Suwada
  KEK, Ibaraki

• D. Mihalcea, C.L. Bohn
  Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
• U. Happek
  UGA, Athens, Georgia
• P. Piot
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

• A. Winter
  Uni HH, Hamburg
• N. Ignashin, A. Simonov, S. Sytov
  IHEP Protvino, Protvino, Moscow Region
• E.-A. Knabbe, S. Simrock, B. Steffen
  DESY, Hamburg

• H.G. Kirk, H. Ludewig, L.F. Mausner, N. Simos, P. Thieberger
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• Y. Hayato, K. Yoshimura
  KEK, Ibaraki
• K.T. McDonald
  PU, Princeton, New Jersey
• J. Sheppard
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• L.P. Trung
  Stony Brook University, Stony Brook

The long term survivability of materials which can be used either for high-intensity targets or for the environment surrounding the target can be greatly influenced by how the physical properties of the material are altered by radiation damage. We have irradiated several candidate materials and report here on physical properties before and after irradiation.

• O. Napoly, R. Aleksan, A. Devred
  CEA/DSM/DAPNIA, Gif-sur-Yvette
• A. Den Ouden
  Twente University, Laser Physics and Non-Linear Optics Group, Enschede
• R. Garoby, R. Losito, L. Rinolfi, F. Ruggiero, W. Scandale, D. Schulte, M. Vretenar
  CERN, Geneva
• T. Garvey, F. Richard
  LAL, Orsay
• A. Ghigo
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
• E. Gschwendtner
  CUI, Geneva
• H. Mais, D. Proch
  DESY, Hamburg
• V. Palladino
  INFN-Napoli, Napoli

CARE, an ambitious and coordinated programme of accelerator research and developments oriented towards HEP projects, has been launched in January 2004 by the main European laboratories and the European Commission within the 6th Framework Programme. This programme aims at improving existing infrastructures dedicated to future projects such as linear colliders, upgrades of hadron colliders and high intensity proton drivers. An important part of this programme is devoted to advancing the performance of the superconducting technology, both in the fields of RF cavities for electron and proton acceleration and of high field magnets, as well as to developing high intensity electron and proton injectors. We describe the R&D plans of the four main R&D activities and report on the results and progress obtained so far.

• K.R. Kim, C.W. Chung, H.S. Han, H.-G. Kim, Y.-C. Kim, I.S. Ko, B.H. Lee
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk

The cooling water system has been utilized for absorbing heat generated by a multitude of electromagnetic power delivering networks at PLS. The separate cooling water distribution systems for the storage ring, beam transport line and linear accelerator have been operated with a different operating temperature of supplying water. All water used for heat removal from the accelerator components are deionised and filtered to provide with over 2 MO-cm specific resistance. The operating pressures and flows of input water are also controlled with flow balancing scheme at a specified range. The operating temperature of components in the accelerator is sustained as tight as below ±0.1 deg C to minimize the influence of temperature fluctuation on the beam energy and stability. Although the PLS cooling systems were initially installed with a high degree of flexibility to allow for easy maintenance, a number of system improvements have been employed to enhance operational reliability and to incorporate the newly developed operating interfaces such as EPICS accelerator control systems. The important design and operational features of PLS cooling water systems are presented as well as lessons learned from around 10-years normal operation.

• S. Maury, M.-E. Angoletta, V. Baggiolini, A. Beuret, A. Blas, J. Borburgh, H.-H. Braun, C. Carli, M. Chanel, T. Fowler, S.S. Gilardoni, M. Gourber-Pace, S. Hancock, C.E. Hill, M. Hourican, J.M. Jowett, K. Kahle, D. Kuchler, E. Mahner, D. Manglunki, M. Martini, M.M. Paoluzzi, J. Pasternak, F. Pedersen, U. Raich, C. Rossi, J.-P. Royer, K. Schindl, R. Scrivens, L. Sermeus, E.N. Shaposhnikova, G. Tranquille, M. Vretenar, Th. Zickler
  CERN, Geneva

• I. Ben-Zvi, D.S. Barton, D.B. Beavis, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, A. Burrill, R. Calaga, P. Cameron, X.Y. Chang, R. Connolly, D.M. Gassner, J.G. Grimes, H. Hahn, A. Hershcovitch, H.-C. Hseuh, P.D.J. Johnson, D. Kayran, J. Kewisch, R.F. Lambiase, V. Litvinenko, G.T. McIntyre, W. Meng, T.C.N. Nehring, T. Nicoletti, B. Oerter, D. Pate, J. Rank, T. Rao, T. Roser, T. Russo, J. Scaduto, Z. Segalov, K. Smith, N.W.W. Williams, K.-C. Wu, V. Yakimenko, K. Yip, A. Zaltsman, Y. Zhao
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• H. Bluem, A. Burger, M.D. Cole, A.J. Favale, D. Holmes, J. Rathke, T. Schultheiss, A.M.M. Todd
  AES, Princeton, New Jersey
• J.R. Delayen, L. W. Funk, P. Kneisel, H.L. Phillips, J.P. Preble
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

