CYCLOTRONS2022 - List of Keywords (extraction)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOAI01	Status of the HIAF Accelerator Facility in China	ECR, injection, linac, vacuum	1
	J.C. Yang, L.T. Sun, Y.J. Yuan IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
	HIAF (High Intensity heavy ion Accelerator Facility) is a new accelerator facility for advances in the nuclear physics and related research fields in China. It is composed of a superconducting ion linear accelerator, a high-energy synchrotron booster, a high-energy radioactive isotope beam line, an experimental storage ring, and a few experimental setups. Characterized by unprecedented intense ion beams from hydrogen through uranium, HIAF can produce a large variety of exotic nuclear matters not normally found on the earth and will bring researchers to the forefront of promoting the most vigorous and fascinating fields in nuclear physics. In addition, HIAF will provide an excellent platform to develop heavy-ion applications in medicine, life science, space science, and material science. The construction of HIAF started up in December of 2018, and takes approximately seven years in total. Since the commencement, the civil engineering and infrastructure are being constructed on time schedule and will be completed in July, 2023. R&D on key accelerator techniques are going on successfully, and prototypes of core devices are fabricated in collaboration with home and abroad universities, institutes, and companies. Presently, we come to the stage of invitation for bids and volume production of various apparatuses. The progress and present status will be given in the presentation.
	Slides MOAI01 [7.656 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAI01
About •	Received ※ 29 January 2023 — Revised ※ 10 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 April 2023
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MOAO02	The Commissioning of a 230 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron CYCIAE-230	MMI, cyclotron, proton, cavity	15
	C. Wang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, B. Ji, L.Y. Ji, X.L. Jia, Y. Jia, T.Y. Jiang, J. Liu, J.Y. Liu, P. Liu, Z.W. Liu, X. Mu, S. Pei, G.F. Song, Q.Q. Song, F. Wang, J.Y. Wei, L.P. Wen, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, D.Z. Zhang, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng, H. Zhou, P.F. Zhu, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	There are very strong demands for proton accelera-tors in medium energy range in recent years due to the fast growth of proton therapy and the space science in China. For the applications of proton therapy and pro-ton irradiation, the energy range of proton beam is usually from 200MeV to 250MeV, or even higher for astronavigation [1]. An R&D project for constructing a 230MeV superconducting cyclotron (CYCIAE-230) has been initiated at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) since Jan 2015. In July of 2016, after the fund-ing was approved by China National Nuclear Corpora-tion (CNNC), the construction project was fully launched. In Dec 2019, the superconducting main magnet and the RF system were transferred to the new-ly built commissioning site. Then, the RF commission-ing, ion source and central region test were performed even during the pandemic in early 2020. In September 2020, after finishing the commissioning tests of all subsystems, the beam was reached the extraction channel but with very low efficiency. Since then, with more efforts on beam diagnostics, the fine tuning of the beam phase and the adjusting of the superconduct-ing coil have been proven to be useful to get higher beam extraction efficiency ~55%. In this paper, the commissioning of the key components, including the main magnet, SC coils, internal ion source and central region, extraction system, etc, as well as the commis-sioning progress of the machine CYCIAE-230 will be presented.
	Slides MOAO02 [10.305 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO02
About •	Received ※ 24 January 2023 — Revised ※ 25 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 June 2023
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MOBO01	High Intensity Cyclotrons for Production of Medical Radioisotopes	cyclotron, space-charge, injection, MMI	30
	E. van der Kraaij, J.-M. Geets, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, J. Mandrillon, N.A.R. Mine, V. Nuttens, P. Verbruggen IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	At the previous cyclotron conference an overview of the cyclotrons for radioisotopes production was shown. Here, we will focus on the development of IBA’s accelerators in the recent three years. Notably the Cyclone® 70, the Cyclone® 30XP and the Cyclone® Kiube have made progress. The expertise gained with the development of these machines has led IBA to develop a completely new cyclotron for 30 MeV protons, the Cyclone® IKON. As its first construction is ongoing, details on the design of this accelerator will be presented.
	Slides MOBO01 [3.674 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO01
About •	Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 29 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2023
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MOPO009	Study on the Extraction of a Compact Cyclotron for BNCT	cyclotron, focusing, neutron, emittance	73
	L.Y. Ji, S. An, T.J. Bian, F.P. Guan, S.M. Wei, H.D. Xie, J.S. Xing CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	An 18 MeV, 1 mA H⁻ compact cyclotron is under design at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). The proton beam bombards a beryllium target, producing high-flux neutron beam for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Stripping extraction is adopted in this cyclotron. The position of the stripping point affects the trajectory and beam quality of the extracted beam. In this paper, we use orbit-tracking method to simulate the beam trajectory and emittance with different positions and tilt angles of stripping foil, and adopt the extraction point whose radius is 53.6 cm, azimuth is 57° and the tilt angle of the stripping foil is 15°.
	Poster MOPO009 [1.696 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO009
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 March 2023
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MOPO013	Experimental Study of Beam Energy Control at the TIARA AVF Cyclotron	cyclotron, controls, experiment, target	83
	N. Miyawaki, N.S. Ishioka, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, S. Watanabe QST/Takasaki, Takasaki, Japan M. Fukuda RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	The TIARA AVF cyclotron provides a He beam for production of At-211 as one of many beam applications. The production rate of At-211 increases with the energy of the He beam, but contamination of Po-210 produced by radioactive decay of At-210, which is generated by the energy of above 29 MeV, must be prevented for medical applications. Therefore, the energy of the He beam must be precisely measured and controlled. A time-of-flight beam energy monitor in the straight beamline from the cyclotron was installed to measure the beam energy in real time. The beam energy was arbitrarily controlled within a range of about 1% by adjusting the cyclotron magnetic field and accelerating voltage, which are the possible causes of the beam energy change. Using this control, we investigated the rate of formation of At-211 and At-210 as the beam energy was varied. As a result, we confirmed the energy generating At-210 and both production rates increased with the energy of the He beam.
	Poster MOPO013 [1.010 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO013
About •	Received ※ 27 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 March 2023
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MOPO018	The Magnetic Field Design of a 16 MeV Variable Energy Cyclotron	cyclotron, simulation, resonance, magnet-design	103
	Z. Wu, K.Z. Ding, J. Zhou ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China S. Xu HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China
