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| MOPC010 | Longitudinal Dynamics in the University of Maryland Electron Ring | electron, gun, focusing, longitudinal-dynamics | 713 | ||
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Funding: Work supported by the Department of Energy, the Office of Naval Research, the Joint Technology Office, and the Directed Energy Professional Society. |
The University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER) is a low energy electron recirculator for the study of space charge dominated beam transport. The system’s pulse length (100 ns) and large number of diagnostics make it ideal for investigating the longitudinal evolution of intense beams. Pulse shape flexibility is provided by the pulser system and the gridded gun, which has the ability to produce thermionic and photoemission beams simultaneously. In this paper, we report on the generation and evolution of novel line charge distributions in UMER. |
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| MPPE068 | Effects on Flat-Beam Generation from Space-Charge Force and Beamline Errors | space-charge, quadrupole, emittance, gun | 3774 | ||
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The transformation of a round, angular-momentum-dominated electron beam into a flat beam using a skew-quadrupole channel has been developed theoretically in several papers and demonstrated experimentally at the Fermilab/NICADD Photoinjector Laboratory. In this paper, we address the impacts of space-charge force and beamline errors on the round-to-flat beam transformation. We discuss the physical process of angular momentum cancellation during the beam passage through the skew-quadrupole channel, present analytical and numerical studies of the linear and nonlinear space-charge forces, and evaluate the corresponding limits on the ratio of vertical-to-horizontal emittances. We also investigate the sensitivities of flat-beam emittances on several systematic factors such as errors on quadrupole strengths and alignments.
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| MOPB004 | Progress on Test EBIS and the Design of an EBIS-Based RHIC Preinjector | ion, electron, injection, gun | 363 | ||
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Funding: Work supported under the auspices of the U.S. DOE. |
Following the successful development of the Test EBIS at BNL,* we now have a design for an EBIS-based heavy ion preinjector which would serve as an alternative to the Tandem Van de Graaffs in providing beams for RHIC and the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory. This baseline design includes an EBIS producing mA-level currents of heavy ions (ex. Au 32+) in ~ 10-20 microsecond pulses, injecting into an RFQ which accelerates the beams to 300 keV/amu, followed by an IH linac accelerating to 2 MeV/amu. Some details of this design will be presented, as well recent experimental results on the Test EBIS. *E.N. Beebe et al., Proc. Ninth International Symposium on Electron Beam Ion Sources and Traps, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2 (2004) 164–173. |
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| MOPB006 | Frontiers of RF Photoinjectors | emittance, laser, gun, electron | 530 | ||
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New ideas have been recently proposed to achieve ultra-high brightness electron beams, as particularly needed in SASE-FEL experiments, and to produce flat beams, as required in linear colliders. Low emittance schemes already foreseen for split normal conducting photoinjectors have been applied to the superconducting case in order to produce high peak and high average beam brightness. RF compressor techniques have been partially confirmed by experimental results and more compact RF photoinjector designs including compression scheme are under development. Research and experiments in the flat beam production from a photoinjector as a possible alternative to damping rings are in progress. An overview of recent advancements and future perspectives in photoinjector beam physics is reported in this talk.
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| MOPB007 | Future Directions in Electron Sources | electron, focusing, emittance, gun | 563 | ||
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Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38. |
The emittance-compensated rf photoinjector is in the process of evolving from an experiment in and of itself, to a laboratory instrument, to a workhorse component of large user facilities such as next-generation light sources. In recent years the performance achieved by the standard p-mode design has approached the levels predicted by theory and experiment. The basic design has been scaled from X-band down to less than 1 GHz in terms of operating frequency, and superconducting designs are presently undergoing initial testing at various locations. The requirements for linac-based light sources will require at least one order of magnitude improvement in beam quality; other applications, such as electron microscopes or high-energy electron lithography, require still greater improvements. The migration towards fully superconducting accelerators provides some additional design challenges. This paper briefly presents requirements for some future applications, and presents four new approaches to extending injector performance: the diamond-emitter photocathode, the planar focusing cathode, the magnetic-mode emittance compensation technique, and the field-emission-gated cathode. |
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| MOPB009 | Review of the Production Process of TTF and PITZ Photocathodes | gun, electron, monitoring, linac | 671 | ||
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In the present article, the production process of the photocathodes for the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) at DESY Hamburg and the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY-Zeuthen (PITZ) is reviewed in order to highlight key elements for the final photocathode performances. Since the first photocathode production in 1998, we have continuosly collected relevant paramenters of the cathode plugs and deposition process. These data are now critically analized in view of an optimization of the photocathode performances for the next generation of high brilliance sources.
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| MOPB011 | Axial RF Power Input in Photocathode Electron Guns | gun, emittance, electron, superconducting-RF | 743 | ||
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We discuss the coaxial power input in normal and superconducting RF (SRF)photoinjector cavities. Upstream coaxial power input has been previously used at the PITZ facility where the output beam tube is an intrinsic part of the coaxial transmission line into the gun. In this paper, we describe coaxial coupling from the cathode side of the gun. For normal conducting RF guns, in addition to the advantage from symmetric coupling, an emittance compensation solenoid can now be positioned close to the gun cavity to deliver optimal transverse emittance. Beam dynamics calculations demonstrate 0.8 mm-mrad at 1 nC in X-band. For an SRF gun, we present a design for coaxial input around the cathode using a superconducting coupling cell. This cell matches the external quality factor of the gun for different beam powers and there is no RF loss associated with the axial gap of the cathode. The heat input into the coaxial feed and the surface field of the coupler are discussed. For a 1.3 GHz half-cell gun cavity with stored energy of 6.6 J, a 2.5 MeV electron beam can be delivered with a peak accelerating field of 50 MV/m. At 10 mA,the external Q is 2.1 x 106 and the coaxial line power loss that must be cooled is 28 W.
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| TPAE016 | The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator Facility: Status and Recent Activities | electron, gun, laser, klystron | 1485 | ||
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Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, under contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38. |
The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator Facility (AWA) is dedicated to the study of electron beam physics and the development of accelerating structures based on electron beam driven wakefields. In order to carry out these studies, the facility employs a photocathode RF gun capable of generating electron beams with high bunch charges (up to 100 nC) and short bunch lengths. This high intensity beam is used to excite wakefields in the structures under investigation. The wakefield structures presently under development are dielectric loaded cylindrical waveguides with operating frequencies of 7.8 or 15.6 GHz. The facility is also used to investigate the generation and propagation of high brightness electron beams. Presently under investigation, is the use of photons with energies lower than the work function of the cathode surface (Schottky-enabled photoemission), aimed at generating electron beams with low thermal emittance. Novel electron beam diagnostics are also developed and tested at the facility. The AWA electron beam is also used in laboratory-based astrophysics experiments; namely, measurements of microwave Cherenkov radiation and fluorescence of air. We report on the current status of the facility and present recent results. |
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| TPPE015 | The Effusive-Flow Properties of Target/Vapor-Transport Systems for Radioactive Ion Beam Applications | target, ion, ion-source, electron | 1422 | ||
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Funding: Research at ORNL is supported by the U.S. DOE under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. |
Radioactive atoms produced by the ISOL technique must diffuse from a target, effusively flow to an ion source, be ionized, be extracted, and be accelerated to research energies in a time commensurate with the lifetime of the species of interest. We have developed a fast valve system (closing time ~100 us) that can be used to accurately measure the effusion times of chemically active or inactive species through arbitrary geometry and size vapor transport systems with and without target material in the reservoir. The effusive flow times are characteristic of the system and thus serve as figures of merit for assessing the quality of a given vapor transport system as well as for assessing the permeability properties of a given target design. This article presents effusive flow data for noble gases flowing through a target reservoir and ion source system routinely used to generate radioactive species at the HRIBF with and without disks of 6 times and 10 times compressed Reticulated Vitreous Carbon Foam (RVCF) with the objective of determining the added delay time associated with each of these target matrices. |
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| TPPE035 | Efficiency of the Fermilab Electron Cooler’s Collector | electron, permanent-magnet, gun, simulation | 2387 | ||
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Funding: Operated by Universities Research Association Inc. under Contract No. DE-AC02-76CH03000 with the United States Department of Energy. |
The newly installed high-energy Recycler Electron Cooling system (REC) at Fermilab will work at an electron energy of 4.34 MeV and a DC beam current of 0.5 A in an energy recovery scheme. For reliable operation of the system, the relative beam current loss must be maintained to levels < 3.e-5. Experiments have shown that the loss is determined by the performance of the electron beam collector, which must retain secondary electrons generated by the primary beam hitting its walls. As a part of the Electron cooling project, the efficiency of the collector for the REC was optimized, both with dedicated test bench experiments and on two versions of the cooler prototype. We find that to achieve the required relative current loss, an axially-symmetric collector must be immersed in a transverse magnetic field with certain strength and gradient prescriptions. Collector efficiencies in various magnetic field configurations, including without a transverse field on the collector, are presented and discussed |
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| TPPE037 | Relative Contribution of Volume and Surface-Plasma Generation of Negative Ions in Gas Discharges | ion, plasma, electron, ion-source | 2482 | ||
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The relative contribution of volume and surface-plasma generation of extracted ?- ions in gas discharge sources will be analyzed. At the present time, it is well known that surface-plasma generation of extracted ?- ion is dominate above volume processes in discharges with admixture of cesium or other catalysts with low ionization potential. We will attract attention to evidences, that surface-plasma generation can be enhanced in high density discharges without cesium after electrode activation by high temperature conditioning in discharge. A diffusion of impurity with a low ionization potential can be a reason of observed enhancement of H- emission. For the effective generation of ?- ion beams in discharge without cesium, it is necessary to optimize surface-plasma generation of extracted ?- ion. Such optimization allows considerable improvement of ?-/D- sources characteristics.