Next generation ERL light-sources, high-energy electron coolers, high-power Free-Electron Lasers, powerful Compton X-ray sources and many other accelerators were made possible by the emerging technology of high-power, high-brightness electron beams. In order to get the anticipated performance level of ampere-class currents, many technological barriers are yet to be broken. BNL’s Collider-Accelerator Department is pursuing some of these technologies for its electron cooling of RHIC application, as well as a possible future electron-hadron collider. We will describe work on CW, high-current and high-brightness electron beams. This will include a description of a superconducting, laser-photocathode RF gun and an accelerator cavity capable of producing low emittance (about 1 micron rms normalized) one nano-Coulomb bunches at currents of the order of one ampere average.

• P.S. Holik
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Description of site general grounding network. RF grounding network enhancement underneath the klystron gallery building. Grounding network of the Ring Systems with ground breaks in the Ring Tunnel. Grounding and Bonding of R&D accelerator equipment. SNS Building lightning protection.

*SNS SRD *IEEE GREEN BOOK *IEEE EMERALD BOOK

• S. Tunyan, G.A. Amatuni, B. Grigoryan
  CANDLE, Yerevan

• V.N. Zamriy
  JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region

• M. Wilinski, S. Bellavia, J. Glenn, L.F. Mausner, K.L. Unger
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

The Brookhaven 200 MeV linac is a multipurpose machine used to inject low intensity polarized protons ultimately ending up in RHIC as well as to inject high intensity protons to BLIP, a medical isotope production facility. If high intensity protons were injected to RHIC by mistake, administrative radiation limits could be exceeded or sensitive electronics could be damaged. In the past, the changeover from polarized proton to high intensity proton operation has been a lengthy process, thereby never allowing the two programs to run simultaneously. To remedy this situation and allow for concurrent operation of RHIC and BLIP, an active interlock system has been designed to monitor current levels in the AGS using two current transformers with fail safe circuitry and associated electronics to inhibit beam to RHIC if high intensity is detected.

• B. Rusnak, M. Hall, S. Shen
  LLNL, Livermore, California

A project is underway at LLNL to design and build a system for fast neutron imaging. The approach being pursued will use a 7 MeV deuterium linac for producing high-energy neutrons via a D(d,n)3He reaction. To achieve a high-brightness neutron source, a windowless rotating aperture gas cell approach is being employed. Using a series of close-tolerance rotor and stator plates, a differential pumping assembly has been designed and built that contains up to 3 atmospheres of deuterium gas in a 40 mm long gas cell. Rarefaction of the gas due to beam-induced heating will be addressed by rapidly moving the gas across the beam channel in a crossflow tube. The design and fabrication process has been guided by extensive 3D modeling of the hydrodynamic gas flow and structural dynamics of the assembly. Summaries of the modeling results, the fabrication and assembly process for the rotating aperture system, and initial measurements of gas leakage shall be presented.

• X.Y. Chang, I. Ben-Zvi, A. Burrill, S. Hulbert, P.D.J. Johnson, J. Kewisch, T. Rao, Z. Segalov, J. Smedley, Y. Zhao
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

• X. Liu, Y. He, Y. Li
  Cornell University, Department of Physics, Ithaca, New York
• M.R. Adams
  Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

Owing to the outstanding vacuum performance and the low secondary electron yield, non-evaporable getter (NEG) thin film deposited onto interior walls has gained widespread acceptance and has been incorporated into many accelerator vacuum system designs. The titanium-zirconium-vanadium (T-Zr-V) NEG thin films were deposited onto the interior wall of stainless steel pipes via DC magnetron sputtering method using either argon or krypton gas as sputtering gas. Vacuum pumping evaluation tests were carried out to compare vacuum pumping performances of the Ti-Zr-V NEG thin films deposited using argon or krypton. The results showed much higher initial pumping speed for the Kr-sputtered NEG film than the Ar-sputtered film, though both films have similar activation behavior. The compositions and textures of both thin films were measured to correlate to the pumping performances.