	The development of a 16 MeV H⁻ cyclotron is in progress at CIM company (Hefei, China). Such machine is designed for radio-isotope production which is used for nuclear medicine. Beam extraction is ensured by means of stripper foils located at different radii to achieve variable extraction energy between 10 and 16 MeV. In this paper, the main magnet design was demonstrated in detail. An AVF magnet with four radial sectors was adopt to get strong axial focusing. The hill angular widths and hill gaps with radius were designed to meet the isochronous magnetic field. The tunes were optimized to avoid dangerous resonance. The result of magnet design was verified by beam dynamics simulations. After the presentation of the magnet design, some results on stripping extraction were also discussed. TOSCA (OPERA-3D) was used to perform 3D magnetic field simulation. An efficient beam simulation code developed by MATLAB was used to do beam dynamics simulations.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO018
About •	Received ※ 12 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 May 2023
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TUAI01	Cyclotron Beam Extraction by Acceleration	cyclotron, proton, acceleration, cavity	110
	C. Baumgarten PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	One of the decisive issues in the design and operation of cyclotrons is the choice of the beam extraction method. Typical methods are extraction by electrostatic extractors and by stripping. The former method requires DC high voltage electrodes which are notorious for high-voltage breakdowns. The latter method requires beams of atomic or molecular ions which are notorious for rest gas and Lorentz stripping. We discuss the conditions to be met such that a charged particle beam will leave the magnetic field of an isochronous cyclotron purely by fast acceleration.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAI01
About •	Received ※ 05 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
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WEAI01	Self-Consistent Simulation of an Internal Ion Source Plasma Meniscus and Its Extracted Space Charge Dominated Beam in the Cyclotron Central Region	cyclotron, space-charge, ion-source, simulation	138
	G. D’Agostino INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy G. D’Agostino, W.J.G.M. Kleeven IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	Funding: *Work supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 886190 Central region design simulations for cyclotrons with internal ion source are often complicated by the fact that the initial particle phase space distribution is not well known. Especially for high-intensity cyclotrons, one would like to have a quantitative self-consistent approach for a more accurate simulation of the beam extracted from the ion source and its acceleration in the first accelerating gaps under space charge conditions. This paper proposes some new ideas and methods for this problem. The simulation approach has been developed at IBA for the high-intensity compact self-extracting cyclotron in the EU-H2020-MSCA InnovaTron project. Detailed results of simulations on plasma meniscus and space charge dominated beam extracted from it and accelerated in the cyclotron centre are shown in the paper.
	Slides WEAI01 [3.099 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI01
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 June 2023
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WEAI02	Upgrade of the RCNP AVF Cyclotron	cyclotron, ion-source, proton, experiment	143
	M. Fukuda, T.H. Chong, T. Hara, K. Hatanaka, S. Imajo, H. Kanda, M. Kittaka, S. Matsui, S. Morinobu, Y. Morita, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, T. Shima, K. Takeda, H. Tamura, D. Tomono, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita, H. Yoshida, H. Zhao RCNP, Osaka, Japan M. Nakao Gunma University, Heavy-Ion Medical Research Center, Maebashi-Gunma, Japan
	The upgrade program of the RCNP K140 AVF cyclotron was started in 2019 to provide not only an intense light ion beam for short-lived RI production but also a high-quality intense beam for precision experiments in nuclear physics. Most of equipment besides the main coil, pole and yoke of the cyclotron magnet was replaced by new one. Especially the RF, injection and extraction systems were fully modified to increase a beam current. A new coaxial-type resonator was designed to cover a frequency range from 16 to 36 MHz for acceleration of staple particles using acceleration harmonic mode of h=2 and h=6. The acceleration voltage of ion sources was increased from 15 kV to 50 kV to enhance the beam intensity and to reduce the beam emittance for injecting a high-quality intense ion beam into the cyclotron. The central region of the cyclotron was fully redesigned to improve beam transmission from the LEBT system. Beam commissioning was started from May 2022, and a 28 MeV 4He²⁺ beam was supplied to produce a short-lived RI of At-211 used for the targeted alpha-particle therapy. A 65 MeV proton beam was successfully injected into the K400 ring cyclotron to provide a 392 MeV proton beam for production of a white neutron flux and a muon beam. Several ion beams have been already used for academic research and industrial applications.
	Slides WEAI02 [9.428 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI02
About •	Received ※ 16 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 April 2023
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WEAO02	Simulation and Analysis of HIMM-IC Beam Dynamics with OPAL	simulation, cyclotron, injection, emittance	152
	G.L. Dou IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
	Since 2020, HIMM (Heavy Ion Medical Machine) facilities in both Wuwei and Lanzhou cities have been installed and put into clinical application or commissioning experiments. As an injector cyclotron (IC), HIMM-IC can provide 6.8 MeV/10 eµA 12C⁵⁺ beam for the synchrotron. Nevertheless, in terms of better beam quality and operation efficiency, HIMM-IC design still has a lot of room for improvement. We used OPAL simulation program to complete the 3D multi-particle dynamics simulation of HIMM-IC including the space charge effect. And the results show that it is in good agreement with the actual experimental measurements.
	Slides WEAO02 [3.819 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO02
About •	Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 February 2023
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WEBO04	Commissioning of the Sumitomo Superconducting AVF Cyclotron SC230	cyclotron, proton, MMI, operation	187
	Y. Ebara, Y. Kumata, T. Miyashita, Nakajima, S. Nakajima, T. Tsurudome, H. Tsutsui, J. Yoshida SHI, Kanagawa, Japan
	A 230 MeV superconducting AVF cyclotron SC230 is developed by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. This is the world’s smallest isochronous cyclotron for proton therapy, and its weight is 65 tons, which is 0.3 times that of our previous cyclotron model. The size is reduced by generating high magnetic fields using NbTi supercon-ducting coils cooled without cryogen. In addition, this cyclotron features the maximum beam current >1 uA and low power consumption <200 kW. The beam-commissioning test started at the end of 2020, the first extracted beam was observed in July 2021, and the basic performance of the beam was measured. The processes and results of the beam commissioning are reported.
	Slides WEBO04 [4.017 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO04
About •	Received ※ 26 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2023
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WEPO003	Beam Dynamics in a New 230 MeV Cyclotron	cyclotron, cavity, acceleration, proton	208
	O. Karamyshev JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	A new cyclotron for proton therapy concept is a compact, but non-superconducting accelerator, that is simple, but cheap. Proposed concept uses 4 sectors with double spiral design and 4 RF cavities operating at harmonic 8, making the central region and extraction a challenging task that needs to be carefully simulated. High injection and extraction efficiency is presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO003
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 April 2023
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THAI01	Recent Progress of Research and Development for the Cost-Effective, Energy-Efficient Proton Accelerator CYCIAE-2000	cavity, cyclotron, resonance, proton	245