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| TPPE039 | Development of Advanced Models for 3D Photocathode PIC Simulations | simulation, electron, laser, gun | 2583 | ||
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Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. DOE, use of NERSC supercomputer facilities, and the Joint Technology office (JTO). |
Codes for simulating photocathode electron guns invariably assume the emission of an idealized electron distribution from the cathode, regardless of the particular particle emission model that is implemented. The output of such simulations, a relatively clean and smooth distribution with very little variation as a function of the azimuthal angle, is inconsistent with the highly irregular and asymmetric electron bunches seen in experimental diagnostics. To address this problem, we have implemented a recently proposed theoretical model* that takes into account detailed solid-state physics of photocathode materials in the VORPAL particle-in-cell code.** Initial results from 3D simulations with this model and future research directions will be presented and discussed. *K.L. Jensen, D.W. Feldman, M. Virgo, and P.G. O'Shea, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams, 6:083501, 2003. **C. Nieter and J.R. Cary, J. Comp. Phys. 196 (2004), p. 448. |
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| TPPE040 | RF and Magnetic Measurements on the SPARC Photoinjector and Solenoid at UCLA | gun, emittance, coupling, linac | 2624 | ||
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Funding: This work is supported by U.S. Dept. of Energy grant DE-FG03-92ER40693. |
The rf photocathode gun and the solenoid for the SPARC project at INFN-LNF (Frascati) have been fabricated and undergone initial testing at UCLA. The advanced aspects of the design of these devices are detailed. Final diagnosis of the tuning of the RF gun performance, including operating mode frequency and field balance, is described. The emittance compensating solenoid magnet, which is designed to be tuned in longitudinal position by differential excitation of the coils, has been measured using Hall probe scans for field profiling, and pulsed wire methods to determine the field center. |
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| TPPE041 | Multi-Alkali Photocathode Development at Brookhaven National Lab for Application in Superconducting Photoinjectors | laser, electron, vacuum, gun | 2672 | ||
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In this paper we will report our progress on the development of cesium potassium antimonide photocathodes and their application in superconducting photoinjectors. Quantum efficiencies of 2-3 % at 545 nm, and 10% at 365 nm have been routinely obtained in the test stand, and electron emission uniformity, quantum efficiency at a variety of wavelengths, and lifetime under different vacuum conditions has been well characterized. The extraction of high charge per laser pulse will also be addressed in addition to the comparison of results from two different deposition techniques.
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| TPPE042 | Study of Secondary Emission Enhanced Photoinjector | electron, gun, space-charge, scattering | 2711 | ||
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The secondary emission enhanced photoinjector (SEEP) is a very promising new approach to the generation of high-current, high-brightness electron beams. Primary electrons with a few thousand electron-volts of energy strike a specially prepared diamond window. The large Secondary Electron Yield (SEY) provides a multiplication of the number of electrons by about two orders of magnitude. The secondary electrons drift through the diamond under an electric field and emerge into the accelerating proper of the “gun” through a Negative Electron Affinity (NEA) surface of the diamond (Hydrogen terminated). We present the calculation of heating power sources and the temperature distribution in details. Some properties of the secondary electron beam related to beam dynamics are also reported. The results show feasibility of this kind of cathode.
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| TPPE043 | Electron Beam Generation and Transport for the RHIC Electron Cooler | emittance, electron, space-charge, linac | 2774 | ||
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Funding: Work performed under Contract Number DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. |
An electron cooler, based on an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) is under development for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. This will be the first electron cooler operating at high energy with bunched beams. A better understanding of the cooling process and more accurate measurements of Intra Beam Scattering in RHIC have imposed increased requirements on the electron accelerator: Besides a doubling of the bunch charge to 20 nC, the strength of the cooling solenoid was increased five-fold to 5 Tesla. The magnetic field on the cathode should be increased to 500 Gauss to match the magnetization required in the cooling solenoid. This paper reports the measures taken to minimize the electron beam emittance in the cooling section. The front-to-end simulation using different tracking codes is presented. |
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| TPPE046 | Computer Simulation of the UMER Gridded Gun | simulation, gun, electron, space-charge | 2908 | ||
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Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. DOE under contract Nos. DE-FG02-02ER54672 and DE-FG02-94ER40855 at the UMD, and DE-AC03-76SF00098 at LBNL and W-7405-ENG-48 at LLNL. |
The electron source in the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER) injector employs a grid 0.15 mm from the cathode to control the current waveform. Under nominal operating conditions, the grid voltage during the current pulse is sufficiently positive relative to the cathode potential to form a virtual cathode downstream of the grid. Three-dimensional computer simulations have been performed that use the mesh refinement capability of the WARP particle-in-cell code to examine a small region near the beam center in order to illustrate some of the complexity that can result from such a gridded structure. These simulations have been found to reproduce the hollowed velocity space that is observed experimentally. The simulations also predict a complicated time-dependent response to the waveform applied to the grid during the current turn-on. This complex temporal behavior appears to result directly from the dynamics of the virtual cathode formation and may therefore be representative of the expected behavior in other sources, such as some photoinjectors, that are characterized by a rapid turn-on of the beam current. |
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| TPPE047 | Fabrication and Measurement of Low Work Function Cesiated Dispenser Photocathodes | electron, laser, dipole, photon | 2953 | ||
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Funding: We gratefully acknowledge our funding agencies, the Joint Technology Office and the Office of Naval Research for their support. |
Photoinjector performance is a limiting factor in the continued development of high powered FELs and electron beam-based accelerators. Presently available photocathodes are plagued with limited efficiency and short lifetime in an RF-gun environment, due to contamination or evaporation of a photosensitive surface layer. An ideal photocathode should have high efficiency at long wavelengths, long lifetime in practical vacuum environments, and prompt emission. Cathodes with high efficiency typically have limited lifetime, and vice versa, and the needs of the photocathode are generally at odds with those of the drive laser. A potential solution is the low work function dispenser cathode, where lifetime issues are overcome by periodic in situ regeneration that restores the photosensitive surface layer, analogous to those used in the microwave power tube industry. This work reports on the fabrication techniques and performance of cesiated metal photocathodes and cesiated dispenser cathodes, with a focus on understanding and improving quantum efficiency and lifetime, and analyzing issues of emission uniformity. The efficiency versus coverage behavior of cesiated metals is discussed and closely matches that predicted by recent theory.* *K. L. Jensen, et al., "Photoemission from Low Work Function Coated Metal Surfaces: A Comparison of Theory to Experiment" (this conference). |
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| TPPE049 | Synchronizaiton Between Laser and Electron Beam at Photocathode RF Gun | laser, electron, gun, linac | 3079 | ||
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The chemical reactions of hot, room temperature and critical water in a time-range of picosecond and sub-picosecond have been carried out by the 18 MeV S-band linac and a Mg photocathode RF gun with the irradiation of third harmonic Ti: Sapphire laser, at Nuclear Engineering Research Laboratory (NERL), the University of Tokyo. Although this short bunch and 100 fs laser light are enough to perform the experiment of radiation chemistry in the time-range of sub-picosecond, the total time-resolution become worse by the instability of synchronization between laser and radio frequency of linac. We found that the fluctuation of room temperature causes the instability, particularly the cycle of turning on/off of the air-conditioner. It is shown that 0.3 °C (peak-to-peak) fluctuation of the laser-room temperature have approximately corresponded to the instability of 6 ps. We are trying to decrease the fluctuation of the room temperature, together with the local temperature stability of the Ti: Sapphire crystal, the pumping laser. Furthermore, we will develop the feed back system for reducing the instability of the synchronization.
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| TPPE052 | Characteristics of Electron Beam Produced by Magnetron Diode with a Secondary-Emission Cathode | electron, gun, target, vacuum | 3197 | ||
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The beam parameters were investigated using an azimuth-sectionalized 8-channel Faraday cup and a 12-channel computer-aided measuring system. The magnetron diode had a cathode (40 mm in diameter) and a 15 mm anode-cathode gap. At a cathode voltage amplitude of 50 kV and a cathode magnetic field of ~1200 Oe, the diode generates a tubular electron beam with an outer diameter of 50 mm, an inner diameter of 44 mm, a beam current of ~50 A. The short time instability of the total beam current, and of the current from each of eight segments of the Faraday cup was estimated to be ~2 … 3%, and long time instability (3 hours) was 5…7 %. Azimuthal distribution of beam current was investigated versus the amplitude, distribution and direction of the magnetic field. At a cathode magnetic field of 1200 Oe, that falls off inhomogeneity in the vicinity of the Faraday cup down to ~800 Oe, the azimuthal beam current distribution has a ± (3 … 5)%. As the magnetic field strength increases up to ~1700 Oe in the region of beam emergence from the gun and the Faraday cup, the azimuthal inhomogeneity of the beam current increases up to ± (100 … 150)%.
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| TPPE055 | DC-SC Photoinjector with Low Emittance at Peking University | emittance, gun, electron, laser | 3325 | ||
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High average power Free Electron Lasers require the high quality electron beams with the low emittance and the sub-picosecond bunches. The design of DC-SC photoinjector, directly combining a DC photoinjector with an SRF cavity, can produce high average current beam with moderate bunch charge and high duty factor. Because of the DC gun, the emittance increases quickly at the beginning, so a carefully design is needed to control that. In this paper, the simulation of an upgraded design has been done to lower the normalized emittance below 1.5mm·mrad. The photoinjector consists of a DC gap and a 2+1/2-cell SRF cavity, and it is designed to produce 4.2 MeV electron beams at 100pC bunch charge and 81.25MHz repetition rate (8 mA average current).
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| TPPE060 | Simulation Study of a Thermionic RF Gun for High Brightness and Short Pulse Beam | gun, simulation, electron, extraction | 3499 | ||
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Characteristics of thermionic RF guns are not understood completely. In particular, measured intense beam emittances extracted from thermionic RF guns do not agree well with simulated values so far. Most of simulation codes solve the equation of electron motion in an intrinsic mode of the RF field calculated by a separated code. The way of such simulation codes is not self-consistent completely. That is probably a major reason for the discrepancy between the experiments and the simulations. One of the other way for a self-consistent simulation codes is to use an FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) method. Since the FDTD method can take into account the microwave propagation including the space charge effect and the beam loading self-consistently, we have developed an FDTD code as 3-D Maxwell's equation solver and applied for a study of beam dynamics in a thermionic RF gun. The main purpose of simulaiton study is to obtain overall properties of the beam dynamics at the time. The goal of this simulation study of the thermionic RF gun is to understand correct characteristics of the thermionic RF gun for producing high brightness and short pulse beam.