• M. A. Drury, E. Daly, G.K. Davis, J.R. Delayen, C. Grenoble, W.R. Hicks, K. King, T. Plawski, T. Powers, J.P. Preble, H. Wang, M. Wiseman
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerating Facility (Jefferson Lab) has completed production of 24 Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cryomodules for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) superconducting linac. This includes one medium-beta (0.61) prototype, eleven medium-beta and twelve high-beta (0.81) production cryomodules. Ten medium-beta cryomodules as well as two high beta cryomodules have undergone complete operational performance testing in the Cryomodule Test Facility at Jefferson Lab. The set of tests includes measurements of maximum gradient, unloaded Q (Q0), microphonics, and response to Lorentz forces. The Qext’s of the various couplers are measured and the behavior of the higher order mode couplers is examined. The mechanical and piezo tuners are also characterized. The results of these performance tests will be discussed in this paper.

• J.P. Ozelis, V. Bookwalter, B.D. Madre, C.E. Reece
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

Jefferson Lab has extensively used a proprietary web-based system (Pansophy) that integrates commercial database, data analysis, document archiving and retrieval, and user interface software, as a coherent knowledge management product during the construction of the cryomodules for the SNS Superconducting Linac, providing elements of process and procedure control, data capture and review, and data mining and analysis. With near real-time and potentially global access to production data, process monitoring and performance analyses could be pursued in a timely manner, providing crucial feedback. The extensibility, portability, and accessibility of Pansophy via universally available software components provide the essential features needed in any information and project management system capable of meeting the needs of future accelerator construction efforts, requiring an unprecedented level of regional and international coordination and collaboration, to which Pansophy is well suited.

• R.A. Rimmer, E. Daly, J. Henry, W.R. Hicks, J.P. Preble, M. Stirbet, H. Wang, K. Wilson, G. Wu
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

We describe the concepts and developments underway at JLab as part of the program to develop a new CW cryomodule capable of transporting ampere-level beam currents in a compact FEL. Requirements include real-estate gradient of at least 10 MV/m and very strong HOM damping to push BBU thresholds up by two or more orders of magnitude compared to existing designs. Cavity shape, HOM damping, power couplers, tuners etc. are being designed and optimized for this application. Cavity considerations include a large iris for beam halo, low-RF losses, HOM frequencies and Q’s, low peak surface fields, field flatness and microphonics. Module considerations include high packing factor, low static heat leak, image current heating of beam-line components, cost and maintainability. This module is being developed for the next generation ERL based high power FELs but may be useful for other applications such as electron cooling, electron-ion colliders, industrial processing etc.

• A. Ghigo, D. Alesini, G. Benedetti, C. Biscari, M. Castellano, A. Drago, D. Filippetto, F. Marcellini, C. Milardi, B. Preger, M. Serio, F. Sgamma, A. Stella, M. Zobov
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
• R. Corsini, T. Lefevre, F. Tecker
  CERN, Geneva

• S. Fukuda, H. Hayano
  KEK, Ibaraki

• V.V. Paramonov, L.V. Kravchuk
  RAS/INR, Moscow
• K. Floettmann
  DESY, Hamburg
• M. Krasilnikov, F. Stephan
  DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen

• P. Eliasson, P. Eliasson
  Uppsala University, Uppsala
• D. Schulte
  CERN, Geneva

Preservation of beam emittance in the CLIC main linac is a challenging task. This requires not only beam-based alignment of the beam line components but also the use of emittance tuning bumps. In this paper the potential use of luminosity tuning bumps is explored and compared to emittance tuning bumps.

• D. Schulte, I. Syratchev
  CERN, Geneva

One of the main aims of the CLIC Test Facility (CTF3) is to study the beam stability in the drive beam decelerator and to bench mark the performance against beam simulation codes. Particular challenges come from the large drive beam energy spread, the strong wakefields and potential beam losses. The development towards a decelerator design and the required instrumentation is described in this paper.

• D. Schulte
  CERN, Geneva

Sophisticated beam-based alignment is essential in future linear colliders to preserve the beam emittance during the transport through the main linac. One such method is dispersion free steering. In this paper different options to implement this method are discussed, based on the use of different accelerating gradients, RF phases and bunch particle types during a beam pulse.

• G.R. White
  Queen Mary University of London, London
• D. Schulte
  CERN, Geneva
• N.J. Walker
  DESY, Hamburg

To study the luminosity performance of the International Linear Collider (ILC) with different design parameters, a simulation was constructed that tracks a multi-bunch representation of the beam from the Damping Ring extraction through to the Interaction Point. The simulation code PLACET is used to simulate the LINAC, MatMerlin is used to track through the Beam Delivery System and GUINEA-PIG for the beam-beam interaction. Included in the simulation are ground motion and wakefield effects, intra-train fast feedback and luminosity-based feedback systems. To efficiently study multiple parameters/multiple seeds, the simulation is deployed on the Queen Mary High-Throughput computing cluster at Queen Mary, University of London, where 100 simultaneous simulation seeds can be run.