	T.J. Zhang, H.R. Cai, Z.C. Chu, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, X.L. Jia, Z.J. Jin, H. Le, J. Lin, J.Y. Liu, X. Mu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, Q.Q. Song, C. Wang, F. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, Z.Y. Yin, S.P. Zhang, B.H. Zhao, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901. The MW class proton accelerators are expected to play important role in many fields, attracting institutions to continue research and tackle key problems. The CW isochronous accelerator obtains a high power beam with higher energy efficiency, which is very attractive to many applications. Scholars generally believe that the energy limitation of the isochronous cyclotron is ~1 GeV. To get higher beam power by the isochronous machine, enhancing the beam focusing become the most important issue. Adjusting the radial gradient of the average magnetic field makes the field distribution match the isochronism. When we adjust the radial gradient of the peak field, the first-order gradient is equivalent to the quadrupole field, the second-order, the hexapole field, and so on. Just like the synchrotron, there are quadrupoles, hexapole magnets, and so on, along the orbits to get higher energy, as all we know. If we adjust the radial gradient for the peak field of an FFAG’s FDF lattice and cooperate with the angular width (azimuth flutter) and spiral angle (edge focusing) of the traditional cyclotron pole, we can manipulate the working path in the tune diagram very flexibly. During enhancing the axial focusing, both the beam intensity and the energy of the isochronous accelerator are significantly increased. And a 2 GeV CW FFAG with 3 mA of average beam intensity is designed. It is essentially an isochronous cyclotron although we use 10 folders of FDF lattices. The key difficulty is that the magnetic field and each order of gradient should be accurately adjusted in a large radius range. As a high-power proton accelerator with high energy efficiency, we adopt high-temperature superconducting technology for the magnets. 15 RF cavities with a Q value of 90000 provide energy gain per turn of ~15 MeV to ensure the CW beam intensity reaches 3 mA. A 1:4 scale, 15 ton HTS magnet, and a 1:4 scale, 177 MHz cavity have been completed. The results of such R&D will also be presented in this
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI01
About •	Received ※ 20 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 April 2023
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THAI02	Stripping Extraction and Lorentz Dissociation	experiment, acceleration, cyclotron, proton	252
	H.W. Koay TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	Stripping extraction of hydrogen molecular ions has gained interest in the cyclotron industry due to its high extraction efficiency. However, the magnetic field could result in undesired dissociation of the hydrogen anion/molecular ions during acceleration. This work summarizes and compares the Lorentz dissociation of several types of hydrogen ions, as well as other important aspects that are crucial when deciding the best candidate for stripping extraction in a cyclotron.
	Slides THAI02 [1.633 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI02
About •	Received ※ 01 June 2023 — Revised ※ 05 July 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023
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THAO02	Beam Extraction Simulation and Magnetic Channels’ Design For MSC230 Cyclotron	cyclotron, simulation, proton, radiation	260
	D. Popov, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia S.G. Shirkov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	MSC230 is a novate cyclotron for proton (FLASH included) therapy research, designed and developed by JINR. The extraction system of this machine includes only one electrostatic deflector followed by two magnetic correctors. These correctors were designed and included in global model to simulate beam extraction. The peculiarities of the design procedure and the outcome of the simulation discussed in this paper.
	Slides THAO02 [2.523 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAO02
About •	Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
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THBI01	Status on NHa C400 Cyclotron for Hadrontherapy	cyclotron, proton, resonance, hadron	264
	J. Mandrillon, M. Abs, P. Cailliau, S. Deprez, X. Donzel, G. Goosse, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, L.C.L. Koffel, V. Nuttens, Y. Otu, Y. Paradis IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium O. Cosson, L. Maunoury, Ph. Velten NHa, Caen, France
	C400 is an isochronous cyclotron for cancer therapy delivering high dose rates of alphas to carbons at 400 MeV/amu extracted by electrostatic deflector and protons at 260 MeV extracted by stripping of molecular hydrogen. IBA started to pre-design the system more than 13 years ago in collaboration with JINR. The responsibility for the development of C400 has meanwhile been taken over by the French company Normandy Hadontherapy (NHa). However, the study and design work continued with a very strong involvement of IBA for the past 3 years, from concept on paper to reality. We will describe the most innovative concepts and technical solutions on the accelerator from source to extraction and show the construction progress.
	Slides THBI01 [6.375 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBI01
About •	Received ※ 08 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 February 2023
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THBI02	Status Report on the Cyclotron Injector for HIMM	cyclotron, operation, ECR, ion-source	269
	G.L. Dou, X. Chen, C.C. Li, L.T. Sun, B. Wang, X.W. Wang, L. Yang, Q.G. Yao, H.W. Zhao IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
	HIMM (Heavy Ion Medical Machine) is an accelerator complex designed by Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, which accelerates carbon ions to the energy 400 MeV/A for tumor therapy. The main accelerator of HIMM is a synchronous accelerator. As a special design, we use a cyclotron as the injector of the synchrontron. The cyclotron is a compact cyclotron to accelerate C¹²⁵⁺ ions to the energy 6.8 MeV/A, and the extracted beam intensity of the cyclotron is 10 eµA. For stability and simplicity operation, we use two identical permanent magnet ECR ion sources in the axial injection line, that the ion sources can interchange with each other rapidly with the same performance, and only one main exciting coil with no trim coils in the cyclotron magnet. Up to now, three cyclotrons have been accomplished, one of them was operated in Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital to treat more than six hundred cancer patients in the last two and a half years, the other one had been fully commissioned in Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital about two years ago. After a short introduction to the heavy ion cancer treatment facility development in China, this paper will present operation status of the cyclotrons for HIMM. Typical performance and on-line operation reliability will be discussed.
	Slides THBI02 [2.031 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBI02
About •	Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 July 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 October 2023
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THBO01	A New Concept Of Cyclotrons for Medical Applications	cyclotron, acceleration, proton, ion-source	274
	O. Karamyshev JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	Demand for cyclotrons for medical applications is growing rapidly. Cyclotrons delivering proton beams from 15 MeV up to 230 MeV are being used for isotopes production and proton therapy. Author proposes a con-cept that allows to significantly reduce cost of cyclotrons by making them more compact and power efficient without using superconducting coil. In the proposed design ratio between azimuthal length of sectors and valleys is over 3 to 1, with RF system operating at high frequency and acceleration at harmonic mode of 2 times the number of sectors. Compact size is achieved not by increasing the magnet field level, but by reducing the coil and RF system dimension. Cyclotrons will have 4 sectors and 4 rf cavities operating at harmonic 8 with 1.55 T mean field and accelerating frequency 180 MHz.
	Slides THBO01 [2.914 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO01
About •	Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 17 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 February 2023
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THBO02	SAPT- A Synchrotron Based Proton Therapy	proton, synchrotron, injection, dipole	278
	M.Z. Zhang, D.M. Li SINAP, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China Z.L. Chen, R. Li, Z.T. Zhao SARI-CAS, Pudong, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China M. Gu, L.R. Shen SSRF, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