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| TPPE061 | RF Design and Operating Performance of the BNL/AES 1.3 GHz Single Cell Superconducting RF Photocathode Electron Gun | gun, coupling, electron, superconducting-RF | 3514 | ||
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Over the past several years Advanced Energy Systems and BNL have been collaborating on the development and testing of a fully superconducting photocathode electron gun. Over the past year we have begun to realize significant results which have been published elsewhere.* This paper will review the RF design of the gun under test and present results of its performance under various operating conditions. Results for cavity quality factor will be presented for various operating temperatures and cavity field gradients. We will discuss various methods of determining the cavity fields and the extent of agreement between them. We will also discuss future plans for testing using this gun.
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*Photoemission studies on BNL/AES all niobium, Superconducting RF injector, T. Rao, these proceedings. |
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| TPPE063 | Improved Electron Yield and Spin-Polarization from III-V Photocathodes Via Bias Enhanced Carrier Drift | electron, polarization, vacuum, laser | 3603 | ||
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Funding: Work at Saxet Surface Science, SLAC and the University of Wisconson is supported by the following U.S. DOE grants respectively: DE-FG02-04ER86231, DE-AC02-76SF00515 and DE-AC02-76ER00881. |
Spin-polarized electrons are commonly used in high energy physics. Future work will benefit from greater polarization. Polarizations approaching 90% have been achieved at the expense of yield. The primary paths to higher polarization are material design and electron transport. Our work addresses the latter. Photoexcited electrons may be preferentially emitted or suppressed by an electric field applied across the active region. We are tuning this forward bias for maximum polarization and yield, together with other parameters, e.g., doping profile Preliminary measurements have been carried out on bulk GaAs. As expected, the yield change far from the bandgap is quite large. The bias is applied to the bottom (non-activated) side of the cathode so that the accelerating potential as measured with respect to the ground potential chamber walls is unchanged for different front-to-back cathode bias values. For a bias which enhances emission, the yield nearly doubles. For a bias which diminishes emission, the yield is approximately one half of the zero bias case. The size of the bias to cause an appreciable effect is rather small reflecting the low drift kinetic energy in the zero bias case. |
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| TPPE064 | Space-Charge Effects Near a Cathode | electron, simulation, space-charge, laser | 3629 | ||
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Funding: This work was supported by the Director, Office of Science of the U.S. DOE under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. |
RF photocathode guns are excellent sources of high brightness electron bunches. In the limit of high-current short bunches the electron are complicated space-charge fields. To mitigate space charge effect downstream of the gun it is often desirable to produce electorn bunches with uniform distribution. Our goal is to understand to what extent the non-uniformity of the laser pulse intensity is responsible for a non-uniform electron distribution and to what extent this is due to the electron beam dynamics near to the cathode. We investigate these effects with particle-in-cell simulations and simple theory. These studies are focused on the regime where the peak current as well as the temporal current profile are influenced by the self-fields of the bunch. The simulation code XOOPIC has been employed. The critical current limitation for virtual cathode formation and current density profile at the exit of the injector have been found. |
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| TPPE065 | Calculating of Coupling Factor of Microwave Electron Gun | coupling, simulation, gun, electron | 3656 | ||
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To design the coupler of a designing microwave electron gun, we use the "energy method" proposed by Derun Li, et al. The intrinsic Q of the electron gun cavity is very high: about 20000. The method calculates the intrinsic and external Q values of a cavity coupled to a waveguide using MAFIA code in time domain. The comparisons between simulation and experimental results are given for a set of different coupling iris apertures and height. The result shows that "energy method" works efficiently for high Q cavities.
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| TPPE066 | Geometry Optimization of DC/RF Photoelectron Gun | gun, electron, simulation, emittance | 3679 | ||
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Funding: *Work supported by DOE SBIR Grant No. DE-FG02-03ER83878. |
Pre-acceleration of photoelectrons in a pulsed, high voltage, short, dc gap and its subsequent injection into an rf gun is a promising method to improve electron beam emittance in rf accelerators. Simulation work has been performed in order to optimize the geometric shapes of a dc/rf gun and improve electron beam properties. Variations were made on cathode and anode shapes, dc gap distance, and inlet shape of the rf cavity. Simulations showed that significant improvement on the normalized emittance (< 1 mm-mrad), compared to a dc gun with flat cathode, could be obtained after the geometric shapes of the gun were optimized. |
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| TPPT009 | High Gradient Study at KEK on X-Band Accelerator Structure for Linear Collider | linear-collider, collider, linac, vacuum | 1162 | ||
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We have fabricated accelerator structures for linear collider of the warm X-band design. These were composed of high-precision-machined parts for reliable wake-field suppression and possible cheap mass production. The structure design is mostly based on GLC/NLC design in collaboration with SLAC but the fabrication and the high-power test are being performed at KEK to conclude the feasibility, though the application to the present linear collider project was terminated. In this paper are presented the high gradient performance of these structures, such as the initial conditioning characteristics, the stability under high-field operation and various characteristics at high-gradient operation. We conclude that the stability requirement for the linear collider of the warm X-band design is barely satisfied but the preservation of the stability over very long period of more than several years is to be further studied.
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| TPPT021 | Characterization and Tuning of a Microwave Gun Cavity | gun, coupling, electron, linac | 1748 | ||
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The SSRL rf gun cavity is electromagnetic structure with a half-cell at the cathode end and a full cell at the other end. Instead of coupling through beam pipe to produce the desired pi-mode for beam acceleration, these two cells are coupled through a frequency tunable side-coupled cell. Therefore, the strucuture is actually 3-cell cavity and the pi/2-mode will be used. This paper reports the characterization of these resonant modes at various side-coupled cell tuning conditions. And the behavior of this cavity will also be analytically examined.
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| TPPT027 | 53 MHz Beam Loading Compensation for Slip Stacking in the Fermilab Main Injector | beam-loading, feedback, proton, radio-frequency | 1958 | ||
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Funding: Operated by Universities Research Association, Inc. for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-76CH03000. |
Recently In-Phase and Quadrature (I&Q) was added to both the 53 MHz Feedback and Feedforward Beam Loading Compensation for Slip Stacking in the Fermilab Main Injector. With 53 MHz Feedback, we can now turn the 18 Radio Frequency (RF) Stations off down to below 100 V. In using I&Q on Feedforward, beam loading compensation to the beam on both the upper and lower frequencies of Slip Stacking can be applied as we slip the beam. I&Q theory will be discussed. |
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| TPPT032 | Modifications on RF Components in the LCLS Injector | gun, emittance, quadrupole, linac | 2233 | ||
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Funding: This work was supported by U.S. Department of Energy, contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00515A06. |
Design of the first generation LCLS injector has now been completed. Components are currently under fabrication and their installation is planned for 2006. We discuss the last modifications made on both the 1.6 cell S-Band RF gun and the SLAC S-Band accelerating structures to minimize the beam emittance. We present results from PARMELA computations which justify those modifications, in particular the suppression of the time dependent dipole and quadrupole kicks. Geometry changes to increase the mode separation between the 0 and PI modes are also presented. For the initial geometry with a mode separation of 3.5MHz, the emittance can increase if the appropriate injection time along the klystron pulse is not chosen. For a mode separation of 15MHz, this problem is minimized and the beam dynamics are improved leading to a substantial reduction of total projected emittance. |
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| TPPT050 | Rod-Loaded and PBG Multi-Beam Klystron Cavities | coupling, klystron, dipole, lattice | 3094 | ||
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Funding: Work supported by DOE SBIR Grant No. DE-FG02-03ER83845. |
Performance of PBG-like structures was studied for multi-defect and single-defect metal cavities. Conceptual designs of a 6-beam, X-band, multi-beam klystron (MBK) demonstrate feasibility of high power generation with efficiency ~63% in a compact structure. Sheet-beam and annular-beam rod-loaded configurations were also investigated. |
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| WPAE011 | Electrostatic Deflectors: New Design for High Intensity Beam Extraction | septum, extraction, vacuum, cyclotron | 1245 | ||
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Funding: INFN-LNS Catania |
During the last years big effort was devoted to increase the electrostatic deflectors’ reliability; this provided a better comprehension of the most significant effects concerning their working conditions. Deflectors were checked during the normal operation of the K800 Superconducting Cyclotron (CS) at LNS, at the operating pressure of 1 10-6 mbar and a magnetic field of 3.5 T, the maximum cathodes voltage was –60kV (120 kV/cm). The maximum extracted beam power was, up to now, 100 W; it is foreseen to extract up to 500 W. In this contribution we present the study, the tests and the design of a new water cooled electrostatic deflector. Particular effort was applied to optimise the beam extraction efficiency, the thermal dissipation, and the mechanical stability. In particularly we implemented new insulators, new anodised aluminium cathodes, new Ta septum, new voltage and water feedthroughs and a more efficient cooling system. All these improvements were performed to increase the mean time between failure and the beam current stability. |
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| WPAP003 | Emission Mechanisms in a Photocathode RF Gun | electron, emittance, laser, gun | 856 | ||
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In photocathode rf guns, emission mechanisms at the photocathode play a crucial role in the overall beam dynamics. A low bunch charge as well as a short Gaussian bunch profile allow us to study the beam dynamics depending on emission phase without space charge force. This paper presents experimental and simulation studies toward detailed understanding of the photo emission and secondary emission processes at the cathode.
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| WPAP004 | Dark Current and Multipacting in the Photocathode RF Guns at PITZ | electron, gun, laser, simulation | 895 | ||
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For photocathode rf guns, the amount of dark current depends on the cavity surface and the photocathodes. Smooth conditioning reduces the amount of dark current. Mechanical damages of the cathodes induce high dark current and chemical pollution changes emission properties of the cathode. Multipacting in the gun cavity changes the surface status of the cathodes and sometimes makes the gun operation impossible due to vacuum interlocks. In this paper, dark current and multipacting features of the rf gun are presented including experimental and simulation studies.
