CYCLOTRONS2022 - List of Keywords (cyclotron)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOAI02	Upgrade and Current Status of High-Frequency Systems for RIKEN Ring Cyclotron	cavity, acceleration, operation, heavy-ion	6
	K. Yamada RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	The high-frequency systems for the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC) was upgraded in order to increase the acceleration voltage at 18.25 MHz operation by remodeling its cavity resonators and rf controllers. As a result, the maximum gap voltage at 18.25 MHz improved from about 80 kV to more than 150 kV. The beam intensity of 238U for the RI Beam Factory was increased up to 117 pnA in the fiscal 2020 by overcoming the beam intensity limitation of RRC due to the space charge effect. In this talk, I will present the details of upgrade as well as the current status of high-frequency systems for the RRC.
	Slides MOAI02 [7.420 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAI02
About •	Received ※ 27 January 2023 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 February 2023
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MOAO01	Status of the IsoDAR High-current H⁺₂ Cyclotron (HCHC-XX) Development	rfq, target, proton, experiment	12
	L.H. Waites, J.R. Alonso, J.M. Conrad, D. Winklehner MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
	The potential existence of exotic neutrinos beyond the three standard model neutrinos is an important open question in particle physics. IsoDAR is a cyclotron-driven, pure electron-antineutrino source with a well-understood energy spectrum. High statistics of anti-electron neutrinos can be produced by IsoDAR, which, when coupled with an inverse beta decay detector such as the LSC at Yemilab, is capable of addressing observed anomalies attributed to sterile neutrinos at the 5 σ level using electron-flavor disappearance. To achieve this high significance, the IsoDAR cyclotron must produce 10 mA of protons at 60 MeV. This is an order of magnitude more current than any commercially available cyclotron has produced. To achieve this, IsoDAR takes advantage of several innovations in accelerator physics, including the use of H²⁺ and RFQ direct injection, paving the way as a new high power accelerator technology. These high currents also allow for new experiments in dark matter, as well as high production rates of rare isotopes such as Ac225 and Ge68.
	Slides MOAO01 [30.289 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO01
About •	Received ※ 24 March 2023 — Revised ※ 24 May 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 July 2023
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MOAO02	The Commissioning of a 230 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron CYCIAE-230	MMI, extraction, proton, cavity	15
	C. Wang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, B. Ji, L.Y. Ji, X.L. Jia, Y. Jia, T.Y. Jiang, J. Liu, J.Y. Liu, P. Liu, Z.W. Liu, X. Mu, S. Pei, G.F. Song, Q.Q. Song, F. Wang, J.Y. Wei, L.P. Wen, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, D.Z. Zhang, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng, H. Zhou, P.F. Zhu, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	There are very strong demands for proton accelera-tors in medium energy range in recent years due to the fast growth of proton therapy and the space science in China. For the applications of proton therapy and pro-ton irradiation, the energy range of proton beam is usually from 200MeV to 250MeV, or even higher for astronavigation [1]. An R&D project for constructing a 230MeV superconducting cyclotron (CYCIAE-230) has been initiated at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) since Jan 2015. In July of 2016, after the fund-ing was approved by China National Nuclear Corpora-tion (CNNC), the construction project was fully launched. In Dec 2019, the superconducting main magnet and the RF system were transferred to the new-ly built commissioning site. Then, the RF commission-ing, ion source and central region test were performed even during the pandemic in early 2020. In September 2020, after finishing the commissioning tests of all subsystems, the beam was reached the extraction channel but with very low efficiency. Since then, with more efforts on beam diagnostics, the fine tuning of the beam phase and the adjusting of the superconduct-ing coil have been proven to be useful to get higher beam extraction efficiency ~55%. In this paper, the commissioning of the key components, including the main magnet, SC coils, internal ion source and central region, extraction system, etc, as well as the commis-sioning progress of the machine CYCIAE-230 will be presented.
	Slides MOAO02 [10.305 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO02
About •	Received ※ 24 January 2023 — Revised ※ 25 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 June 2023
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MOBI01	Summary of the Snowmass’21 Workshop on High Power Cyclotrons and FFAs	proton, target, experiment, space-charge	20
	D. Winklehner, J.R. Alonso MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA A. Adelmann, M. Haj Tahar PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland L. Calabretta INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy H. Okuno RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan T. Planche TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	In this talk, we summarize the presentations and findings of the "Workshop on High Power Cyclotrons and FFAs" that we held online in September 2021. The workshop was held as part of the 2021 Snowmass Community Exercise, in which the US particle physics community came together in a year-long effort to provide suggestions for a long-term strategy for the field, and the "Accelerators for Neutrinos" subpanel thereof. Topics that were discussed during our high-power cyclotron workshop were the application of cyclotrons in particle physics, specifically neutrino physics, and as drivers for muon production. Furthermore, as these same accelerators have important applications in the fields of isotope production and possibly in energy research, we have included those topics as well. Finally, we took a look at Fixed Field Alternating Gradient accelerators (FFAs) and their potential to become high-intensity machines.
	Slides MOBI01 [1.885 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBI01
About •	Received ※ 23 July 2023 — Revised ※ 03 August 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 October 2023
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MOBI02	Status of SPES Cyclotron at Laboratori Nazionali of Legnaro	MMI, target, proton, ISOL	26
	M. Maggiore, P. Antonini, L. Pranovi, A. Ruzzon INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
	The SPES cyclotron at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro was installed and commissioned on 2017 and the accelerator was operational until March 2021. The shut down was foreseen in order to permit the completion of the SPES facility, while the resume of activities is expected on 2023. The status of the SPES cyclotron and related high intensity beamlines will be presented as well as the last performance achieved in terms of accelerated current up to 1 MeV. Moreover the program of upgrade of the ancillary systems shall be discussed.
	Slides MOBI02 [15.756 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBI02
About •	Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 February 2023
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MOBO01	High Intensity Cyclotrons for Production of Medical Radioisotopes	space-charge, injection, extraction, MMI	30
	E. van der Kraaij, J.-M. Geets, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, J. Mandrillon, N.A.R. Mine, V. Nuttens, P. Verbruggen IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	At the previous cyclotron conference an overview of the cyclotrons for radioisotopes production was shown. Here, we will focus on the development of IBA’s accelerators in the recent three years. Notably the Cyclone® 70, the Cyclone® 30XP and the Cyclone® Kiube have made progress. The expertise gained with the development of these machines has led IBA to develop a completely new cyclotron for 30 MeV protons, the Cyclone® IKON. As its first construction is ongoing, details on the design of this accelerator will be presented.
	Slides MOBO01 [3.674 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO01
About •	Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 29 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2023
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MOBO02	IMPACT: A Substantial Upgrade to the HIPA Infrastructure at PSI	target, proton, operation, experiment	34
	D.C. Kiselev, R. Eichler, M. Haj Tahar, M. Hartmann, K. Kirch, A. Knecht, A. Koschik, D. Laube, T. Rauber, D. Reggiani, R. Schibli, J. Snuverink, U. Wellenkamp, H. Zhang, N.P. van der Meulen PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland K. Kirch ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
	The High Intensity Proton Accelerator complex (HIPA) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland, delivers a 590 MeV CW proton beam with currents of up to 2.4 mA (1.4 MW) to several user facilities and experimental stations. Other than the two spallation targets for thermal/cold neutrons (SINQ) and for ultracold neutrons (UCN), the beam feeds two meson production targets, Target M and Target E, serving particle physics experiments and material research via seven secondary beam lines. IMPACT (Isotope and Muon Production with Advanced Cyclotron and Target technology) aims to expand the infrastructure at HIPA in two ways: by HIMB (High-Intensity Muon Beams), increasing the surface muon rate by a factor 100, and TATTOOS (Targeted Alpha Tumour Therapy and Other Oncological Solutions), producing promising radionuclides for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy of cancer in doses sufficient for clinical studies. HIMB and TATTOOS are located close to each other. HIMB has to fit into the existing main proton beam line towards Target E and SINQ, while TATTOOS will occupy an area in a new, adjacent building using 100 µA protons split from the main beam. TATTOOS will be a perfect complement to the existing radionuclide production at 72 MeV, adding a variety of difficult to produce nuclides at a large scale. For HIMB, the current Target M will be replaced by a four-fold thicker target (Target H) consisting of a graphite wheel optimized for surface muon production. In addition, both muon beam lines are improved regarding their transmission from target to experiment. Care is taken to reduce the losses to an acceptable level in the main existing proton beam line. Installation towards the implementation of IMPACT as new user facility is foreseen from 2027.
	Slides MOBO02 [6.877 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO02
About •	Received ※ 14 January 2023 — Revised ※ 17 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 February 2023
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MOBO03	Proton Irradiation Site for High-Uniformity Radiation Hardness Tests of Silicon Detectors at the Bonn Isochronous Cyclotron	radiation, site, proton, electron	38
	D. Sauerland, R. Beck, P.D. Eversheim HISKP, Bonn, Germany J. Dingfelder, P. Wolf SiLab, Bonn, Germany
	The Bonn Isochronous Cyclotron provides proton, deuteron, alpha particle and other light ion beams, having a charge-to-mass ratio Q/A >= 1/2, with kinetic energies in the range of 7 to 14 MeV per nucleon. At the irradiation site, a 14 MeV proton beam with a diameter of a few mm is used to irradiate detectors, so-called devices under test (DUTs), housed in a thermally-insulated and gas-cooled box. To ensure homogeneous damage application, the DUT is moved through the beam in a row-wise scan pattern with constant velocity and a row separation, smaller than the beam diameter. During irradiation, beam parameters are continuously measured non-destructively using a calibrated, secondary electron emission-based beam monitor, installed at the exit to the site. This allows a beam-driven irradiation scheme, enabling the setup to autonomously react to changing beam conditions, resulting in highly-uniform proton fluence distributions with relative uncertainties of typically 2%. In this work, the accelerator facility is introduced, the proton irradiation site with focus on its beam diagnostics is presented in detail and resulting fluence distributions are shown.
	Slides MOBO03 [17.472 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO03
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 16 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 February 2023
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MOPO003	Sawtooth Wave Buncher Upgrade for SFC Cyclotron	ECR, bunching, injection, operation	51
	R. Zhang, X.M. Su, X.W. Wang, Z. Xu IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
	To increase extracted beam intensity, the SFC cyclotron requires that the sawtooth wave buncher on its injection line provide the effective voltage up to 2.5kV and cover a wide frequency range of six times. We develope a multi-harmonic synthesis method by combining a broadband amplifier and impedance transformer, which provide a high-voltage single-gap buncher at limited space and cost. With this method, the maximum voltage of the new buncher exceeds 2.5kV and the beam intensity increases by a factor of 6.7.
	Poster MOPO003 [1.092 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO003
About •	Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 22 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 August 2023
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MOPO007	The Design and Commission of Vacuum System for CYCIAE-230 Superconducting Cyclotron	vacuum, MMI, ion-source, cavity	66
	S.P. Zhang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, B. Ji, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, C. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	In this paper, the design and installation CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotron main vacuum system’s equipment and the cryogenic systems based on the liquid helium zero-boiling-off technology for the CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotrons are described. The vacuum in the particle acceleration cavity is 2x10^-4 Pa. The main technical features of the accelerator vacuum system are that the main magnet cover plate with diameter 3.12m are used as a part of the main vacuum chamber, 8 magnetic poles, 8 high frequency resonators, and 2 sets of striper targets and 2 sets of radial targets are installed in the main vacuum chamber, resulting in technical difficulties such as large surface gas discharge, virtual leakage, high leakage of magnetic flux at the installation position of vacuum equipment (up to 2000 gauss) and so on. The main vacuum system is designed as 9 sets of TMP with magnet shields installed on the valley of magnet poles, which also used as RF cavity.
	Poster MOPO007 [1.509 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO007
About •	Received ※ 06 February 2023 — Revised ※ 07 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 October 2023
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MOPO008	PLC Based Vacuum Control and Interlock System of the CYCIAE-230 Superconducting Cyclotron Beam Line	controls, vacuum, PLC, interface	70
	M.Z. Hu, H.R. Cai, A.L. He, S.M. Jiang, T.Y. Jiang, J.Y. Liu, P. Liu, Q.Q. Song, Y. Wang, F.D. Yang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, B.H. Zhao, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	In the CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotron beam line, a vacuum system capable of providing a pressure of about 5·10^-4 Pa is required for particle beam transport. In order to provide adequate interlocking to safeguard the vacuum environment and ensure the regular transmission of particles within the beam line, a vacuum control system based on programmable logic controller (PLC) has been developed and integrated into the accelerator monitoring system. The PLC not only interfaces with the quick-acting relay based on interlocking signals but also interfaces with the equipment based on Profibus communication to monitor and control various parameters in the vacuum system, such as pump speed, vacuum pressure reading, valve status, water cooling status, etc. This work presents the structure and interface logic necessary for communication with a series of valves, vacuum gauges, and molecular pump controllers. Also presented is an interface approach between vacuum control and the rest of the accelerator control system.
	Poster MOPO008 [3.051 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO008
About •	Received ※ 27 December 2022 — Revised ※ 26 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 April 2023
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MOPO009	Study on the Extraction of a Compact Cyclotron for BNCT	extraction, focusing, neutron, emittance	73
	L.Y. Ji, S. An, T.J. Bian, F.P. Guan, S.M. Wei, H.D. Xie, J.S. Xing CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	An 18 MeV, 1 mA H⁻ compact cyclotron is under design at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). The proton beam bombards a beryllium target, producing high-flux neutron beam for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Stripping extraction is adopted in this cyclotron. The position of the stripping point affects the trajectory and beam quality of the extracted beam. In this paper, we use orbit-tracking method to simulate the beam trajectory and emittance with different positions and tilt angles of stripping foil, and adopt the extraction point whose radius is 53.6 cm, azimuth is 57° and the tilt angle of the stripping foil is 15°.
	Poster MOPO009 [1.696 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO009
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 March 2023
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MOPO012	An Embedded Beam Diagnostic Electronics for 230 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron Radial Probe and Scanning Wires	electron, electronics, diagnostics, embedded	80
	T.Y. Jiang, P. Liu, X. Mu, Q.Q. Song, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	For the 230MeV superconducting cyclotron, once again, the differential radial probe has been proven to be crucial for the beam commission procedure. It can provide various information about the particles inside the cyclotron, such as the vertical position, the relative intensity as well as the oscillation frequency and radius, etc. In practice, however, the electronics system suffered from the leaking alternating RF field as well as the static magnetic field. Besides the EM shielding, an absorptive high-frequency filter has been included as the first element of the readout electronics. A high dynamic range readout electronic unit has been included to adapt to the fluctuation of the beam in the hole commissioning phase. The electronics box is designed as a network-attached embedded device so that it can be powered by a POE switch and transmits measurement results via MODBUS protocol. A dedicated digital signal processor and calibration units are also included, together with the ADCs, to facilitate the daily calibration process. The same electronics are used for the beamline wire scan system to determine the position of the beam, with a small improvement at a lower range. The design of this multi-purpose beam diagnostics electronics will be reviewed in this paper, together with several measurement results. zhiguoyin@ciae.ac.cn
	Poster MOPO012 [0.721 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO012
About •	Received ※ 01 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 April 2023
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MOPO013	Experimental Study of Beam Energy Control at the TIARA AVF Cyclotron	controls, experiment, target, extraction	83
	N. Miyawaki, N.S. Ishioka, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, S. Watanabe QST/Takasaki, Takasaki, Japan M. Fukuda RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	The TIARA AVF cyclotron provides a He beam for production of At-211 as one of many beam applications. The production rate of At-211 increases with the energy of the He beam, but contamination of Po-210 produced by radioactive decay of At-210, which is generated by the energy of above 29 MeV, must be prevented for medical applications. Therefore, the energy of the He beam must be precisely measured and controlled. A time-of-flight beam energy monitor in the straight beamline from the cyclotron was installed to measure the beam energy in real time. The beam energy was arbitrarily controlled within a range of about 1% by adjusting the cyclotron magnetic field and accelerating voltage, which are the possible causes of the beam energy change. Using this control, we investigated the rate of formation of At-211 and At-210 as the beam energy was varied. As a result, we confirmed the energy generating At-210 and both production rates increased with the energy of the He beam.
	Poster MOPO013 [1.010 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO013
About •	Received ※ 27 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 March 2023
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MOPO014	Design Studies of the Cylindrically Symmetric Magnetic Inflector	injection, space-charge, simulation, permanent-magnet	87
	L.G. Zhang, R.A. Baartman, Y. Bylinskii, T. Planche, Y.-N. Rao TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	The spiral inflector steers the beam from the bore in the main magnet into the median plane to achieve the axial injection with an external ion source. In a conventional electrostatic infector, the injection beam energy is limited by the breakdown voltage on the electrodes. At the same time, the injection intensity is also limited by the small aperture in the electrostatic inflector. Magnetic inflector is a promising alternative to overcome these disadvantages. To demonstrate the technology, we use the TR100 main magnet model, a conceptual idea of an H²⁺ cyclotron, as a testbench to study the inflection conditions and optics of the passive magnetic inflector with a cylindrically symmetric structure. A mirror-like field with optimized mirror length and ratio provides a well-focused beam arriving at the median plane. The required magnetic field is produced by shimming a center plug in the injection hole. The space charge effect is also discussed with the simulation of a high-intensity injection beam.
	Poster MOPO014 [0.678 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO014
About •	Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 01 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 March 2023
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MOPO016	Control of Cyclotron Vertical Deflector for Proton Therapy	controls, proton, FPGA, high-voltage	95
	F.D. Yang, T.Y. Jiang, X. Mu, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China X.L. Fu TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) has designed a superconducting cyclotron CYCIAE-230 to enhance the domestic development of proton therapy. A research program on the beamline and experimental stations for the proton therapy and the space science was launched by China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). The modern therapy methodology often requires rapid beam modulation on both the beam energy and the intensity. In this scenario, a vertical deflector is designed and installed in the cyclotron’s central region. Applying a high-voltage electric field between the two plates can quickly adjust the intensity of the low-energy beam. Nevertheless, the voltage applied is nonlinear to the beam intensity. According to this requirement, a homemade controller for the vertical deflector is designed. Since the beam loss caused by the energy degrader is also nonlinear, this controller can compensate for the beam loss caused by energy modulation. To realize real-time control, the controller combines Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and Digital Signal Process (DSP) as its control scheme design. Carried out by the DSP by interpolating the lookup table data, a feed-forward regulation is also designed to take care of the nonlinear compensation for the beam loss on the energy degrader. In the meantime, an ionized chamber provides feedback readings of the intensity just before the nozzle. A PID algorithm is also included by using FPGA, to archive the feedback control of the vertical deflector.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO016
About •	Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 May 2023
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MOPO018	The Magnetic Field Design of a 16 MeV Variable Energy Cyclotron	extraction, simulation, resonance, magnet-design	103
	Z. Wu, K.Z. Ding, J. Zhou ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China S. Xu HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China
	The development of a 16 MeV H⁻ cyclotron is in progress at CIM company (Hefei, China). Such machine is designed for radio-isotope production which is used for nuclear medicine. Beam extraction is ensured by means of stripper foils located at different radii to achieve variable extraction energy between 10 and 16 MeV. In this paper, the main magnet design was demonstrated in detail. An AVF magnet with four radial sectors was adopt to get strong axial focusing. The hill angular widths and hill gaps with radius were designed to meet the isochronous magnetic field. The tunes were optimized to avoid dangerous resonance. The result of magnet design was verified by beam dynamics simulations. After the presentation of the magnet design, some results on stripping extraction were also discussed. TOSCA (OPERA-3D) was used to perform 3D magnetic field simulation. An efficient beam simulation code developed by MATLAB was used to do beam dynamics simulations.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO018
About •	Received ※ 12 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 May 2023
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MOPO019	Optimization of Rapid Magnetic Field Control of the CYCIAE-230 Cyclotron Beamline Magnets	controls, proton, experiment, power-supply	106
	A.L. He, H.R. Cai, Q.K. Guo, P. Huang, Q.Q. Song, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, B.H. Zhao CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	The magnetic field precise and rapid control of the beamline magnets is essential to the Energy Selection System (ESS) for the proton therapy facility. During the scanning of proton beam for therapy, the field of each beamline magnet should be precisely controlled within the set time, layer upon layer. The position of beam spot to the nozzle should undoubtedly be stable and unchanged during the process. In practice, however, due to the wide energy range of proton therapy (70 MeV-230 MeV), the dynamic response of the beamline magnets usually shows nonlinear performances at a different energy, e.g., the magnetic field may cause a significant overshoot for some specific beam energy if one ignores the nonlinear effect. More challenge is that the magnetic field drops too slowly between the energy steps, which compromises the overall performance of rapid intensity modulated scanning therapy. A dynamic PID parameter optimization method is reported in this paper to address this issue. According to the transfer function of each magnet, the entire energy range is divided into several steps. Then, the experiments are carried out to find the most suitable PID parameters for each energy step. Finally, the "beam energy - excitation current-PID parameters" lookup table (LUT) is generated and stored in the beamline control system BCS for automation. During the treatment, using the LUT allows the energy setting for beamline magnets to be adjusted automatically with the most appropriate PID parameter, guaranteeing the overall performance of rapid scanning therapy. The experimental results show the overall response time of all the beamline magnets reduced from several hundred milliseconds to less than 65 ms, which meets the design requirement of less than 80ms.
	Poster MOPO019 [0.364 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO019
About •	Received ※ 06 January 2023 — Revised ※ 30 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 February 2023
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TUAI01	Cyclotron Beam Extraction by Acceleration	extraction, proton, acceleration, cavity	110
	C. Baumgarten PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	One of the decisive issues in the design and operation of cyclotrons is the choice of the beam extraction method. Typical methods are extraction by electrostatic extractors and by stripping. The former method requires DC high voltage electrodes which are notorious for high-voltage breakdowns. The latter method requires beams of atomic or molecular ions which are notorious for rest gas and Lorentz stripping. We discuss the conditions to be met such that a charged particle beam will leave the magnetic field of an isochronous cyclotron purely by fast acceleration.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAI01
About •	Received ※ 05 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
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TUAO01	History and Prospectives of GANIL	target, cavity, operation, linac	115
	A. Savalle, O. Kamalou GANIL, Caen, France
	The first beam of the GANIL facility (Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds) at Caen was ejected from the second separated sector cyclotron forty years ago (November 19th, 1982). Since then, several evolutions occurred. In 2001 the first exotic beam produced by the Isotope Separation On-Line method at the SPIRAL1 facility, was delivered to physics. The GANIL team realized an upgrade of this facility in order to extend the range of post-accelerated radioactive ions in years 2013-2017, with first radioactive beams delivered in 2018. In 2019 GANIL became also a LINAC facility with the first beam accelerated in the SPIRAL2 facility. The DESIR facility is aimed at using beams from SPIRAL2 and from SPIRAL1 facility, otivating a major renovation plan of the cyclotron facility. Parts of ancient and recent history of GANIL will be presented as well as its future.
	Slides TUAO01 [7.157 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAO01
About •	Received ※ 20 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 April 2023
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TUAO04	Design of a Multi-Harmonic Buncher for TRIUMF 500 MeV Cyclotron	injection, simulation, bunching, space-charge	118
	S. Saminathan, R.A. Baartman, Y. Bylinskii, M. Ilagan, P.M. Jung, O. Law, R.E. Laxdal, M. Marchetto, T. Planche, V. Zvyagintsev TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	The TRIUMF 500 MeV cyclotron injection system consists of a 40 m long beamline to transport the 300 keV H⁻ ion beams into the cyclotron. Part of the original beamline, the vertical injection section, was replaced in 2011 and, while the remaining horizontal injection section is being redesigned for replacement. As part of the horizontal injection beamline upgrade, the present buncher system will be replaced with a new one. Presently, the injection system consists of two double gap bunchers. The first buncher operates at the cyclotron RF frequency (23.06 MHz) while the second operates at the second harmonic frequency (46.12 MHz). The proposed new buncher is based on a two-electrode multi-harmonic system, which will be operated by up to three harmonics. The beam dynamics studies have been performed, including the space-charge effects using the particle-in-cell code WARP. Simulation results of longitudinal beam dynamics are presented for transporting beam intensity up to 1 mA.
	Slides TUAO04 [2.473 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAO04
About •	Received ※ 03 January 2023 — Revised ※ 11 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 13 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 March 2023
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TUBO02	Real Time Determinations of the Range and Bragg Peak of Protons with a Depth Profile Camera at HZB	proton, LabView, scattering, experiment	126