	SAPT is a synchrotron based proton therapy which built in Shanghai, china. There are 4 treatment rooms and a main ring, a linac injector and the transport lines that between them. The main ring is a 24.6m long and 8 dipoles synchrotron. The synchrotron employees multi-turn injection and 3rd order extraction. The treatment rooms are ocular beam line, fixed beam line, 180 degree gantry beam line and 360 gantry beam line. Now, the first unit (fixed beam line, 180 degree gantry beam line) has finished the 3rd party testing and clinical trial, will open to patient treatment soon. the accelerator and beam lines will be described in this paper.
	Slides THBO02 [14.309 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO02
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 13 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 March 2023
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THPO009	Vacuum Model of the C400 Cyclotron for Hadrontherapy	vacuum, cyclotron, injection, hadrontherapy	317
	V. Nuttens, P. Cailliau, Q. Flandroy, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, J. Mandrillon IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Ph. Velten NHa, Caen, France
	Since 2020, NHa and IBA collaborate on the development of the C400 cyclotron dedicated to hadron therapy. This machine accelerates C⁶⁺ and He²⁺ up to 400 MeV/n and H²⁺ up to 260 MeV/n. The H²⁺ is extracted by stripping and the other particles by electrostatic extraction. Vacuum management in the injection line and in the cyclotron are of prime importance to avoid large beam losses. Indeed, C⁶⁺ ions are subjected to charge exchange during collision with the residual gas. On the opposite, H²⁺ will suffer from molecular binding break up. According to cross section data, the constraints on the residual gas pressure is driven by C⁶⁺ in the injection line and by H²⁺ in the cyclotron. An electrical equivalent model of the vacuum system of the cyclotron, its injection and extraction lines has been developed in LTSpice® software to determine the pressure along the particle path. Contributions from outgassing surfaces, O-ring outgassing and permeation are included and vacuum pump requirement could be obtained. The expected beam transmission is then evaluated based on cross sections available from the literature.
	Poster THPO009 [0.524 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO009
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 March 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPO012	Progress in Design of MSC230 Superconducting Cyclotron for Proton Therapy	cyclotron, proton, cavity, radiation	327
	G.A. Karamysheva, K. Bunyatov, S. Gurskiy, G.G. Hodshibagijan, O. Karamyshev, D. Nikiforov, M.S. Novikov, D. Popov, V.M. Romanov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, A.A. Sinitsa, G.V. Trubnikov, S. Yakovenko JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia V.A. Gerasimov, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	The current status of the MSC230 superconducting cyclotron designed for biomedical research is presented. MSC230 is an isochronous four-sector compact cyclotron with a magnetic field in the center of 1.7 T. Acceleration is performed at the fourth harmonic mode of the accelerating radio-frequency (RF) system consisting of four cavities located in the cyclotron valleys. The accelerator will use an internal Penning type source with a hot cathode. Particular attention is paid to extraction, as it must have a high extraction efficiency.
	Poster THPO012 [0.911 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO012
About •	Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 24 March 2023
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THPO013	Magnet Design of a Compact 16 MeV Variable Energy Cyclotron for Isotope Production	cyclotron, MMI, focusing, controls	330
	S. Xu HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China K.Z. Ding, F. Jiang, Z. Wu, J. Zhou ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China W. Wang Wang, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
	A compact isochronous cyclotron, CIMV16, is under research and development at Hefei CAS Ion Medical and Technical Devices Co., Ltd, China (HFCIM).This cyclotron can accelerate negative hydrogen ion to variable energy in the range of 10~16 MeV for the stable production of widely-used medical isotopes in this energy range. It has a maximal diameter of only 1.8 m and adopts three radial-sector poles with the third harmonic acceleration. The design of magnet system and the analysis of final simulated static magnetic field were described in detail in this paper. Meanwhile, two suitable shimming methods were also proposed for later engineering optimization
	Poster THPO013 [1.629 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO013
About •	Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 April 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPO014	The Beam Dynamics Simulation of a Variable Energy Cyclotron for Isotope Production	cyclotron, simulation, target, controls	334
	W. Wang Wang, Hefei, People’s Republic of China K.Z. Ding, F. Jiang, J. Zhou ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China S. Xu HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China
	The isochronous cyclotron, CIMV16, has been de-signed by Hefei CAS Ion Medical and Technical Devices Co., Ltd, China (HFCIM) for widely used isotope production, which can extract proton with variable energy in range of 10~16 MeV. In this cyclotron, negative hydro-gen ion will be accelerated to 10~16 MeV, and then stripped out two electrons to become proton to be extracted. We have performed beam tracking starting from the ion source to the extraction reference point, and optimized the position of the stripping target to make the beam of different energies converge at radius of 110 cm. The orbit centralization is optimized by the design of first harmonic, and the axial size of extraction beam is also optimized. All the results of beam dynamics simulations will be presented.
	Poster THPO014 [0.731 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO014
About •	Received ※ 16 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 February 2023
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FRAO02	Feasibility Study on 10 MW-Class Ultra-High Power Cyclotron	cyclotron, resonance, neutron, cavity	359
	T.J. Bian, S. An, F.P. Guan, L.Y. Ji, S.M. Wei CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	10MW-class ultra-high power cyclotron (UHPC) has great application prospects in cutting-edge sciences, neutron source, advanced energy and advanced material, etc. So far, Cyclotron with average beam power of 10 MW still have some bottleneck problems. Beam energy and current of a high-power cyclotron is typically less than 800MeV and 3mA. In this paper, bottleneck problems of UHPC are analysed, and then a preliminary design of UHPC-10MW is presented.
	Slides FRAO02 [15.273 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRAO02
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 July 2023
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FRBO03	The Study of the Isochronous Magnetic Field and the Equilbrum Orbit of CS-30 Cyclotron	cyclotron, target, radiation, experiment	378
	B.F. Fan, Z. Li SCU, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
	The CS-30 accelerator of the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology of Sichuan University is a three-fan accelerator with constant angular width (45 degrees) at small radius and blade thickness increasing with radius at larger radius. In this paper, the magnetic field is analyzed, and the static equilibrium orbit, revolution frequency, oscillation frequencies and other data are calculated. These functions can be integrated to guide the accurate magnet numerical model setup of the existing CS-30 accelerator, which can be used in de education demonstration and experimental phenomena analysis. The optimization algorithm is innovatively introduced in the static equilibrium orbit calculation, which reduces the dependence of the results on the initial value and significantly improves the calculation speed. The calculation method presented in this paper is suitable for all cyclotrons. *Summary of technical training for CS-30 cyclotron
	Slides FRBO03 [2.662 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRBO03
About •	Received ※ 02 February 2023 — Revised ※ 03 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 21 May 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOAI01