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| WPAP005 | Beam-Based Procedures for RF Guns | laser, gun, electron, alignment | 967 | ||
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A wide range of rf photo injector parameters has to be optimized in order to achieve an electron source performance as required for linac based high gain FELs. Some of the machine parameters can not be precisely controlled by direct measurements, whereas the tolerance on them is extremely tight. Therefore, this should be met with beam-based techniques. Procedures for beam-based alignment (BBA) of the laser on the photo cathode as well as solenoid alignment have been developed. They were applied at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY Zeuthen (PITZ) and at the photo injector of the VUV-FEL at DESY Hamburg. A field balance of the accelerating mode in the 1 ˝ cell gun cavity is one of the key beam dynamics issues of the rf gun. Since no direct field measurement in the half and full cell of the cavity is available for the PITZ gun, a beam-based technique to determine the field balance has been proposed. A beam-based rf phase monitoring procedure has been developed as well.
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| WPAP007 | Status of the 3˝ Cell Superconducting RF Gun Project in Rossendorf | gun, laser, electron, pick-up | 1081 | ||
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In the paper, we report on the status and progress of the superconducting rf gun project in Rossendorf. The gun is designed for cw operation mode with 1mA current and 10 MeV electron energy. The gun will be installed at the ELBE superconducting electron linear accelerator. It will have a 3˝ cell niobium cavity operating at 1.3 GHz. The cavity consists of three cells with TESLA geometry and a specially designed half-cell in which the photocathode will be placed. Two Nb cavities, with RRR 300 and 40 respectively, will be finished at the beginning of 2005. After delivery, the rf tests will be performed and the treatment of the cavities will be started. At the same time, the design of the cryostat is finished and the fabrication of its components is under way. Further activities are the design of the diagnostic beam line, the assembling of the new photocathode preparation system, and the upgrade of the 262 nm driver laser system.
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| WPAP008 | Simulation for a New Polarized Electron Injector (SPIN) for the S-DALINAC | electron, gun, simulation, vacuum | 1117 | ||
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Funding: Work supported in part by DFG under contract SFB 634 and DESY, Hamburg. |
The Superconducting DArmstädter LINear ACcelerator (S-DALINAC) is a 130 MeV recirculating electron accelerator serving several nuclear and radiation physics experiments. For future tasks, the 250 keV thermal electron source should be completed by a 100 keV polarized electron source. Therefore a new low energy injection concept for the S-DALINAC has to be designed. The main components of the injector are a polarized electron source, an alpha magnet, a Wien filter spin-rotator and a Mott polarimeter. In this paper we report over the first simulation and design results. For our simulations we used the TS2 and TS3 modules of the CST MAFIA (TM) programme which are PIC codes for two and three dimensions and the CST PARTICLE STUDIO (TM). |
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| WPAP013 | Magnesium Film Photocathodes for High Brilliance Electron Injectors | laser, target, gun, electron | 1350 | ||
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Advanced high brilliance electron injectors require photocathodes having low thermal emittance, high quantum efficiency (QE) and prompt response. They should be easy to handle and capable of working in the very high electric fileds of a RF gun. Magnesium films deposited by laser ablation and sputtering techniques are discussed and QE measurements are presented.
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| WPAP014 | Development of Electron Gun of Carbon Nanotube Cathode | electron, gun, vacuum, acceleration | 1392 | ||
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We are developing high brightness electron guns utilizing carbon nanotube (CNT) cathodes. Recently, we succeeded to achieved field emission currents to 0.2 A (3 A/cm2) from a triode type CNT cathode of 3 mm diameter. The emission tests were performed at DC100kV acceleration voltage in pulse operations of 50 Hz using 6 nsec pulses. The emission currents were very stable for long term periods of 3 weeks. Photo emission tests from CNT cathode by 266nm laser pulses is also due to be reported simultaneously.
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| WPAP017 | Experimental Observation of a 100-Femtosecond Single Electron Bunch in Photocathode Linac with Longitudinal Emittance Compensation Technique | electron, linac, gun, emittance | 1546 | ||
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The realization of a 100fs electron pulse is important for the studies of ultrafast physical/chemical phenoena with a pump-probe method. We have developed a photocathode linear accelerator (linac) to generate such electron pulse with a magnetic pulse compressor. The nonlinear effect of the magnetic fields in the pulse compression was compensated carefully by optimizing the magnetic fields and the booster linac RF phase. A 105fs(rms) electron bunch with electron charge of 0.1nC was observed experimentally by using a femtosecond streak camera. The beam energy was 35MeV, and the normalized teraservers emittance was lower than 3mm-mrad. The dependences of the pulse length and the emittance on the electron charge were also measured and compared with the theoretical calculations.
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| WPAP019 | X-Band Thermionic Cathode RF Gun at UTNL | gun, scattering, linac, emittance | 1646 | ||
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The X-band (11.424 GHz) linac for compact Compton scattering hard X-ray source are under construction at Nuclear Engineering Research Laboratory, University of Tokyo. This linac designed to accelerate up to 35 MeV, and this electron beam will be used to produce hard X-ray by colliding with laser. It consists of a thermionic cathode RF gun, an alpha magnet, and a traveling wave tube. The gun has 3.5 cells (unloaded Q is 8250) and will be operated at pi-mode. A dispenser cathode is introduced. Since the energy spread of the beam from the gun is predicted to be broad due to the continuous emission from the thermionic cathode, a slit is placed in the alpha magnet to eliminate low energy electrons. The simulation on the injector shows the beam energy 2.9 MeV, the charge 23 pC/bunch, and the emittance less than 10 mm.mrad. The experiment on the gun is planed in the beginning of 2005, and the details will be discussed on the spot.
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| WPAP021 | Status of PPI (Pohang Photo-Injector) for PAL XFEL | emittance, gun, electron, laser | 1733 | ||
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Funding: Supported by the POSCO and the MOST, Korea. |
A X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) project based on the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) is under progress at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL). One of the critical R&D for the PAL XFEL* is to develop the Pohang Photo-Injector (PPI) which is required to deliver electron beams with normalized emittance < 1.5 mm-mrad. In order to achieve the required beam quality with high stability and reliability, we will use photocathode with quantum efficiency > 0.1 % and long lifetime. This will greatly lessen the laser energy requirement for producing flat-top UV pulses, and open the possibility of using only regenerative amplifiers (RGAs) to drive the photocathode RF gun. The RGAs can produce mJs output with much better stability than multi-pass amplifiers. Both the Cs2Te and Mg are under consideration for the possible photo-cathode. To demonstrate the suitability of the Mg and Cs2Te for the future 4th generation light source application, an improved BNL-type S-band RF gun with a high-performance load-lock system will be developed for the PPI. In this article, we present the design concept of the PPI, the expected performance, and report on its development status. *J.S. Oh, S.J. Park et al., "0.3-nm SASE-FEL at PAL," NIM A528, 582 (2004); S.J. Park, J.S. Oh et al., "Design Study of Low-Emittance Injector for SASE XFEL at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory," FEL2004, Italy, 2004. |
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| WPAP022 | Measurements of Transverse Emittance for RF Photocathode Gun at the PAL | emittance, laser, gun, booster | 1760 | ||
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Funding: Supported by the POSCO and the MOST, Korea. |
A BNL GUN-IV type RF photo-cathode gun is under fabrication for use in the FIR (Far Infra-Red) facility being built at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL). Performance test of the gun will include the measurement of transverse emittance profile along the longitudinal direction. Successful measurement of the emittance profile will provide powerful tool for the commissioning of the 4GLS (4th generation light source) injectors based on the emittance compensation principle. We are going to achieve this withthe use of pepper-pot based emittance meters that can be moved along the longitudinal direction. In this article, we present design considerations on the emittance meter with the resolution of 1 mm mrad. |
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| WPAP027 | RF Electron Gun with Driven Plasma Cathode | gun, plasma, electron, extraction | 1991 | ||
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It’s known that RF guns with plasma cathodes based on solid-state dielectrics are able to generate an intense electron beam. In this paper we describe results of experimental investigation of the single cavity S-band RF gun with driven plasma cathode. The experimental sample of the cathode based on ferroelectric ceramics has been designed. Special design of the cathode permits to separate spatially processes of plasma development and electron acceleration. It has been obtained at RF gun output electron beam with particle energy ~500 keV, pulse current of 4 A and pulse duration of 80 ns. Results of experimental study of beam parameters are referred in. The gun is purposed to be applied as the intense electron beam source for electron linacs.
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| WPAP028 | Modes of Electron Beam Generation in a Magnetron Diode with a Secondary-Emission Cathode | gun, electron, vacuum, target | 2027 | ||
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Experiments have shown that the electron current direction can be varied along the diode axis or perpendicular to the axis, depending on the longitudinal magnetic field amplitude and distribution. The diode had a copper cathode diameter 40 mm and 15 mm anode-cathode gap. Several modes of electron beam generation are realized, namely, open, closed, and intermediate. In the first case, at a cathode magnetic field of ~ 1200 Oe, that falls off approaching the diode output down, and at a cathode voltage of 50 kV, the diode generates a tubular electron beam of a current 50 A and the anode current was about 1 % of the beam current. In the second case, the electron current was going to the anode, the secondary-emission multiplication of electrons being retained. At a cathode voltage of ~ 45 kV, the anode current was ~ 5 A, and the beam current was practically absent. This was attained by decreasing the magnetic field to ~ 1.1…1.2 of the Hell field value and by increasing the magnetic field towards the diode output. In the intermediate mode with a cathode voltage of ~ 45 kV the direct beam current measured was ~ 5 A, and the anode current was ~ 7 A.