• H. Padamsee
  Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

• I.V. Bazarov
  Cornell University, Department of Physics, Ithaca, New York
• H. Padamsee
  Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

We present results of multiobjective optimization of the International Linear Collider (ILC) which seeks to maximize luminosity at each given total cost of the linac (capital and operating costs of cryomodules, refrigeration and RF). Evolutionary algorithms allow quick exploration of optimal sets of parameters in a complicated system such as ILC in the presence of realistic constraints as well as investigation of various what-if scenarios in potential performance. Among the parameters we varied there were accelerating gradient and Q of the cavities (in a coupled manner following a realistic Q vs. E curve), the number of particles per bunch, the bunch length, number of bunches in the train, etc. We find an optimum which decreases (relative to TDR baseline) the total linac cost by 22 %, capital cost by 25 % at the same luminosity of 3·10³⁸ 1/m²/s. For this optimum the gradient is 35 MV/m, the final spot size is 3.6 nm, and the beam power is 15.9 MW. Dropping the luminosity to 2·10³⁸ 1/m²/s results in an additional 8 % reduction in the total linac cost. We have also explored the optimal fronts of luminosity vs. cost for several other scenarios using the same approach.

• J.C. Smith, L. Gibbons, J.R. Patterson, D. L. Rubin
  Cornell University, Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics, Ithaca, New York
• D. Sagan
  Cornell University, Department of Physics, Ithaca, New York
• P. Tenenbaum
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

The International Linear Collider (ILC) alignment tolerances require more sophisticated alignment techniques than those provided by survey alone. Various Beam-Based Alignment algorithms have been proposed to achieve the desired low emittance preservation. These algorithms are compared and their merits identified using the TAO accelerator simulation program.

• J.T. Urban, L.J. Fields, D. Sagan
  Cornell University, Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics, Ithaca, New York

BMAD is a subroutine library for simulating relativistic charged-particle dynamics. It has been used extensively as a diagnostic tool at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR). The BMAD libraries have recently been extended to include modeling of the dynamics of linear accelerators. Calculations of emittance dilution due to orbit offsets and misalignments have been compared with LIAR, Merlin and PLACET, and good agreement is found with both particle and macroparticle tracking through the NLC and Tesla lattices for the bunch compressor, main linac and final focus regions.

• P. Tenenbaum, T.O. Raubenheimer
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• A. Wolski
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

• R.M. Jones, R.H. Miller
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

The progress of multiple bunches of charged particles down the main L-band linacs of the ILC (International Linear Collider) can be disrupted by wakefields. These wakefields correspond to the electromagnetic fields excited in the accelerating cavities and have both long-range and short-range components. Here we investigate the impact of the long-range wakefields on the trailing bunches caused by the leading bunches. In general, the dipole mode degeneracy will be removed both because of manufacturing errors and because the higher order mode couplers are dipole asymmetric and lie neither in the horizontal nor vertical plane. This creates 2 dipole eigenmodes which are rotated with respect to the horizontal and vertical axes and which may have slightly different frequencies. These eigenmodes can couple the horizontal and vertical dipole excitations. We simulate the progress of the ILC beam down the collider under the influence of these wakefields. In particular, we investigate the consequences on the final emittance dilution of the beam of coupling of the horizontal to the vertical motion of the beam.

• R.M. Jones
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• N. Baboi
  DESY, Hamburg

We investigate the emittance dilution that occurs due to long range wakefields in the ILC L-band linacs. The largest kick factors (proportional to the transverse fields which transversely kick the beam off axis) from the first six bands are included in our simulations. These higher order dipole modes are damped by carefully orientating higher order mode couplers at both ends of each cavity. We investigate the dilution in the emittance of a beam with a random misalignment of cavities down the complete linac. In particular, the impact of a poorly damped dipole mode, on the overall emittance dilution down the complete linac is focused upon. The transverse alignment tolerances imposed on the cavities due to these wakefields are also discussed.