Status of the HIAF Accelerator Facility in China

ECR, injection, linac, vacuum

1

J.C. Yang, L.T. Sun, Y.J. Yuan
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China

HIAF (High Intensity heavy ion Accelerator Facility) is a new accelerator facility for advances in the nuclear physics and related research fields in China. It is composed of a superconducting ion linear accelerator, a high-energy synchrotron booster, a high-energy radioactive isotope beam line, an experimental storage ring, and a few experimental setups. Characterized by unprecedented intense ion beams from hydrogen through uranium, HIAF can produce a large variety of exotic nuclear matters not normally found on the earth and will bring researchers to the forefront of promoting the most vigorous and fascinating fields in nuclear physics. In addition, HIAF will provide an excellent platform to develop heavy-ion applications in medicine, life science, space science, and material science. The construction of HIAF started up in December of 2018, and takes approximately seven years in total. Since the commencement, the civil engineering and infrastructure are being constructed on time schedule and will be completed in July, 2023. R&D on key accelerator techniques are going on successfully, and prototypes of core devices are fabricated in collaboration with home and abroad universities, institutes, and companies. Presently, we come to the stage of invitation for bids and volume production of various apparatuses. The progress and present status will be given in the presentation.

Slides MOAI01 [7.656 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAI01

About •

Received ※ 29 January 2023 — Revised ※ 10 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 April 2023

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MOAO02

The Commissioning of a 230 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron CYCIAE-230

MMI, cyclotron, proton, cavity

15

C. Wang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, B. Ji, L.Y. Ji, X.L. Jia, Y. Jia, T.Y. Jiang, J. Liu, J.Y. Liu, P. Liu, Z.W. Liu, X. Mu, S. Pei, G.F. Song, Q.Q. Song, F. Wang, J.Y. Wei, L.P. Wen, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, D.Z. Zhang, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng, H. Zhou, P.F. Zhu, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

There are very strong demands for proton accelera-tors in medium energy range in recent years due to the fast growth of proton therapy and the space science in China. For the applications of proton therapy and pro-ton irradiation, the energy range of proton beam is usually from 200MeV to 250MeV, or even higher for astronavigation [1]. An R&D project for constructing a 230MeV superconducting cyclotron (CYCIAE-230) has been initiated at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) since Jan 2015. In July of 2016, after the fund-ing was approved by China National Nuclear Corpora-tion (CNNC), the construction project was fully launched. In Dec 2019, the superconducting main magnet and the RF system were transferred to the new-ly built commissioning site. Then, the RF commission-ing, ion source and central region test were performed even during the pandemic in early 2020. In September 2020, after finishing the commissioning tests of all subsystems, the beam was reached the extraction channel but with very low efficiency. Since then, with more efforts on beam diagnostics, the fine tuning of the beam phase and the adjusting of the superconduct-ing coil have been proven to be useful to get higher beam extraction efficiency ~55%. In this paper, the commissioning of the key components, including the main magnet, SC coils, internal ion source and central region, extraction system, etc, as well as the commis-sioning progress of the machine CYCIAE-230 will be presented.

Slides MOAO02 [10.305 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO02

About •

Received ※ 24 January 2023 — Revised ※ 25 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 June 2023

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MOBO01

High Intensity Cyclotrons for Production of Medical Radioisotopes

cyclotron, space-charge, injection, MMI

30

E. van der Kraaij, J.-M. Geets, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, J. Mandrillon, N.A.R. Mine, V. Nuttens, P. Verbruggen
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

At the previous cyclotron conference an overview of the cyclotrons for radioisotopes production was shown. Here, we will focus on the development of IBA’s accelerators in the recent three years. Notably the Cyclone® 70, the Cyclone® 30XP and the Cyclone® Kiube have made progress. The expertise gained with the development of these machines has led IBA to develop a completely new cyclotron for 30 MeV protons, the Cyclone® IKON. As its first construction is ongoing, details on the design of this accelerator will be presented.

Slides MOBO01 [3.674 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO01

About •

Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 29 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2023

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MOPO009

Study on the Extraction of a Compact Cyclotron for BNCT

cyclotron, focusing, neutron, emittance

73

L.Y. Ji, S. An, T.J. Bian, F.P. Guan, S.M. Wei, H.D. Xie, J.S. Xing
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

An 18 MeV, 1 mA H⁻ compact cyclotron is under design at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). The proton beam bombards a beryllium target, producing high-flux neutron beam for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Stripping extraction is adopted in this cyclotron. The position of the stripping point affects the trajectory and beam quality of the extracted beam. In this paper, we use orbit-tracking method to simulate the beam trajectory and emittance with different positions and tilt angles of stripping foil, and adopt the extraction point whose radius is 53.6 cm, azimuth is 57° and the tilt angle of the stripping foil is 15°.

Poster MOPO009 [1.696 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO009

About •

Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 March 2023

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MOPO013

Experimental Study of Beam Energy Control at the TIARA AVF Cyclotron

cyclotron, controls, experiment, target

83

N. Miyawaki, N.S. Ishioka, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, S. Watanabe
QST/Takasaki, Takasaki, Japan
M. Fukuda
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

The TIARA AVF cyclotron provides a He beam for production of At-211 as one of many beam applications. The production rate of At-211 increases with the energy of the He beam, but contamination of Po-210 produced by radioactive decay of At-210, which is generated by the energy of above 29 MeV, must be prevented for medical applications. Therefore, the energy of the He beam must be precisely measured and controlled. A time-of-flight beam energy monitor in the straight beamline from the cyclotron was installed to measure the beam energy in real time. The beam energy was arbitrarily controlled within a range of about 1% by adjusting the cyclotron magnetic field and accelerating voltage, which are the possible causes of the beam energy change. Using this control, we investigated the rate of formation of At-211 and At-210 as the beam energy was varied. As a result, we confirmed the energy generating At-210 and both production rates increased with the energy of the He beam.