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| WPAP031 | Use of Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms in High Brightness Electron Source Design | gun, emittance, laser, electron | 2188 | ||
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Funding: Supported by Cornell University. |
We describe the use of multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) for the design and optimization of a high average current, high brightness electron injector for an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL). By combining MOEAs with particle tracking, including space charge effects, and by employing parallel computing resources, we explored a multidimensional parameter space with 22 independent variables for a DC gun based injector which is being constructed at Cornell University. The simulated performance of the optimized injector is found to be excellent, with normalized rms emittances as low as 0.1 mm-mrad for a 77 pC bunch, and 0.7 mm-mrad for a 1 nC bunch. We detail the advantages and flexibility of MOEAs as a powerful tool well suited for wide application in solving various problems in the accelerator field. |
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| WPAP033 | State-of-the-Art Electron Guns and Injector Designs for Energy Recovery Linacs (ERL) | gun, emittance, booster, electron | 2292 | ||
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Funding: This work is supported by NAVSEA, NSWC Crane, the Office of Naval Research, the DOD Joint Technology Office and by the U.S. DOE. |
A key technology issue of ERL devices for high-power free-electron laser (FEL) and 4th generation light sources is the demonstration of reliable, high-brightness, high-power injector operation. Ongoing programs that target up to 1 Ampere injector performance at emittance values consistent with the requirements of these applications are described. We consider that there are three possible approaches that could deliver the required performance. The first is a DC photocathode gun and superconducting RF (SRF) booster cryomodule. Such a 750 MHz device is being integrated and will be tested up to 100 mA at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility beginning in 2007. The second approach is a high-current normal-conducting RF photoinjector. A 700 MHz gun will undergo thermal test in 2006 at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, which, if successful, when equipped with a suitable cathode, would be capable of 1 Ampere operation. The last option is an SRF gun. A half-cell 703 MHz SRF gun capable of delivering 1.0 Ampere will be tested to 0.5 Ampere at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 2006. The fabrication status, schedule and projected performance for each of these state-of-the-art injector programs will be presented. |
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| WPAP036 | Determination of the Field Enhancement Factor on Photocathode Surface Via the Schottky Effect | laser, photon, electron, emittance | 2425 | ||
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Funding: U.S. Department of Energy. |
Using photons with energy that is less than the work function, we employ the Schottky effect to determine the field enhancement factor on the surface of a Mg photocathode. The Schottky effect is manifested via a shift in the threshold for photoemission as the amplitude of the RF in the photoinjector gun is varied. From the threshold condition, we can directly determine the field enhancement factor on the cathode surface. This is a viable technique to obtain the field enhancement factor of surfaces of other materials such as Nb and Cu. |
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| WPAP038 | Photoemission Studies on BNL/AES/JLab all Niobium, Superconducting RF Injector | laser, electron, space-charge, gun | 2556 | ||
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Funding: Under contract with the U.S. DOE, Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. |
Photoemission from all niobium superconducting injector is of considerable interest for the development of higher average current electron sources. In the past year, we have generated photocurrent from such an injector by irradiating the back wall of the 1/2 cell cavity with 248 nm and 266 nm laser beams. In this paper, we present the results of these measurements including the quantum efficiency, and its dependence on the field and wavelength. Issues related to the quenching of the cavity by the laser radiation will also be addressed. |
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| WPAP039 | Progress on Lead Photocathodes for Superconducting Injectors | vacuum, laser, photon, gun | 2598 | ||
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Funding: This work was supported by DOE contracts DE-AC02-98CH10886, DE-AC03-76SF00515 and DE-FG02-97ER82336. |
We present the results of our investigation of bulk, electroplated and vacuum deposited lead as suitable photocathode materials for superconducting RF injectors. The quantum efficiency of each sample is presented as a function of the wavelength of the incident light, from 310 nm to 190 nm. Quantum efficiencies of 0.3% have been obtained. Production of a niobium cavity with a lead-plated cathode is underway. |
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| WPAP041 | Time Dependent Quantum Efficiency and Dark Current Measurements in an RF Photocathode Injector with a High Quantum Efficiency Cathode | gun, electron, linac, laser | 2681 | ||
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Funding: This work was supported by Universities Research Association Inc. under contract DE-AC02-76CH00300 with the U.S. DOE and by NICADD. |
A system was developed at INFN Milano for preparing cesium telluride photo-cathodes and transferring them into an RF gun under ultra-high vacuum. This system has been in use at the Fermilab NICADD Photo-Injector Laboratory (FNPL) since 1997. A similar load-lock system is used at the TeSLA Test Facility at DESY-Hamburg. Two 1.625-cell high duty cycle RF guns have been fabricated for the project. Studies of the photo-emission and field emission ("dark current") behavior of both RF guns have been carried out. Unexpected phenomena were observed in one of the RF guns. In situ changes in the cathode's quantum efficiency and dark current with time were seen during operation of the photo-injector. These changes were correlated with the magnetostatic field at the cathode.* In addition, multipacting is observed in the RF guns under certain conditions. Recent measurements indicate a correlation between multipacting, anomalous photo-emission behavior, and anomalous field emission behavior. Results will be presented. *W. Hartung, J.-P. Carneiro, H. Edwards, M. Fitch, M. Kuchnir, P. Michelato, D. Sertore, in Proceedings of the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference, p. 2239-2241. |
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| WPAP042 | Progress on Using NEA Cathodes in an RF Gun | gun, ion, electron, simulation | 2708 | ||
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Funding: This work was supported by Universities Research Association Inc. under contract DE-AC02-76CH00300 with the U.S. DOE and by NICADD. AES personnel were supported under DOE SBIR contract #DE-FG02-04ER838. |
RF guns have proven useful in multiple accelerator applications, and are an attractive electron source for the ILC. Using a NEA GaAs photocathode in such a gun allows for the production of polarized electron beams. However the lifetime of a NEA cathode in this environment is reduced by ion and electron bombardment and residual gas oxidation. We report progress made with studies to produce a RF gun using a NEA GaAs photocathode to produce polarized electron beams. Attempts to reduce the residual gas pressure in the gun are discussed. Initial measurements of ion flux through the cathode port are compared with simulations of ion bombardment. Future directions are also discussed. |
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| WPAP044 | Advanced Electromagnetic Analysis for Electron Source Geometries | electron, gun, space-charge, acceleration | 2815 | ||
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One of the challenging issues for analytically modeling electron sources, such as rf photoinjectors, is how to incorporate fully electromagnetic effects which are generated by the electron beam. The main difficulties that arise in finding an analytical solution of the electromagnetic fields are due to the complex shape of the conductor boundary, as well as the complicated structure of the beam density and current. Both of these problems can be handled self-consistently by using an electromagnetic Green’s function method. In this paper, we present a solution to the exact electromagnetic fields, which were derived from the Green’s function, for a simplified electron source conductor geometry, namely a semi-infinite circular pipe with an endcap. We assume that the beam currents are in the axial direction and satisfy the continuity equation in conjunction with the beam charge density, but may have arbitrary spatial and time dependency. We discuss how these analytical methods may be extended to include in the effect of one or multiple irises, which are found in rf photoinjector systems.
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| WPAP047 | Preliminary Results from a Superconducting Photocathode Sample Cavity | gun, linac, vacuum, brightness | 2956 | ||
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Funding: Work supported by the U.S. DOE Contract No DE-AC05-84ER40150. |
Pure niobium has been proposed as a photocathode material and recently a successful test has been conducted with a niobium single cell cavity to extract photo-currents from the surface of this cavity. However, the quantum efficiency of niobium is ~2·10-4, whereas electrodeposited lead has a ~15 times higher quantum efficiency. We have designed and tested a photo-injector niobium cavity, which can be used to insert photo-cathodes made of different materials in the high electric field region of the cavity. Experiments have been conducted with niobium and lead, which show that neither the Q- values of the cavity nor the obtainable surface fields are significantly lowered. This paper reports about the results from these tests. |
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| WPAP049 | A High-Gradient CW RF Photo-Cathode Electron Gun for High Current Injectors | gun, ion, coupling, emittance | 3049 | ||
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Funding: This manuscript has been authored by SURA, Inc. under Contract No. DE-AC05-84ER-40150 with the U.S. Department of Energy. |
The paper describes the analysis and preliminary design of a high-gradient photo-cathode RF gun optimized for high current CW operation. The gun cell shape is optimized to provide maximum acceleration for the newly emitted beam while minimizing wall losses in the structure. The design is intended for use in future high-current high-power CW FELs but the shape optimization for low wall losses may be advantageous for other applications such as XFELs or Linear Colliders using high peak power low duty factor guns where pulse heating is a limitation. The concept allows for DC bias on the photocathode in order to repel ions and improve cathode lifetime. |
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| WPAP050 | A High Average Current DC GaAs Photocathode Gun for ERLs and FELs | gun, vacuum, laser, electron | 3117 | ||
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Funding: This work supported by The Office of Naval Research under contract to the Dept. of Energy, the Air Force Research Lab, and the Commonwealth of Virginia. |
The Jefferson Lab (JLab) 10 kW IR Upgrade FEL DC GaAs photocathode gun is presently the highest average current electron source operational in the U.S., delivering a record 9.1 mA CW, 350 kV electron beam with 122 pC/bunch at 75 MHz rep rate. Pulsed operation has also been demonstrated with 8 mA per pulse (110 pC/bunch) in 16 ms-long pulses at 2 Hz rep rate. Routinely the gun delivers 5 mA CW and pulse current at 135 pC/bunch for FEL operations. The Upgrade DC photocathode gun is a direct evolution of the DC photocathode gun used in the previous JLab 1 kW IR Demo FEL. Improvements in the vacuum conditions, incorporation of two UHV motion mechanisms (a retractable cathode and a photocathode shield door) and a new way to add cesium to the GaAs photocathode surface have extended its lifetime to over 500 Coulombs delivered between re-cesiations (quantum efficiency replenishment). With each photocathode activation quantum efficiencies above 6% are routinely achieved. The photocathode activation and performance will be described in detail. |
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| WPAP055 | A 3D Parallel Beam Dynamics Code for Modeling High Brightness Beams in Photoinjectors | space-charge, simulation, emittance, brightness | 3316 | ||
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Funding: This work was supported by a SciDAC project in accelerator physics which is supported by the U.S. DOE/SC Office of High Energy Physics and the Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research. |
In this paper we report on IMPACT-T, a 3D beam dynamics code for modeling high brightness beams in photoinjectors and rf linacs. IMPACT-T is one of the few codes used in the photoinjector community that has a parallel implementation, making it very useful for high statistics simulations of beam halos and beam diagnostics. It has a comprehensive set of beamline elements, and furthermore allows arbitrary overlap of their fields. It is unique in its use of space-charge solvers based on an integrated Green function to efficiently and accurately treat beams with large aspect ratio, and a shifted Green function to efficiently treat image charge effects of a cathode. It is also unique in its inclusion of energy binning in the space-charge calculation to model beams with large energy spread. Together, all these features make IMPACT-T a powerful and versatile tool for modeling beams in photoinjectors and other systems. In this paper we describe the code features and present results of IMPACT-T simulations of the LCLS and LUX photoinjectors. We also include a comparison of IMPACT-T and PARMELA results, and a comparison of IMPACT-T and ASTRA results. |
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| WPAP058 | The ILC Polarized Electron Source | electron, laser, gun, polarization | 3420 | ||
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Funding: This work is supported by U.S. DOE contracts DE-AC02-76SF00515 (SLAC) and DE-AC02-76ER00881 (UW). |
The SLC polarized electron source (PES) can meet the expected requirements of the International Linear Collider (ILC) for polarization, charge and lifetime. However, experience with newer and successful PES designs at JLAB, Mainz and elsewhere can be incorporated into a first-generation ILC source that will emphasize reliability and stability without compromising the photocathode performance. The long pulse train for the ILC may introduce new challenges for the PES, and in addition more reliable and stable operation of the PES may be achievable if appropriate R&D is carried out for higher voltage operation and for a simpler load-lock system. The outline of the R&D program currently taking shape at SLAC and elsewhere is discussed. The principal components of the proposed ILC PES, including the laser system necessary for operational tests, are described. |
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| WPAT026 | Status of 34 GHZ, 45 MW Pulsed Magnicon | gun, electron, linear-collider, collider | 1922 | ||
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Funding: Research supported by the Department of Energy, Division of High Energy Physics. |
A high efficiency, high power magnicon at 34.272 GHz has been designed and built as a microwave source to develop RF technology for a future multi-TeV electron-positron linear collider. To develop this technology, this new RF source is being perfected for necessary tests of accelerating structures, RF pulse compressors, RF components, and to determine limits of breakdown and metal fatigue. After preliminary RF conditioning the magnicon produced an output power of 10.5 MW in 0.25 microsecond pulses, with a gain of 54 dB. The new results of the experimental tests after the tube conditioning was resumed are presented in the paper. |
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| WPAT031 | Design and Operation of a High Power L-Band Multiple Beam Klystron | klystron, electron, focusing, higher-order-mode | 2170 | ||
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A 1.3 GHz, 10 MW, higher-order-mode multiple beam klystron (MBK) has been developed for the TESLA program. The relative advantages of such a device are many-fold. Multiple beams generate higher beam currents and thereby require much lower operating voltages which allows for the use of smaller, less expensive modulators. A lower perveance per cathode can also be used which leads to higher operating efficiencies. Higher-order-mode cavities allow for the use of much larger cathodes which leads to lower cathode current density loadings and subsequently longer cathode lifetimes. This requires that the cathodes be located far off the geometric axis of the device. The compromise is an increase in the complexity of the magnetic focusing circuit required to transport the off-axis electron beams. Such a device has been successfully built and tested. Excellent beam transmission has been achieved (99.5% DC and 98% at RF saturation). A peak power of 10 MW with 150 kW of average power and 60% efficiency, 49 dB gain have also been measured. The achieved low cathode loading of 2.1 A/cm2 corresponds to an expected cathode life of over 140,000 operational hours.