• D.V. Neuffer
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

• D. Kraemer
  BESSY GmbH, Berlin

The user requests for an optimized 2nd generation FEL facility in the VUV to soft X-ray range demand for ultra short photon pulses (t = 20 fs) at a peak power of several GW. A high shot to shot reproducibility of the pulse shape and pulse power allowing for fs-synchronization for pump-probe experiments is feasible in a seeded FEL approach. Free selectable photon polarization and wavelength tuning is essential for any 2nd generation FEL source like the proposed BESSY-Soft X-ray FEL user facility. Freely selectable pulse repetition rates and freely selectable pulse patterns, including fast switching to different parallel operating FEL-Lines are necessary ingredients, feasible with a suitable injector in combination with a CW-superconducting linac. The status of the BESSY HGHG-FEL project will be reviewed.

• Y. Kim, Y. Kim, D. Son
  CHEP, Daegu

To get lasing at TTF2, we should supply high quality electron beams with a high peak current, a low slice emittance, and a low slice energy spread. To supply a high peak current, we compress bunch length with two bunch compressors. During TTF2 lasing period, there was no available special bunch length diagnostic tool such as LOLA cavity or streak camera. However we could optimize TTF2 bunch compressors by monitoring pyro-electric detector signal, by measuring emittance, and by monitoring beam images at chicane center and dump region, and by comparing operational machine conditions with simulation results. In this paper, we describe our various commissioning experiences of TTF2 bunch compressor to generate a femtosecond-long spike with a high peak current.

• T. Limberg, V. Balandin, R. Brinkmann, W. Decking, M. Dohlus, K. Floettmann, N. Golubeva, Y. Kim, E. Schneidmiller
  DESY, Hamburg

• D. Alesini, M. Ferrario, B. Spataro
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
• A. Bacci
  INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI)
• A. Falone, M.  Migliorati, A. Mostacci, F. Palpini, L. Palumbo
  Rome University La Sapienza, Roma

• C. Vaccarezza, R. Boni, M. Boscolo, M. Ferrario, V. Fusco, M.  Migliorati, L. Palumbo, B. Spataro, M. Vescovi
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
• L. Giannessi, M. Quattromini, C. Ronsivalle
  ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma)
• L. Serafini
  INFN-Milano, Milano

• E.-S. Kim
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk

• J.-S. Oh, I.S. Ko, T.-Y. Lee, W. Namkung
  PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk

The PAL XFEL will supply coherent radiations from VUV to X-rays. X-ray FEL for 0.3 nm lasing requires a 3-GeV driver linac and a 60-m long in-vacuum undulator with a narrow variable gap. The linac should supply highly bright beams with emittance of 1.2 mm-mrad, a peak current of 3.5 kA, and a low energy spread of 0.03%. The beam quality is degraded along the undulator trajectory due to the energy loss, the wake field, and the magnetic field errors, etc. Especially the wake field effect is most sensitive parameter due to the narrow gap of the undulator. The preliminary design details of undulators for PAL-XFEL are presented with parametric analysis. The temporal SASE performance is analyzed using simulation tools such as GENESIS and SIMPLEX.

• C. Gerth, M.A. Bowler, B.D. Muratori, H.L. Owen, N. Thompson
  CCLRC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
• B. Faatz
  DESY, Hamburg
• B.W.J. McNeil
  Strathclyde University, Glasgow

• B.D. Muratori, H.L. Owen
  CCLRC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
• C. Gerth
  DESY, Hamburg
• M.J. de Loos, S.B. van der Geer
  PP, Soest

• D. Kayran, I. Ben-Zvi, R. Calaga, X.Y. Chang, J. Kewisch, V. Litvinenko
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

An energy recovery linac (ERL), under development at Brookhaven National Laboratory [1,2], will push ERLs further towards high current and high brightness beams. This R&D ERL will operate in two modes: a high current mode and a high charge mode. In this paper we present a lattice of the machine and PARMELA simulations from the cathode to the beam dump. We discuss the design considerations and present main parameters for various modes of operation.

• A. Hutton
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

A light source based on an Energy Recovered Linac (ERL)* consists of a superconducting linac and a transfer line that includes wigglers and undulators to produce the synchrotron light. The transfer line brings the electrons bunches back to the beginning of the linac so that their energy can be recovered when they traverse the linac a second time, ????out of phase. There is another interesting condition when the length of the transfer line is (n±1/4) ?. In this case, the electrons drift through on the zero RF crossing, and make a further pass around the transfer line, effectively doubling the circulating current in the wigglers and undulators. On the third pass through the linac, they will be decelerated and their energy recovered. The longitudinal focusing at the zero crossing is a problem, but it can be canceled if the drifting beam sees a positive energy gradient for the first half of the linac and a negative gradient for the second half (or vice versa). This paper presents a proposal to use a double chicane at the center of the linac to provide this focusing inversion for the drifting beam while leaving the accelerating and decelerating beams on crest.