	A. Dittwald, J. Bundesmann, A. Denker, S. Dillenardt, T. Fanselow, G. Kourkafas HZB, Berlin, Germany
	The cyclotron at HZB provides a 68 MeV proton beam for therapy as well as for experiments. By using a novel camera setup, the range of the proton beam is measured optically. The setup consists of a phantom, a luminescent layer inside and a CMOS camera. By measuring the emission of the luminescent layer, the Bragg peak and the range of the proton beam can be visualized for different energies. In contrast to a water bath, the camera system offers much shorter measurement times. A dedicated LabVIEW code offers various evaluation possibilities: the Bragg curve and the lateral beam profile are generated and displayed. The system is sensitive to energy differences of less than 400 keV. The results were obtained with a beam intensity of less than 10 pA/cm² homogenous proton beam in front of the degrader. The measurement is done in real time and provides live feedback on changes such as beam energy and beam size. The results of the camera are presented and compared to water bath measurement.
	Slides TUBO02 [3.388 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO02
About •	Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2023
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TUBO03	Application Progress of CYCIAE-100 High Current Proton Cyclotron	proton, neutron, radiation, target	130
	L.C. Cao, X.L. Jia, Z.W. Liu, G.F. Song, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	A new RIB facility, Beijing radioactive ion-beam facility (BRIF) had been constructed at CIAE. A 100 MeV H⁻ cyclotron (CYCIAE-100) is selected as the driving accelerator which can provide a 70 - 100 MeV, 10 pA - 520 µA proton beam for basic and applied research in the field of nuclear science and technology. The application of this facility has promoted the development of frontier scientific research in China, such as radioactive nuclear beam physics, nuclear data, neutron physics and space radiation effects. Recently, quasi-monoenergetic neutron source above 20 MeV and the white light neutron source with the best time resolution were completed, which had filled the gap in the measurement of neutron data in the range of energy of 100 MeV in China. In this paper, the main milestones in the use and development of CYCIAE-100 high current proton cyclotron are reviewed, the scientific applications based on platform are described, and the important topics in proton applications based on intermediate energy are discussed, including space radiation hardening, neutron standard radiation field and biological radiation damage mechanism.
	Slides TUBO03 [7.851 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO03
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2023
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WEAI01	Self-Consistent Simulation of an Internal Ion Source Plasma Meniscus and Its Extracted Space Charge Dominated Beam in the Cyclotron Central Region	extraction, space-charge, ion-source, simulation	138
	G. D’Agostino INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy G. D’Agostino, W.J.G.M. Kleeven IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	Funding: *Work supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 886190 Central region design simulations for cyclotrons with internal ion source are often complicated by the fact that the initial particle phase space distribution is not well known. Especially for high-intensity cyclotrons, one would like to have a quantitative self-consistent approach for a more accurate simulation of the beam extracted from the ion source and its acceleration in the first accelerating gaps under space charge conditions. This paper proposes some new ideas and methods for this problem. The simulation approach has been developed at IBA for the high-intensity compact self-extracting cyclotron in the EU-H2020-MSCA InnovaTron project. Detailed results of simulations on plasma meniscus and space charge dominated beam extracted from it and accelerated in the cyclotron centre are shown in the paper.
	Slides WEAI01 [3.099 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI01
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 June 2023
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WEAI02	Upgrade of the RCNP AVF Cyclotron	ion-source, proton, experiment, extraction	143
	M. Fukuda, T.H. Chong, T. Hara, K. Hatanaka, S. Imajo, H. Kanda, M. Kittaka, S. Matsui, S. Morinobu, Y. Morita, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, T. Shima, K. Takeda, H. Tamura, D. Tomono, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita, H. Yoshida, H. Zhao RCNP, Osaka, Japan M. Nakao Gunma University, Heavy-Ion Medical Research Center, Maebashi-Gunma, Japan
	The upgrade program of the RCNP K140 AVF cyclotron was started in 2019 to provide not only an intense light ion beam for short-lived RI production but also a high-quality intense beam for precision experiments in nuclear physics. Most of equipment besides the main coil, pole and yoke of the cyclotron magnet was replaced by new one. Especially the RF, injection and extraction systems were fully modified to increase a beam current. A new coaxial-type resonator was designed to cover a frequency range from 16 to 36 MHz for acceleration of staple particles using acceleration harmonic mode of h=2 and h=6. The acceleration voltage of ion sources was increased from 15 kV to 50 kV to enhance the beam intensity and to reduce the beam emittance for injecting a high-quality intense ion beam into the cyclotron. The central region of the cyclotron was fully redesigned to improve beam transmission from the LEBT system. Beam commissioning was started from May 2022, and a 28 MeV 4He²⁺ beam was supplied to produce a short-lived RI of At-211 used for the targeted alpha-particle therapy. A 65 MeV proton beam was successfully injected into the K400 ring cyclotron to provide a 392 MeV proton beam for production of a white neutron flux and a muon beam. Several ion beams have been already used for academic research and industrial applications.
	Slides WEAI02 [9.428 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI02
About •	Received ※ 16 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 April 2023
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WEAO01	OPAL Simulation on the Beam Transmission in the Central Region of the Medical Cyclotron COMET at Paul Scherrer Institute	simulation, proton, ion-source, experiment	148
	H. Zhang, C. Baumgarten, P. Frey, M. Hartmann, R. Kan, M. Kostezer, A. Mülhaupt, J.M. Schippers, A. Schmidt, J. Snuverink PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	The use of the medical cyclotron COMET for FLASH proton therapy requires a high beam transmission from the ion source through the central region apertures. This paper first presents a model of the COMET cyclotron featuring a rotatable ion source, a movable puller, and an adjustable first fixed slit (FFS), implemented with the OPAL framework. The electromagnetic field is individual-ly created to match each specific configuration. The beam optics parameters, especially beam position and beam size upon approaching and after passing FFS, have been studied in detail. The OPAL simulations demon-strate that an optimal configuration of the ion source, the puller and the FFS is key to achieve a high beam trans-mission. An experimental test gave a 2.8 times higher intensity within COMET cyclotron with the modifications derived on the basis of the simulations: a 0.57 mm shift of puller and a 5.6° rotation of ion source. The simula-tions indicate that, with these modifications, the beam can still be centered and accelerated to the extraction energy of 250 MeV. Next step is to investigate the influ-ence of such modifications upon the acceleration and the extraction, again with an iterative approach combining simulations and experiments.
	Slides WEAO01 [5.351 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO01
About •	Received ※ 13 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 March 2023
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WEAO02	Simulation and Analysis of HIMM-IC Beam Dynamics with OPAL	simulation, extraction, injection, emittance	152
	G.L. Dou IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
	Since 2020, HIMM (Heavy Ion Medical Machine) facilities in both Wuwei and Lanzhou cities have been installed and put into clinical application or commissioning experiments. As an injector cyclotron (IC), HIMM-IC can provide 6.8 MeV/10 eµA 12C⁵⁺ beam for the synchrotron. Nevertheless, in terms of better beam quality and operation efficiency, HIMM-IC design still has a lot of room for improvement. We used OPAL simulation program to complete the 3D multi-particle dynamics simulation of HIMM-IC including the space charge effect. And the results show that it is in good agreement with the actual experimental measurements.
	Slides WEAO02 [3.819 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO02
About •	Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 February 2023
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WEAO03	Development of the Cyclone® Key: How Interoperability Leads to Compactness	vacuum, target, ion-source, isotope-production	156
	V. Nuttens, M. Abs, J. Caulier, Q. Flandroy, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, E.K. Kral, J. Mandrillon, O. Michaux, N.A.R. Mine, E. van der Kraaij IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	Funding: Pole Mecatech/Biowin/SPW RW - Convention 8150: CardiAmmonia In 2020, IBA has started the design, construction, tests and industrialization of a new proton cyclotron for the low energy range, the Cyclone® KEY, for PET isotope production (18F, 13N, 11C) for neurology, cardiology or oncology imaging. It is a compact and fully automated isochronous cyclotron accelerating H⁻ up to 9,2 MeV. Based on the successful design history and return of experience of the Cyclone® KIUBE, the Cyclone® KEY design has been focused on compactness (self-shielding enabled), cost effectiveness and ease of installation, operation and maintenance. The innovative design consists in the interoperability of the different subsystems: the magnet, the RF system, the vacuum system, the ion source, the stripping extraction, and target changers (with up to three targets). First beam tests results will also be presented.
	Slides WEAO03 [2.848 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO03
About •	Received ※ 22 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 April 2023
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WEAO04	Status of the HZB Cyclotron	radiation, proton, experiment, operation	159
	A. Denker, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, A. Dittwald, T. Fanselow, D. Hildebrand, U. Hiller, G. Kourkafas, S. Ozierenski, J. Röhrich, D. Rössink HZB, Berlin, Germany D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, S. Seidel, R. Stark, A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	For more than 20 years eye tumours are treated in collaboration with the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The close co-operation between Charité and HZB permits joint interdisciplinary research. Irradiations with either a sharp, well focused or a broad beam, either in vacuum or in air are possible with a proton beam of 68 MeV maximum energy, or a helium beam of 90 MeV. In the past few years, we concentrated on beam delivery for FLASH experiments and the related dosimetry. Artificial lenses have been irradiated under normal and FLASH conditions to investigate possible changes in the transparency. Furthermore, radiation hardness tests solar of cells for space have been performed. A modernization project has been started in order to secure a long term and sustainable operation of our accelerator complex for therapy and research. The accelerator operation for therapy as well as on-going experiments and results will be presented.
	Slides WEAO04 [3.928 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO04
About •	Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 15 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 May 2023
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WEAO05	Investigation of Long Radial Probe Activation in the PSI Main Ring Cyclotron	proton, simulation, radiation, detector	163
	M.I. Besana, E. Hohmann, M. Sapinski, J. Snuverink, D. Werthmüller PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	During an inspection of a new Long Radial Probe, inserted into the Ring cyclotron only a month earlier, an activation hot spot has been identified. The nature of this hot spot has been investigated by performing measurements of the residual activation using shielded Al₂O₃:C dosimeters, 5 mm in diameter, and a portable gamma spectrometer. Monte Carlo simulations of the probe activation with various proton energies have been performed. Results show that most of the activation comes from relatively fast decaying radionuclides and therefore the residual dose drops sufficiently during the shutdown to allow for maintenance and upgrade works. Comparing the abundances of various radionuclides estimated from measured gamma spectra with simulations at various proton energies we conclude that the most probable loss mechanism is scattering of the protons on the upstream collimator.
	Slides WEAO05 [2.625 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO05
About •	Received ※ 21 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 July 2023
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WEAO06	Development of Heavy Ion Radiotherapy Facilities in China	heavy-ion, synchrotron, injection, radiation	167
	J. Shi, Q. Li, L.Z. Ma, J.W. Xia, G.Q. Xiao, J.C. Yang, W.-L. Zhan IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: This work was supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2017453), and the Lanzhou Talent Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project (No. 2019-RC-4). Hadron therapy offers superior dose conformity in the treatment of deep-seated tumors compared with conventional X-ray therapy due to its Bragg-peak feature of energy deposition in organs. Heavy ion medical machine (HIMM) was constructed on the basis of the experience gained from the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou-Cooler Storage Ring (HIRFL-CSR) project. The facility consists of an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source, a cyclotron injector, a compact synchrotron ring, and 5 nozzles. The C⁵⁺ beam generated by the ECR ion source is pre-accelerated by the cyclotron to 6.2 MeV/u and then injected into the synchrotron using the charge exchange injection method. The injected beam is accelerated from 6.2 MeV/u to an extraction energy ranging from 120 to 400 MeV/u. This paper introduced the characteristics of HIMM and its development in China.
	Slides WEAO06 [2.445 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO06
About •	Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 13 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 May 2023
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WEBI01	An Overview of the South African Isotope Facility (SAIF) Project	target, beam-transport, isotope-production, MMI	170
	I.L. Strydom iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa
	The South African Isotope Facility (SAIF) is a new radioisotope production facility currently under construction at iThemba LABS in Cape Town and scheduled for completion in 2022. A commercial 70 MeV proton cyclotron from IBA with a number of beam lines equipped with isotope production stations, are being installed in retrofitted concrete vaults. The facility will be supported by new infrastructure and services which are being constructed. The completion of SAIF will greatly increase the radioisotope production capability of iThemba LABS, and enable the existing Separated Sector Cyclotron to be dedicated to nuclear research activities. An overview of the SAIF project from the inception phase through to the construction phase is provided here, discussing all related workstreams and progress made to date. A more detailed discussion of some specific systems is given, including the design of the isotope production stations, target handling system, and a new radioactive waste management facility.
	Slides WEBI01 [9.024 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBI01
About •	Received ※ 08 February 2023 — Revised ※ 10 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 16 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 May 2023
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WEBI02	Compact Accelerator Based Epithermal Neutron Source and Its Application for Cancer Therapy	neutron, radiation, simulation, experiment	176
	N.H. Hu, T. Aihara OMPU, Takatsukishi, Japan
	The world’s first accelerator based epithermal neutron source for clinical boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) was designed, developed, and commissioned between 2008 to 2010 by Sumitomo Heavy Industries in collaboration with Kyoto University at the Kyoto University Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science. The cyclotron-based accelerator device can accelerate a proton up to an energy of roughly 30 MeV. When the proton contacts the beryllium target, fast neutrons are created that travel through a beam shaping assembly made of calcium fluoride, lead, iron, and aluminum to lower the neutron energy to the epithermal region, which is ideal for BNCT (10 keV). With a proton current of 1 mA, the system is intended to produce epithermal neutron flux of up to 1.2×10⁹ cm^-2 s⁻¹. In 2017, the same type of accelerator was installed at the Kansai BNCT Medical Center and in March 2020 the system received medical device approval in Japan (Sumitomo Heavy Industries, NeuCure® BNCT system). Soon after, BNCT for unresectable, locally advanced, and recurrent carcinoma of the head and neck region was approved by the Japanese government for reimbursement covered by the national health insurance system. Thus far, over 100 patients have been treated using this system.
	Slides WEBI02 [8.080 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBI02
About •	Received ※ 27 March 2023 — Revised ※ 22 May 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023
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WEBO03	Positron Emitters Produced from Naturally Occurring Targets	target, positron, vacuum, radiation	183
	T.W. Leadbeater, A. Buffler, T. Hutton, M. van Heerden UCT Physics, Cape Town, South Africa
	Short lived positron emitters are used as flow following tracer particles in the study of dynamic processes within physics and engineering applications. For full representation of the materials of interest, tracer particles must be activated with proton rich radionuclides utilising reactions on their naturally abundant isotopic content. Cyclotron accelerated alpha particle beams incident upon (16O) oxygen rich targets have been investigated in producing the positron emitter 18F within naturally occurring materials. Simulations and numeric calculations of the beam conditions are used to maximise the activation yield and minimise heat load by carefully placing the Bragg peak in relation to the water-cooled target. Corresponding to the target thickness, the 100 MeV extraction energy is degraded to match a broad resonance in 18F production around 35 MeV, while maintaining energy above the 18 MeV threshold. Beam currents below 1 µA resulted in typical 18F yields of 1 - 2 mCi within spherical SiO₂ targets of diameters 1 - 10 mm, ideal for envisaged application studies.
	Slides WEBO03 [4.876 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO03
About •	Received ※ 28 December 2022 — Revised ※ 16 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 May 2023
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WEBO04	Commissioning of the Sumitomo Superconducting AVF Cyclotron SC230	extraction, proton, MMI, operation	187
	Y. Ebara, Y. Kumata, T. Miyashita, Nakajima, S. Nakajima, T. Tsurudome, H. Tsutsui, J. Yoshida SHI, Kanagawa, Japan
	A 230 MeV superconducting AVF cyclotron SC230 is developed by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. This is the world’s smallest isochronous cyclotron for proton therapy, and its weight is 65 tons, which is 0.3 times that of our previous cyclotron model. The size is reduced by generating high magnetic fields using NbTi supercon-ducting coils cooled without cryogen. In addition, this cyclotron features the maximum beam current >1 uA and low power consumption <200 kW. The beam-commissioning test started at the end of 2020, the first extracted beam was observed in July 2021, and the basic performance of the beam was measured. The processes and results of the beam commissioning are reported.
	Slides WEBO04 [4.017 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO04
About •	Received ※ 26 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2023
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WEBO05	Upgrade of a Clinical Facility to Achieve a High Transmission and Gantry Angle-Independent Flash Tune	proton, simulation, experiment, radiation	191
	I. Colizzi, C. Baumgarten, A.L. Gabard, R. Künzi, A.L. Lomax, V. Maradia, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, D.C. Weber PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland V. Maradia ETH, Zurich, Switzerland D.C. Weber University of Zurich, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland D.C. Weber KRO, Bern, Switzerland
	Funding: This work is supported by the SNF grant 200822 In proton therapy, FLASH-RT, irradiation at ultra-high dose rates (>40 Gy/s) that can minimize radiation-induced harm to healthy tissue without reducing its ability to treat tumors, is a topic of great interest. However, in cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities, losses caused by the energy degradation process reduce the transmission to less than 1% for low energies, making it difficult to achieve high dose rates over the clinical range (70-230 MeV). We will demonstrate how an already existing clinical beamline can be converted into a FLASH beamline by beam optic changes only. To achieve maximum transmission, we have developed a new optics that transports the undegraded 250 MeV beam from the cyclotron to the isocenter. However, this has asymmetric emittance in the transverse planes, leading to gantry angle-dependent beam characteristics at the patient. Particle transport has been simulated with MINT (in-house matrix multiplication transport program with Monte Carlo simulations for scattering effects) and benchmarked with beam profile measurements. We used the method of σ matrix matching (M. Benedikt et al. 1997) to achieve gantry angle-independent optics. MINT simulations and beam profile measurements showed a good agreement, and with FLASH optics, we experimentally achieved almost 90% transmission at the patient, translating to a maximum current of 720 nA (>9000 Gy/s). Further, we demonstrate that using the matrix matching optimization criteria together with fine-tuning of the magnets, we could achieve gantry angle-independent beam profiles at the patient location. In conclusion, we demonstrated how an already existing cyclotron-based proton gantry can be adapted to achieve ultra-high dose rates at 250 MeV, enabling investigations of FLASH radiotherapy with protons. Since most of the modifications are performed on the beam optics, it is entirely transparent to clinical operations, making the method transferable to other facilities.
	Slides WEBO05 [5.057 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO05
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023
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WEBO06	Accelerator and Detector Developments for the Production of Theranostic Radioisotopes with Solid Targets at the Bern Medical Cyclotron	target, radiation, detector, proton	196
	S. Braccini, P. Casolaro, G. Dellepiane, A. Gottstein, I. Mateu, P. Scampoli AEC, Bern, Switzerland P. Scampoli Naples University Federico II, Napoli, Italy
	Funding: This research was partially funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). Grants: 200021 175749 and CRSII5 180352. Theranostics in nuclear medicine is realized by using two different radioisotopes to label the same radiopharmaceutical, one for diagnosis via PET or SPECT (positron or gamma emitter, respectively) and one for targeted radioligand therapy (alpha, beta minus, Auger emitter). To assure the same chemistry and metabolic behaviour in the human body, the best option is to employ two radionuclides of the same element, the so called theranostic pair. In view of clinical trials and routine applications, the production and supply of novel radioisotopes for theranostics in adequate quality and quantity is essential and represents nowadays a scientific and technical challenge. The most promising methodology relies on hospital-based 15-25 MeV compact medical cyclotrons equipped with solid target stations. Being designed for the production of F-18 by means of liquid targets, innovative solutions are needed. Therefore, a research program is ongoing at the Bern medical cyclotron, a facility equipped with a Solid Target Station and a 6.5 m Beam Transfer Line ending in a separate bunker. To irradiate isotope-enriched materials in form of compressed powder pellets (6 mm diameter), a novel target coin was conceived and realized together with methods to assess the beam energy and the production cross sections. To optimize the irradiation procedure, a novel ultra-compact Active Focusing System based on a specific magnetic device and a two-dimensional beam monitoring detector was conceived, constructed and tested. Several solutions for the beam detector were developed and others are under study. The system allows to control on-line the size and position of the beam and to correct its characteristics by steering and focusing it in order to keep it on target. Results on accelerator and detector developments together with achievements in the production of radionuclides for theranostics (Sc-43, Sc-44, Sc-47, Cu-61, Cu-64, Cu-67, Ga-68, Er-165, Tm-165, Tm-167 and Tb-155) are presented. Dellepiane et al., N. Cim. C, vol. 44p. 130, 2021. Häffner et al., Instr., vol. 3p. 63, 2019. Carzaniga et al., ARI, vol. 129p. 96, 2017. Häffner et al., App. Sci., vol. 11p. 2452, 2021. van der Meulen et al., Molecules, vol. 25, p. 4706, 2020.
	Slides WEBO06 [6.048 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO06
About •	Received ※ 03 January 2023 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 06 February 2023
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WEPO003	Beam Dynamics in a New 230 MeV Cyclotron	extraction, cavity, acceleration, proton	208
	O. Karamyshev JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	A new cyclotron for proton therapy concept is a compact, but non-superconducting accelerator, that is simple, but cheap. Proposed concept uses 4 sectors with double spiral design and 4 RF cavities operating at harmonic 8, making the central region and extraction a challenging task that needs to be carefully simulated. High injection and extraction efficiency is presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO003
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 April 2023
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WEPO004	High Power Center Region with Internal Ion Source	ion-source, acceleration, simulation, focusing	211
	O. Karamyshev JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	Cyclotrons for medical isotope production require high beam current. Author propose the design of central region with internal ion source at 6.6 kV potential placed in the center of cyclotoron and delivering the beam to every RF cavity symmetrically.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO004
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 April 2023
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WEPO008	H^- Intra-Beam Stripping Loss Rate in Isochronous Cyclotron	linac, resonance, target, electron	219
	Y.-N. Rao TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	Funding: This work was funded by TRIUMF which receives federal funding via a contribution agreement with the National Research Council of Canada. Binary collisions inside a H^- bunch result in H^- stripping and subsequent particle loss. This phenomenon, called intra-beam stripping, was observed in LEAR and SNS superconducting linac. We mimic the derivation made for the linac to derive the intra-beam stripping loss rate for an isochronous cyclotron. And then, we apply this theory to the TRIUMF 500 MeV H^- cyclotron to estimate the loss.
	Poster WEPO008 [1.189 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO008
About •	Received ※ 05 December 2022 — Revised ※ 04 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 July 2023
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WEPO009	Status Report and Future Plan for Molecular Imaging Center (I-One) Facility	controls, target, radiation, GUI	223
	M. Alredhi, R.N. Alsaif, M.A. Balkheir, S.Y. Farhood, S.S. Lingawi, M.A. Sharaf King Abdul-Aziz University, I-one, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia S.M. Miliebari King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
	Funding: Wadi Jeddah- King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia The radio-pharmaceuticals production and imaging facility known as I-One at King Abdul-Aziz University in the western region of Saudi Arabia started first production in 2018. We will discuss the facility features, taking in consideration the existence in the university, where some basic research and training in different aspects of cyclotron operation and radio-pharmaceuticals production.
	Poster WEPO009 [0.277 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO009
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 31 December 2022 — Accepted ※ 07 March 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 August 2023
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WEPO010	High Intensity Cyclotron System Integration and Commissioning for Industrialization Application	power-supply, controls, operation, MMI	225
	P.Z. Li, H.R. Cai, S.G. Hou, X.L. Jia, G.F. Pan, G.F. Song, J.F. Wang, G. Yang, H. Zhang, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Up to 430 µA beam intensity was obtained in 10 MeV CRM cyclotron (CYCIAE-CRM) at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) in 2010. Whereafter, CIAE built a series of 14 MeV high intensity external ion source cyclotrons for medical isotope application and its relevant research. Compared with research cyclotron facility, cyclotron for industrialization application requires higher level of safety, usability and stability. Therefore, mechanical and electrical system integration and optimum are applied in the cyclotron design and commissioning. Electrical devices of cyclotron, including power supply, RF amplifier and PLC controller, are integrated into four standard industrial shielding cabinets with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design to improve electromagnetic interference and operation stability. Besides, earthing system is rearranged in regular laboratory maintenance period to minimize electromagnetic coupling of different signal systems. Based on the previous compact system integration, communication system is integrated into each electrical device as well and could be operated in local and remote mode for the convenience of commissioning. Industrial Ethernet standard PROFINET is adopted as communication protocol to improve the efficiency of protocol interaction towards millisecond level. Regarding RF system, start-up sequence of LLRF is optimized to increase uptime and reliability. The commissioning is also presented in this paper.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO010
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 31 December 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 30 October 2023
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WEPO011	Upgrading the Beam Diagnostic of the HZB-Cyclotron from an Analogue to a new Digital Platform	FPGA, interface, EPICS, controls	228
	J. Bundesmann, A. Denker, A. Dittwald, T. Fanselow, G. Kourkafas HZB, Berlin, Germany