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| WPAT032 | Large Scale Production of 805-MHz Pulsed Klystrons for the Spallation Neutron Source Project | klystron, SNS, gun, Spallation-Neutron-Source | 2230 | ||
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The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source being built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, by the U.S. Department of Energy. CPI is supporting the effort by providing 81 pulsed klystrons for the super-conducting portion of the accelerator. The primary output power requirements are 550 kW peak, 49.5 kW average at 805 MHz, with an electron beam-to-rf conversion efficiency of 65% and an rf gain of 50 dB. Through December 2004, 77 units have been factory-tested. Performance specifications, computer model predictions, operating results, and production statistics will be presented.
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| WPAT036 | A 700 MHZ, 1 MW CW RF System for a FEL 100mA RF Photoinjector | klystron, power-supply, vacuum, coupling | 2413 | ||
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Funding: U.S. Department of Energy. |
This paper describes a 700 MHz, 1 Megawatt CW, high efficiency klystron RF system utilized for a Free Electron Laser (FEL) high-brightness electron photoinjector (PI). The E2V klystron is mod-anode tube that operates with a beam voltage of 95 kV. This tube, operating with a 65% efficiency, requires ~96 watts of input power to produce in excess of 1 MW of output power. This output drives the 3rd cell of a 2˝-cell, p-mode PI cavity through a pair of planar waveguide windows. Coupling is via a ridge-loaded tapered waveguide section and "dog-bone" iris. This paper will present the design of the RF, RF transport, coupling, and monitoring/protection systems that are required to support CW operations of the 100 mA cesiated, semi-porous SiC photoinjector. |
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| WPAT047 | Solid-State 2MW Klystron Power Control System | klystron, controls, vacuum, power-supply | 2950 | ||
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Under an SBIR effort for the DOE, Diversified Technologies, Inc. designed, built, and installed a solid state power control system for the Advanced Light Source klystrons at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). This system consists of two major elements – a 100 kV, 20 A CW solid state series switch, and a solid state voltage regulator for the mod-anode of the klystron. The series switch replaces the existing mercury ignitron crowbar, eliminating these environmentally hazardous components while providing enhanced arc protection and faster return to transmit. The mod-anode voltage regulator uses series IGBTs, operating in the linear regime, to provide highly rapid and accurate control of the mod-anode voltage, and therefore the output power from the klystron. Results from the installation and testing of this system at ANL will be presented.
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| WPAT049 | The Penetrability of a Thin Metallic Film Inside the RF Field | electron, pick-up, impedance, laser | 3073 | ||
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Funding: Under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy, Contract Number DE-AC02-98CH10886. |
Thin metallic film was widely applied in varies area. Especially, recently we are planning to apply it in a "Secondary emission enhanced photo-injector," of which a diamond cathode is coated with a golden film or so on its back to serve as a current path. The thickness of the film is originally considered to be in the order of 10 nm, which is much less than the skin depth, say 1/200. Since it is so thin, that intuitively the RF filed is penetrable. However, we found it is not true. The film will block most of the field. This paper addresses theoretic analysis as well as the experimental results. All demonstrated that the penetrability of a thin film is very poor. Consequently, most of the RF current will flow on the thin film causing a serous heating problem. |
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| WPAT051 | Development of Toshiba L-Band Multi-Beam Klystron for European XFEL Project | klystron, gun, electron, simulation | 3153 | ||
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A 10MW L-band multi-beam klystron (MBK)is under develpment at Toshiba, Japan for DESY X-FEL and a future linear collider projects. The design goals are to have 10MW peak power with 65% efficiency at 1.5 ms pulse length at 10Hz repetition rates. The Toshiba MBK has six low-perveance beams operated at low voltage of 115kV (for 10MW) to enable a higher efficiency than a single-beam klystron for a similar power. The prototyp·10-0 has been built and is now under testing. At the first step, it was tested without RF and operates stably at the cathode voltage of 115KV at 1.7ms pulse length at 10Hz repetition rate with beam transmission of better than 99%. No spurious oscillation was observed. The testing is now progressed with RF on. Up to date of November 10, 2004, The output power of 10.3MW has been demonstrated at the beam voltage of 115kV with efficinecy of 68.4% at the RF pulse length of 1ms at 10Hz. The testing is under way to increase the RF pulse length to the goal value of 1.5ms. This paper summarizes the design and the testing results.
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| WPAT053 | Results of a High-Power Klystron Dip Test in the KEK Linac | klystron, linac, injection, space-charge | 3235 | ||
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Dip test, which is the measurement of a klystron heater activity, is recently adopted as the standard measurement to maintain the klystron operation in the KEK electron-positron linac. In 2003, we began to use a dip test as the quick way to measure the emission characteristics from the klystron cathode. After the successful results, we made the dedicated measuring systems and measured the dips of the cathode emission of 60 operating klystrons in KEK electron-positron linac. These data are important to estimate the klystron cathode life and used to select the candidate klystrons of replacement in the summer maintenance period.
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| WPAT055 | Enhancements for the 1 MW High Voltage Converter Modulator Systems at the SNS | klystron, SNS, linac, resonance | 3313 | ||
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Funding: SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 for the U.S. Department of Energy. |
The first-generation high frequency switching megawatt-class high voltage converter modulators (HVCM) developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory for the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have been installed and are now operational. Each unit is capable of delivering pulses up to 11 MW peak, 1 MW average power at voltages up to 140 kV to drive klystron(s) rated up to 5 MW. To date, three variations of the basic design have been installed, each optimized to deliver power to a specific klystron load configuration. Design improvements, with the primary intention of improving system reliability and availability, have been under development since the initial installation of the HVCM units. This paper will examine HVCM reliability studies, reliability operational data, and modifications and improvements performed to increase the overall system availability. We will also discuss system enhancements aimed at improving the ease of operation and providing for additional equipment protection features. |
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| WPAT071 | R&D Status of the 700 MHz, 1MW Klystron for PEFP | klystron, gun, coupling, proton | 3850 | ||
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Funding: This study is supported by Proton Engineering Frontier Project at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. |
KAPRA (Korea Accelerator and Plasma Research Association) are undertaking the first phase R&D for the 1 MW, CW 700 MHz klystron, which is targeting the future stage of the PEFP (Proton Engineering Frontier Project) accelerator at KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute). The objectives of the first phase R&D are 1) setting up all infra structures/procedures for the design and fabrication, 2) developing a prototype klystron for proofs of principles, and 3) making a performance test of the prototype at a reduced duty. The second phase R&D is supposed to cover full power, CW operation and reliability issues. In this paper, a summary of R&D Status during the first phase for PEFP 1 MW, 700 MHz klystron is reported. |
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| WPAT072 | A 1.3GHz Inductive Output Tube for Particle Accelerators | electron, gun, target, synchrotron | 3883 | ||
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There is an increasing requirement for RF power sources in the L-band frequency range for operation in particle accelerators. The paper describes the development and presents test results of a new inductive output tube (IOT) for use at 1.3GHz. A target specificationof 16kW cw output power at an efficiency of 60% was set. The paper discusses progress to date having used an electron gun geometry that minimizes transit time effects in the cathode to grid gap.
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| WPAT080 | Calculation of Beam-Loaded Q in High-Power Klystrons | gun, klystron, vacuum, bunching | 4060 | ||
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Funding: Work supported by DOE SBIR Grant DE-FG02-03ER83776. |
Instabilities in the gun region of a high-power klystron can occur when there is positive feedback between a mode and an induced current on the quasi-steady state beam emitted by the gun cathode.* This instability is dependent on the gun voltage, is predicted on the basis of a negative beam-loaded Q. The established method for computing the beam-loaded Q of a cavity involves using a time-dependent electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) code to track beam particles through the quasi-static gun fields perturbed by the electromagnetic fields of a cavity eigenmode.** The energy imparted to the beam by the mode is obtained by integrating the Lorentz force along the particle tracks, and this quantity is simply related to the beam-loaded Q. We have developed an alternative approach that yields comparable accuracy but is computationally much simpler. The new method is based on a much simpler time-independent electrostatic PIC calculation, resulting in much faster solutions without loss of accuracy. We will present the theory and implementation of the new method, as well as benchmarks and results from analysis of the XP-4 klystron that show a potential instability near 3 GHz. *B. Krietenstein, et al., "Spurious oscillations in high-power klystrons," PAC95, 1995. **U. Becker, et al., "Simulation of oscillations in high-power klystrons," EPAC, 1996. |
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| RPAP010 | Development of Femtosecond and Attosecond Pulse Radiolysis by Using Laser Photocathode RF Gun S-Band Electron Linac | electron, laser, linac, gun | 1198 | ||
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Funding: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. |
Femtosecond pulse radiolysis system based on linear accelerator was developed in Osaka University for study of radiation-induced ultra fast physical and chemical reactions. 35 MeV single electron pulse with pulse width of 100 fs was generated by using a laser photocathode rf gun s-band linac with a magnet pulse compression system. Femtosecond laser synchronized with the linac was used as analyzing light. Transient absorption was measured by the equivalent velocity spectroscopy which was a new method to get high time-resolution. Also, we have started the preliminary experiment on atosecond pulse radiolysis The double decker beam which is a new concept to realize the twin linac by using one linac will be used. |
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| RPAP015 | Modeling of Internal Injection and Beam Dynamics for High Power RF Accelerator | electron, simulation, injection, focusing | 1419 | ||
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Funding: The work is supported by ISTC grant #2550. |
A new high power electron accelerator for industrial applications is developed in Novosibirsk. Main parameters of the accelerator are: operating frequency of 176 MHz, energy of electrons of 5 MeV, average beam power up to 300 kW. The accelerator consists of a chain of accelerating cavities, connected by the on-axis coupling cavities with coupling slots in the walls. A triode RF gun on the base of grid-cathode unit placed on the wall of the first accelerating cavity is used for internal injection of electrons. The paper presents the results of modeling and optimization of the accelerating structure, internal injection, and beam dynamics. |
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| RPAP016 | High Power Electron Accelerator Prototype | electron, injection, gun, feedback | 1502 | ||
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Funding: The work is supported by ISTC grant #2550. |
In recent time the new powerful industrial electron accelerators appear on market. It caused the increased interest to radiation technologies using high energy X-rays due to their high penetration ability. However, because of low efficiency of X-ray conversion for electrons with energy below 5 MeV, the intensity of X-rays required for some industrial applications can be achieved only when the beam power exceeds 300 kW. The report describes a project of industrial electron accelerator ILU-12 for electron energy up to 5 MeV and beam power up to 300 kW specially designed for use in industrial applications. On the first stage of work we plan to use the existing generator designed for ILU-8 accelerator. It is realized on the GI-50A triode and provides the pulse power up to 1.5-2 MW and up to 20-30 kW of average power. In the report the basic concepts and a condition of the project for today are reflected. |
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| RPAP017 | Industrial Electron Accelerators Type ILU | electron, extraction, vacuum, shielding | 1572 | ||
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The report describes the electron accelerators of ILU series covering the energy range from 0.5 to 5 MeV with beam power up to 50 kW. The pulse linear accelerators type ILU are developed since 1970 in Budker institute of Nuclear Physics and are supplied to the industry. The ILU machines are purposed for wide application in various technological processes and designed for long continuous and round-the-clock work in industrial conditions. A principle of acceleration of electrons in the gap of HF resonator is used in the ILU machines. The HF resonator has toroidal form. The electron gun is placed in one of the protruding electrodes forming the accelerating gap of the resonator. The resonator is fed from HF autogenerator realized on the industrial triode, the feedback signal is given from the resonator. The absence of outer beam injection and usage of self-excited HF generator simplify the design of accelerator and ensure its reliable operation.
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| ROAB010 | Development of a Compact Radiography Accelerator Using Dielectric Wall Accelerator Technology | laser, vacuum, pulsed-power, acceleration | 716 | ||
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Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48. |
We are developing of a compact accelerator system primarily intended for pulsed radiography. Design characteristics are an 8 MeV endpoint energy, 2 kA beam current and a cell gradient of approximately 3 MV/m. Overall length of the device is below 3 m. Such compact designs have been made possible with the development of high specific energy dielectrics (> 10 J/cc), specialized transmission line designs and multi-gap laser-triggered low jitter (<1 ns) gas switches. In this geometry, the pulse forming lines, switches and insulator/beam pipe are fully integrated within each cell to form a compact stand-alone stackable unit. We detail our research and modeling to date, recent high voltage test results, and the integration concept of the cells into a radiographic system. |
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| RPPE032 | Measurement of the Secondary Emission Yield of a Thin Diamond Window in Transmission Mode | electron, vacuum, gun, linac | 2251 | ||
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The secondary emission enhanced photoinjector (SEEP) is a promising new approach to the generation of high-current, high-brightness electron beams. A low current primary electron beam with energy of a few thousand electron-volts strikes a specially prepared diamond window which emits secondary electrons with a current two orders of magnitude higher. The secondary electrons are created at the back side of the diamond and drift through the window under the influence of a strong electrical field. A hydrogen termination at the exit surface of the window creates a negative electron affinity (NEA) which allows the electrons to leave the diamond. An experiment was performed to measure the secondary electron yield and other properties. The results are discussed in this paper.
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| RPPE041 | Design and Construction of the CERN LEIR Injection Septa | septum, vacuum, injection, ion | 2690 | ||
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The Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) transforms long pulses from Linac 3 into high brilliance ion bunches for LHC by means of multi-turn injection, electron cooling and accumulation. The LEIR injection comprises a magnetic DC septum followed by an inclined electrostatic septum. The electrostatic septum has been newly designed and built. The magnetic septum is mainly recovered from the former LEAR machine, but required a new vacuum chamber. Dynamic vacua in the 10-12 mbar range are required, which are hard to achieve due to the high desorption rate of ions lost on the surface. A new interlock and displacement control system has also been developed. The major technical challenges to meet the magnetic, electrical and vacuum requirements will be discussed.
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| RPPE045 | Vacuum Pumping Performance Comparison of Non-Evaporable Getter Thin Films Deposited Using Argon and Krypton as Sputtering Gases | vacuum, laser, target, linac | 2860 | ||
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Funding: Work Supported by the National Science Foundation. |
Owing to the outstanding vacuum performance and the low secondary electron yield, non-evaporable getter (NEG) thin film deposited onto interior walls has gained widespread acceptance and has been incorporated into many accelerator vacuum system designs. The titanium-zirconium-vanadium (T-Zr-V) NEG thin films were deposited onto the interior wall of stainless steel pipes via DC magnetron sputtering method using either argon or krypton gas as sputtering gas. Vacuum pumping evaluation tests were carried out to compare vacuum pumping performances of the Ti-Zr-V NEG thin films deposited using argon or krypton. The results showed much higher initial pumping speed for the Kr-sputtered NEG film than the Ar-sputtered film, though both films have similar activation behavior. The compositions and textures of both thin films were measured to correlate to the pumping performances. |
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| RPPE048 | Physical and Electromagnetic Properties of Customized Coatings for SNS Injection Ceramic Chambers and Extraction Ferrite Kickers | kicker, SNS, vacuum, extraction | 3028 | ||
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Funding: SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 for the U.S. Department of Energy. SNS is a partnership of six national laboratories: Argonne, Brookhaven, Jefferson, Lawrence Berkeley, Los Alamos, and Oak Ridge. |
The inner surfaces of the 248 m SNS accumulator ring vacuum chambers are coated with ~100 nm of titanium nitride (TiN) to reduce the secondary electron yield (SEY) of the chamber walls. All the ring inner surfaces are made of stainless or inconel, except those of the injection and extraction kickers. Ceramic vacuum chambers are used for the 8 injection kickers to avoid shielding of a fast-changing kicker field and to reduce eddy current heating. The internal diameter was coated with Cu to reduce the beam coupling impedance and provide passage for beam image current, and a TiN overlayer to reduce SEY. The ferrite surfaces of the 14 extraction kicker modules were coated with TiN to reduce SEY. Customized masks were used to produce coating strips of 1 cm x 5 cm with 1 to 1.5 mm separation among the strips. The masks maximized the coated area to more than 80%, while minimizing the eddy current effect to the kicker rise time. The coating method, as well as the physical and electromagnetic properties of the coatings for both types of kickers will be summarized, with emphasis on the effect to the beam and the electron cloud buildup. †Corresponding author email: hseuh@bnl.gov. |
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| RPPE049 | Summary on Titanium Nitride Coating of SNS Ring Vacuum Chambers | kicker, extraction, injection, SNS | 3088 | ||
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Funding: SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 for the U.S. Department of Energy. SNS is a partnership of six national laboratories: Argonne, Brookhaven, Jefferson, Lawrence Berkeley, Los Alamos, and Oak Ridge. |
The inner surfaces of the 248 m Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accumulator ring vacuum chambers are coated with ~100 nm of titanium nitride (TiN) to reduce the secondary electron yield (SEY) of the chamber walls. There are approximately 100 chambers and kicker modules, some up to 5 m in length and 36 cm in diameter, coated with TiN. The coating is deposited by means of reactive DC magnetron sputtering using a cylindrical magnetron with internal permanent magnets. This cathode configuration generates a deposition rate sufficient to meet the required production schedule and produces stoichiometric films with good adhesion, low SEY and acceptable outgassing. Moreover, the cathode magnet configuration allows for simple changes in length and has been adapted to coat the wide variety of chambers and components contained within the arc, injection, extraction, collimation and RF regions. Chamber types, quantities and the cathode configurations used to coat them are presented herein. A brief summary of the salient coating properties is given including the interdependence of SEY as a function of surface roughness and its effect on outgassing. Limitations of this coating method are also discussed. |