*G. R. Neil et al., Phys. Rev. Let. 84, 662 2000.

• G. Hoffstaetter, S.A. Belomestnykh, J.S.-H. Choi, Z. Greenwald, M. Liepe, H. Padamsee, D. Sagan, C. Song, R.M. Talman, M. Tigner
  Cornell University, Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics, Ithaca, New York
• I.V. Bazarov, K.W. Smolenski
  Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
• D.H. Bilderback, M.G. Billing, S.M. Gruner, Y. Li, C.K. Sinclair
  Cornell University, Department of Physics, Ithaca, New York

We describe the status of plans to build an Energy-Recovery Linac (ERL) X-ray facility at Cornell University. This 5 GeV ERL is an upgrade of the CESR ring that currently powers the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS). Due to its very small electron-beam emittances, it would dramatically improve the capabilities of the light source and result in X-ray beams orders of magnitude better than any existing storage ring light source. The emittances are based upon simulations for currents that are competitive with ring-based sources. The ERL design that is presented has to allow for non-destructive transport of these small emittances. The design includes a series of X-ray beamlines for specific areas of research. As an upgrade of the existing storage ring, special attention is given to reuse of many of the existing ring components. Options of bunch compression are discussed, tolerances for emittance growth are specified, and simulations of the beam-breakup instability and methods of increasing its threshold current are shown. This planned upgrade illustrates how other existing storage rings could be upgraded as ERL light sources with vastly improved beam qualities.

• D. Wang, W. Graves, D. Wang, T. Zwart
  MIT, Middleton, Massachusetts
• P. Emma, J. Wu
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• G. Huang
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

The next generation of x-ray FEL requires very high quality electron beams for producing unprecedented x-ray radiations. In proposed x-ray FEL facilities, especially those that use multi-stage high gain high harmonic (HGHG) principle to obtain coherence in both transverse and longitudinal dimensions, the arrival timing of electron bunches must be very precise to ensure the seed laser overlap the desired sections of the electron bunch. A scheme is proposed to achieve 10s fs level of arrival timing control level.

• V. Litvinenko, D.B. Beavis, I. Ben-Zvi, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, A. Burrill, R. Calaga, P. Cameron, X.Y. Chang, R. Connolly, D.M. Gassner, H. Hahn, A. Hershcovitch, H.-C. Hseuh, P.D.J. Johnson, D. Kayran, J. Kewisch, R.F. Lambiase, G.J. Mahler, G.T. McIntyre, W. Meng, T.C.N. Nehring, T. Nicoletti, B. Oerter, D. Pate, J. Rank, T. Rao, T. Roser, T. Russo, J. Scaduto, K. Smith, N.W.W. Williams, K.-C. Wu, V. Yakimenko, K. Yip, A. Zaltsman, Y. Zhao
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• H. Bluem, A. Burger, M.D. Cole, A.J. Favale, D. Holmes, J. Rathke, T. Schultheiss, A.M.M. Todd
  AES, Princeton, New Jersey
• J.R. Delayen, L. W. Funk, H.L. Phillips, J.P. Preble
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

We present the design and the parameters of a small Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) facility, which is under construction at BNL. This R&D facility has goals to demonstrate CW operation of ERL with average beam current in the range of 0.1 - 1 ampere, combined with very high efficiency of energy recovery. The possibility for future up-grade to a two-pass ERL is being considered. The heart of the facility is a 5-cell 703.75 MHz super-conducting RF linac with HOM damping. Flexible lattice of ERL provides a test-bed for testing issues of transverse and longitudinal instabilities and diagnostics of intense CW e-beam. We present the status and plans for this facility.

• V. Litvinenko, I. Ben-Zvi
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

One of the designs of a future electron-hadron collider, eRHIC, is based on a 5-10 GeV high current energy-recovery linac (ERL) with possible extension of its energy to 20 GeV. This ERL will operate with high brightness electron beams, which naturally match requirements for X-ray FELs and other next generation light sources. In this paper we discuss possible scenarios of using the eRHIC ERL in parasitic and dedicated mode for SASE, HGHG and oscillator X-ray FELs.