	The HZB-Cyclotron delivers since a long time reliable beam for experiments and Proton Therapy. Now the old analogue beam diagnostic is outdated and hard to maintain. We developed a digital replacement for the multiplexers for 30 Faraday cups and 12 beam profile monitors. Both use as hardware platform a single-board-controller with FPGA-technology with integrated analogue and digital signals in a client-server architecture. Here we present the new features after more than one year of operation.
	Poster WEPO011 [1.061 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO011
About •	Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 17 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 26 March 2023
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WEPO012	Upgrade of Beam Diagnostic Systems at JULIC Cyclotron	diagnostics, operation, controls, experiment	231
	Y. Valdau, O. Felden, R. Gebel, U.G. Giesen, R.L. Lohoff, H. Soltner FZJ, Jülich, Germany N.-O. Fröhlich DESY, Hamburg, Germany P.J. Niedermayer GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	The cyclotron JULIC is used as injector for the COSY storage ring since almost 30 years. Beams of polarized and unpolarised H⁻ and D- ions are routinely accelerated using cyclotron HF system up to 45 and 55 MeV, respectively. Meanwhile, low energy beams from JULIC become more frequently used by the experimentalists, especially at the new low energy beam line, which connects cyclotron with the large Big Karl experimental hall. To meet the requirements of the cyclotron users a diagnostic system upgrade program has been started at the JULIC cyclotron. All destructive beam diagnostic systems (Faraday Cups) have been equipped with a new produced by CAEN TetrAMM based beam diagnostic systems. All TetrAMM devices are implemented into the common COSY Control System with EPICS readout and archiving environment. The cyclotron NMR field control system has been upgraded using the newest sensor from Metrolab (PT2026), which allows operation in complete field range of the JULIC cyclotron, without changing the sensor. A new Lock In-Amplifier based Data Acquisition System has been used for nondestructive beam intensity and position diagnostic at the Big Karl beam line. First tests have demonstrated possibility to measure current and position of the 10 nA DC beam using this technique. Since relatively long time cyclotron users were occasionally disturbed by unwanted 33 Hz noise at the output of the cyclotron. Using non-contact laser vibration measurements system OMETRON S16, vibrations in this frequency range were detected on the internal elements of the HF-System. The source of these vibrations, located in the cyclotron bunker, have been identified and removed. In this contribution, the status of the JULIC cyclotron diagnostic system upgrade project will be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO012
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 18 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 April 2023
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WEPO016	A New 18 GHz ECR Ion Source for Cyclotron at CIAE	ion-source, ECR, electron, injection	234
	B. Tang, L.H. Chen, B.Q. Cui, G. Guo, R. Ma, Y.J. Ma, L. Sui, Y.F. Wang, L. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Z.H. Jia, L.B. Li, Y.T. Li, W. Lu, J.D. Ma, P. Peng, C. Qian, L.T. Sun, P. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
	In order to meet the requirements of ion beam for the single event effect experiment, the ion source needs to supply ion beams of N, Ne, Si, Ar, Fe, Kr, Xe, and so on for the cyclotron. The most effective way to increase the energy of the cyclotron is to increase the charged state, and the Kr ion charge state reaches +22 while the Xe ion charge state reaches +35. A new room-temperature Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source operating at 18 GHz has been developed and assembled at CIAE. This new ECR ion source is based on the Lanzhou Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion source No.5 (LECR5) developed at IMP. The magnetic confinement of the new ECR ion source is realized by the axial mirror field provided by two set of room temperature pancake coils while the radial hexapole field is supplied by a permanent magnet hexapole. A multi-sputter disk injection component was designed for the production of metallic cocktail ion beams. This paper will give the detailed design of this ion source, and some preliminary highly charged ion beam production results will also be presented.
	Poster WEPO016 [0.654 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO016
About •	Received ※ 11 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 20 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 July 2023
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WEPO017	A New Design of CYCIAE230 Superconducting Cyclotron RF-Driven System	cavity, coupling, electron, resonance	237
	Z.G. Yin, X.L. Fu, B. Ji, X. Mu, S. Pei, J.Y. Wei, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	A superconducting cyclotron with a beam energy of 246.2MeV has been developed and commissioned by the China Institute of Atomic Energy. The RF system of the first CYCIAE-230 cyclotron adopts two tetrode amplifiers to drive the cavities simultaneously. The driven power is 180 degrees out of phase and each of the amplifiers was designed able to deliver 75kW RF power to the cavities. In practice, it was found that the driven power is beyond necessary and only 80kW RF power is required for the beam. Hence, an upgrade of the existing RF-driven system to the stare-of-art of solid-state technology is put forward by the CIAE cyclotron team. Furthermore, this alternative design also includes an optimization of the coupling between amplifiers and the cavities, since the old coupler shows nonidealities under long-term high-power operations. A driven schema utilizing multiple low-power capacitive couplers is designed to address this issue, taking advantage of the cavity as a power combiner. In this paper, a review of the existing RF-driven system will be given first. It will be followed by an analysis of the limitation of such a system in practice. A new design of the solid amplifier, the new driven method, and a capacitive window will also be reported.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO017
About •	Received ※ 25 December 2022 — Revised ※ 29 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 June 2023
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WEPO018	Progress in the Design of a New 150-MHz Flat Top Cavity for the PSI RING Cyclotron	cavity, flattop, electron, multipactoring	241
	J.-Y. Raguin, M. Bopp, R.F. Fortunati, J. Grillenberger, T.G. Lucas, M. Pedrozzi, M. Schneider, M. Stoll PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland E. Solodko Transmutex SA, Vernier, Switzerland
	Increasing PSI’s 590 MeV main cyclotron beam current to 3 mA requires the replacement of the existing power-limited 150 MHz flat top cavity with a new cavity. This new cavity has been designed to withstand a 700 kV peak voltage and a 140 kW dissipated average power. Although very similar in its geometry to the original flat top cavity currently in operation, in the new design, special attention has been paid to the shaping of the four electrodes for maximizing the shunt impedance. Furthermore, the topology of the cooling water channels has been optimized to increase the power handling capabilities of the cavity. Finally, in order to mitigate multipacting observed in the current design, variations on the new cavity baseline geometry have started to be explored.
	Poster WEPO018 [4.072 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO018
About •	Received ※ 30 November 2022 — Revised ※ 13 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 March 2023
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THAI01	Recent Progress of Research and Development for the Cost-Effective, Energy-Efficient Proton Accelerator CYCIAE-2000	cavity, resonance, extraction, proton	245
	T.J. Zhang, H.R. Cai, Z.C. Chu, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, X.L. Jia, Z.J. Jin, H. Le, J. Lin, J.Y. Liu, X. Mu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, Q.Q. Song, C. Wang, F. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, Z.Y. Yin, S.P. Zhang, B.H. Zhao, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901. The MW class proton accelerators are expected to play important role in many fields, attracting institutions to continue research and tackle key problems. The CW isochronous accelerator obtains a high power beam with higher energy efficiency, which is very attractive to many applications. Scholars generally believe that the energy limitation of the isochronous cyclotron is ~1 GeV. To get higher beam power by the isochronous machine, enhancing the beam focusing become the most important issue. Adjusting the radial gradient of the average magnetic field makes the field distribution match the isochronism. When we adjust the radial gradient of the peak field, the first-order gradient is equivalent to the quadrupole field, the second-order, the hexapole field, and so on. Just like the synchrotron, there are quadrupoles, hexapole magnets, and so on, along the orbits to get higher energy, as all we know. If we adjust the radial gradient for the peak field of an FFAG’s FDF lattice and cooperate with the angular width (azimuth flutter) and spiral angle (edge focusing) of the traditional cyclotron pole, we can manipulate the working path in the tune diagram very flexibly. During enhancing the axial focusing, both the beam intensity and the energy of the isochronous accelerator are significantly increased. And a 2 GeV CW FFAG with 3 mA of average beam intensity is designed. It is essentially an isochronous cyclotron although we use 10 folders of FDF lattices. The key difficulty is that the magnetic field and each order of gradient should be accurately adjusted in a large radius range. As a high-power proton accelerator with high energy efficiency, we adopt high-temperature superconducting technology for the magnets. 15 RF cavities with a Q value of 90000 provide energy gain per turn of ~15 MeV to ensure the CW beam intensity reaches 3 mA. A 1:4 scale, 15 ton HTS magnet, and a 1:4 scale, 177 MHz cavity have been completed. The results of such R&D will also be presented in this
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI01
About •	Received ※ 20 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 April 2023
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THAI02	Stripping Extraction and Lorentz Dissociation	extraction, experiment, acceleration, proton	252
	H.W. Koay TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	Stripping extraction of hydrogen molecular ions has gained interest in the cyclotron industry due to its high extraction efficiency. However, the magnetic field could result in undesired dissociation of the hydrogen anion/molecular ions during acceleration. This work summarizes and compares the Lorentz dissociation of several types of hydrogen ions, as well as other important aspects that are crucial when deciding the best candidate for stripping extraction in a cyclotron.
	Slides THAI02 [1.633 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI02
About •	Received ※ 01 June 2023 — Revised ※ 05 July 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023
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THAO01	On the Energy Limit of Compact Isochronous Cyclotrons	resonance, hadrontherapy, focusing, hadron	255
	W.J.G.M. Kleeven IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	Existing analytical models for transverse beam dynamics in isochronous cyclotrons are often not valid or not precise for relativistic energies. The main difficulty in developing such models lies in the fact that cross-terms between derivatives of the average magnetic field and the azimuthally varying components cannot be neglected at higher energies. Taking such cross-terms rigorously into account results in an even larger number of terms that need to be included in the equations. In this paper, a method is developed which is relativistically correct and which provides results that are practical and easy to use. We derive new formulas, graphs, and tables for the radial and vertical tunes in terms of the flutter, its radial derivatives, the spiral angle and the relativistic gamma. Using this method, we study the 2nur=N structural resonance (N is number of sectors) and provide formulas and graphs for its stopband. Combining those equations with the new equation for the vertical tune, we find the stability zone and the energy limit of compact isochronous cyclotrons for any value of N. We confront the new analytical method with closed orbit simulations of the IBA C400 cyclotron for hadron therapy.
	Slides THAO01 [6.641 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAO01
About •	Received ※ 22 December 2022 — Revised ※ 05 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 April 2023
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THAO02	Beam Extraction Simulation and Magnetic Channels’ Design For MSC230 Cyclotron	extraction, simulation, proton, radiation	260
	D. Popov, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia S.G. Shirkov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	MSC230 is a novate cyclotron for proton (FLASH included) therapy research, designed and developed by JINR. The extraction system of this machine includes only one electrostatic deflector followed by two magnetic correctors. These correctors were designed and included in global model to simulate beam extraction. The peculiarities of the design procedure and the outcome of the simulation discussed in this paper.
	Slides THAO02 [2.523 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAO02
About •	Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
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THBI01	Status on NHa C400 Cyclotron for Hadrontherapy	extraction, proton, resonance, hadron	264
	J. Mandrillon, M. Abs, P. Cailliau, S. Deprez, X. Donzel, G. Goosse, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, L.C.L. Koffel, V. Nuttens, Y. Otu, Y. Paradis IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium O. Cosson, L. Maunoury, Ph. Velten NHa, Caen, France
	C400 is an isochronous cyclotron for cancer therapy delivering high dose rates of alphas to carbons at 400 MeV/amu extracted by electrostatic deflector and protons at 260 MeV extracted by stripping of molecular hydrogen. IBA started to pre-design the system more than 13 years ago in collaboration with JINR. The responsibility for the development of C400 has meanwhile been taken over by the French company Normandy Hadontherapy (NHa). However, the study and design work continued with a very strong involvement of IBA for the past 3 years, from concept on paper to reality. We will describe the most innovative concepts and technical solutions on the accelerator from source to extraction and show the construction progress.
	Slides THBI01 [6.375 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBI01
About •	Received ※ 08 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 February 2023
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THBI02	Status Report on the Cyclotron Injector for HIMM	operation, extraction, ECR, ion-source	269
	G.L. Dou, X. Chen, C.C. Li, L.T. Sun, B. Wang, X.W. Wang, L. Yang, Q.G. Yao, H.W. Zhao IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
	HIMM (Heavy Ion Medical Machine) is an accelerator complex designed by Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, which accelerates carbon ions to the energy 400 MeV/A for tumor therapy. The main accelerator of HIMM is a synchronous accelerator. As a special design, we use a cyclotron as the injector of the synchrontron. The cyclotron is a compact cyclotron to accelerate C¹²⁵⁺ ions to the energy 6.8 MeV/A, and the extracted beam intensity of the cyclotron is 10 eµA. For stability and simplicity operation, we use two identical permanent magnet ECR ion sources in the axial injection line, that the ion sources can interchange with each other rapidly with the same performance, and only one main exciting coil with no trim coils in the cyclotron magnet. Up to now, three cyclotrons have been accomplished, one of them was operated in Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital to treat more than six hundred cancer patients in the last two and a half years, the other one had been fully commissioned in Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital about two years ago. After a short introduction to the heavy ion cancer treatment facility development in China, this paper will present operation status of the cyclotrons for HIMM. Typical performance and on-line operation reliability will be discussed.
	Slides THBI02 [2.031 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBI02
About •	Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 July 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 October 2023
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THBO01	A New Concept Of Cyclotrons for Medical Applications	acceleration, proton, extraction, ion-source	274
	O. Karamyshev JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	Demand for cyclotrons for medical applications is growing rapidly. Cyclotrons delivering proton beams from 15 MeV up to 230 MeV are being used for isotopes production and proton therapy. Author proposes a con-cept that allows to significantly reduce cost of cyclotrons by making them more compact and power efficient without using superconducting coil. In the proposed design ratio between azimuthal length of sectors and valleys is over 3 to 1, with RF system operating at high frequency and acceleration at harmonic mode of 2 times the number of sectors. Compact size is achieved not by increasing the magnet field level, but by reducing the coil and RF system dimension. Cyclotrons will have 4 sectors and 4 rf cavities operating at harmonic 8 with 1.55 T mean field and accelerating frequency 180 MHz.
	Slides THBO01 [2.914 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO01
About •	Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 17 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 February 2023
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THBO05	Commissioning of a 70 MeV Proton Cyclotron System of IBS, Korea	ISOL, controls, MMI, site	282
	J.-W. Kim, Y.H. Yeon IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
	A 70 MeV H⁻ cyclotron system was installed at the Shindong campus of Institute for Basic Science from Nov. 2021. Installation was guided by precision survey so as to locate main components to their final positions. Electrical cables and utility lines were then connected and validation was followed for the control and safety systems. Internal beams were accelerated in May and utilized to isochronize the magnetic field by Smith-Garren method involving a series of magnetic shimming. A beam of 70 MeV was firstly extracted in July and two beam lines were commissioned for the beam energies of 40-70 MeV. Site acceptance tests were carried out with a temporary beam line installed to measure beam profiles at the location of ISOL target, Finally, a maximum beam power of 50 kW was successfully tested for six hours.
	Slides THBO05 [8.492 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO05
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 25 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2023
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THBO06	The Design of the Center Region of MSC230 Cyclotron	focusing, proton, radiation, acceleration	285
	V. Malinin, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, D. Popov JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia T.V. Karamysheva Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia T.V. Karamysheva, A.A. Sinitsa JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	MSC230 is an innovative efficient medical super-conducting cyclotron for the study and investigation of the conventional proton and FLASH therapy, devel-oped by JINR for its new biomedical research center. The machine has an internal injection system provided by a PIG ion source and, for better efficiency, 4 RF dees connected in the center. Despite these re-strictions, it is possible to create a center region design which allows initial acceleration with minimal losses sufficient for the FLASH therapy. The design and its features presented in this talk.
	Slides THBO06 [2.456 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO06
About •	Received ※ 01 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 31 January 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPO001	COLUMBUS - A Small Cyclotron for School and Teaching Purposes	vacuum, experiment, acceleration, simulation	288
	C.R. Wolf, M. Prechtl HS Coburg, Coburg, Germany
	In the early 2012 the project "COLUMBUS a small Cyclotron for School- and Teaching Purposes" started. Supported by the FZ Jülich and some German companies a small cyclotron was built at the University of Applied Sciences of Coburg, Germany. After the first beam was detected in 2014, the cyclotron was continuously improved and expanded. At the same time, an educational concept was developed that is based on the studies and curricula in Germany. Since then, the workshops and internships, which are the two columns of the concept, have enjoyed increasing popu-larity among students and, fortunately, among female students as well. Furthermore, future improvements of the accelerator and the educational concept are presented.
	Poster THPO001 [2.651 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO001
About •	Received ※ 30 November 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 April 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPO005	JULIC - Driver Accelerator for HBS	neutron, experiment, target, controls	303
	O. Felden, V. Kamerdzhiev FZJ, Jülich, Germany R. Gebel, K. Grigoryev, Y. Valdau GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	At the Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) the energy variable cyclotron JULIC is used as injector of the Cooler Synchrotron (COSY) and for low to medium current irradiations of different types. At the NESP-Target station a Target-Moderator-Reflector (TMR) -demonstrator of the proposed accelerator driven High Brilliance Neutron source (HBS) was set up with the Jülich Center of Neutron Science (JCNS). Beside showing the functionality of the TMR-Design the demonstrator gives the possibility to test new target materials, different types and concepts of moderators and at least the handling of irradiated targets and components. The TMR- target station is installed inside an Experimental area offering space for complex detector and component setups for nuclear and neutron related experiments like ToF-experiments or neutron imaging e.g. But it is used for other purposes like irradiation and electronic or detector tests as well. Additionally to the TMR, the extraction beamline from JULIC to the TMR was set up and equipped with a fast kicker and a 3-field permanent magnet, as foreseen in in HBS to deliver the beam to different target stations within a sophisticated pulsing scheme, synchronized with the beam pulsing done at JULIC, using fast deflection plates. This report briefly summarizes the history of JULIC and the activities for its future perspectives.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO005
About •	Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 18 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 February 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPO007	Direct Sampling Digital Low-Level RF Control for CIAE BNCT Cyclotron	controls, LLRF, beam-loading, cavity	311
	X. Mu, J.Y. Wei, Z.G. Yin CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China X.L. Fu TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	Boron Neutron Capture Therapy "BNCT" can be delivered using a high current cyclotron, resulting more compact and environmentally friendly design, yet the difficulties remain in the cyclotron part, particularly in RF systems. The high beam loading challenges the stability of the amplifiers, as well as the control loops. Especially in our case, the wall loss of each cavity is more than the beam-loading power of the CIAE BNCT cyclotron. To address the heavy beam loading coefficient, a higher-performance ADRC control algorithm is evaluated, together with the regular PID control. In the meantime, a direct sampling/synthesizing digital low-level RF control hardware design is put forward to have more flexibility in control implementation. Since this new design adopts Xilinx SOC as the main controller, it is convenient to combine real-time control algorithm with high-level control through Advanced Extensible Interface. In this LLRF design, the amplitude and phase control using PID control is implemented in the PS end, and the tuning control is taking advantage of the ADRC algorithm in the PL end. Using a symmetrical design, together with the buncher control, in total, regulation of three loops are achieved using two control boards. The software/hardware design as well as the commission result will be reported in this paper.
	Poster THPO007 [2.567 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO007
About •	Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 21 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 April 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPO008	Consideration of Using Non-Destructive Detectors in the Beamline of a Proton Therapy Facility	proton, detector, electron, cavity	314
	Q.S. Chen, A.T. Chen, B. Qin HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: This work is supported by the National Science Foundation of China under the contract No. 12175077. Ionization profile monitors (IPM) are a kind of nondestructive monitors mostly used in accelerators of high intensity pulsed beams. As for particle therapy accelerators, either based on cyclotrons or synchrotrons, the extracted beams are very weak, usually on the level of nano-Amperes. Up to date, the commonly used detectors in such low current machines are all destructive, such as fluorescent screens and gas ionization chambers. In this paper, we proposed for the first time to use a residual gas ionization monitor to measure the beam profiles in a proton therapy facility based on a superconducting cyclotron. The feasibility of such a scheme and some basic issues are discussed in this paper.
	Poster THPO008 [0.535 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO008
About •	Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 19 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 June 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPO009	Vacuum Model of the C400 Cyclotron for Hadrontherapy	vacuum, injection, extraction, hadrontherapy	317
	V. Nuttens, P. Cailliau, Q. Flandroy, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, J. Mandrillon IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Ph. Velten NHa, Caen, France
	Since 2020, NHa and IBA collaborate on the development of the C400 cyclotron dedicated to hadron therapy. This machine accelerates C⁶⁺ and He²⁺ up to 400 MeV/n and H²⁺ up to 260 MeV/n. The H²⁺ is extracted by stripping and the other particles by electrostatic extraction. Vacuum management in the injection line and in the cyclotron are of prime importance to avoid large beam losses. Indeed, C⁶⁺ ions are subjected to charge exchange during collision with the residual gas. On the opposite, H²⁺ will suffer from molecular binding break up. According to cross section data, the constraints on the residual gas pressure is driven by C⁶⁺ in the injection line and by H²⁺ in the cyclotron. An electrical equivalent model of the vacuum system of the cyclotron, its injection and extraction lines has been developed in LTSpice® software to determine the pressure along the particle path. Contributions from outgassing surfaces, O-ring outgassing and permeation are included and vacuum pump requirement could be obtained. The expected beam transmission is then evaluated based on cross sections available from the literature.
	Poster THPO009 [0.524 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO009
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 March 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPO011	Effect of 90 MeV Proton Irradiation on Spleen Injury in C57BL/6J Mice	radiation, proton, experiment, controls	324
	Q.J. Wang, Y.H. Gong, J.C. Liu, Q. Liu, L. Sui, Y. Wang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: the Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project (No.WDJC-2019-11) Proton therapy has become one of the most important physiotherapies for tumors in the world, which can greatly improve the cure rate of tumors that are ineffective by conventional treatments. In addition, proton is also the main source of radiation in space environment. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to use accelerators to carry out basic research on proton radiotherapy and space radiobiology, which can provide technical support and basic data for the optimal design of proton therapy and risk assessment of personnel in space environment. In this study, C57 mice were irradiated with 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 2 Gy by 90 MeV protons from 100 MeV cyclotron of China Institute of Atomic Energy. The mice were killed one day after irradiation. Body weight change and spleen organ coefficient were calculated. The expression of DNA damage-related protein γ H2AX was detected by western blotting. The results showed that compared with the control group, the body weight of mice in each irradiation group had no significant change, and the spleen organ coefficient decreased, indicating that the spleen atrophied after proton radiation, especially in 2 Gy. The results of Western blotting showed that the expression of γ H2AX in spleen increased significantly on the 1 day after irradiation, especially in 0.5 and 2 Gy, indicating that the spleen DNA damage was the serious on the 1 day after proton radiation.
	Poster THPO011 [0.625 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO011
About •	Received ※ 10 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPO012	Progress in Design of MSC230 Superconducting Cyclotron for Proton Therapy	proton, extraction, cavity, radiation	327
	G.A. Karamysheva, K. Bunyatov, S. Gurskiy, G.G. Hodshibagijan, O. Karamyshev, D. Nikiforov, M.S. Novikov, D. Popov, V.M. Romanov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, A.A. Sinitsa, G.V. Trubnikov, S. Yakovenko JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia V.A. Gerasimov, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	The current status of the MSC230 superconducting cyclotron designed for biomedical research is presented. MSC230 is an isochronous four-sector compact cyclotron with a magnetic field in the center of 1.7 T. Acceleration is performed at the fourth harmonic mode of the accelerating radio-frequency (RF) system consisting of four cavities located in the cyclotron valleys. The accelerator will use an internal Penning type source with a hot cathode. Particular attention is paid to extraction, as it must have a high extraction efficiency.
	Poster THPO012 [0.911 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO012
About •	Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 24 March 2023
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THPO013	Magnet Design of a Compact 16 MeV Variable Energy Cyclotron for Isotope Production	extraction, MMI, focusing, controls	330
	S. Xu HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China K.Z. Ding, F. Jiang, Z. Wu, J. Zhou ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China W. Wang Wang, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
	A compact isochronous cyclotron, CIMV16, is under research and development at Hefei CAS Ion Medical and Technical Devices Co., Ltd, China (HFCIM).This cyclotron can accelerate negative hydrogen ion to variable energy in the range of 10~16 MeV for the stable production of widely-used medical isotopes in this energy range. It has a maximal diameter of only 1.8 m and adopts three radial-sector poles with the third harmonic acceleration. The design of magnet system and the analysis of final simulated static magnetic field were described in detail in this paper. Meanwhile, two suitable shimming methods were also proposed for later engineering optimization
	Poster THPO013 [1.629 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO013
About •	Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 April 2023

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOAI02

Upgrade and Current Status of High-Frequency Systems for RIKEN Ring Cyclotron

cavity, acceleration, operation, heavy-ion

6

K. Yamada
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

The high-frequency systems for the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC) was upgraded in order to increase the acceleration voltage at 18.25 MHz operation by remodeling its cavity resonators and rf controllers. As a result, the maximum gap voltage at 18.25 MHz improved from about 80 kV to more than 150 kV. The beam intensity of 238U for the RI Beam Factory was increased up to 117 pnA in the fiscal 2020 by overcoming the beam intensity limitation of RRC due to the space charge effect. In this talk, I will present the details of upgrade as well as the current status of high-frequency systems for the RRC.

Slides MOAI02 [7.420 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAI02

About •

Received ※ 27 January 2023 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 February 2023

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MOAO01

Status of the IsoDAR High-current H⁺₂ Cyclotron (HCHC-XX) Development

rfq, target, proton, experiment

12

L.H. Waites, J.R. Alonso, J.M. Conrad, D. Winklehner
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

The potential existence of exotic neutrinos beyond the three standard model neutrinos is an important open question in particle physics. IsoDAR is a cyclotron-driven, pure electron-antineutrino source with a well-understood energy spectrum. High statistics of anti-electron neutrinos can be produced by IsoDAR, which, when coupled with an inverse beta decay detector such as the LSC at Yemilab, is capable of addressing observed anomalies attributed to sterile neutrinos at the 5 σ level using electron-flavor disappearance. To achieve this high significance, the IsoDAR cyclotron must produce 10 mA of protons at 60 MeV. This is an order of magnitude more current than any commercially available cyclotron has produced. To achieve this, IsoDAR takes advantage of several innovations in accelerator physics, including the use of H²⁺ and RFQ direct injection, paving the way as a new high power accelerator technology. These high currents also allow for new experiments in dark matter, as well as high production rates of rare isotopes such as Ac225 and Ge68.

Slides MOAO01 [30.289 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO01

About •

Received ※ 24 March 2023 — Revised ※ 24 May 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 July 2023

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MOAO02

The Commissioning of a 230 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron CYCIAE-230

MMI, extraction, proton, cavity

15

C. Wang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, B. Ji, L.Y. Ji, X.L. Jia, Y. Jia, T.Y. Jiang, J. Liu, J.Y. Liu, P. Liu, Z.W. Liu, X. Mu, S. Pei, G.F. Song, Q.Q. Song, F. Wang, J.Y. Wei, L.P. Wen, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, D.Z. Zhang, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng, H. Zhou, P.F. Zhu, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

There are very strong demands for proton accelera-tors in medium energy range in recent years due to the fast growth of proton therapy and the space science in China. For the applications of proton therapy and pro-ton irradiation, the energy range of proton beam is usually from 200MeV to 250MeV, or even higher for astronavigation [1]. An R&D project for constructing a 230MeV superconducting cyclotron (CYCIAE-230) has been initiated at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) since Jan 2015. In July of 2016, after the fund-ing was approved by China National Nuclear Corpora-tion (CNNC), the construction project was fully launched. In Dec 2019, the superconducting main magnet and the RF system were transferred to the new-ly built commissioning site. Then, the RF commission-ing, ion source and central region test were performed even during the pandemic in early 2020. In September 2020, after finishing the commissioning tests of all subsystems, the beam was reached the extraction channel but with very low efficiency. Since then, with more efforts on beam diagnostics, the fine tuning of the beam phase and the adjusting of the superconduct-ing coil have been proven to be useful to get higher beam extraction efficiency ~55%. In this paper, the commissioning of the key components, including the main magnet, SC coils, internal ion source and central region, extraction system, etc, as well as the commis-sioning progress of the machine CYCIAE-230 will be presented.

Slides MOAO02 [10.305 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO02

About •

Received ※ 24 January 2023 — Revised ※ 25 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 June 2023

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MOBI01

Summary of the Snowmass’21 Workshop on High Power Cyclotrons and FFAs

proton, target, experiment, space-charge

20

D. Winklehner, J.R. Alonso
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
A. Adelmann, M. Haj Tahar
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
L. Calabretta
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
H. Okuno
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
T. Planche
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

In this talk, we summarize the presentations and findings of the "Workshop on High Power Cyclotrons and FFAs" that we held online in September 2021. The workshop was held as part of the 2021 Snowmass Community Exercise, in which the US particle physics community came together in a year-long effort to provide suggestions for a long-term strategy for the field, and the "Accelerators for Neutrinos" subpanel thereof. Topics that were discussed during our high-power cyclotron workshop were the application of cyclotrons in particle physics, specifically neutrino physics, and as drivers for muon production. Furthermore, as these same accelerators have important applications in the fields of isotope production and possibly in energy research, we have included those topics as well. Finally, we took a look at Fixed Field Alternating Gradient accelerators (FFAs) and their potential to become high-intensity machines.

Slides MOBI01 [1.885 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBI01

About •

Received ※ 23 July 2023 — Revised ※ 03 August 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 October 2023

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MOBI02

Status of SPES Cyclotron at Laboratori Nazionali of Legnaro

MMI, target, proton, ISOL

26

M. Maggiore, P. Antonini, L. Pranovi, A. Ruzzon
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy

The SPES cyclotron at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro was installed and commissioned on 2017 and the accelerator was operational until March 2021. The shut down was foreseen in order to permit the completion of the SPES facility, while the resume of activities is expected on 2023. The status of the SPES cyclotron and related high intensity beamlines will be presented as well as the last performance achieved in terms of accelerated current up to 1 MeV. Moreover the program of upgrade of the ancillary systems shall be discussed.

Slides MOBI02 [15.756 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBI02

About •

Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 February 2023

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reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOBO01

High Intensity Cyclotrons for Production of Medical Radioisotopes

space-charge, injection, extraction, MMI

30

E. van der Kraaij, J.-M. Geets, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, J. Mandrillon, N.A.R. Mine, V. Nuttens, P. Verbruggen
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

At the previous cyclotron conference an overview of the cyclotrons for radioisotopes production was shown. Here, we will focus on the development of IBA’s accelerators in the recent three years. Notably the Cyclone® 70, the Cyclone® 30XP and the Cyclone® Kiube have made progress. The expertise gained with the development of these machines has led IBA to develop a completely new cyclotron for 30 MeV protons, the Cyclone® IKON. As its first construction is ongoing, details on the design of this accelerator will be presented.

Slides MOBO01 [3.674 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO01

About •

Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 29 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2023

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reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOBO02

IMPACT: A Substantial Upgrade to the HIPA Infrastructure at PSI

target, proton, operation, experiment

34

D.C. Kiselev, R. Eichler, M. Haj Tahar, M. Hartmann, K. Kirch, A. Knecht, A. Koschik, D. Laube, T. Rauber, D. Reggiani, R. Schibli, J. Snuverink, U. Wellenkamp, H. Zhang, N.P. van der Meulen
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
K. Kirch
ETH, Zurich, Switzerland

The High Intensity Proton Accelerator complex (HIPA) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland, delivers a 590 MeV CW proton beam with currents of up to 2.4 mA (1.4 MW) to several user facilities and experimental stations. Other than the two spallation targets for thermal/cold neutrons (SINQ) and for ultracold neutrons (UCN), the beam feeds two meson production targets, Target M and Target E, serving particle physics experiments and material research via seven secondary beam lines. IMPACT (Isotope and Muon Production with Advanced Cyclotron and Target technology) aims to expand the infrastructure at HIPA in two ways: by HIMB (High-Intensity Muon Beams), increasing the surface muon rate by a factor 100, and TATTOOS (Targeted Alpha Tumour Therapy and Other Oncological Solutions), producing promising radionuclides for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy of cancer in doses sufficient for clinical studies. HIMB and TATTOOS are located close to each other. HIMB has to fit into the existing main proton beam line towards Target E and SINQ, while TATTOOS will occupy an area in a new, adjacent building using 100 µA protons split from the main beam. TATTOOS will be a perfect complement to the existing radionuclide production at 72 MeV, adding a variety of difficult to produce nuclides at a large scale. For HIMB, the current Target M will be replaced by a four-fold thicker target (Target H) consisting of a graphite wheel optimized for surface muon production. In addition, both muon beam lines are improved regarding their transmission from target to experiment. Care is taken to reduce the losses to an acceptable level in the main existing proton beam line. Installation towards the implementation of IMPACT as new user facility is foreseen from 2027.

Slides MOBO02 [6.877 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO02

About •

Received ※ 14 January 2023 — Revised ※ 17 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 February 2023

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MOBO03

Proton Irradiation Site for High-Uniformity Radiation Hardness Tests of Silicon Detectors at the Bonn Isochronous Cyclotron

radiation, site, proton, electron

38

D. Sauerland, R. Beck, P.D. Eversheim
HISKP, Bonn, Germany
J. Dingfelder, P. Wolf
SiLab, Bonn, Germany

The Bonn Isochronous Cyclotron provides proton, deuteron, alpha particle and other light ion beams, having a charge-to-mass ratio Q/A >= 1/2, with kinetic energies in the range of 7 to 14 MeV per nucleon. At the irradiation site, a 14 MeV proton beam with a diameter of a few mm is used to irradiate detectors, so-called devices under test (DUTs), housed in a thermally-insulated and gas-cooled box. To ensure homogeneous damage application, the DUT is moved through the beam in a row-wise scan pattern with constant velocity and a row separation, smaller than the beam diameter. During irradiation, beam parameters are continuously measured non-destructively using a calibrated, secondary electron emission-based beam monitor, installed at the exit to the site. This allows a beam-driven irradiation scheme, enabling the setup to autonomously react to changing beam conditions, resulting in highly-uniform proton fluence distributions with relative uncertainties of typically 2%. In this work, the accelerator facility is introduced, the proton irradiation site with focus on its beam diagnostics is presented in detail and resulting fluence distributions are shown.

Slides MOBO03 [17.472 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO03

About •

Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 16 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 February 2023

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reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOPO003

Sawtooth Wave Buncher Upgrade for SFC Cyclotron

ECR, bunching, injection, operation

51

R. Zhang, X.M. Su, X.W. Wang, Z. Xu
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China

To increase extracted beam intensity, the SFC cyclotron requires that the sawtooth wave buncher on its injection line provide the effective voltage up to 2.5kV and cover a wide frequency range of six times. We develope a multi-harmonic synthesis method by combining a broadband amplifier and impedance transformer, which provide a high-voltage single-gap buncher at limited space and cost. With this method, the maximum voltage of the new buncher exceeds 2.5kV and the beam intensity increases by a factor of 6.7.

Poster MOPO003 [1.092 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO003

About •

Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 22 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 August 2023

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MOPO007

The Design and Commission of Vacuum System for CYCIAE-230 Superconducting Cyclotron

vacuum, MMI, ion-source, cavity

66

S.P. Zhang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, B. Ji, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, C. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

In this paper, the design and installation CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotron main vacuum system’s equipment and the cryogenic systems based on the liquid helium zero-boiling-off technology for the CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotrons are described. The vacuum in the particle acceleration cavity is 2x10^-4 Pa. The main technical features of the accelerator vacuum system are that the main magnet cover plate with diameter 3.12m are used as a part of the main vacuum chamber, 8 magnetic poles, 8 high frequency resonators, and 2 sets of striper targets and 2 sets of radial targets are installed in the main vacuum chamber, resulting in technical difficulties such as large surface gas discharge, virtual leakage, high leakage of magnetic flux at the installation position of vacuum equipment (up to 2000 gauss) and so on. The main vacuum system is designed as 9 sets of TMP with magnet shields installed on the valley of magnet poles, which also used as RF cavity.

Poster MOPO007 [1.509 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO007

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Received ※ 06 February 2023 — Revised ※ 07 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 October 2023

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MOPO008

PLC Based Vacuum Control and Interlock System of the CYCIAE-230 Superconducting Cyclotron Beam Line

controls, vacuum, PLC, interface

70

M.Z. Hu, H.R. Cai, A.L. He, S.M. Jiang, T.Y. Jiang, J.Y. Liu, P. Liu, Q.Q. Song, Y. Wang, F.D. Yang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, B.H. Zhao, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

In the CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotron beam line, a vacuum system capable of providing a pressure of about 5·10^-4 Pa is required for particle beam transport. In order to provide adequate interlocking to safeguard the vacuum environment and ensure the regular transmission of particles within the beam line, a vacuum control system based on programmable logic controller (PLC) has been developed and integrated into the accelerator monitoring system. The PLC not only interfaces with the quick-acting relay based on interlocking signals but also interfaces with the equipment based on Profibus communication to monitor and control various parameters in the vacuum system, such as pump speed, vacuum pressure reading, valve status, water cooling status, etc. This work presents the structure and interface logic necessary for communication with a series of valves, vacuum gauges, and molecular pump controllers. Also presented is an interface approach between vacuum control and the rest of the accelerator control system.

Poster MOPO008 [3.051 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO008

About •

Received ※ 27 December 2022 — Revised ※ 26 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 April 2023

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MOPO009

Study on the Extraction of a Compact Cyclotron for BNCT

extraction, focusing, neutron, emittance

73

L.Y. Ji, S. An, T.J. Bian, F.P. Guan, S.M. Wei, H.D. Xie, J.S. Xing
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

An 18 MeV, 1 mA H⁻ compact cyclotron is under design at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). The proton beam bombards a beryllium target, producing high-flux neutron beam for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Stripping extraction is adopted in this cyclotron. The position of the stripping point affects the trajectory and beam quality of the extracted beam. In this paper, we use orbit-tracking method to simulate the beam trajectory and emittance with different positions and tilt angles of stripping foil, and adopt the extraction point whose radius is 53.6 cm, azimuth is 57° and the tilt angle of the stripping foil is 15°.

Poster MOPO009 [1.696 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO009

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Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 March 2023

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MOPO012

An Embedded Beam Diagnostic Electronics for 230 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron Radial Probe and Scanning Wires

electron, electronics, diagnostics, embedded

80

T.Y. Jiang, P. Liu, X. Mu, Q.Q. Song, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

For the 230MeV superconducting cyclotron, once again, the differential radial probe has been proven to be crucial for the beam commission procedure. It can provide various information about the particles inside the cyclotron, such as the vertical position, the relative intensity as well as the oscillation frequency and radius, etc. In practice, however, the electronics system suffered from the leaking alternating RF field as well as the static magnetic field. Besides the EM shielding, an absorptive high-frequency filter has been included as the first element of the readout electronics. A high dynamic range readout electronic unit has been included to adapt to the fluctuation of the beam in the hole commissioning phase. The electronics box is designed as a network-attached embedded device so that it can be powered by a POE switch and transmits measurement results via MODBUS protocol. A dedicated digital signal processor and calibration units are also included, together with the ADCs, to facilitate the daily calibration process. The same electronics are used for the beamline wire scan system to determine the position of the beam, with a small improvement at a lower range. The design of this multi-purpose beam diagnostics electronics will be reviewed in this paper, together with several measurement results.
zhiguoyin@ciae.ac.cn

Poster MOPO012 [0.721 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO012

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Received ※ 01 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 April 2023

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MOPO013

Experimental Study of Beam Energy Control at the TIARA AVF Cyclotron

controls, experiment, target, extraction

83

N. Miyawaki, N.S. Ishioka, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, S. Watanabe
QST/Takasaki, Takasaki, Japan
M. Fukuda
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

The TIARA AVF cyclotron provides a He beam for production of At-211 as one of many beam applications. The production rate of At-211 increases with the energy of the He beam, but contamination of Po-210 produced by radioactive decay of At-210, which is generated by the energy of above 29 MeV, must be prevented for medical applications. Therefore, the energy of the He beam must be precisely measured and controlled. A time-of-flight beam energy monitor in the straight beamline from the cyclotron was installed to measure the beam energy in real time. The beam energy was arbitrarily controlled within a range of about 1% by adjusting the cyclotron magnetic field and accelerating voltage, which are the possible causes of the beam energy change. Using this control, we investigated the rate of formation of At-211 and At-210 as the beam energy was varied. As a result, we confirmed the energy generating At-210 and both production rates increased with the energy of the He beam.

Poster MOPO013 [1.010 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO013

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Received ※ 27 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 March 2023

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MOPO014

Design Studies of the Cylindrically Symmetric Magnetic Inflector

injection, space-charge, simulation, permanent-magnet

87

L.G. Zhang, R.A. Baartman, Y. Bylinskii, T. Planche, Y.-N. Rao
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

The spiral inflector steers the beam from the bore in the main magnet into the median plane to achieve the axial injection with an external ion source. In a conventional electrostatic infector, the injection beam energy is limited by the breakdown voltage on the electrodes. At the same time, the injection intensity is also limited by the small aperture in the electrostatic inflector. Magnetic inflector is a promising alternative to overcome these disadvantages. To demonstrate the technology, we use the TR100 main magnet model, a conceptual idea of an H²⁺ cyclotron, as a testbench to study the inflection conditions and optics of the passive magnetic inflector with a cylindrically symmetric structure. A mirror-like field with optimized mirror length and ratio provides a well-focused beam arriving at the median plane. The required magnetic field is produced by shimming a center plug in the injection hole. The space charge effect is also discussed with the simulation of a high-intensity injection beam.

Poster MOPO014 [0.678 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO014

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Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 01 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 March 2023

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MOPO016

Control of Cyclotron Vertical Deflector for Proton Therapy

controls, proton, FPGA, high-voltage

95

F.D. Yang, T.Y. Jiang, X. Mu, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
X.L. Fu
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) has designed a superconducting cyclotron CYCIAE-230 to enhance the domestic development of proton therapy. A research program on the beamline and experimental stations for the proton therapy and the space science was launched by China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). The modern therapy methodology often requires rapid beam modulation on both the beam energy and the intensity. In this scenario, a vertical deflector is designed and installed in the cyclotron’s central region. Applying a high-voltage electric field between the two plates can quickly adjust the intensity of the low-energy beam. Nevertheless, the voltage applied is nonlinear to the beam intensity. According to this requirement, a homemade controller for the vertical deflector is designed. Since the beam loss caused by the energy degrader is also nonlinear, this controller can compensate for the beam loss caused by energy modulation. To realize real-time control, the controller combines Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and Digital Signal Process (DSP) as its control scheme design. Carried out by the DSP by interpolating the lookup table data, a feed-forward regulation is also designed to take care of the nonlinear compensation for the beam loss on the energy degrader. In the meantime, an ionized chamber provides feedback readings of the intensity just before the nozzle. A PID algorithm is also included by using FPGA, to archive the feedback control of the vertical deflector.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO016

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Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 May 2023

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MOPO018

The Magnetic Field Design of a 16 MeV Variable Energy Cyclotron

extraction, simulation, resonance, magnet-design

103

Z. Wu, K.Z. Ding, J. Zhou
ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
S. Xu
HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China

The development of a 16 MeV H⁻ cyclotron is in progress at CIM company (Hefei, China). Such machine is designed for radio-isotope production which is used for nuclear medicine. Beam extraction is ensured by means of stripper foils located at different radii to achieve variable extraction energy between 10 and 16 MeV. In this paper, the main magnet design was demonstrated in detail. An AVF magnet with four radial sectors was adopt to get strong axial focusing. The hill angular widths and hill gaps with radius were designed to meet the isochronous magnetic field. The tunes were optimized to avoid dangerous resonance. The result of magnet design was verified by beam dynamics simulations. After the presentation of the magnet design, some results on stripping extraction were also discussed. TOSCA (OPERA-3D) was used to perform 3D magnetic field simulation. An efficient beam simulation code developed by MATLAB was used to do beam dynamics simulations.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO018

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Received ※ 12 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 May 2023

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MOPO019

Optimization of Rapid Magnetic Field Control of the CYCIAE-230 Cyclotron Beamline Magnets

controls, proton, experiment, power-supply

106

A.L. He, H.R. Cai, Q.K. Guo, P. Huang, Q.Q. Song, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, B.H. Zhao
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The magnetic field precise and rapid control of the beamline magnets is essential to the Energy Selection System (ESS) for the proton therapy facility. During the scanning of proton beam for therapy, the field of each beamline magnet should be precisely controlled within the set time, layer upon layer. The position of beam spot to the nozzle should undoubtedly be stable and unchanged during the process. In practice, however, due to the wide energy range of proton therapy (70 MeV-230 MeV), the dynamic response of the beamline magnets usually shows nonlinear performances at a different energy, e.g., the magnetic field may cause a significant overshoot for some specific beam energy if one ignores the nonlinear effect. More challenge is that the magnetic field drops too slowly between the energy steps, which compromises the overall performance of rapid intensity modulated scanning therapy. A dynamic PID parameter optimization method is reported in this paper to address this issue. According to the transfer function of each magnet, the entire energy range is divided into several steps. Then, the experiments are carried out to find the most suitable PID parameters for each energy step. Finally, the "beam energy - excitation current-PID parameters" lookup table (LUT) is generated and stored in the beamline control system BCS for automation. During the treatment, using the LUT allows the energy setting for beamline magnets to be adjusted automatically with the most appropriate PID parameter, guaranteeing the overall performance of rapid scanning therapy. The experimental results show the overall response time of all the beamline magnets reduced from several hundred milliseconds to less than 65 ms, which meets the design requirement of less than 80ms.

Poster MOPO019 [0.364 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO019

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Received ※ 06 January 2023 — Revised ※ 30 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 February 2023

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TUAI01

Cyclotron Beam Extraction by Acceleration

extraction, proton, acceleration, cavity

110

C. Baumgarten
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

One of the decisive issues in the design and operation of cyclotrons is the choice of the beam extraction method. Typical methods are extraction by electrostatic extractors and by stripping. The former method requires DC high voltage electrodes which are notorious for high-voltage breakdowns. The latter method requires beams of atomic or molecular ions which are notorious for rest gas and Lorentz stripping. We discuss the conditions to be met such that a charged particle beam will leave the magnetic field of an isochronous cyclotron purely by fast acceleration.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAI01

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Received ※ 05 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023

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TUAO01

History and Prospectives of GANIL

target, cavity, operation, linac

115

A. Savalle, O. Kamalou
GANIL, Caen, France

The first beam of the GANIL facility (Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds) at Caen was ejected from the second separated sector cyclotron forty years ago (November 19th, 1982). Since then, several evolutions occurred. In 2001 the first exotic beam produced by the Isotope Separation On-Line method at the SPIRAL1 facility, was delivered to physics. The GANIL team realized an upgrade of this facility in order to extend the range of post-accelerated radioactive ions in years 2013-2017, with first radioactive beams delivered in 2018. In 2019 GANIL became also a LINAC facility with the first beam accelerated in the SPIRAL2 facility. The DESIR facility is aimed at using beams from SPIRAL2 and from SPIRAL1 facility, otivating a major renovation plan of the cyclotron facility. Parts of ancient and recent history of GANIL will be presented as well as its future.

Slides TUAO01 [7.157 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAO01

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Received ※ 20 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 April 2023

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TUAO04

Design of a Multi-Harmonic Buncher for TRIUMF 500 MeV Cyclotron

injection, simulation, bunching, space-charge

118

S. Saminathan, R.A. Baartman, Y. Bylinskii, M. Ilagan, P.M. Jung, O. Law, R.E. Laxdal, M. Marchetto, T. Planche, V. Zvyagintsev
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

The TRIUMF 500 MeV cyclotron injection system consists of a 40 m long beamline to transport the 300 keV H⁻ ion beams into the cyclotron. Part of the original beamline, the vertical injection section, was replaced in 2011 and, while the remaining horizontal injection section is being redesigned for replacement. As part of the horizontal injection beamline upgrade, the present buncher system will be replaced with a new one. Presently, the injection system consists of two double gap bunchers. The first buncher operates at the cyclotron RF frequency (23.06 MHz) while the second operates at the second harmonic frequency (46.12 MHz). The proposed new buncher is based on a two-electrode multi-harmonic system, which will be operated by up to three harmonics. The beam dynamics studies have been performed, including the space-charge effects using the particle-in-cell code WARP. Simulation results of longitudinal beam dynamics are presented for transporting beam intensity up to 1 mA.

Slides TUAO04 [2.473 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAO04

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Received ※ 03 January 2023 — Revised ※ 11 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 13 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 March 2023

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TUBO02

Real Time Determinations of the Range and Bragg Peak of Protons with a Depth Profile Camera at HZB

proton, LabView, scattering, experiment

126

A. Dittwald, J. Bundesmann, A. Denker, S. Dillenardt, T. Fanselow, G. Kourkafas
HZB, Berlin, Germany

The cyclotron at HZB provides a 68 MeV proton beam for therapy as well as for experiments. By using a novel camera setup, the range of the proton beam is measured optically. The setup consists of a phantom, a luminescent layer inside and a CMOS camera. By measuring the emission of the luminescent layer, the Bragg peak and the range of the proton beam can be visualized for different energies. In contrast to a water bath, the camera system offers much shorter measurement times. A dedicated LabVIEW code offers various evaluation possibilities: the Bragg curve and the lateral beam profile are generated and displayed. The system is sensitive to energy differences of less than 400 keV. The results were obtained with a beam intensity of less than 10 pA/cm² homogenous proton beam in front of the degrader. The measurement is done in real time and provides live feedback on changes such as beam energy and beam size. The results of the camera are presented and compared to water bath measurement.

Slides TUBO02 [3.388 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO02

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Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2023

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TUBO03

Application Progress of CYCIAE-100 High Current Proton Cyclotron

proton, neutron, radiation, target

130

L.C. Cao, X.L. Jia, Z.W. Liu, G.F. Song, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

A new RIB facility, Beijing radioactive ion-beam facility (BRIF) had been constructed at CIAE. A 100 MeV H⁻ cyclotron (CYCIAE-100) is selected as the driving accelerator which can provide a 70 - 100 MeV, 10 pA - 520 µA proton beam for basic and applied research in the field of nuclear science and technology. The application of this facility has promoted the development of frontier scientific research in China, such as radioactive nuclear beam physics, nuclear data, neutron physics and space radiation effects. Recently, quasi-monoenergetic neutron source above 20 MeV and the white light neutron source with the best time resolution were completed, which had filled the gap in the measurement of neutron data in the range of energy of 100 MeV in China. In this paper, the main milestones in the use and development of CYCIAE-100 high current proton cyclotron are reviewed, the scientific applications based on platform are described, and the important topics in proton applications based on intermediate energy are discussed, including space radiation hardening, neutron standard radiation field and biological radiation damage mechanism.

Slides TUBO03 [7.851 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO03

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Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2023

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WEAI01

Self-Consistent Simulation of an Internal Ion Source Plasma Meniscus and Its Extracted Space Charge Dominated Beam in the Cyclotron Central Region

extraction, space-charge, ion-source, simulation

138

G. D’Agostino
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
G. D’Agostino, W.J.G.M. Kleeven
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Funding: *Work supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 886190
Central region design simulations for cyclotrons with internal ion source are often complicated by the fact that the initial particle phase space distribution is not well known. Especially for high-intensity cyclotrons, one would like to have a quantitative self-consistent approach for a more accurate simulation of the beam extracted from the ion source and its acceleration in the first accelerating gaps under space charge conditions. This paper proposes some new ideas and methods for this problem. The simulation approach has been developed at IBA for the high-intensity compact self-extracting cyclotron in the EU-H2020-MSCA InnovaTron project. Detailed results of simulations on plasma meniscus and space charge dominated beam extracted from it and accelerated in the cyclotron centre are shown in the paper.

Slides WEAI01 [3.099 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI01

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Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 June 2023

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WEAI02

Upgrade of the RCNP AVF Cyclotron

ion-source, proton, experiment, extraction

143

M. Fukuda, T.H. Chong, T. Hara, K. Hatanaka, S. Imajo, H. Kanda, M. Kittaka, S. Matsui, S. Morinobu, Y. Morita, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, T. Shima, K. Takeda, H. Tamura, D. Tomono, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita, H. Yoshida, H. Zhao
RCNP, Osaka, Japan
M. Nakao
Gunma University, Heavy-Ion Medical Research Center, Maebashi-Gunma, Japan

The upgrade program of the RCNP K140 AVF cyclotron was started in 2019 to provide not only an intense light ion beam for short-lived RI production but also a high-quality intense beam for precision experiments in nuclear physics. Most of equipment besides the main coil, pole and yoke of the cyclotron magnet was replaced by new one. Especially the RF, injection and extraction systems were fully modified to increase a beam current. A new coaxial-type resonator was designed to cover a frequency range from 16 to 36 MHz for acceleration of staple particles using acceleration harmonic mode of h=2 and h=6. The acceleration voltage of ion sources was increased from 15 kV to 50 kV to enhance the beam intensity and to reduce the beam emittance for injecting a high-quality intense ion beam into the cyclotron. The central region of the cyclotron was fully redesigned to improve beam transmission from the LEBT system. Beam commissioning was started from May 2022, and a 28 MeV 4He²⁺ beam was supplied to produce a short-lived RI of At-211 used for the targeted alpha-particle therapy. A 65 MeV proton beam was successfully injected into the K400 ring cyclotron to provide a 392 MeV proton beam for production of a white neutron flux and a muon beam. Several ion beams have been already used for academic research and industrial applications.

Slides WEAI02 [9.428 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI02

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Received ※ 16 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 April 2023

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WEAO01

OPAL Simulation on the Beam Transmission in the Central Region of the Medical Cyclotron COMET at Paul Scherrer Institute

simulation, proton, ion-source, experiment

148

H. Zhang, C. Baumgarten, P. Frey, M. Hartmann, R. Kan, M. Kostezer, A. Mülhaupt, J.M. Schippers, A. Schmidt, J. Snuverink
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The use of the medical cyclotron COMET for FLASH proton therapy requires a high beam transmission from the ion source through the central region apertures. This paper first presents a model of the COMET cyclotron featuring a rotatable ion source, a movable puller, and an adjustable first fixed slit (FFS), implemented with the OPAL framework. The electromagnetic field is individual-ly created to match each specific configuration. The beam optics parameters, especially beam position and beam size upon approaching and after passing FFS, have been studied in detail. The OPAL simulations demon-strate that an optimal configuration of the ion source, the puller and the FFS is key to achieve a high beam trans-mission. An experimental test gave a 2.8 times higher intensity within COMET cyclotron with the modifications derived on the basis of the simulations: a 0.57 mm shift of puller and a 5.6° rotation of ion source. The simula-tions indicate that, with these modifications, the beam can still be centered and accelerated to the extraction energy of 250 MeV. Next step is to investigate the influ-ence of such modifications upon the acceleration and the extraction, again with an iterative approach combining simulations and experiments.

Slides WEAO01 [5.351 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO01

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Received ※ 13 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 March 2023

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WEAO02

Simulation and Analysis of HIMM-IC Beam Dynamics with OPAL

simulation, extraction, injection, emittance

152

G.L. Dou
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China

Since 2020, HIMM (Heavy Ion Medical Machine) facilities in both Wuwei and Lanzhou cities have been installed and put into clinical application or commissioning experiments. As an injector cyclotron (IC), HIMM-IC can provide 6.8 MeV/10 eµA 12C⁵⁺ beam for the synchrotron. Nevertheless, in terms of better beam quality and operation efficiency, HIMM-IC design still has a lot of room for improvement. We used OPAL simulation program to complete the 3D multi-particle dynamics simulation of HIMM-IC including the space charge effect. And the results show that it is in good agreement with the actual experimental measurements.

Slides WEAO02 [3.819 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO02

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Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 February 2023

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WEAO03

Development of the Cyclone® Key: How Interoperability Leads to Compactness

vacuum, target, ion-source, isotope-production

156

V. Nuttens, M. Abs, J. Caulier, Q. Flandroy, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, E.K. Kral, J. Mandrillon, O. Michaux, N.A.R. Mine, E. van der Kraaij
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Funding: Pole Mecatech/Biowin/SPW RW - Convention 8150: CardiAmmonia
In 2020, IBA has started the design, construction, tests and industrialization of a new proton cyclotron for the low energy range, the Cyclone® KEY, for PET isotope production (18F, 13N, 11C) for neurology, cardiology or oncology imaging. It is a compact and fully automated isochronous cyclotron accelerating H⁻ up to 9,2 MeV. Based on the successful design history and return of experience of the Cyclone® KIUBE, the Cyclone® KEY design has been focused on compactness (self-shielding enabled), cost effectiveness and ease of installation, operation and maintenance. The innovative design consists in the interoperability of the different subsystems: the magnet, the RF system, the vacuum system, the ion source, the stripping extraction, and target changers (with up to three targets). First beam tests results will also be presented.

Slides WEAO03 [2.848 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO03

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Received ※ 22 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 April 2023

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WEAO04

Status of the HZB Cyclotron

radiation, proton, experiment, operation

159

A. Denker, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, A. Dittwald, T. Fanselow, D. Hildebrand, U. Hiller, G. Kourkafas, S. Ozierenski, J. Röhrich, D. Rössink
HZB, Berlin, Germany
D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, S. Seidel, R. Stark, A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

For more than 20 years eye tumours are treated in collaboration with the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The close co-operation between Charité and HZB permits joint interdisciplinary research. Irradiations with either a sharp, well focused or a broad beam, either in vacuum or in air are possible with a proton beam of 68 MeV maximum energy, or a helium beam of 90 MeV. In the past few years, we concentrated on beam delivery for FLASH experiments and the related dosimetry. Artificial lenses have been irradiated under normal and FLASH conditions to investigate possible changes in the transparency. Furthermore, radiation hardness tests solar of cells for space have been performed. A modernization project has been started in order to secure a long term and sustainable operation of our accelerator complex for therapy and research. The accelerator operation for therapy as well as on-going experiments and results will be presented.

Slides WEAO04 [3.928 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO04

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Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 15 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 May 2023

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WEAO05

Investigation of Long Radial Probe Activation in the PSI Main Ring Cyclotron

proton, simulation, radiation, detector

163

M.I. Besana, E. Hohmann, M. Sapinski, J. Snuverink, D. Werthmüller
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

During an inspection of a new Long Radial Probe, inserted into the Ring cyclotron only a month earlier, an activation hot spot has been identified. The nature of this hot spot has been investigated by performing measurements of the residual activation using shielded Al₂O₃:C dosimeters, 5 mm in diameter, and a portable gamma spectrometer. Monte Carlo simulations of the probe activation with various proton energies have been performed. Results show that most of the activation comes from relatively fast decaying radionuclides and therefore the residual dose drops sufficiently during the shutdown to allow for maintenance and upgrade works. Comparing the abundances of various radionuclides estimated from measured gamma spectra with simulations at various proton energies we conclude that the most probable loss mechanism is scattering of the protons on the upstream collimator.

Slides WEAO05 [2.625 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO05

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Received ※ 21 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 July 2023

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WEAO06

Development of Heavy Ion Radiotherapy Facilities in China

heavy-ion, synchrotron, injection, radiation

167

J. Shi, Q. Li, L.Z. Ma, J.W. Xia, G.Q. Xiao, J.C. Yang, W.-L. Zhan
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China

Funding: This work was supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2017453), and the Lanzhou Talent Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project (No. 2019-RC-4).
Hadron therapy offers superior dose conformity in the treatment of deep-seated tumors compared with conventional X-ray therapy due to its Bragg-peak feature of energy deposition in organs. Heavy ion medical machine (HIMM) was constructed on the basis of the experience gained from the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou-Cooler Storage Ring (HIRFL-CSR) project. The facility consists of an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source, a cyclotron injector, a compact synchrotron ring, and 5 nozzles. The C⁵⁺ beam generated by the ECR ion source is pre-accelerated by the cyclotron to 6.2 MeV/u and then injected into the synchrotron using the charge exchange injection method. The injected beam is accelerated from 6.2 MeV/u to an extraction energy ranging from 120 to 400 MeV/u. This paper introduced the characteristics of HIMM and its development in China.

Slides WEAO06 [2.445 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO06

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Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 13 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 May 2023

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WEBI01

An Overview of the South African Isotope Facility (SAIF) Project

target, beam-transport, isotope-production, MMI

170

I.L. Strydom
iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa

The South African Isotope Facility (SAIF) is a new radioisotope production facility currently under construction at iThemba LABS in Cape Town and scheduled for completion in 2022. A commercial 70 MeV proton cyclotron from IBA with a number of beam lines equipped with isotope production stations, are being installed in retrofitted concrete vaults. The facility will be supported by new infrastructure and services which are being constructed. The completion of SAIF will greatly increase the radioisotope production capability of iThemba LABS, and enable the existing Separated Sector Cyclotron to be dedicated to nuclear research activities. An overview of the SAIF project from the inception phase through to the construction phase is provided here, discussing all related workstreams and progress made to date. A more detailed discussion of some specific systems is given, including the design of the isotope production stations, target handling system, and a new radioactive waste management facility.

Slides WEBI01 [9.024 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBI01

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Received ※ 08 February 2023 — Revised ※ 10 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 16 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 May 2023

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WEBI02

Compact Accelerator Based Epithermal Neutron Source and Its Application for Cancer Therapy

neutron, radiation, simulation, experiment

176

N.H. Hu, T. Aihara
OMPU, Takatsukishi, Japan

The world’s first accelerator based epithermal neutron source for clinical boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) was designed, developed, and commissioned between 2008 to 2010 by Sumitomo Heavy Industries in collaboration with Kyoto University at the Kyoto University Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science. The cyclotron-based accelerator device can accelerate a proton up to an energy of roughly 30 MeV. When the proton contacts the beryllium target, fast neutrons are created that travel through a beam shaping assembly made of calcium fluoride, lead, iron, and aluminum to lower the neutron energy to the epithermal region, which is ideal for BNCT (10 keV). With a proton current of 1 mA, the system is intended to produce epithermal neutron flux of up to 1.2×10⁹ cm^-2 s⁻¹. In 2017, the same type of accelerator was installed at the Kansai BNCT Medical Center and in March 2020 the system received medical device approval in Japan (Sumitomo Heavy Industries, NeuCure® BNCT system). Soon after, BNCT for unresectable, locally advanced, and recurrent carcinoma of the head and neck region was approved by the Japanese government for reimbursement covered by the national health insurance system. Thus far, over 100 patients have been treated using this system.

Slides WEBI02 [8.080 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBI02

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Received ※ 27 March 2023 — Revised ※ 22 May 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023

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WEBO03

Positron Emitters Produced from Naturally Occurring Targets

target, positron, vacuum, radiation

183

T.W. Leadbeater, A. Buffler, T. Hutton, M. van Heerden
UCT Physics, Cape Town, South Africa

Short lived positron emitters are used as flow following tracer particles in the study of dynamic processes within physics and engineering applications. For full representation of the materials of interest, tracer particles must be activated with proton rich radionuclides utilising reactions on their naturally abundant isotopic content. Cyclotron accelerated alpha particle beams incident upon (16O) oxygen rich targets have been investigated in producing the positron emitter 18F within naturally occurring materials. Simulations and numeric calculations of the beam conditions are used to maximise the activation yield and minimise heat load by carefully placing the Bragg peak in relation to the water-cooled target. Corresponding to the target thickness, the 100 MeV extraction energy is degraded to match a broad resonance in 18F production around 35 MeV, while maintaining energy above the 18 MeV threshold. Beam currents below 1 µA resulted in typical 18F yields of 1 - 2 mCi within spherical SiO₂ targets of diameters 1 - 10 mm, ideal for envisaged application studies.

Slides WEBO03 [4.876 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO03

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Received ※ 28 December 2022 — Revised ※ 16 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 May 2023

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WEBO04

Commissioning of the Sumitomo Superconducting AVF Cyclotron SC230

extraction, proton, MMI, operation

187

Y. Ebara, Y. Kumata, T. Miyashita, Nakajima, S. Nakajima, T. Tsurudome, H. Tsutsui, J. Yoshida
SHI, Kanagawa, Japan

A 230 MeV superconducting AVF cyclotron SC230 is developed by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. This is the world’s smallest isochronous cyclotron for proton therapy, and its weight is 65 tons, which is 0.3 times that of our previous cyclotron model. The size is reduced by generating high magnetic fields using NbTi supercon-ducting coils cooled without cryogen. In addition, this cyclotron features the maximum beam current >1 uA and low power consumption <200 kW. The beam-commissioning test started at the end of 2020, the first extracted beam was observed in July 2021, and the basic performance of the beam was measured. The processes and results of the beam commissioning are reported.

Slides WEBO04 [4.017 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO04

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Received ※ 26 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2023

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WEBO05

Upgrade of a Clinical Facility to Achieve a High Transmission and Gantry Angle-Independent Flash Tune

proton, simulation, experiment, radiation

191

I. Colizzi, C. Baumgarten, A.L. Gabard, R. Künzi, A.L. Lomax, V. Maradia, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, D.C. Weber
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
V. Maradia
ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
D.C. Weber
University of Zurich, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
D.C. Weber
KRO, Bern, Switzerland

Funding: This work is supported by the SNF grant 200822
In proton therapy, FLASH-RT, irradiation at ultra-high dose rates (>40 Gy/s) that can minimize radiation-induced harm to healthy tissue without reducing its ability to treat tumors, is a topic of great interest. However, in cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities, losses caused by the energy degradation process reduce the transmission to less than 1% for low energies, making it difficult to achieve high dose rates over the clinical range (70-230 MeV). We will demonstrate how an already existing clinical beamline can be converted into a FLASH beamline by beam optic changes only. To achieve maximum transmission, we have developed a new optics that transports the undegraded 250 MeV beam from the cyclotron to the isocenter. However, this has asymmetric emittance in the transverse planes, leading to gantry angle-dependent beam characteristics at the patient. Particle transport has been simulated with MINT (in-house matrix multiplication transport program with Monte Carlo simulations for scattering effects) and benchmarked with beam profile measurements. We used the method of σ matrix matching (M. Benedikt et al. 1997) to achieve gantry angle-independent optics. MINT simulations and beam profile measurements showed a good agreement, and with FLASH optics, we experimentally achieved almost 90% transmission at the patient, translating to a maximum current of 720 nA (>9000 Gy/s). Further, we demonstrate that using the matrix matching optimization criteria together with fine-tuning of the magnets, we could achieve gantry angle-independent beam profiles at the patient location. In conclusion, we demonstrated how an already existing cyclotron-based proton gantry can be adapted to achieve ultra-high dose rates at 250 MeV, enabling investigations of FLASH radiotherapy with protons. Since most of the modifications are performed on the beam optics, it is entirely transparent to clinical operations, making the method transferable to other facilities.

Slides WEBO05 [5.057 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO05

About •

Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023

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WEBO06

Accelerator and Detector Developments for the Production of Theranostic Radioisotopes with Solid Targets at the Bern Medical Cyclotron

target, radiation, detector, proton

196

S. Braccini, P. Casolaro, G. Dellepiane, A. Gottstein, I. Mateu, P. Scampoli
AEC, Bern, Switzerland
P. Scampoli
Naples University Federico II, Napoli, Italy

Funding: This research was partially funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). Grants: 200021 175749 and CRSII5 180352.
Theranostics in nuclear medicine is realized by using two different radioisotopes to label the same radiopharmaceutical, one for diagnosis via PET or SPECT (positron or gamma emitter, respectively) and one for targeted radioligand therapy (alpha, beta minus, Auger emitter). To assure the same chemistry and metabolic behaviour in the human body, the best option is to employ two radionuclides of the same element, the so called theranostic pair. In view of clinical trials and routine applications, the production and supply of novel radioisotopes for theranostics in adequate quality and quantity is essential and represents nowadays a scientific and technical challenge. The most promising methodology relies on hospital-based 15-25 MeV compact medical cyclotrons equipped with solid target stations. Being designed for the production of F-18 by means of liquid targets, innovative solutions are needed. Therefore, a research program is ongoing at the Bern medical cyclotron, a facility equipped with a Solid Target Station and a 6.5 m Beam Transfer Line ending in a separate bunker. To irradiate isotope-enriched materials in form of compressed powder pellets (6 mm diameter), a novel target coin was conceived and realized together with methods to assess the beam energy and the production cross sections. To optimize the irradiation procedure, a novel ultra-compact Active Focusing System based on a specific magnetic device and a two-dimensional beam monitoring detector was conceived, constructed and tested. Several solutions for the beam detector were developed and others are under study. The system allows to control on-line the size and position of the beam and to correct its characteristics by steering and focusing it in order to keep it on target. Results on accelerator and detector developments together with achievements in the production of radionuclides for theranostics (Sc-43, Sc-44, Sc-47, Cu-61, Cu-64, Cu-67, Ga-68, Er-165, Tm-165, Tm-167 and Tb-155) are presented.
Dellepiane et al., N. Cim. C, vol. 44p. 130, 2021.
Häffner et al., Instr., vol. 3p. 63, 2019.
Carzaniga et al., ARI, vol. 129p. 96, 2017.
Häffner et al., App. Sci., vol. 11p. 2452, 2021.
van der Meulen et al., Molecules, vol. 25, p. 4706, 2020.

Slides WEBO06 [6.048 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO06

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Received ※ 03 January 2023 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 06 February 2023

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WEPO003

Beam Dynamics in a New 230 MeV Cyclotron

extraction, cavity, acceleration, proton

208

O. Karamyshev
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

A new cyclotron for proton therapy concept is a compact, but non-superconducting accelerator, that is simple, but cheap. Proposed concept uses 4 sectors with double spiral design and 4 RF cavities operating at harmonic 8, making the central region and extraction a challenging task that needs to be carefully simulated. High injection and extraction efficiency is presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO003

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Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 April 2023

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WEPO004

High Power Center Region with Internal Ion Source

ion-source, acceleration, simulation, focusing

211

O. Karamyshev
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

Cyclotrons for medical isotope production require high beam current. Author propose the design of central region with internal ion source at 6.6 kV potential placed in the center of cyclotoron and delivering the beam to every RF cavity symmetrically.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO004

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Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 April 2023

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WEPO008

H^- Intra-Beam Stripping Loss Rate in Isochronous Cyclotron

linac, resonance, target, electron

219

Y.-N. Rao
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Funding: This work was funded by TRIUMF which receives federal funding via a contribution agreement with the National Research Council of Canada.
Binary collisions inside a H^- bunch result in H^- stripping and subsequent particle loss. This phenomenon, called intra-beam stripping, was observed in LEAR and SNS superconducting linac. We mimic the derivation made for the linac to derive the intra-beam stripping loss rate for an isochronous cyclotron. And then, we apply this theory to the TRIUMF 500 MeV H^- cyclotron to estimate the loss.

Poster WEPO008 [1.189 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO008

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Received ※ 05 December 2022 — Revised ※ 04 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 July 2023

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WEPO009

Status Report and Future Plan for Molecular Imaging Center (I-One) Facility

controls, target, radiation, GUI

223

M. Alredhi, R.N. Alsaif, M.A. Balkheir, S.Y. Farhood, S.S. Lingawi, M.A. Sharaf
King Abdul-Aziz University, I-one, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
S.M. Miliebari
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Funding: Wadi Jeddah- King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia
The radio-pharmaceuticals production and imaging facility known as I-One at King Abdul-Aziz University in the western region of Saudi Arabia started first production in 2018. We will discuss the facility features, taking in consideration the existence in the university, where some basic research and training in different aspects of cyclotron operation and radio-pharmaceuticals production.

Poster WEPO009 [0.277 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO009

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Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 31 December 2022 — Accepted ※ 07 March 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 August 2023

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WEPO010

High Intensity Cyclotron System Integration and Commissioning for Industrialization Application

power-supply, controls, operation, MMI

225

P.Z. Li, H.R. Cai, S.G. Hou, X.L. Jia, G.F. Pan, G.F. Song, J.F. Wang, G. Yang, H. Zhang, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Up to 430 µA beam intensity was obtained in 10 MeV CRM cyclotron (CYCIAE-CRM) at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) in 2010. Whereafter, CIAE built a series of 14 MeV high intensity external ion source cyclotrons for medical isotope application and its relevant research. Compared with research cyclotron facility, cyclotron for industrialization application requires higher level of safety, usability and stability. Therefore, mechanical and electrical system integration and optimum are applied in the cyclotron design and commissioning. Electrical devices of cyclotron, including power supply, RF amplifier and PLC controller, are integrated into four standard industrial shielding cabinets with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design to improve electromagnetic interference and operation stability. Besides, earthing system is rearranged in regular laboratory maintenance period to minimize electromagnetic coupling of different signal systems. Based on the previous compact system integration, communication system is integrated into each electrical device as well and could be operated in local and remote mode for the convenience of commissioning. Industrial Ethernet standard PROFINET is adopted as communication protocol to improve the efficiency of protocol interaction towards millisecond level. Regarding RF system, start-up sequence of LLRF is optimized to increase uptime and reliability. The commissioning is also presented in this paper.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO010

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Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 31 December 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 30 October 2023

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WEPO011

Upgrading the Beam Diagnostic of the HZB-Cyclotron from an Analogue to a new Digital Platform

FPGA, interface, EPICS, controls

228

J. Bundesmann, A. Denker, A. Dittwald, T. Fanselow, G. Kourkafas
HZB, Berlin, Germany

The HZB-Cyclotron delivers since a long time reliable beam for experiments and Proton Therapy. Now the old analogue beam diagnostic is outdated and hard to maintain. We developed a digital replacement for the multiplexers for 30 Faraday cups and 12 beam profile monitors. Both use as hardware platform a single-board-controller with FPGA-technology with integrated analogue and digital signals in a client-server architecture. Here we present the new features after more than one year of operation.

Poster WEPO011 [1.061 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO011

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Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 17 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 26 March 2023

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WEPO012

Upgrade of Beam Diagnostic Systems at JULIC Cyclotron

diagnostics, operation, controls, experiment

231

Y. Valdau, O. Felden, R. Gebel, U.G. Giesen, R.L. Lohoff, H. Soltner
FZJ, Jülich, Germany
N.-O. Fröhlich
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
P.J. Niedermayer
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

The cyclotron JULIC is used as injector for the COSY storage ring since almost 30 years. Beams of polarized and unpolarised H⁻ and D- ions are routinely accelerated using cyclotron HF system up to 45 and 55 MeV, respectively. Meanwhile, low energy beams from JULIC become more frequently used by the experimentalists, especially at the new low energy beam line, which connects cyclotron with the large Big Karl experimental hall. To meet the requirements of the cyclotron users a diagnostic system upgrade program has been started at the JULIC cyclotron. All destructive beam diagnostic systems (Faraday Cups) have been equipped with a new produced by CAEN TetrAMM based beam diagnostic systems. All TetrAMM devices are implemented into the common COSY Control System with EPICS readout and archiving environment. The cyclotron NMR field control system has been upgraded using the newest sensor from Metrolab (PT2026), which allows operation in complete field range of the JULIC cyclotron, without changing the sensor. A new Lock In-Amplifier based Data Acquisition System has been used for nondestructive beam intensity and position diagnostic at the Big Karl beam line. First tests have demonstrated possibility to measure current and position of the 10 nA DC beam using this technique. Since relatively long time cyclotron users were occasionally disturbed by unwanted 33 Hz noise at the output of the cyclotron. Using non-contact laser vibration measurements system OMETRON S16, vibrations in this frequency range were detected on the internal elements of the HF-System. The source of these vibrations, located in the cyclotron bunker, have been identified and removed. In this contribution, the status of the JULIC cyclotron diagnostic system upgrade project will be presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO012

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Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 18 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 April 2023

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WEPO016

A New 18 GHz ECR Ion Source for Cyclotron at CIAE

ion-source, ECR, electron, injection

234

B. Tang, L.H. Chen, B.Q. Cui, G. Guo, R. Ma, Y.J. Ma, L. Sui, Y.F. Wang, L. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Z.H. Jia, L.B. Li, Y.T. Li, W. Lu, J.D. Ma, P. Peng, C. Qian, L.T. Sun, P. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China

In order to meet the requirements of ion beam for the single event effect experiment, the ion source needs to supply ion beams of N, Ne, Si, Ar, Fe, Kr, Xe, and so on for the cyclotron. The most effective way to increase the energy of the cyclotron is to increase the charged state, and the Kr ion charge state reaches +22 while the Xe ion charge state reaches +35. A new room-temperature Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source operating at 18 GHz has been developed and assembled at CIAE. This new ECR ion source is based on the Lanzhou Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion source No.5 (LECR5) developed at IMP. The magnetic confinement of the new ECR ion source is realized by the axial mirror field provided by two set of room temperature pancake coils while the radial hexapole field is supplied by a permanent magnet hexapole. A multi-sputter disk injection component was designed for the production of metallic cocktail ion beams. This paper will give the detailed design of this ion source, and some preliminary highly charged ion beam production results will also be presented.

Poster WEPO016 [0.654 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO016

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Received ※ 11 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 20 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 July 2023

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WEPO017

A New Design of CYCIAE230 Superconducting Cyclotron RF-Driven System

cavity, coupling, electron, resonance

237

Z.G. Yin, X.L. Fu, B. Ji, X. Mu, S. Pei, J.Y. Wei, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

A superconducting cyclotron with a beam energy of 246.2MeV has been developed and commissioned by the China Institute of Atomic Energy. The RF system of the first CYCIAE-230 cyclotron adopts two tetrode amplifiers to drive the cavities simultaneously. The driven power is 180 degrees out of phase and each of the amplifiers was designed able to deliver 75kW RF power to the cavities. In practice, it was found that the driven power is beyond necessary and only 80kW RF power is required for the beam. Hence, an upgrade of the existing RF-driven system to the stare-of-art of solid-state technology is put forward by the CIAE cyclotron team. Furthermore, this alternative design also includes an optimization of the coupling between amplifiers and the cavities, since the old coupler shows nonidealities under long-term high-power operations. A driven schema utilizing multiple low-power capacitive couplers is designed to address this issue, taking advantage of the cavity as a power combiner. In this paper, a review of the existing RF-driven system will be given first. It will be followed by an analysis of the limitation of such a system in practice. A new design of the solid amplifier, the new driven method, and a capacitive window will also be reported.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO017

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Received ※ 25 December 2022 — Revised ※ 29 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 June 2023

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WEPO018

Progress in the Design of a New 150-MHz Flat Top Cavity for the PSI RING Cyclotron

cavity, flattop, electron, multipactoring

241

J.-Y. Raguin, M. Bopp, R.F. Fortunati, J. Grillenberger, T.G. Lucas, M. Pedrozzi, M. Schneider, M. Stoll
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
E. Solodko
Transmutex SA, Vernier, Switzerland

Increasing PSI’s 590 MeV main cyclotron beam current to 3 mA requires the replacement of the existing power-limited 150 MHz flat top cavity with a new cavity. This new cavity has been designed to withstand a 700 kV peak voltage and a 140 kW dissipated average power. Although very similar in its geometry to the original flat top cavity currently in operation, in the new design, special attention has been paid to the shaping of the four electrodes for maximizing the shunt impedance. Furthermore, the topology of the cooling water channels has been optimized to increase the power handling capabilities of the cavity. Finally, in order to mitigate multipacting observed in the current design, variations on the new cavity baseline geometry have started to be explored.

Poster WEPO018 [4.072 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO018

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Received ※ 30 November 2022 — Revised ※ 13 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 March 2023

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THAI01

Recent Progress of Research and Development for the Cost-Effective, Energy-Efficient Proton Accelerator CYCIAE-2000

cavity, resonance, extraction, proton

245

T.J. Zhang, H.R. Cai, Z.C. Chu, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, X.L. Jia, Z.J. Jin, H. Le, J. Lin, J.Y. Liu, X. Mu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, Q.Q. Song, C. Wang, F. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, Z.Y. Yin, S.P. Zhang, B.H. Zhao, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901.
The MW class proton accelerators are expected to play important role in many fields, attracting institutions to continue research and tackle key problems. The CW isochronous accelerator obtains a high power beam with higher energy efficiency, which is very attractive to many applications. Scholars generally believe that the energy limitation of the isochronous cyclotron is ~1 GeV. To get higher beam power by the isochronous machine, enhancing the beam focusing become the most important issue. Adjusting the radial gradient of the average magnetic field makes the field distribution match the isochronism. When we adjust the radial gradient of the peak field, the first-order gradient is equivalent to the quadrupole field, the second-order, the hexapole field, and so on. Just like the synchrotron, there are quadrupoles, hexapole magnets, and so on, along the orbits to get higher energy, as all we know. If we adjust the radial gradient for the peak field of an FFAG’s FDF lattice and cooperate with the angular width (azimuth flutter) and spiral angle (edge focusing) of the traditional cyclotron pole, we can manipulate the working path in the tune diagram very flexibly. During enhancing the axial focusing, both the beam intensity and the energy of the isochronous accelerator are significantly increased. And a 2 GeV CW FFAG with 3 mA of average beam intensity is designed. It is essentially an isochronous cyclotron although we use 10 folders of FDF lattices. The key difficulty is that the magnetic field and each order of gradient should be accurately adjusted in a large radius range. As a high-power proton accelerator with high energy efficiency, we adopt high-temperature superconducting technology for the magnets. 15 RF cavities with a Q value of 90000 provide energy gain per turn of ~15 MeV to ensure the CW beam intensity reaches 3 mA. A 1:4 scale, 15 ton HTS magnet, and a 1:4 scale, 177 MHz cavity have been completed. The results of such R&D will also be presented in this

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI01

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Received ※ 20 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 April 2023

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THAI02

Stripping Extraction and Lorentz Dissociation

extraction, experiment, acceleration, proton

252

H.W. Koay
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Stripping extraction of hydrogen molecular ions has gained interest in the cyclotron industry due to its high extraction efficiency. However, the magnetic field could result in undesired dissociation of the hydrogen anion/molecular ions during acceleration. This work summarizes and compares the Lorentz dissociation of several types of hydrogen ions, as well as other important aspects that are crucial when deciding the best candidate for stripping extraction in a cyclotron.

Slides THAI02 [1.633 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI02

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Received ※ 01 June 2023 — Revised ※ 05 July 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023

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THAO01

On the Energy Limit of Compact Isochronous Cyclotrons

resonance, hadrontherapy, focusing, hadron

255

W.J.G.M. Kleeven
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Existing analytical models for transverse beam dynamics in isochronous cyclotrons are often not valid or not precise for relativistic energies. The main difficulty in developing such models lies in the fact that cross-terms between derivatives of the average magnetic field and the azimuthally varying components cannot be neglected at higher energies. Taking such cross-terms rigorously into account results in an even larger number of terms that need to be included in the equations. In this paper, a method is developed which is relativistically correct and which provides results that are practical and easy to use. We derive new formulas, graphs, and tables for the radial and vertical tunes in terms of the flutter, its radial derivatives, the spiral angle and the relativistic gamma. Using this method, we study the 2nur=N structural resonance (N is number of sectors) and provide formulas and graphs for its stopband. Combining those equations with the new equation for the vertical tune, we find the stability zone and the energy limit of compact isochronous cyclotrons for any value of N. We confront the new analytical method with closed orbit simulations of the IBA C400 cyclotron for hadron therapy.

Slides THAO01 [6.641 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAO01

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Received ※ 22 December 2022 — Revised ※ 05 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 April 2023

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THAO02

Beam Extraction Simulation and Magnetic Channels’ Design For MSC230 Cyclotron

extraction, simulation, proton, radiation

260

D. Popov, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
S.G. Shirkov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

MSC230 is a novate cyclotron for proton (FLASH included) therapy research, designed and developed by JINR. The extraction system of this machine includes only one electrostatic deflector followed by two magnetic correctors. These correctors were designed and included in global model to simulate beam extraction. The peculiarities of the design procedure and the outcome of the simulation discussed in this paper.

Slides THAO02 [2.523 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAO02

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Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023

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THBI01

Status on NHa C400 Cyclotron for Hadrontherapy

extraction, proton, resonance, hadron

264

J. Mandrillon, M. Abs, P. Cailliau, S. Deprez, X. Donzel, G. Goosse, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, L.C.L. Koffel, V. Nuttens, Y. Otu, Y. Paradis
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
O. Cosson, L. Maunoury, Ph. Velten
NHa, Caen, France

C400 is an isochronous cyclotron for cancer therapy delivering high dose rates of alphas to carbons at 400 MeV/amu extracted by electrostatic deflector and protons at 260 MeV extracted by stripping of molecular hydrogen. IBA started to pre-design the system more than 13 years ago in collaboration with JINR. The responsibility for the development of C400 has meanwhile been taken over by the French company Normandy Hadontherapy (NHa). However, the study and design work continued with a very strong involvement of IBA for the past 3 years, from concept on paper to reality. We will describe the most innovative concepts and technical solutions on the accelerator from source to extraction and show the construction progress.

Slides THBI01 [6.375 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBI01

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Received ※ 08 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 February 2023

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THBI02

Status Report on the Cyclotron Injector for HIMM

operation, extraction, ECR, ion-source

269

G.L. Dou, X. Chen, C.C. Li, L.T. Sun, B. Wang, X.W. Wang, L. Yang, Q.G. Yao, H.W. Zhao
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China

HIMM (Heavy Ion Medical Machine) is an accelerator complex designed by Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, which accelerates carbon ions to the energy 400 MeV/A for tumor therapy. The main accelerator of HIMM is a synchronous accelerator. As a special design, we use a cyclotron as the injector of the synchrontron. The cyclotron is a compact cyclotron to accelerate C¹²⁵⁺ ions to the energy 6.8 MeV/A, and the extracted beam intensity of the cyclotron is 10 eµA. For stability and simplicity operation, we use two identical permanent magnet ECR ion sources in the axial injection line, that the ion sources can interchange with each other rapidly with the same performance, and only one main exciting coil with no trim coils in the cyclotron magnet. Up to now, three cyclotrons have been accomplished, one of them was operated in Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital to treat more than six hundred cancer patients in the last two and a half years, the other one had been fully commissioned in Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital about two years ago. After a short introduction to the heavy ion cancer treatment facility development in China, this paper will present operation status of the cyclotrons for HIMM. Typical performance and on-line operation reliability will be discussed.

Slides THBI02 [2.031 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBI02

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Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 July 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 October 2023

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THBO01

A New Concept Of Cyclotrons for Medical Applications

acceleration, proton, extraction, ion-source

274

O. Karamyshev
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

Demand for cyclotrons for medical applications is growing rapidly. Cyclotrons delivering proton beams from 15 MeV up to 230 MeV are being used for isotopes production and proton therapy. Author proposes a con-cept that allows to significantly reduce cost of cyclotrons by making them more compact and power efficient without using superconducting coil. In the proposed design ratio between azimuthal length of sectors and valleys is over 3 to 1, with RF system operating at high frequency and acceleration at harmonic mode of 2 times the number of sectors. Compact size is achieved not by increasing the magnet field level, but by reducing the coil and RF system dimension. Cyclotrons will have 4 sectors and 4 rf cavities operating at harmonic 8 with 1.55 T mean field and accelerating frequency 180 MHz.

Slides THBO01 [2.914 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO01

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Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 17 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 February 2023

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THBO05

Commissioning of a 70 MeV Proton Cyclotron System of IBS, Korea

ISOL, controls, MMI, site

282

J.-W. Kim, Y.H. Yeon
IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

A 70 MeV H⁻ cyclotron system was installed at the Shindong campus of Institute for Basic Science from Nov. 2021. Installation was guided by precision survey so as to locate main components to their final positions. Electrical cables and utility lines were then connected and validation was followed for the control and safety systems. Internal beams were accelerated in May and utilized to isochronize the magnetic field by Smith-Garren method involving a series of magnetic shimming. A beam of 70 MeV was firstly extracted in July and two beam lines were commissioned for the beam energies of 40-70 MeV. Site acceptance tests were carried out with a temporary beam line installed to measure beam profiles at the location of ISOL target, Finally, a maximum beam power of 50 kW was successfully tested for six hours.

Slides THBO05 [8.492 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO05

About •

Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 25 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2023

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THBO06

The Design of the Center Region of MSC230 Cyclotron

focusing, proton, radiation, acceleration

285

V. Malinin, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, D. Popov
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
T.V. Karamysheva
Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
T.V. Karamysheva, A.A. Sinitsa
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

MSC230 is an innovative efficient medical super-conducting cyclotron for the study and investigation of the conventional proton and FLASH therapy, devel-oped by JINR for its new biomedical research center. The machine has an internal injection system provided by a PIG ion source and, for better efficiency, 4 RF dees connected in the center. Despite these re-strictions, it is possible to create a center region design which allows initial acceleration with minimal losses sufficient for the FLASH therapy. The design and its features presented in this talk.

Slides THBO06 [2.456 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO06

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Received ※ 01 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 31 January 2023

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THPO001

COLUMBUS - A Small Cyclotron for School and Teaching Purposes

vacuum, experiment, acceleration, simulation

288

C.R. Wolf, M. Prechtl
HS Coburg, Coburg, Germany

In the early 2012 the project "COLUMBUS a small Cyclotron for School- and Teaching Purposes" started. Supported by the FZ Jülich and some German companies a small cyclotron was built at the University of Applied Sciences of Coburg, Germany. After the first beam was detected in 2014, the cyclotron was continuously improved and expanded. At the same time, an educational concept was developed that is based on the studies and curricula in Germany. Since then, the workshops and internships, which are the two columns of the concept, have enjoyed increasing popu-larity among students and, fortunately, among female students as well. Furthermore, future improvements of the accelerator and the educational concept are presented.

Poster THPO001 [2.651 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO001

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Received ※ 30 November 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 April 2023

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THPO005

JULIC - Driver Accelerator for HBS

neutron, experiment, target, controls

303

O. Felden, V. Kamerdzhiev
FZJ, Jülich, Germany
R. Gebel, K. Grigoryev, Y. Valdau
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

At the Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) the energy variable cyclotron JULIC is used as injector of the Cooler Synchrotron (COSY) and for low to medium current irradiations of different types. At the NESP-Target station a Target-Moderator-Reflector (TMR) -demonstrator of the proposed accelerator driven High Brilliance Neutron source (HBS) was set up with the Jülich Center of Neutron Science (JCNS). Beside showing the functionality of the TMR-Design the demonstrator gives the possibility to test new target materials, different types and concepts of moderators and at least the handling of irradiated targets and components. The TMR- target station is installed inside an Experimental area offering space for complex detector and component setups for nuclear and neutron related experiments like ToF-experiments or neutron imaging e.g. But it is used for other purposes like irradiation and electronic or detector tests as well. Additionally to the TMR, the extraction beamline from JULIC to the TMR was set up and equipped with a fast kicker and a 3-field permanent magnet, as foreseen in in HBS to deliver the beam to different target stations within a sophisticated pulsing scheme, synchronized with the beam pulsing done at JULIC, using fast deflection plates. This report briefly summarizes the history of JULIC and the activities for its future perspectives.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO005

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Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 18 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 February 2023

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THPO007

Direct Sampling Digital Low-Level RF Control for CIAE BNCT Cyclotron

controls, LLRF, beam-loading, cavity

311

X. Mu, J.Y. Wei, Z.G. Yin
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
X.L. Fu
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy "BNCT" can be delivered using a high current cyclotron, resulting more compact and environmentally friendly design, yet the difficulties remain in the cyclotron part, particularly in RF systems. The high beam loading challenges the stability of the amplifiers, as well as the control loops. Especially in our case, the wall loss of each cavity is more than the beam-loading power of the CIAE BNCT cyclotron. To address the heavy beam loading coefficient, a higher-performance ADRC control algorithm is evaluated, together with the regular PID control. In the meantime, a direct sampling/synthesizing digital low-level RF control hardware design is put forward to have more flexibility in control implementation. Since this new design adopts Xilinx SOC as the main controller, it is convenient to combine real-time control algorithm with high-level control through Advanced Extensible Interface. In this LLRF design, the amplitude and phase control using PID control is implemented in the PS end, and the tuning control is taking advantage of the ADRC algorithm in the PL end. Using a symmetrical design, together with the buncher control, in total, regulation of three loops are achieved using two control boards. The software/hardware design as well as the commission result will be reported in this paper.

Poster THPO007 [2.567 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO007

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Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 21 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 April 2023

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THPO008

Consideration of Using Non-Destructive Detectors in the Beamline of a Proton Therapy Facility

proton, detector, electron, cavity

314

Q.S. Chen, A.T. Chen, B. Qin
HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

Funding: This work is supported by the National Science Foundation of China under the contract No. 12175077.
Ionization profile monitors (IPM) are a kind of nondestructive monitors mostly used in accelerators of high intensity pulsed beams. As for particle therapy accelerators, either based on cyclotrons or synchrotrons, the extracted beams are very weak, usually on the level of nano-Amperes. Up to date, the commonly used detectors in such low current machines are all destructive, such as fluorescent screens and gas ionization chambers. In this paper, we proposed for the first time to use a residual gas ionization monitor to measure the beam profiles in a proton therapy facility based on a superconducting cyclotron. The feasibility of such a scheme and some basic issues are discussed in this paper.

Poster THPO008 [0.535 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO008

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Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 19 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 June 2023

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THPO009

Vacuum Model of the C400 Cyclotron for Hadrontherapy

vacuum, injection, extraction, hadrontherapy

317

V. Nuttens, P. Cailliau, Q. Flandroy, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, J. Mandrillon
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Ph. Velten
NHa, Caen, France

Since 2020, NHa and IBA collaborate on the development of the C400 cyclotron dedicated to hadron therapy. This machine accelerates C⁶⁺ and He²⁺ up to 400 MeV/n and H²⁺ up to 260 MeV/n. The H²⁺ is extracted by stripping and the other particles by electrostatic extraction. Vacuum management in the injection line and in the cyclotron are of prime importance to avoid large beam losses. Indeed, C⁶⁺ ions are subjected to charge exchange during collision with the residual gas. On the opposite, H²⁺ will suffer from molecular binding break up. According to cross section data, the constraints on the residual gas pressure is driven by C⁶⁺ in the injection line and by H²⁺ in the cyclotron. An electrical equivalent model of the vacuum system of the cyclotron, its injection and extraction lines has been developed in LTSpice® software to determine the pressure along the particle path. Contributions from outgassing surfaces, O-ring outgassing and permeation are included and vacuum pump requirement could be obtained. The expected beam transmission is then evaluated based on cross sections available from the literature.

Poster THPO009 [0.524 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO009

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Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 March 2023

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THPO011

Effect of 90 MeV Proton Irradiation on Spleen Injury in C57BL/6J Mice

radiation, proton, experiment, controls

324

Q.J. Wang, Y.H. Gong, J.C. Liu, Q. Liu, L. Sui, Y. Wang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Funding: the Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project (No.WDJC-2019-11)
Proton therapy has become one of the most important physiotherapies for tumors in the world, which can greatly improve the cure rate of tumors that are ineffective by conventional treatments. In addition, proton is also the main source of radiation in space environment. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to use accelerators to carry out basic research on proton radiotherapy and space radiobiology, which can provide technical support and basic data for the optimal design of proton therapy and risk assessment of personnel in space environment. In this study, C57 mice were irradiated with 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 2 Gy by 90 MeV protons from 100 MeV cyclotron of China Institute of Atomic Energy. The mice were killed one day after irradiation. Body weight change and spleen organ coefficient were calculated. The expression of DNA damage-related protein γ H2AX was detected by western blotting. The results showed that compared with the control group, the body weight of mice in each irradiation group had no significant change, and the spleen organ coefficient decreased, indicating that the spleen atrophied after proton radiation, especially in 2 Gy. The results of Western blotting showed that the expression of γ H2AX in spleen increased significantly on the 1 day after irradiation, especially in 0.5 and 2 Gy, indicating that the spleen DNA damage was the serious on the 1 day after proton radiation.

Poster THPO011 [0.625 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO011

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Received ※ 10 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2023

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THPO012

Progress in Design of MSC230 Superconducting Cyclotron for Proton Therapy

proton, extraction, cavity, radiation

327

G.A. Karamysheva, K. Bunyatov, S. Gurskiy, G.G. Hodshibagijan, O. Karamyshev, D. Nikiforov, M.S. Novikov, D. Popov, V.M. Romanov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, A.A. Sinitsa, G.V. Trubnikov, S. Yakovenko
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
V.A. Gerasimov, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

The current status of the MSC230 superconducting cyclotron designed for biomedical research is presented. MSC230 is an isochronous four-sector compact cyclotron with a magnetic field in the center of 1.7 T. Acceleration is performed at the fourth harmonic mode of the accelerating radio-frequency (RF) system consisting of four cavities located in the cyclotron valleys. The accelerator will use an internal Penning type source with a hot cathode. Particular attention is paid to extraction, as it must have a high extraction efficiency.

Poster THPO012 [0.911 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO012

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Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 24 March 2023

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THPO013

Magnet Design of a Compact 16 MeV Variable Energy Cyclotron for Isotope Production

extraction, MMI, focusing, controls

330

S. Xu
HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China
K.Z. Ding, F. Jiang, Z. Wu, J. Zhou
ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
W. Wang
Wang, Hefei, People’s Republic of China

A compact isochronous cyclotron, CIMV16, is under research and development at Hefei CAS Ion Medical and Technical Devices Co., Ltd, China (HFCIM).This cyclotron can accelerate negative hydrogen ion to variable energy in the range of 10~16 MeV for the stable production of widely-used medical isotopes in this energy range. It has a maximal diameter of only 1.8 m and adopts three radial-sector poles with the third harmonic acceleration. The design of magnet system and the analysis of final simulated static magnetic field were described in detail in this paper. Meanwhile, two suitable shimming methods were also proposed for later engineering optimization

Poster THPO013 [1.629 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO013

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Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 April 2023

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THPO014

The Beam Dynamics Simulation of a Variable Energy Cyclotron for Isotope Production

extraction, simulation, target, controls

334

W. Wang
Wang, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
K.Z. Ding, F. Jiang, J. Zhou
ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
S. Xu
HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China

The isochronous cyclotron, CIMV16, has been de-signed by Hefei CAS Ion Medical and Technical Devices Co., Ltd, China (HFCIM) for widely used isotope production, which can extract proton with variable energy in range of 10~16 MeV. In this cyclotron, negative hydro-gen ion will be accelerated to 10~16 MeV, and then stripped out two electrons to become proton to be extracted. We have performed beam tracking starting from the ion source to the extraction reference point, and optimized the position of the stripping target to make the beam of different energies converge at radius of 110 cm. The orbit centralization is optimized by the design of first harmonic, and the axial size of extraction beam is also optimized. All the results of beam dynamics simulations will be presented.

Poster THPO014 [0.731 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO014

About •

Received ※ 16 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 February 2023

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THPO015

R&D Studies on A 177.6 MHz 1:4 Scale Boat Shape Prototype RF Cavity for the 2 GeV CW FFA

cavity, proton, simulation, GUI

338

S. Pei, L.L. Guan, Y. Jia, Z.J. Jin, M. Li, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, F. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Wang, G. Yang, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
B. Li, S.B. Xia, Y. Xing
ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China

Funding: Work supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901.
A proton circular accelerator complex composed of a 100 MeV separated radial sector cyclotron, an 800 MeV separated spiral sector cyclotron and a 2 GeV FFA was proposed and is being studied at CIAE. To satisfy the beam dynamics requirements of the FFA, NC RF cavity with high Q and R will be adopted. It is found that the boat shape cavity is the most promising candidate. Therefore, R&D on a 177.6 MHz 1:4 scale boat shape prototype cavity is being carried out to study all aspects of developing such a high-power cavity. In this scenario, self-consistent multi-physics coupled simulation study with ANSYS HFSS and Workbench was carried out. This paper describes the method to deal with a mechanical model including hundreds of bodies in the FEM analysis and shows the simulation results. In addition, the manufacturing technology and some testing results are also presented.

Poster THPO015 [3.234 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO015

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Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023

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THPO016

Design and Analysis of the 230 MeV Cyclotron Magnet for the Proton Therapy System

acceleration, proton, focusing, permanent-magnet

342

X.H. Zhang
CGN, Mianyang City, People’s Republic of China

This paper introduces the design and analysis of 230 MeV cyclotron magnet of the proton therapy system. The magnet is an important part of the 230 MeV cyclotron, which can supply proton beam for the therapy terminal. The magnetic field calculation and modification has been done, and the isochronous error of the magnetic field is less than 0.2%. Meanwhile, the thermal analysis of the coil has been calculated by the empirical formula.

Poster THPO016 [0.591 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO016

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Received ※ 02 February 2023 — Revised ※ 07 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 23 March 2023

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FRAI02

Design of a 2 GeV Cyclotron with Constant Radial and Vertical Tunes

closed-orbit, betatron, proton, resonance

356

T. Planche, R.A. Baartman
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Funding: This work was funded by TRIUMF which receives federal funding via a contribution agreement with the National Research Council of Canada.
We demonstrate that a cyclotron can be made to have precisely constant betatron tunes over wide energy ranges. In particular, we show that the horizontal tune can be made constant and does not have to follow the Lorentz factor gamma, while still perfectly satisfying the isochronous condition. To make this demonstration we developed a technique based on the calculation of the betatron tunes entirely from the geometry of realistic non-hard-edge closed orbits. The technique is applied to the particular case of a 800 MeV to 2 GeV proton cyclotron to produce a design that is presented here.

Slides FRAI02 [3.213 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRAI02

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Received ※ 01 June 2023 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 July 2023

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FRAO02

Feasibility Study on 10 MW-Class Ultra-High Power Cyclotron

resonance, extraction, neutron, cavity

359

T.J. Bian, S. An, F.P. Guan, L.Y. Ji, S.M. Wei
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

10MW-class ultra-high power cyclotron (UHPC) has great application prospects in cutting-edge sciences, neutron source, advanced energy and advanced material, etc. So far, Cyclotron with average beam power of 10 MW still have some bottleneck problems. Beam energy and current of a high-power cyclotron is typically less than 800MeV and 3mA. In this paper, bottleneck problems of UHPC are analysed, and then a preliminary design of UHPC-10MW is presented.

Slides FRAO02 [15.273 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRAO02

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Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 July 2023

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FRAO03

Engineering Design and Fabricate Technology for Superconducting Magnets in Cyclotron

superconducting-magnet, proton, FFAG, vacuum

364

Z.XY. Guo
Suzhou Bama Superconductor Tech. Co.,Ltd., Zhangpu Town, People’s Republic of China

Magnets play an import role in cyclotrons. Application of superconducting magnets can make the cyclotron more compact, magnet field higher, and operation cost lower. From 1982 the first external beam was extracted from the K500 cyclotron at MSU, cyclotrons based on superconducting magnets became a popular research field in science, research, medicine and so on. Especially in recent years superconducting cyclotrons is increasing number in heavy iron therapy application, and they are an easy and cheap way to get ion beams. As a superconducting magnet besides the electromagnetic design to meet the beam transport requirement, there are many special engineering design points, including mechanical, cooling, stability, safety, measurement and so on. To fabricate the superconducting magnet, especially those with specially winding shape and configuration, need to study the process including winding, resin vacuum pressure impregnation, superconductor welding joint, assembling and so on.This report describes the engineering design technology, key fabricate technology, and some special equipment developed for superconducting magnets, including NbTi, NbSn3 and YBCO magnets. Some projects finished and carrying on in Bama Superconductive Tech Co. are also presented in this report, these projects are mainly related to cyclotron, synchrocyclotrons, FFAG accelerators, medical accelerators and so on.

Slides FRAO03 [8.647 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRAO03

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Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 March 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 May 2023

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FRBI01

Different Methods to Increase the Transmission in Cyclotron-Based Proton Therapy Facilities

emittance, optics, scattering, proton

368

V. Maradia, A.L. Lomax, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, J.M. Schippers, D.C. Weber
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Funding: This work is supported by a PSI inter-departmental funding initiative (Cross)
In proton therapy (PT), high dose rates could allow efficient utilization of motion mitigation techniques for moving targets, and potentially enhance normal tissue sparing due to the FLASH effect. Cyclotrons are currently the most common accelerator for PT, accounting for two-thirds of the total installations. However, for cyclotron-based facilities, high dose rates are difficult to reach for low-energy beams, which are generated by passing a high-energy beam through an energy degrader and an energy selection system (ESS); due to scattering and range straggling in the degrader, the emittance and energy/momentum spread increase significantly, incurring large losses from the cyclotron to the patient position. To solve these problems, we propose two approaches: a) transporting the maximum acceptable emittance in both transverse planes (using asymmetric collimators and/or scattering foil); b) an ESS with a wedge (instead of slits), reducing the momentum spread of the beam without significant beam losses. We demonstrate in simulation that low-energy beam transmission can be increased up to a factor of 60 using these approaches compared to the currently used beamline and ESS. This concept is key to enhance the potential of proton therapy by increasing the possibilities to treat new indications in current and future proton therapy facilities while reducing the cost.

Slides FRBI01 [7.811 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRBI01

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Received ※ 12 January 2023 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 May 2023

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FRBI02

Design of a Spiral Inflector at iThemba LABS for Injecting the Beam into a Cyclotron

quadrupole, permanent-magnet, simulation, optics

373

A.H. Barnard
iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa

Funding: iThemba LABS
Using a Belmont-Pabot spiral inflector for axial beam injection presents difficulties when matching the beam emittance to the cyclotron acceptance. For an electrostatic inflector one of the potential solutions to this problem is to use transverse electric field gradients to influence and optimise the optics. Here we extend this approach to magnetic spiral inflectors. It is demonstrated that the gradient of the magnetic field along the central trajectory can be controlled by an appropriate permanent magnet inflector design, and that these gradients have a large influence on the optics. The transverse gradients are numerically optimised and the performance compared to an optimised electrostatic spiral inflector. A faster numerical method for accurately determining the electric field of an electrostatic inflector is also presented.

Slides FRBI02 [1.872 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRBI02

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Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 26 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 May 2023

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FRBO03

The Study of the Isochronous Magnetic Field and the Equilbrum Orbit of CS-30 Cyclotron

target, radiation, experiment, extraction

378

B.F. Fan, Z. Li
SCU, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China

The CS-30 accelerator of the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology of Sichuan University is a three-fan accelerator with constant angular width (45 degrees) at small radius and blade thickness increasing with radius at larger radius. In this paper, the magnetic field is analyzed, and the static equilibrium orbit, revolution frequency, oscillation frequencies and other data are calculated. These functions can be integrated to guide the accurate magnet numerical model setup of the existing CS-30 accelerator, which can be used in de education demonstration and experimental phenomena analysis. The optimization algorithm is innovatively introduced in the static equilibrium orbit calculation, which reduces the dependence of the results on the initial value and significantly improves the calculation speed. The calculation method presented in this paper is suitable for all cyclotrons.
*Summary of technical training for CS-30 cyclotron

Slides FRBO03 [2.662 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRBO03

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Received ※ 02 February 2023 — Revised ※ 03 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 21 May 2023

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FRBO04

Error Magnetic Field due to the Median Plane Asymmetry and Its Applications in the Cyclotron

survey, resonance, coupling, site

381

L.G. Zhang, R.A. Baartman, Y. Bylinskii, T. Planche, Y.-N. Rao
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Cyclotrons have a median plane symmetric structure. But the pole’s geometric error and the unevenly magnetized soft iron give rise to non-zero asymmetrical fields in the geometric median plane. The asymmetric field can shift the vertical position of the beam. Moreover, The error of the tilted median plane can be the driving force when the tunes pass through coupling resonances. In this paper, we take the TRIUMF 500 MeV cyclotron as an example to study the asymmetric field resulting from imperfect median plane symmetry. An approach due to M. Gordon, and a highly accurate compact finite differentiation method are used to investigate the historical field survey data, which reveals redundancy in the survey data. The redundancy was used in this study to correct the error in the measurement data. Further, the median plane asymmetry field could be manipulated using trim coils or harmonic coils with top and bottom coil currents in opposite directions (’Br-mode’). Using the created asymmetric field, we improved the vertical tune measurement method to investigate the linear coupling resonance in TRIUMF 500 MeV cyclotron. Eventually, the coupling resonance is corrected and avoided using the available harmonic coils and trim coils.

Slides FRBO04 [1.620 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRBO04

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Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 07 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 10 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023

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