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| RPPE050 | Development of NEG Coating for RHIC Experimental Beamtubes | vacuum, electron, ion, luminosity | 3120 | ||
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Funding: Work performed under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. |
As RHIC beam intensity increases beyond original scope, pressure rises in some regions have been observed. The luminosity limiting pressure rises are associated with electron multi-pacting, electron stimulated desorption and beam induced desorption. Non-Evaporable Getter (NEG) coated beampipes have been proven effective to suppress pressure rise in synchrotron radiation facilities. Standard beampipes have been NEG coated by a vendor and added to many RHIC UHV regions. BNL is developing a cylindrical magnetron sputtering system to NEG coat special beryllium beampipes installed in RHIC experimental regions. It features a hollow, liquid cooled cathode producing power density of 500W/m and deposition rate of 5000 Angstrom/hr on 7.5cm OD beampipe. The cathode, a titanium tube partially covered with zirconium and vanadium ribbons, is oriented for horizontal coating of 4m long chambers. Ribbons and magnets are arranged to provide uniform sputtering distribution and deposited NEG composition. Vacuum performance of NEG coated pipes was measured. Coating analysis includes energy dispersive spectroscopy, auger electron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. System design, development, and analysis results are presented. |
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| RPPE075 | Injector Electronics for Multi-Turn Operation of the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER) | dipole, injection, electron, beam-losses | 3952 | ||
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Funding: This work is funded by U.S. Department of Energy under grants DE-FG02-94ER40855 and DE-FG02-92ER54178. |
Progress is described toward the development of pulse generators required for injection and extraction of the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER). The geometry, described elsewhere, employs a fast ironless dipole at the junction of a Y-shaped section of the ring. The dipole as developed has an inductance of 600 nH. The required +21 A, long pulse generator for multi-turn operation is installed. A pulser providing -42 A for deflection in the opposite sense during injection is under development. It must have a fall time of ~100 ns in view of the 200 ns circulation time for the beam. A similar pulser, having a 100 ns risetime is required for beam extraction. The fast pulsers employ MOSFET switches. |
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| RPPE076 | Overview of Electrical Systems for the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER) | dipole, quadrupole, injection, electron | 3988 | ||
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Funding: This work is funded by the United States Department of Energy under grants DE-FG02-94ER40855 and DE-FG02-92ER54178. |
Commissioning of the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER) is underway (see general abstract on UMER). We discuss the various electrical systems of UMER. The power system includes 114 supplies for 70 air-core magnetic quadrupoles, 36 bending dipoles and 30+ steering dipoles as well as earth's field compensating coils. Systems for data collection comprise multiplexers and fast digitizers for diagnostics including 15 fast beam position monitors (BPMs)and video capture from fluorescent screen monitors. Several pulsers have been built in-house for injection and extraction magnets. The stringent timing schemes are also presented. |
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| RPPP046 | An L-Band Polarized Electron PWT Photoinjector for the International Linear Collider (ILC) | electron, vacuum, emittance, simulation | 2902 | ||
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Funding: Work supported by DOE SBIR Grant No. DE-FG02-03ER83846. |
A multi-cell, standing-wave, L-band, p-mode, plane-wave-transformer (PWT) photoinjector with an integrated photocathode in a novel linac structure is proposed by DULY Research Inc. as a polarized electron source. The PWT photoinjector is capable of operation in ultra high vacuum and moderate field gradient. Expected performance of an L-band polarized electron PWT injector operating under the parameters for the International Linear Collider is presented. The projected normalized transverse rms emittance is an order of magnitude lower than that produced with a polarized electron dc gun followed by subharmonic bunchers. |
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| RPPT029 | Diagnostics for the LCLS Photoinjector Beamline | emittance, gun, injection, diagnostics | 2089 | ||
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Funding: This work was supported by U.S. Department of Energy, contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00515A06. |
Two spectrometers have been added to the LCLS photoinjector beamline. The first one will be located close to the exit of the Photoinjector RF gun. With this diagnostic, we will measure beam energy, energy spread (correlated and uncorrelated), possibly deleterious structure in the longitudinal phase space induced by longitudinal space charge force, and slice thermal emittance … This extensive characterization of the 5MeV electron bunch will be made possible by combining this spectrometer with other diagnostics (YAG screens and Cerenkov Radiator). A second spectrometer located at the end of the beamline has been designed to characterize the 6 dimensional phase space of the 135MeV beam to be injected in the main accelerator. At that second spectrometer station, we will measure energy, energy spread (correlated and uncorrelated), longitudinal phase space, slice emittances … Those last two measurements require using this spectrometer in combination with the transverse RF deflecting cavity and with the quadrupole scan emittance station. The designs of these two spectrometers have been supported by simulations from MAD and PARMELA. |
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| RPPT030 | Alternate Tunings for the Linac Coherent Light Source Photoinjector | emittance, laser, space-charge, injection | 2140 | ||
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Funding: This work was supported by US Department of Energy, contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00515A06. |
The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is an x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) project based on the SLAC linac. The LCLS Photoinjector beamline has been designed to deliver 10 ps long electron bunches of 1nC with a normalized transverse emittance of less than 1 mm.mrad for 80% of the slices constituting the core of the bunch at 135 MeV. Tolerances and regulation requirements are tight for this tuning. The main contribution to emittance is the "cathode emittance which counts for 0.72 mm.mrad for the nominal tuning. As the "cathode emittance" scales linearly with laser spot radius, the emittance will be dramatically reduced for smaller radius, but this is only possible at lower charge. In particular, for a 0.2nC, we believe we can achieve an emittance closer to 0.4 mm.mrad. This working point will be easier to tune and the beam quality should be much easier to maintain than for the nominal one. In this paper, we also discuss how emittance could be further reduced by using the appropriate laser pulse shaping. |
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| RPPT036 | 200 MeV Linac Upgrade for FEL | linac, gun, electron, klystron | 2464 | ||
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The present status of Hefei 200 MeV RF linac are given. By upgrading its present thermal cathode system into the photo cathode system and implement RF phase locked system, using Hefei 200 MeV RF linac as FEL driver is investigated.
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| RPPT074 | Beam Characterizations at Femtosecond Electron Beam Facility | electron, linac, acceleration, radiation | 3925 | ||
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Funding: We are grateful to the Thailand Research Fund, the National Research Council of Thailand, the Thai Royal Golden Jubilee Scholarship, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the Hansen Experimental Physics laboratory of Stanford University. |
The SURIYA project at the Fast Neutron Research Facility (FNRF) has been established and is being commissioning to generate femtosecond electron pulses. Theses short pulses are produced by a system consisting of an S-band thermionic cathode RF-gun, an alpha magnet as a magnetic bunch compressor, and a linear accelerator. The characteristics of its major components and the beam characterizations as well as the preliminary experimental results will be presented and discussed. |
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| FPAP036 | Beam Transport in a Compact Dielectric Wall Induction Accelerator System for Pulsed Radiography | emittance, beam-transport, induction, simulation | 2437 | ||
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Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48. |
Using dielectric wall accelerator technology, we are developing a compact induction accelerator system primarily intended for pulsed radiography. The accelerator would provide a 2-kA beam with an energy of 8 MeV, for a 20-30 ns flat-top. The design goal is to generate a 2-mm diameter, 10-rad x-ray source. We have a physics design of the system from the injector to the x-ray converter. We will present the results of injector modeling and PIC simulations of beam transport. We will also discuss the predicted time integrated spot and the on-axis x-ray dose. |
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| FPAT025 | Electron Dynamics of the Rod-Pinch Diode in the Cygnus Experiment at Los Alamos | electron, simulation, ion, plasma | 1901 | ||
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In this work, two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are used to examine the electron physics in the rod-pinch diode, a device that can be used to produce a relatively low-energy (a few MeV) radiographic electron source. It is found that with diode parameters for which the electrons' dominant dynamics are approximated well as a magnetized fluid, the diode produces an electron source with a desired small spot size as the electrons drift to and impinge on the anode tip. However, for a large cathode-to-anode radius ratio, a population of electrons that consists predominantly of electrons emitted from the downstream surface of the cathode is found to propagate in the upstream direction and the diode may perform anomalously as a consequence. A method is proposed for improving the quality of the electron source by suppressing electron emission from the downstream cathode surface to reduce the presence of unmagnetized electrons.
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| FPAT049 | Upgrade of the PF Ring Vacuum Control System | vacuum, ion, controls, storage-ring | 3061 | ||
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Having been operated for more than two decades, the PF ring vacuum control system had become superannuated. The system reliability had been degraded and the maintenance work had been difficult. In addition, the device operability had not been high because the operating software, written in BASIC, had been running in a stand-alone computer. In the summer of 2004, the vacuum control system was upgraded to solve these problems. In this upgrade, the operating system was constructed in the EPICS environment. And numerous NIM modules composing hardware interfaces between vacuum device controllers and the operating computers were replaced by reliable PLCs.
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| FOAA002 | Technological Improvements in the DARHT II Accelerator Cells | vacuum, induction, electron, linac | 169 | ||
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Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. National Nuclear Security Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy under contract W-7405-ENG-36. |
DARHT employs two perpendicular electron Linear Induction Accelerators to produce intense, bremsstrahlung x-ray pulses for flash radiography. The second axis, DARHT II, features an 18 MeV, 2-kA, 2-microsecond accelerator. DARHT II accelerator cells have undergone a series of test and modeling efforts to fully understand their sub par performance. These R&D efforts have led to a better understanding of Linear Induction Accelerator physics for the unique DARHT II design. Specific improvements have been identified and tested. Improvements in the cell oil region, the cell vacuum region, and the PFNs have been implemented in the prototype units that have doubled the cell’s performance. A series of prototype acceptance test are underway on a number of prototype units to demonstrate that the required cell lifetime is met at the improved performance levels. Early acceptance tests indicate that the lifetime requirements are being exceeded. The shortcomings of the previous design are summarized. The improvements to the original design, their resultant improvement in performance, and various test results are included. The final acceptance test results will also be included. |
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