*http://www.agsrhichome.bnl.gov/eRHIC/, Appendix A: Linac-Ring Option

• Y.G. Zhou, S. Dong, H. He, L.G. Li
  USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui

• J.-H. Li, Y. Cao, H. He, K. Jin, P. Lu, B. Sun, J. P. Wang, Y. Wang, P. Zheng
  USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui

• S.R. Koscielniak, A. Baartman
  TRIUMF, Vancouver

The reduction of transverse and longitudinal cooling requirements, the increased number of beam circulations, and the reduce cost, as compared to RLAs, are arguments to adopt the linear-field FFAG as the acceleration stage of a Neutrino Factory. Because of the large range of central momenta, pm 50% delta p/p, and negative uncorrected chromaticity, the non-scaling FFAG will cross many integer and half-integer betatron resonances during the 10^-20 turns acceleration. There is the expectation that if driving terms are small enough and crossing is fast enough, then there is insufficient time for the betatron amplitudes to grow. The conventional theory of resonance crossing is applied to slow acceleration, over 100s or 1000s of turns. This paper examines whether the rapid parameter changes encountered in the multi-GeV FFAGs, or few-MeV electron model, are compatible with simple theory.

• C. Johnstone, A. Bross, I. Rakhno
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

A new experimental area designed to develop, test and verify muon ionization cooling using the 400- MeV Fermilab Linac proton beam began construction in spring, 2002. This area will be used initially for cryogenic tests of liquid-hydrogen absorbers for the MUCOOL R&D program and, later, for high-power beam tests of these absorbers and other prototype muon-cooling apparatus. The experimental scenarios being developed for muon facilities involve collection, capture, and cooling of large-emittance, high-intensity muon beams–~1013 muons at a repetition rate of 15Hz, so that conclusive tests of the apparatus require full Linac beam, or 1.6 x 1013 p at 15 Hz. To support the muon cooling facility, a new primary beamline will divert beam from the Linac to the test facility. Located southwest of Wilson Hall between the Linac berm and parking lot, implementation of the facility and associated beamline takes advantage of civil construction and resources that remain from the 400-MeV Linac Upgrade Project. The design concept for the MuCool facility is taken from an earlier proposal, but modifications to the existing proposal were necessary to accommodate high-intensity beam, cryogenics, and the increased scale of the cooling experiments.

• W.-T. Weng, J. Beebe-Wang, Y.Y. Lee, D. Raparia, N. Tsoupas, J. Wei, S.Y. Zhang
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

BNL plans to upgrade the AGS proton beam from the current 0.14 MW to higher than 1.0 MW for a very long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. This increase in beam power is mainly due to the faster repetition rate of the AGS by a new 1.5 GeV superconductiong linac as injector, replacing the existing booster. The requirement for low beam loss is very important both to protect the beam component, and to make the hands-on maintenance possible. In this report, the design considerations for achieving high intensity and low loss will be presented. We start by specifying the beam loss limit at every physical process followed by the proper design and parameters for realising the required goals. The process considered in this paper include the emittance growth in the linac, the H^- injection, the transition crossing, the ecectron cloud effect, the coherent instabilities, and the extraction losses. Collimation and shielding are also presented.

• R. Kersevan, D.P. Briggs, I.E. Campisi, J.A. Crandall, D.L. Douglas, T. Hunter, P. Ladd, C. Luck, R.C. Morton, K.S. Russell, D. Stout
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

The SNS superconducting linac (SCL) consists of 23 cryomodules (CMs), with possibly 9 additional CMs being added for future energy upgrade from 1 GeV to 1.3 GeV. A total of 32 warm sections separate the comparatively short CMs, and this allows a CM exchange within 48 hours, in order to meet demanding beam availability specifications. The 32 warm section chambers are installed between each pair of CMs, with each section containing a quadrupole doublet, beam diagnostics, and pumping. The chambers are approximately 1.6 m long, have one bellow installed at each end for alignment, and are pumped by one ion-pump. The preparation and installation of these chambers must be made under stringent clean and particulate-free conditions, in order to ensure that the performance of the SCL CMs is not compromised. This paper will discuss the development of the cleaning, preparation, and installation procedures that have been adopted for the warm sections, and the vacuum performance of this system.

• D. Stout, I.E. Campisi, F. Casagrande, R.I. Cutler, D.R. Hatfield, M.P. Howell, T. Hunter, R. Kersevan, P. Ladd, W.H. Strong
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) cold linac consists of 11 medium beta (0.61) and 12 high beta (0.81) superconducting RF cryomodules, 32 intersegment quadrupole magnet/diagnostics stations, 9 spool beampipes for future upgrade cryomodules, and two differential pumping stations on either side of the linac. The cryomodules and spool beampipes were designed and manufactured by Jefferson Laboratory, and the quadrupole magnets and beam position monitors were designed and furnished by Los Alamos National Laboratory. The remaining items were designed by ORNL. At present we are installing and testing the cold linac. Experience gained during installation will be presented. The performance in terms of mechanical and cryogenic systems will be described.