Poster MOPO013 [1.010 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO013

About •

Received ※ 27 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 March 2023

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MOPO018

The Magnetic Field Design of a 16 MeV Variable Energy Cyclotron

cyclotron, simulation, resonance, magnet-design

103

Z. Wu, K.Z. Ding, J. Zhou
ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
S. Xu
HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China

The development of a 16 MeV H⁻ cyclotron is in progress at CIM company (Hefei, China). Such machine is designed for radio-isotope production which is used for nuclear medicine. Beam extraction is ensured by means of stripper foils located at different radii to achieve variable extraction energy between 10 and 16 MeV. In this paper, the main magnet design was demonstrated in detail. An AVF magnet with four radial sectors was adopt to get strong axial focusing. The hill angular widths and hill gaps with radius were designed to meet the isochronous magnetic field. The tunes were optimized to avoid dangerous resonance. The result of magnet design was verified by beam dynamics simulations. After the presentation of the magnet design, some results on stripping extraction were also discussed. TOSCA (OPERA-3D) was used to perform 3D magnetic field simulation. An efficient beam simulation code developed by MATLAB was used to do beam dynamics simulations.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO018

About •

Received ※ 12 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 May 2023

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TUAI01

Cyclotron Beam Extraction by Acceleration

cyclotron, proton, acceleration, cavity

110

C. Baumgarten
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

One of the decisive issues in the design and operation of cyclotrons is the choice of the beam extraction method. Typical methods are extraction by electrostatic extractors and by stripping. The former method requires DC high voltage electrodes which are notorious for high-voltage breakdowns. The latter method requires beams of atomic or molecular ions which are notorious for rest gas and Lorentz stripping. We discuss the conditions to be met such that a charged particle beam will leave the magnetic field of an isochronous cyclotron purely by fast acceleration.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAI01

About •

Received ※ 05 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023

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WEAI01

Self-Consistent Simulation of an Internal Ion Source Plasma Meniscus and Its Extracted Space Charge Dominated Beam in the Cyclotron Central Region

cyclotron, space-charge, ion-source, simulation

138

G. D’Agostino
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
G. D’Agostino, W.J.G.M. Kleeven
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Funding: *Work supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 886190
Central region design simulations for cyclotrons with internal ion source are often complicated by the fact that the initial particle phase space distribution is not well known. Especially for high-intensity cyclotrons, one would like to have a quantitative self-consistent approach for a more accurate simulation of the beam extracted from the ion source and its acceleration in the first accelerating gaps under space charge conditions. This paper proposes some new ideas and methods for this problem. The simulation approach has been developed at IBA for the high-intensity compact self-extracting cyclotron in the EU-H2020-MSCA InnovaTron project. Detailed results of simulations on plasma meniscus and space charge dominated beam extracted from it and accelerated in the cyclotron centre are shown in the paper.

Slides WEAI01 [3.099 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI01

About •

Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 June 2023

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WEAI02

Upgrade of the RCNP AVF Cyclotron

cyclotron, ion-source, proton, experiment

143

M. Fukuda, T.H. Chong, T. Hara, K. Hatanaka, S. Imajo, H. Kanda, M. Kittaka, S. Matsui, S. Morinobu, Y. Morita, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, T. Shima, K. Takeda, H. Tamura, D. Tomono, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita, H. Yoshida, H. Zhao
RCNP, Osaka, Japan
M. Nakao
Gunma University, Heavy-Ion Medical Research Center, Maebashi-Gunma, Japan

The upgrade program of the RCNP K140 AVF cyclotron was started in 2019 to provide not only an intense light ion beam for short-lived RI production but also a high-quality intense beam for precision experiments in nuclear physics. Most of equipment besides the main coil, pole and yoke of the cyclotron magnet was replaced by new one. Especially the RF, injection and extraction systems were fully modified to increase a beam current. A new coaxial-type resonator was designed to cover a frequency range from 16 to 36 MHz for acceleration of staple particles using acceleration harmonic mode of h=2 and h=6. The acceleration voltage of ion sources was increased from 15 kV to 50 kV to enhance the beam intensity and to reduce the beam emittance for injecting a high-quality intense ion beam into the cyclotron. The central region of the cyclotron was fully redesigned to improve beam transmission from the LEBT system. Beam commissioning was started from May 2022, and a 28 MeV 4He²⁺ beam was supplied to produce a short-lived RI of At-211 used for the targeted alpha-particle therapy. A 65 MeV proton beam was successfully injected into the K400 ring cyclotron to provide a 392 MeV proton beam for production of a white neutron flux and a muon beam. Several ion beams have been already used for academic research and industrial applications.

Slides WEAI02 [9.428 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI02

About •

Received ※ 16 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 April 2023

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WEAO02

Simulation and Analysis of HIMM-IC Beam Dynamics with OPAL

simulation, cyclotron, injection, emittance

152

G.L. Dou
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China

Since 2020, HIMM (Heavy Ion Medical Machine) facilities in both Wuwei and Lanzhou cities have been installed and put into clinical application or commissioning experiments. As an injector cyclotron (IC), HIMM-IC can provide 6.8 MeV/10 eµA 12C⁵⁺ beam for the synchrotron. Nevertheless, in terms of better beam quality and operation efficiency, HIMM-IC design still has a lot of room for improvement. We used OPAL simulation program to complete the 3D multi-particle dynamics simulation of HIMM-IC including the space charge effect. And the results show that it is in good agreement with the actual experimental measurements.

Slides WEAO02 [3.819 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO02

About •

Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 February 2023

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WEBO04

Commissioning of the Sumitomo Superconducting AVF Cyclotron SC230

cyclotron, proton, MMI, operation

187

Y. Ebara, Y. Kumata, T. Miyashita, Nakajima, S. Nakajima, T. Tsurudome, H. Tsutsui, J. Yoshida
SHI, Kanagawa, Japan

A 230 MeV superconducting AVF cyclotron SC230 is developed by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. This is the world’s smallest isochronous cyclotron for proton therapy, and its weight is 65 tons, which is 0.3 times that of our previous cyclotron model. The size is reduced by generating high magnetic fields using NbTi supercon-ducting coils cooled without cryogen. In addition, this cyclotron features the maximum beam current >1 uA and low power consumption <200 kW. The beam-commissioning test started at the end of 2020, the first extracted beam was observed in July 2021, and the basic performance of the beam was measured. The processes and results of the beam commissioning are reported.

Slides WEBO04 [4.017 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO04

About •

Received ※ 26 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2023

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WEPO003

Beam Dynamics in a New 230 MeV Cyclotron

cyclotron, cavity, acceleration, proton

208

O. Karamyshev
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

A new cyclotron for proton therapy concept is a compact, but non-superconducting accelerator, that is simple, but cheap. Proposed concept uses 4 sectors with double spiral design and 4 RF cavities operating at harmonic 8, making the central region and extraction a challenging task that needs to be carefully simulated. High injection and extraction efficiency is presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO003

About •

Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 April 2023

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THAI01

Recent Progress of Research and Development for the Cost-Effective, Energy-Efficient Proton Accelerator CYCIAE-2000

cavity, cyclotron, resonance, proton

245

T.J. Zhang, H.R. Cai, Z.C. Chu, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, X.L. Jia, Z.J. Jin, H. Le, J. Lin, J.Y. Liu, X. Mu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, Q.Q. Song, C. Wang, F. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, Z.Y. Yin, S.P. Zhang, B.H. Zhao, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901.
The MW class proton accelerators are expected to play important role in many fields, attracting institutions to continue research and tackle key problems. The CW isochronous accelerator obtains a high power beam with higher energy efficiency, which is very attractive to many applications. Scholars generally believe that the energy limitation of the isochronous cyclotron is ~1 GeV. To get higher beam power by the isochronous machine, enhancing the beam focusing become the most important issue. Adjusting the radial gradient of the average magnetic field makes the field distribution match the isochronism. When we adjust the radial gradient of the peak field, the first-order gradient is equivalent to the quadrupole field, the second-order, the hexapole field, and so on. Just like the synchrotron, there are quadrupoles, hexapole magnets, and so on, along the orbits to get higher energy, as all we know. If we adjust the radial gradient for the peak field of an FFAG’s FDF lattice and cooperate with the angular width (azimuth flutter) and spiral angle (edge focusing) of the traditional cyclotron pole, we can manipulate the working path in the tune diagram very flexibly. During enhancing the axial focusing, both the beam intensity and the energy of the isochronous accelerator are significantly increased. And a 2 GeV CW FFAG with 3 mA of average beam intensity is designed. It is essentially an isochronous cyclotron although we use 10 folders of FDF lattices. The key difficulty is that the magnetic field and each order of gradient should be accurately adjusted in a large radius range. As a high-power proton accelerator with high energy efficiency, we adopt high-temperature superconducting technology for the magnets. 15 RF cavities with a Q value of 90000 provide energy gain per turn of ~15 MeV to ensure the CW beam intensity reaches 3 mA. A 1:4 scale, 15 ton HTS magnet, and a 1:4 scale, 177 MHz cavity have been completed. The results of such R&D will also be presented in this

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI01

About •

Received ※ 20 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 April 2023

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THAI02

Stripping Extraction and Lorentz Dissociation

experiment, acceleration, cyclotron, proton

252

H.W. Koay
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Stripping extraction of hydrogen molecular ions has gained interest in the cyclotron industry due to its high extraction efficiency. However, the magnetic field could result in undesired dissociation of the hydrogen anion/molecular ions during acceleration. This work summarizes and compares the Lorentz dissociation of several types of hydrogen ions, as well as other important aspects that are crucial when deciding the best candidate for stripping extraction in a cyclotron.

Slides THAI02 [1.633 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI02

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Received ※ 01 June 2023 — Revised ※ 05 July 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023

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THAO02

Beam Extraction Simulation and Magnetic Channels’ Design For MSC230 Cyclotron

cyclotron, simulation, proton, radiation

260

D. Popov, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
S.G. Shirkov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

MSC230 is a novate cyclotron for proton (FLASH included) therapy research, designed and developed by JINR. The extraction system of this machine includes only one electrostatic deflector followed by two magnetic correctors. These correctors were designed and included in global model to simulate beam extraction. The peculiarities of the design procedure and the outcome of the simulation discussed in this paper.

Slides THAO02 [2.523 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAO02

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Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023

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THBI01

Status on NHa C400 Cyclotron for Hadrontherapy

cyclotron, proton, resonance, hadron

264

J. Mandrillon, M. Abs, P. Cailliau, S. Deprez, X. Donzel, G. Goosse, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, L.C.L. Koffel, V. Nuttens, Y. Otu, Y. Paradis
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
O. Cosson, L. Maunoury, Ph. Velten
NHa, Caen, France

C400 is an isochronous cyclotron for cancer therapy delivering high dose rates of alphas to carbons at 400 MeV/amu extracted by electrostatic deflector and protons at 260 MeV extracted by stripping of molecular hydrogen. IBA started to pre-design the system more than 13 years ago in collaboration with JINR. The responsibility for the development of C400 has meanwhile been taken over by the French company Normandy Hadontherapy (NHa). However, the study and design work continued with a very strong involvement of IBA for the past 3 years, from concept on paper to reality. We will describe the most innovative concepts and technical solutions on the accelerator from source to extraction and show the construction progress.

Slides THBI01 [6.375 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBI01

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Received ※ 08 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 February 2023

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THBI02

Status Report on the Cyclotron Injector for HIMM

cyclotron, operation, ECR, ion-source

269

G.L. Dou, X. Chen, C.C. Li, L.T. Sun, B. Wang, X.W. Wang, L. Yang, Q.G. Yao, H.W. Zhao
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China

HIMM (Heavy Ion Medical Machine) is an accelerator complex designed by Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, which accelerates carbon ions to the energy 400 MeV/A for tumor therapy. The main accelerator of HIMM is a synchronous accelerator. As a special design, we use a cyclotron as the injector of the synchrontron. The cyclotron is a compact cyclotron to accelerate C¹²⁵⁺ ions to the energy 6.8 MeV/A, and the extracted beam intensity of the cyclotron is 10 eµA. For stability and simplicity operation, we use two identical permanent magnet ECR ion sources in the axial injection line, that the ion sources can interchange with each other rapidly with the same performance, and only one main exciting coil with no trim coils in the cyclotron magnet. Up to now, three cyclotrons have been accomplished, one of them was operated in Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital to treat more than six hundred cancer patients in the last two and a half years, the other one had been fully commissioned in Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital about two years ago. After a short introduction to the heavy ion cancer treatment facility development in China, this paper will present operation status of the cyclotrons for HIMM. Typical performance and on-line operation reliability will be discussed.

Slides THBI02 [2.031 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBI02

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Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 July 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 October 2023

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THBO01

A New Concept Of Cyclotrons for Medical Applications

cyclotron, acceleration, proton, ion-source

274

O. Karamyshev
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

Demand for cyclotrons for medical applications is growing rapidly. Cyclotrons delivering proton beams from 15 MeV up to 230 MeV are being used for isotopes production and proton therapy. Author proposes a con-cept that allows to significantly reduce cost of cyclotrons by making them more compact and power efficient without using superconducting coil. In the proposed design ratio between azimuthal length of sectors and valleys is over 3 to 1, with RF system operating at high frequency and acceleration at harmonic mode of 2 times the number of sectors. Compact size is achieved not by increasing the magnet field level, but by reducing the coil and RF system dimension. Cyclotrons will have 4 sectors and 4 rf cavities operating at harmonic 8 with 1.55 T mean field and accelerating frequency 180 MHz.

Slides THBO01 [2.914 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO01

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Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 17 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 February 2023

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THBO02

SAPT- A Synchrotron Based Proton Therapy

proton, synchrotron, injection, dipole

278

M.Z. Zhang, D.M. Li
SINAP, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Z.L. Chen, R. Li, Z.T. Zhao
SARI-CAS, Pudong, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
M. Gu, L.R. Shen
SSRF, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

SAPT is a synchrotron based proton therapy which built in Shanghai, china. There are 4 treatment rooms and a main ring, a linac injector and the transport lines that between them. The main ring is a 24.6m long and 8 dipoles synchrotron. The synchrotron employees multi-turn injection and 3rd order extraction. The treatment rooms are ocular beam line, fixed beam line, 180 degree gantry beam line and 360 gantry beam line. Now, the first unit (fixed beam line, 180 degree gantry beam line) has finished the 3rd party testing and clinical trial, will open to patient treatment soon. the accelerator and beam lines will be described in this paper.

Slides THBO02 [14.309 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO02

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Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 13 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 March 2023

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THPO009

Vacuum Model of the C400 Cyclotron for Hadrontherapy

vacuum, cyclotron, injection, hadrontherapy

317

V. Nuttens, P. Cailliau, Q. Flandroy, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, J. Mandrillon
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Ph. Velten
NHa, Caen, France

Since 2020, NHa and IBA collaborate on the development of the C400 cyclotron dedicated to hadron therapy. This machine accelerates C⁶⁺ and He²⁺ up to 400 MeV/n and H²⁺ up to 260 MeV/n. The H²⁺ is extracted by stripping and the other particles by electrostatic extraction. Vacuum management in the injection line and in the cyclotron are of prime importance to avoid large beam losses. Indeed, C⁶⁺ ions are subjected to charge exchange during collision with the residual gas. On the opposite, H²⁺ will suffer from molecular binding break up. According to cross section data, the constraints on the residual gas pressure is driven by C⁶⁺ in the injection line and by H²⁺ in the cyclotron. An electrical equivalent model of the vacuum system of the cyclotron, its injection and extraction lines has been developed in LTSpice® software to determine the pressure along the particle path. Contributions from outgassing surfaces, O-ring outgassing and permeation are included and vacuum pump requirement could be obtained. The expected beam transmission is then evaluated based on cross sections available from the literature.

Poster THPO009 [0.524 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO009

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Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 March 2023

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THPO012

Progress in Design of MSC230 Superconducting Cyclotron for Proton Therapy

cyclotron, proton, cavity, radiation

327

G.A. Karamysheva, K. Bunyatov, S. Gurskiy, G.G. Hodshibagijan, O. Karamyshev, D. Nikiforov, M.S. Novikov, D. Popov, V.M. Romanov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, A.A. Sinitsa, G.V. Trubnikov, S. Yakovenko
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
V.A. Gerasimov, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

The current status of the MSC230 superconducting cyclotron designed for biomedical research is presented. MSC230 is an isochronous four-sector compact cyclotron with a magnetic field in the center of 1.7 T. Acceleration is performed at the fourth harmonic mode of the accelerating radio-frequency (RF) system consisting of four cavities located in the cyclotron valleys. The accelerator will use an internal Penning type source with a hot cathode. Particular attention is paid to extraction, as it must have a high extraction efficiency.

Poster THPO012 [0.911 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO012

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Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 24 March 2023

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THPO013

Magnet Design of a Compact 16 MeV Variable Energy Cyclotron for Isotope Production

cyclotron, MMI, focusing, controls

330

S. Xu
HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China
K.Z. Ding, F. Jiang, Z. Wu, J. Zhou
ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
W. Wang
Wang, Hefei, People’s Republic of China

A compact isochronous cyclotron, CIMV16, is under research and development at Hefei CAS Ion Medical and Technical Devices Co., Ltd, China (HFCIM).This cyclotron can accelerate negative hydrogen ion to variable energy in the range of 10~16 MeV for the stable production of widely-used medical isotopes in this energy range. It has a maximal diameter of only 1.8 m and adopts three radial-sector poles with the third harmonic acceleration. The design of magnet system and the analysis of final simulated static magnetic field were described in detail in this paper. Meanwhile, two suitable shimming methods were also proposed for later engineering optimization

Poster THPO013 [1.629 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO013

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Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 April 2023

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THPO014

The Beam Dynamics Simulation of a Variable Energy Cyclotron for Isotope Production

cyclotron, simulation, target, controls

334

W. Wang
Wang, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
K.Z. Ding, F. Jiang, J. Zhou
ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
S. Xu
HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China

The isochronous cyclotron, CIMV16, has been de-signed by Hefei CAS Ion Medical and Technical Devices Co., Ltd, China (HFCIM) for widely used isotope production, which can extract proton with variable energy in range of 10~16 MeV. In this cyclotron, negative hydro-gen ion will be accelerated to 10~16 MeV, and then stripped out two electrons to become proton to be extracted. We have performed beam tracking starting from the ion source to the extraction reference point, and optimized the position of the stripping target to make the beam of different energies converge at radius of 110 cm. The orbit centralization is optimized by the design of first harmonic, and the axial size of extraction beam is also optimized. All the results of beam dynamics simulations will be presented.

Poster THPO014 [0.731 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO014

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Received ※ 16 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 February 2023

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FRAO02

Feasibility Study on 10 MW-Class Ultra-High Power Cyclotron

cyclotron, resonance, neutron, cavity

359

T.J. Bian, S. An, F.P. Guan, L.Y. Ji, S.M. Wei
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

10MW-class ultra-high power cyclotron (UHPC) has great application prospects in cutting-edge sciences, neutron source, advanced energy and advanced material, etc. So far, Cyclotron with average beam power of 10 MW still have some bottleneck problems. Beam energy and current of a high-power cyclotron is typically less than 800MeV and 3mA. In this paper, bottleneck problems of UHPC are analysed, and then a preliminary design of UHPC-10MW is presented.

Slides FRAO02 [15.273 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRAO02

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Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 July 2023

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FRBO03

The Study of the Isochronous Magnetic Field and the Equilbrum Orbit of CS-30 Cyclotron

cyclotron, target, radiation, experiment

378

B.F. Fan, Z. Li
SCU, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China

The CS-30 accelerator of the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology of Sichuan University is a three-fan accelerator with constant angular width (45 degrees) at small radius and blade thickness increasing with radius at larger radius. In this paper, the magnetic field is analyzed, and the static equilibrium orbit, revolution frequency, oscillation frequencies and other data are calculated. These functions can be integrated to guide the accurate magnet numerical model setup of the existing CS-30 accelerator, which can be used in de education demonstration and experimental phenomena analysis. The optimization algorithm is innovatively introduced in the static equilibrium orbit calculation, which reduces the dependence of the results on the initial value and significantly improves the calculation speed. The calculation method presented in this paper is suitable for all cyclotrons.
*Summary of technical training for CS-30 cyclotron

Slides FRBO03 [2.662 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRBO03

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Received ※ 02 February 2023 — Revised ※ 03 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 21 May 2023

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