• S. Rimjaem, V. Jinamoon, Mr. Kangrang, K. Kusoljariyakul, J. Saisut, C. Thongbai, T. Vilaithong
  FNRF, Chiang Mai
• M.W. Rhodes, P. Wichaisirimongkol
  IST, Chiang Mai
• H. Wiedemann
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

The SURIYA project at the Fast Neutron Research Facility (FNRF) has been established and is being commissioning to generate femtosecond electron pulses. Theses short pulses are produced by a system consisting of an S-band thermionic cathode RF-gun, an alpha magnet as a magnetic bunch compressor, and a linear accelerator. The characteristics of its major components and the beam characterizations as well as the preliminary experimental results will be presented and discussed.

• J. Galambos, C. Chu, S.M. Cousineau, V.V. Danilov, J.G. Patton, T.A. Pelaia, A.P. Shishlo
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• C.K. Allen
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico

XAL is an application programming framework used at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) project in Oak Ridge. It is written in Java, and provides users with a hierarchal view of the accelerator. Features include database configuration of the accelerator structure, an online envelope model that is configurable from design or live machine values, an application framework for quick-start GUI development, a scripting interface for algorithm development, and a common toolkit for shared resources. To date, about 25 applications have been written, many of which are used extensively in the SNS beam commissioning activities. The XAL framework and example applications will be discussed.

• E. Matias, R. Berg, T. Johnson, R. Tanner, T. Wilson, G. Wright, H.Z. Zhang
  CLS, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

• T. Katoh, K.  Furukawa, N. Kamikubota, H. Nakagawa, J.-I. Odagiri, G.S. Shen, Y. Takeuchi, N. Yamamoto, M. Yoshii
  KEK, Ibaraki
• H. Sakaki, H. Sako, H. Takahashi, F. Tamura, H. Yoshikawa
  JAERI, Ibaraki-ken

• M. Spata, A. Cuffe, H. Fanning, T.C.O. Oren
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

• L.S.N. Nadolski, J. Chinkumo, K. Ho, N.L. Leclercq, M.O. Ounsy, S. Petit
  SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette

The SOLEIL control system, namely TANGO developed in collaboration with ESRF, is now mature and stable. TANGO has also been chosen now by several other laboratories. High-level control applications implemented in the control room for the storage ring, the two transfer lines, and the booster will be described in this paper. Three kinds of tools for commissioning are used. First the generic TANGO tools (alarms, simple graphical control applications), which allow us to control in a simple way any TANGO Device Server. Secondly a Matlab Middle Layer (adapted from ALS and SPEAR3): Matlab is fully interconnected with TANGO; it is used primarily for writing Physics control applications. Finally Globalscreen, a commercial SCADA software devoted for building operation applications has been selected (panels for controlling or displaying setpoint, readback values, status of equipments). In addition an overview of the historical and short-term databases for the accelerators will be given. They have been developed in house and tested during the first commissioning.

• A.V. Aleksandrov
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

The Spallation Neutron Source accelerator systems will deliver a 1.0 GeV, 1.4 MW proton beam to a liquid mercury target for neutron scattering research. The accelerator complex consists of an H^- injector, capable of producing one-ms-long pulses at 60Hz repetition rate with 38 mA peak current, a 1 GeV linear accelerator, an accumulator ring and associated transport lines. The 2.5MeV beam from the Front End is accelerated to 86 MeV in the Drift Tube Linac, then to 185 MeV in a Coupled-Cavity Linac and finally to 1 GeV in the Superconducting Linac. The staged beam commissioning of the accelerator complex is proceeding as component installation progresses. The Front End, Drift Tube Linac and three of the four Coupled-Cavity Linac modules have been commissioned with beam at ORNL. Results and status of the beam commissioning program will be presented.

• K. Hasegawa
  JAERI, Ibaraki-ken

• S.O. Schriber
  NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan

• B.H. Choi
  KAERI, Daejon

The Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) approved and launched by the Korean government in July 2002 includes a 100MeV proton linear accelerator development and a program for its utilization. The first phase of the project, running from 2002 to 2005, was the design of a 100MeV proton linear accelerator and a part of development to 20 MeV. This consists of a 50 keV proton injector, a 3 MeV radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ), and a 20MeV drift tube linac (DTL). The 50 keV injector and the 3 MeV RFQ has been installed and tested, and the 20 MeV DTL is being assembled and tuned for beam tests. At the same time, the utilization programs using the proton beam have been planned, and some are now under way. The status and progress of the project are reported in detail.

• A.P. Letchford, D.C. Faircloth, D.J.S. Findlay, M. Perkins, A.F. Stevens, M. Whitehead
  CCLRC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon