CYCLOTRONS2022 - List of Keywords (radiation)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOBO03	Proton Irradiation Site for High-Uniformity Radiation Hardness Tests of Silicon Detectors at the Bonn Isochronous Cyclotron	cyclotron, site, proton, electron	38
	D. Sauerland, R. Beck, P.D. Eversheim HISKP, Bonn, Germany J. Dingfelder, P. Wolf SiLab, Bonn, Germany
	The Bonn Isochronous Cyclotron provides proton, deuteron, alpha particle and other light ion beams, having a charge-to-mass ratio Q/A >= 1/2, with kinetic energies in the range of 7 to 14 MeV per nucleon. At the irradiation site, a 14 MeV proton beam with a diameter of a few mm is used to irradiate detectors, so-called devices under test (DUTs), housed in a thermally-insulated and gas-cooled box. To ensure homogeneous damage application, the DUT is moved through the beam in a row-wise scan pattern with constant velocity and a row separation, smaller than the beam diameter. During irradiation, beam parameters are continuously measured non-destructively using a calibrated, secondary electron emission-based beam monitor, installed at the exit to the site. This allows a beam-driven irradiation scheme, enabling the setup to autonomously react to changing beam conditions, resulting in highly-uniform proton fluence distributions with relative uncertainties of typically 2%. In this work, the accelerator facility is introduced, the proton irradiation site with focus on its beam diagnostics is presented in detail and resulting fluence distributions are shown.
	Slides MOBO03 [17.472 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO03
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 16 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 February 2023
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MOBO04	Experimental Study on Proton Irradiation Effect of Gallium Nitride High Electron Mobility Transistor	proton, experiment, ECR, electron	42
	z. Zhang, Q. Chen, G. Guo, C.C. Liu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	As a third-generation semiconductor material, gallium nitride (GaN) has the advantages of high breakdown electric field, high electron saturation speed, high operating temperature and strong radiation resistance, and has broad application prospects in the aerospace field. As an important member of GaN-based electronic devices, GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is widely considered to be used in the power supply and other important systems of spacecraft. Therefore, GaN HEMT is of great significance for spacecraft to complete relevant setting tasks. However, GaN HEMT will inevitably be affected by space radiation environment when spacecraft perform related missions. Previous researches have shown that protons are the majority of high-energy particles in space environment. Therefore, relevant studies should focus on the effect of proton irradiation on the performance of GaN HEMT. Using 100 MeV high-current proton cyclotron, we investigated the proton irradiation effect of GaN HEMT, and proved the effect of proton energy on static electrical parameters of GaN. The research work in this paper lays a foundation for the future application of GaN HEMT in space missions.
	Slides MOBO04 [2.860 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO04
About •	Received ※ 15 December 2022 — Revised ※ 14 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 April 2023
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TUBO01	Measurement of Detector Response Functions for Fast Neutron Spectroscopy with Organic Scintillators	neutron, detector, target, proton	121
	T. Hutton, A. Buffler, E. Jarvie, K. Maibane, N.B. Ndabeni UCT Physics, Cape Town, South Africa
	Spectrum unfolding decouples spectroscopic measurements of neutron fields from accelerator facilities by making use of a well-characterised detector response matrix. Measurements of detector response matrices, derived from time-of-flight, were made at the fast neutron facility at iThemba LABS, South Africa, with neutrons with energies between 10 - 65 MeV for: a traditional BC-501A organic liquid scintillator detector with photomultiplier tube and analogue pulse processing and acquisition; and a modern system comprised of an EJ-276 plastic scintillator, silicon photomultiplier and digital pulse processing and acquisition. The detector response matrices were validated by unfolding neutron energy spectra from measured light output spectra, and compared to the associated energy spectra derived from time-of-flight. Both detector systems demonstrated good agreement between the energy spectra derived from time-of-flight, which is promising for fast neutron spectroscopy with organic scintillators in environments outside of the laboratory.
	Slides TUBO01 [5.487 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO01
About •	Received ※ 22 December 2022 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 March 2023
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TUBO03	Application Progress of CYCIAE-100 High Current Proton Cyclotron	proton, neutron, target, cyclotron	130
	L.C. Cao, X.L. Jia, Z.W. Liu, G.F. Song, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	A new RIB facility, Beijing radioactive ion-beam facility (BRIF) had been constructed at CIAE. A 100 MeV H⁻ cyclotron (CYCIAE-100) is selected as the driving accelerator which can provide a 70 - 100 MeV, 10 pA - 520 µA proton beam for basic and applied research in the field of nuclear science and technology. The application of this facility has promoted the development of frontier scientific research in China, such as radioactive nuclear beam physics, nuclear data, neutron physics and space radiation effects. Recently, quasi-monoenergetic neutron source above 20 MeV and the white light neutron source with the best time resolution were completed, which had filled the gap in the measurement of neutron data in the range of energy of 100 MeV in China. In this paper, the main milestones in the use and development of CYCIAE-100 high current proton cyclotron are reviewed, the scientific applications based on platform are described, and the important topics in proton applications based on intermediate energy are discussed, including space radiation hardening, neutron standard radiation field and biological radiation damage mechanism.
	Slides TUBO03 [7.851 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO03
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2023
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WEAO04	Status of the HZB Cyclotron	cyclotron, proton, experiment, operation	159
	A. Denker, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, A. Dittwald, T. Fanselow, D. Hildebrand, U. Hiller, G. Kourkafas, S. Ozierenski, J. Röhrich, D. Rössink HZB, Berlin, Germany D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, S. Seidel, R. Stark, A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	For more than 20 years eye tumours are treated in collaboration with the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The close co-operation between Charité and HZB permits joint interdisciplinary research. Irradiations with either a sharp, well focused or a broad beam, either in vacuum or in air are possible with a proton beam of 68 MeV maximum energy, or a helium beam of 90 MeV. In the past few years, we concentrated on beam delivery for FLASH experiments and the related dosimetry. Artificial lenses have been irradiated under normal and FLASH conditions to investigate possible changes in the transparency. Furthermore, radiation hardness tests solar of cells for space have been performed. A modernization project has been started in order to secure a long term and sustainable operation of our accelerator complex for therapy and research. The accelerator operation for therapy as well as on-going experiments and results will be presented.
	Slides WEAO04 [3.928 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO04
About •	Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 15 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 May 2023
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WEAO05	Investigation of Long Radial Probe Activation in the PSI Main Ring Cyclotron	proton, simulation, cyclotron, detector	163
	M.I. Besana, E. Hohmann, M. Sapinski, J. Snuverink, D. Werthmüller PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	During an inspection of a new Long Radial Probe, inserted into the Ring cyclotron only a month earlier, an activation hot spot has been identified. The nature of this hot spot has been investigated by performing measurements of the residual activation using shielded Al₂O₃:C dosimeters, 5 mm in diameter, and a portable gamma spectrometer. Monte Carlo simulations of the probe activation with various proton energies have been performed. Results show that most of the activation comes from relatively fast decaying radionuclides and therefore the residual dose drops sufficiently during the shutdown to allow for maintenance and upgrade works. Comparing the abundances of various radionuclides estimated from measured gamma spectra with simulations at various proton energies we conclude that the most probable loss mechanism is scattering of the protons on the upstream collimator.
	Slides WEAO05 [2.625 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO05
About •	Received ※ 21 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 July 2023
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WEAO06	Development of Heavy Ion Radiotherapy Facilities in China	heavy-ion, synchrotron, injection, cyclotron	167
	J. Shi, Q. Li, L.Z. Ma, J.W. Xia, G.Q. Xiao, J.C. Yang, W.-L. Zhan IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: This work was supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2017453), and the Lanzhou Talent Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project (No. 2019-RC-4). Hadron therapy offers superior dose conformity in the treatment of deep-seated tumors compared with conventional X-ray therapy due to its Bragg-peak feature of energy deposition in organs. Heavy ion medical machine (HIMM) was constructed on the basis of the experience gained from the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou-Cooler Storage Ring (HIRFL-CSR) project. The facility consists of an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source, a cyclotron injector, a compact synchrotron ring, and 5 nozzles. The C⁵⁺ beam generated by the ECR ion source is pre-accelerated by the cyclotron to 6.2 MeV/u and then injected into the synchrotron using the charge exchange injection method. The injected beam is accelerated from 6.2 MeV/u to an extraction energy ranging from 120 to 400 MeV/u. This paper introduced the characteristics of HIMM and its development in China.
	Slides WEAO06 [2.445 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO06
About •	Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 13 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 May 2023
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WEBI02	Compact Accelerator Based Epithermal Neutron Source and Its Application for Cancer Therapy	neutron, simulation, experiment, cyclotron	176
	N.H. Hu, T. Aihara OMPU, Takatsukishi, Japan
	The world’s first accelerator based epithermal neutron source for clinical boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) was designed, developed, and commissioned between 2008 to 2010 by Sumitomo Heavy Industries in collaboration with Kyoto University at the Kyoto University Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science. The cyclotron-based accelerator device can accelerate a proton up to an energy of roughly 30 MeV. When the proton contacts the beryllium target, fast neutrons are created that travel through a beam shaping assembly made of calcium fluoride, lead, iron, and aluminum to lower the neutron energy to the epithermal region, which is ideal for BNCT (10 keV). With a proton current of 1 mA, the system is intended to produce epithermal neutron flux of up to 1.2×10⁹ cm^-2 s⁻¹. In 2017, the same type of accelerator was installed at the Kansai BNCT Medical Center and in March 2020 the system received medical device approval in Japan (Sumitomo Heavy Industries, NeuCure® BNCT system). Soon after, BNCT for unresectable, locally advanced, and recurrent carcinoma of the head and neck region was approved by the Japanese government for reimbursement covered by the national health insurance system. Thus far, over 100 patients have been treated using this system.
	Slides WEBI02 [8.080 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBI02
About •	Received ※ 27 March 2023 — Revised ※ 22 May 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023
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WEBO03	Positron Emitters Produced from Naturally Occurring Targets	target, positron, cyclotron, vacuum	183
	T.W. Leadbeater, A. Buffler, T. Hutton, M. van Heerden UCT Physics, Cape Town, South Africa
	Short lived positron emitters are used as flow following tracer particles in the study of dynamic processes within physics and engineering applications. For full representation of the materials of interest, tracer particles must be activated with proton rich radionuclides utilising reactions on their naturally abundant isotopic content. Cyclotron accelerated alpha particle beams incident upon (16O) oxygen rich targets have been investigated in producing the positron emitter 18F within naturally occurring materials. Simulations and numeric calculations of the beam conditions are used to maximise the activation yield and minimise heat load by carefully placing the Bragg peak in relation to the water-cooled target. Corresponding to the target thickness, the 100 MeV extraction energy is degraded to match a broad resonance in 18F production around 35 MeV, while maintaining energy above the 18 MeV threshold. Beam currents below 1 µA resulted in typical 18F yields of 1 - 2 mCi within spherical SiO₂ targets of diameters 1 - 10 mm, ideal for envisaged application studies.
	Slides WEBO03 [4.876 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO03
About •	Received ※ 28 December 2022 — Revised ※ 16 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 May 2023
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WEBO05	Upgrade of a Clinical Facility to Achieve a High Transmission and Gantry Angle-Independent Flash Tune	proton, cyclotron, simulation, experiment	191
	I. Colizzi, C. Baumgarten, A.L. Gabard, R. Künzi, A.L. Lomax, V. Maradia, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, D.C. Weber PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland V. Maradia ETH, Zurich, Switzerland D.C. Weber University of Zurich, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland D.C. Weber KRO, Bern, Switzerland
	Funding: This work is supported by the SNF grant 200822 In proton therapy, FLASH-RT, irradiation at ultra-high dose rates (>40 Gy/s) that can minimize radiation-induced harm to healthy tissue without reducing its ability to treat tumors, is a topic of great interest. However, in cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities, losses caused by the energy degradation process reduce the transmission to less than 1% for low energies, making it difficult to achieve high dose rates over the clinical range (70-230 MeV). We will demonstrate how an already existing clinical beamline can be converted into a FLASH beamline by beam optic changes only. To achieve maximum transmission, we have developed a new optics that transports the undegraded 250 MeV beam from the cyclotron to the isocenter. However, this has asymmetric emittance in the transverse planes, leading to gantry angle-dependent beam characteristics at the patient. Particle transport has been simulated with MINT (in-house matrix multiplication transport program with Monte Carlo simulations for scattering effects) and benchmarked with beam profile measurements. We used the method of σ matrix matching (M. Benedikt et al. 1997) to achieve gantry angle-independent optics. MINT simulations and beam profile measurements showed a good agreement, and with FLASH optics, we experimentally achieved almost 90% transmission at the patient, translating to a maximum current of 720 nA (>9000 Gy/s). Further, we demonstrate that using the matrix matching optimization criteria together with fine-tuning of the magnets, we could achieve gantry angle-independent beam profiles at the patient location. In conclusion, we demonstrated how an already existing cyclotron-based proton gantry can be adapted to achieve ultra-high dose rates at 250 MeV, enabling investigations of FLASH radiotherapy with protons. Since most of the modifications are performed on the beam optics, it is entirely transparent to clinical operations, making the method transferable to other facilities.
	Slides WEBO05 [5.057 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO05
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023
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WEBO06	Accelerator and Detector Developments for the Production of Theranostic Radioisotopes with Solid Targets at the Bern Medical Cyclotron	target, cyclotron, detector, proton	196
	S. Braccini, P. Casolaro, G. Dellepiane, A. Gottstein, I. Mateu, P. Scampoli AEC, Bern, Switzerland P. Scampoli Naples University Federico II, Napoli, Italy
	Funding: This research was partially funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). Grants: 200021 175749 and CRSII5 180352. Theranostics in nuclear medicine is realized by using two different radioisotopes to label the same radiopharmaceutical, one for diagnosis via PET or SPECT (positron or gamma emitter, respectively) and one for targeted radioligand therapy (alpha, beta minus, Auger emitter). To assure the same chemistry and metabolic behaviour in the human body, the best option is to employ two radionuclides of the same element, the so called theranostic pair. In view of clinical trials and routine applications, the production and supply of novel radioisotopes for theranostics in adequate quality and quantity is essential and represents nowadays a scientific and technical challenge. The most promising methodology relies on hospital-based 15-25 MeV compact medical cyclotrons equipped with solid target stations. Being designed for the production of F-18 by means of liquid targets, innovative solutions are needed. Therefore, a research program is ongoing at the Bern medical cyclotron, a facility equipped with a Solid Target Station and a 6.5 m Beam Transfer Line ending in a separate bunker. To irradiate isotope-enriched materials in form of compressed powder pellets (6 mm diameter), a novel target coin was conceived and realized together with methods to assess the beam energy and the production cross sections. To optimize the irradiation procedure, a novel ultra-compact Active Focusing System based on a specific magnetic device and a two-dimensional beam monitoring detector was conceived, constructed and tested. Several solutions for the beam detector were developed and others are under study. The system allows to control on-line the size and position of the beam and to correct its characteristics by steering and focusing it in order to keep it on target. Results on accelerator and detector developments together with achievements in the production of radionuclides for theranostics (Sc-43, Sc-44, Sc-47, Cu-61, Cu-64, Cu-67, Ga-68, Er-165, Tm-165, Tm-167 and Tb-155) are presented. Dellepiane et al., N. Cim. C, vol. 44p. 130, 2021. Häffner et al., Instr., vol. 3p. 63, 2019. Carzaniga et al., ARI, vol. 129p. 96, 2017. Häffner et al., App. Sci., vol. 11p. 2452, 2021. van der Meulen et al., Molecules, vol. 25, p. 4706, 2020.
	Slides WEBO06 [6.048 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO06
About •	Received ※ 03 January 2023 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 06 February 2023
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WEPO002	A Comparison Study of the Designing Models of Range Modulator by Using FLUKA Simulation Codes	proton, simulation, target, scattering	204
	Y. Wang, Y.H. Gong, J.C. Liu, L. Sui, Q.J. Wang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	In this study, we investigated the optimization of the range modulator. Range modulator used in proton radiotherapy is expected to be accurate enough to achieve spread-out Bragg peak(SOBP). Based on the theory of Thomas Bortfeld, four different range modulator models were designed and compared by using the FLUKA simulation codes. The four models are: uneven ridge filter, smooth ridge filter, uneven range modulator wheel, and smooth range modulator wheel. Using 100 MeV and 230 MeV proton beams, the dose spatial distribution of the four models were calculated when the SOBP sections were 3, 5, 10, and 20 cm. The results showed that in ideal motion condition, the four models all showed the ideal range modulation effect. The average value of the difference was less than 2%. The evenness of the smooth models is improved compared with the uneven models. The smooth ridge filter model performed best. On the basis of this model, we tried to realize the movement of the SOBP region by adding a binary shielding layer. The results showed that the SOBP region can move in a small range at the expense of acceptable accuracy error. This study provides a design reference for the range modulator in proton therapy, and provides a new technical scheme to fill the target area for precise therapy.
	Poster WEPO002 [1.957 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO002
About •	Received ※ 09 February 2023 — Revised ※ 17 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 09 May 2023
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WEPO009	Status Report and Future Plan for Molecular Imaging Center (I-One) Facility	cyclotron, controls, target, GUI	223
	M. Alredhi, R.N. Alsaif, M.A. Balkheir, S.Y. Farhood, S.S. Lingawi, M.A. Sharaf King Abdul-Aziz University, I-one, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia S.M. Miliebari King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
	Funding: Wadi Jeddah- King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia The radio-pharmaceuticals production and imaging facility known as I-One at King Abdul-Aziz University in the western region of Saudi Arabia started first production in 2018. We will discuss the facility features, taking in consideration the existence in the university, where some basic research and training in different aspects of cyclotron operation and radio-pharmaceuticals production.
	Poster WEPO009 [0.277 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO009
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 31 December 2022 — Accepted ※ 07 March 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 August 2023
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THAO02	Beam Extraction Simulation and Magnetic Channels’ Design For MSC230 Cyclotron	extraction, cyclotron, simulation, proton	260
	D. Popov, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia S.G. Shirkov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	MSC230 is a novate cyclotron for proton (FLASH included) therapy research, designed and developed by JINR. The extraction system of this machine includes only one electrostatic deflector followed by two magnetic correctors. These correctors were designed and included in global model to simulate beam extraction. The peculiarities of the design procedure and the outcome of the simulation discussed in this paper.
	Slides THAO02 [2.523 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAO02
About •	Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
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THBO06	The Design of the Center Region of MSC230 Cyclotron	cyclotron, focusing, proton, acceleration	285
	V. Malinin, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, D. Popov JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia T.V. Karamysheva Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia T.V. Karamysheva, A.A. Sinitsa JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	MSC230 is an innovative efficient medical super-conducting cyclotron for the study and investigation of the conventional proton and FLASH therapy, devel-oped by JINR for its new biomedical research center. The machine has an internal injection system provided by a PIG ion source and, for better efficiency, 4 RF dees connected in the center. Despite these re-strictions, it is possible to create a center region design which allows initial acceleration with minimal losses sufficient for the FLASH therapy. The design and its features presented in this talk.
	Slides THBO06 [2.456 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO06
About •	Received ※ 01 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 31 January 2023
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THPO002	Study on Proton Radiation Effect and Self-Repair of SiC-JBS Diodes	proton, ECR, interface, electron	291
	C.C. Liu, Q. Chen, G. Guo, H.L. Shi, F.Q. Zhang, z. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: CNNC "Young Talents" Scientific Research Project (11FY212306000801) In this study, the influence of proton irradiation experiments at 40 MeV and p/cm² on Silicon Carbide Junction Barrier Schottky (SiC-JBS) diodes with stripe cell and hexagonal cell designs was investigated, respectively. Considering the displacement damage effect of SiC-JBS diodes, the experiments was implemented on unbiased SiC-JBS diodes based on 100 MeV high intensity proton cyclotron of China Institute of Atomic Energy. The results show that the current voltage (IV) and capacitive voltage (CV) characteristics of the SiC-JBS diodes are obviously degraded by proton irradiation. After 168 h of room temperature annealing, the forward IV characteristics of the SiC-JBS diodes are basically restored but the reverse leakage current is increased. After 336 h of room temperature annealing, the forward IV characteristic of the diodes is completely restored, but the reserve IV characteristic of the diodes with stripe cell is completely restored. And the CV characteristic is degraded of the two kinds of SiC-JBS diodes permanently, which indicating that room temperature annealing cannot restore the proton radiation displacement damage defects. Combined with Monte Carlo simulations, it is shown that proton irradiation will introduce ionization defects and displacement defects into the SiC-JBS diodes, in which the disappearance of displacement damage defects will eventually lead to the degradation of electrical properties of reverse IV and CV. The analysis of the SiC-JBS diodes structure shows that, without considering the diode materials and process level, the SiC-JBS diode with hexagonal cells is more resistant to proton irradiation displacement damage and has stronger room temperature annealing self-repair ability than the SiC-JBS diodes with stripe cells, even though its chip area is smaller. On the other hand, the SiC-JBS diodes with hexagonal cells can be used preferentially in the radiation environment where there is a large amount of proton.
	Poster THPO002 [5.018 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO002
About •	Received ※ 21 December 2022 — Revised ※ 21 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 March 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 April 2023
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THPO003	Applications of the CYCIAE-100 Cyclotron in Neutron-Induced Single Event Effect	neutron, proton, target, electron	295
	Q. Chen, J. Bao, G. Guo, J.H. Han, X. Ma, H.Y. Zhao CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Neutron-induced single event effect is one of the significant factors affecting the reliability of semiconductor devices in avionics and ground facilities. The 100 MeV proton cyclotron in China Institute of Atomic Energy (Cyciae-100) provides white neutron and quasi-monoenergetic neutron induced by proton and W/Li bombardment. Based on the white neutron beam line of Cyciae-100, the white neutron energy spectrum is measured by neutron time-of-flight method with double scintillator spectrometer, as well as the theoretical energy spectrum calculated by the Monte Carlo method. The neutron irradiation test of two SRAMs with different technology nodes were carried out, and the neutron single event upset sections are obtained simultaneously. In addition, based on the quasi-monoenergetic neutron beam line, the simulation of neutron energy spectrum and experimental measurement of neutron single event upset cross section for SRAMs were carried out. As a conclusion, the white neutron and quasi-monoenergetic neutron provided by Cyciae-100 are well suitable applied to the study of neutron single event effects.
	Poster THPO003 [0.726 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO003
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 21 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 April 2023
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THPO011	Effect of 90 MeV Proton Irradiation on Spleen Injury in C57BL/6J Mice	proton, experiment, controls, cyclotron	324
	Q.J. Wang, Y.H. Gong, J.C. Liu, Q. Liu, L. Sui, Y. Wang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: the Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project (No.WDJC-2019-11) Proton therapy has become one of the most important physiotherapies for tumors in the world, which can greatly improve the cure rate of tumors that are ineffective by conventional treatments. In addition, proton is also the main source of radiation in space environment. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to use accelerators to carry out basic research on proton radiotherapy and space radiobiology, which can provide technical support and basic data for the optimal design of proton therapy and risk assessment of personnel in space environment. In this study, C57 mice were irradiated with 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 2 Gy by 90 MeV protons from 100 MeV cyclotron of China Institute of Atomic Energy. The mice were killed one day after irradiation. Body weight change and spleen organ coefficient were calculated. The expression of DNA damage-related protein γ H2AX was detected by western blotting. The results showed that compared with the control group, the body weight of mice in each irradiation group had no significant change, and the spleen organ coefficient decreased, indicating that the spleen atrophied after proton radiation, especially in 2 Gy. The results of Western blotting showed that the expression of γ H2AX in spleen increased significantly on the 1 day after irradiation, especially in 0.5 and 2 Gy, indicating that the spleen DNA damage was the serious on the 1 day after proton radiation.
	Poster THPO011 [0.625 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO011
About •	Received ※ 10 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2023
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THPO012	Progress in Design of MSC230 Superconducting Cyclotron for Proton Therapy	cyclotron, proton, extraction, cavity	327
	G.A. Karamysheva, K. Bunyatov, S. Gurskiy, G.G. Hodshibagijan, O. Karamyshev, D. Nikiforov, M.S. Novikov, D. Popov, V.M. Romanov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, A.A. Sinitsa, G.V. Trubnikov, S. Yakovenko JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia V.A. Gerasimov, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	The current status of the MSC230 superconducting cyclotron designed for biomedical research is presented. MSC230 is an isochronous four-sector compact cyclotron with a magnetic field in the center of 1.7 T. Acceleration is performed at the fourth harmonic mode of the accelerating radio-frequency (RF) system consisting of four cavities located in the cyclotron valleys. The accelerator will use an internal Penning type source with a hot cathode. Particular attention is paid to extraction, as it must have a high extraction efficiency.
	Poster THPO012 [0.911 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO012
About •	Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 24 March 2023
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THPO018	FFAG Activity in Japan and Future Projects	experiment, target, proton, injection	344
	Y. Ishi, Y. Mori, T. Uesugi Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan
	The current activities of FFAG in Japan will be presented as well as future projects using energy recovery internal target scheme in the FFAG ring.
	Poster THPO018 [2.641 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO018
About •	Received ※ 18 January 2023 — Revised ※ 05 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 May 2023
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FRBO03	The Study of the Isochronous Magnetic Field and the Equilbrum Orbit of CS-30 Cyclotron	cyclotron, target, experiment, extraction	378
	B.F. Fan, Z. Li SCU, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
	The CS-30 accelerator of the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology of Sichuan University is a three-fan accelerator with constant angular width (45 degrees) at small radius and blade thickness increasing with radius at larger radius. In this paper, the magnetic field is analyzed, and the static equilibrium orbit, revolution frequency, oscillation frequencies and other data are calculated. These functions can be integrated to guide the accurate magnet numerical model setup of the existing CS-30 accelerator, which can be used in de education demonstration and experimental phenomena analysis. The optimization algorithm is innovatively introduced in the static equilibrium orbit calculation, which reduces the dependence of the results on the initial value and significantly improves the calculation speed. The calculation method presented in this paper is suitable for all cyclotrons. *Summary of technical training for CS-30 cyclotron
	Slides FRBO03 [2.662 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRBO03
About •	Received ※ 02 February 2023 — Revised ※ 03 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 21 May 2023
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Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

Proton Irradiation Site for High-Uniformity Radiation Hardness Tests of Silicon Detectors at the Bonn Isochronous Cyclotron

cyclotron, site, proton, electron

38

D. Sauerland, R. Beck, P.D. Eversheim
HISKP, Bonn, Germany
J. Dingfelder, P. Wolf
SiLab, Bonn, Germany

The Bonn Isochronous Cyclotron provides proton, deuteron, alpha particle and other light ion beams, having a charge-to-mass ratio Q/A >= 1/2, with kinetic energies in the range of 7 to 14 MeV per nucleon. At the irradiation site, a 14 MeV proton beam with a diameter of a few mm is used to irradiate detectors, so-called devices under test (DUTs), housed in a thermally-insulated and gas-cooled box. To ensure homogeneous damage application, the DUT is moved through the beam in a row-wise scan pattern with constant velocity and a row separation, smaller than the beam diameter. During irradiation, beam parameters are continuously measured non-destructively using a calibrated, secondary electron emission-based beam monitor, installed at the exit to the site. This allows a beam-driven irradiation scheme, enabling the setup to autonomously react to changing beam conditions, resulting in highly-uniform proton fluence distributions with relative uncertainties of typically 2%. In this work, the accelerator facility is introduced, the proton irradiation site with focus on its beam diagnostics is presented in detail and resulting fluence distributions are shown.

Slides MOBO03 [17.472 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO03

About •

Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 16 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 February 2023

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MOBO04

Experimental Study on Proton Irradiation Effect of Gallium Nitride High Electron Mobility Transistor

proton, experiment, ECR, electron

42

z. Zhang, Q. Chen, G. Guo, C.C. Liu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

As a third-generation semiconductor material, gallium nitride (GaN) has the advantages of high breakdown electric field, high electron saturation speed, high operating temperature and strong radiation resistance, and has broad application prospects in the aerospace field. As an important member of GaN-based electronic devices, GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is widely considered to be used in the power supply and other important systems of spacecraft. Therefore, GaN HEMT is of great significance for spacecraft to complete relevant setting tasks. However, GaN HEMT will inevitably be affected by space radiation environment when spacecraft perform related missions. Previous researches have shown that protons are the majority of high-energy particles in space environment. Therefore, relevant studies should focus on the effect of proton irradiation on the performance of GaN HEMT. Using 100 MeV high-current proton cyclotron, we investigated the proton irradiation effect of GaN HEMT, and proved the effect of proton energy on static electrical parameters of GaN. The research work in this paper lays a foundation for the future application of GaN HEMT in space missions.

Slides MOBO04 [2.860 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO04

About •

Received ※ 15 December 2022 — Revised ※ 14 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 April 2023

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TUBO01

Measurement of Detector Response Functions for Fast Neutron Spectroscopy with Organic Scintillators

neutron, detector, target, proton

121

T. Hutton, A. Buffler, E. Jarvie, K. Maibane, N.B. Ndabeni
UCT Physics, Cape Town, South Africa

Spectrum unfolding decouples spectroscopic measurements of neutron fields from accelerator facilities by making use of a well-characterised detector response matrix. Measurements of detector response matrices, derived from time-of-flight, were made at the fast neutron facility at iThemba LABS, South Africa, with neutrons with energies between 10 - 65 MeV for: a traditional BC-501A organic liquid scintillator detector with photomultiplier tube and analogue pulse processing and acquisition; and a modern system comprised of an EJ-276 plastic scintillator, silicon photomultiplier and digital pulse processing and acquisition. The detector response matrices were validated by unfolding neutron energy spectra from measured light output spectra, and compared to the associated energy spectra derived from time-of-flight. Both detector systems demonstrated good agreement between the energy spectra derived from time-of-flight, which is promising for fast neutron spectroscopy with organic scintillators in environments outside of the laboratory.

Slides TUBO01 [5.487 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO01

About •

Received ※ 22 December 2022 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 March 2023

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TUBO03

Application Progress of CYCIAE-100 High Current Proton Cyclotron

proton, neutron, target, cyclotron

130

L.C. Cao, X.L. Jia, Z.W. Liu, G.F. Song, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

A new RIB facility, Beijing radioactive ion-beam facility (BRIF) had been constructed at CIAE. A 100 MeV H⁻ cyclotron (CYCIAE-100) is selected as the driving accelerator which can provide a 70 - 100 MeV, 10 pA - 520 µA proton beam for basic and applied research in the field of nuclear science and technology. The application of this facility has promoted the development of frontier scientific research in China, such as radioactive nuclear beam physics, nuclear data, neutron physics and space radiation effects. Recently, quasi-monoenergetic neutron source above 20 MeV and the white light neutron source with the best time resolution were completed, which had filled the gap in the measurement of neutron data in the range of energy of 100 MeV in China. In this paper, the main milestones in the use and development of CYCIAE-100 high current proton cyclotron are reviewed, the scientific applications based on platform are described, and the important topics in proton applications based on intermediate energy are discussed, including space radiation hardening, neutron standard radiation field and biological radiation damage mechanism.

Slides TUBO03 [7.851 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO03

About •

Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2023

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WEAO04

Status of the HZB Cyclotron

cyclotron, proton, experiment, operation

159

A. Denker, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, A. Dittwald, T. Fanselow, D. Hildebrand, U. Hiller, G. Kourkafas, S. Ozierenski, J. Röhrich, D. Rössink
HZB, Berlin, Germany
D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, S. Seidel, R. Stark, A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

For more than 20 years eye tumours are treated in collaboration with the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The close co-operation between Charité and HZB permits joint interdisciplinary research. Irradiations with either a sharp, well focused or a broad beam, either in vacuum or in air are possible with a proton beam of 68 MeV maximum energy, or a helium beam of 90 MeV. In the past few years, we concentrated on beam delivery for FLASH experiments and the related dosimetry. Artificial lenses have been irradiated under normal and FLASH conditions to investigate possible changes in the transparency. Furthermore, radiation hardness tests solar of cells for space have been performed. A modernization project has been started in order to secure a long term and sustainable operation of our accelerator complex for therapy and research. The accelerator operation for therapy as well as on-going experiments and results will be presented.

Slides WEAO04 [3.928 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO04

About •

Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 15 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 May 2023

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WEAO05

Investigation of Long Radial Probe Activation in the PSI Main Ring Cyclotron

proton, simulation, cyclotron, detector

163

M.I. Besana, E. Hohmann, M. Sapinski, J. Snuverink, D. Werthmüller
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

During an inspection of a new Long Radial Probe, inserted into the Ring cyclotron only a month earlier, an activation hot spot has been identified. The nature of this hot spot has been investigated by performing measurements of the residual activation using shielded Al₂O₃:C dosimeters, 5 mm in diameter, and a portable gamma spectrometer. Monte Carlo simulations of the probe activation with various proton energies have been performed. Results show that most of the activation comes from relatively fast decaying radionuclides and therefore the residual dose drops sufficiently during the shutdown to allow for maintenance and upgrade works. Comparing the abundances of various radionuclides estimated from measured gamma spectra with simulations at various proton energies we conclude that the most probable loss mechanism is scattering of the protons on the upstream collimator.

Slides WEAO05 [2.625 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO05

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Received ※ 21 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 July 2023

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WEAO06

Development of Heavy Ion Radiotherapy Facilities in China

heavy-ion, synchrotron, injection, cyclotron

167

J. Shi, Q. Li, L.Z. Ma, J.W. Xia, G.Q. Xiao, J.C. Yang, W.-L. Zhan
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China

Funding: This work was supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2017453), and the Lanzhou Talent Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project (No. 2019-RC-4).
Hadron therapy offers superior dose conformity in the treatment of deep-seated tumors compared with conventional X-ray therapy due to its Bragg-peak feature of energy deposition in organs. Heavy ion medical machine (HIMM) was constructed on the basis of the experience gained from the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou-Cooler Storage Ring (HIRFL-CSR) project. The facility consists of an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source, a cyclotron injector, a compact synchrotron ring, and 5 nozzles. The C⁵⁺ beam generated by the ECR ion source is pre-accelerated by the cyclotron to 6.2 MeV/u and then injected into the synchrotron using the charge exchange injection method. The injected beam is accelerated from 6.2 MeV/u to an extraction energy ranging from 120 to 400 MeV/u. This paper introduced the characteristics of HIMM and its development in China.

Slides WEAO06 [2.445 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO06

About •

Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 13 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 May 2023

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WEBI02

Compact Accelerator Based Epithermal Neutron Source and Its Application for Cancer Therapy

neutron, simulation, experiment, cyclotron

176

N.H. Hu, T. Aihara
OMPU, Takatsukishi, Japan

The world’s first accelerator based epithermal neutron source for clinical boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) was designed, developed, and commissioned between 2008 to 2010 by Sumitomo Heavy Industries in collaboration with Kyoto University at the Kyoto University Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science. The cyclotron-based accelerator device can accelerate a proton up to an energy of roughly 30 MeV. When the proton contacts the beryllium target, fast neutrons are created that travel through a beam shaping assembly made of calcium fluoride, lead, iron, and aluminum to lower the neutron energy to the epithermal region, which is ideal for BNCT (10 keV). With a proton current of 1 mA, the system is intended to produce epithermal neutron flux of up to 1.2×10⁹ cm^-2 s⁻¹. In 2017, the same type of accelerator was installed at the Kansai BNCT Medical Center and in March 2020 the system received medical device approval in Japan (Sumitomo Heavy Industries, NeuCure® BNCT system). Soon after, BNCT for unresectable, locally advanced, and recurrent carcinoma of the head and neck region was approved by the Japanese government for reimbursement covered by the national health insurance system. Thus far, over 100 patients have been treated using this system.

Slides WEBI02 [8.080 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBI02

About •

Received ※ 27 March 2023 — Revised ※ 22 May 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023

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WEBO03

Positron Emitters Produced from Naturally Occurring Targets

target, positron, cyclotron, vacuum

183

T.W. Leadbeater, A. Buffler, T. Hutton, M. van Heerden
UCT Physics, Cape Town, South Africa

Short lived positron emitters are used as flow following tracer particles in the study of dynamic processes within physics and engineering applications. For full representation of the materials of interest, tracer particles must be activated with proton rich radionuclides utilising reactions on their naturally abundant isotopic content. Cyclotron accelerated alpha particle beams incident upon (16O) oxygen rich targets have been investigated in producing the positron emitter 18F within naturally occurring materials. Simulations and numeric calculations of the beam conditions are used to maximise the activation yield and minimise heat load by carefully placing the Bragg peak in relation to the water-cooled target. Corresponding to the target thickness, the 100 MeV extraction energy is degraded to match a broad resonance in 18F production around 35 MeV, while maintaining energy above the 18 MeV threshold. Beam currents below 1 µA resulted in typical 18F yields of 1 - 2 mCi within spherical SiO₂ targets of diameters 1 - 10 mm, ideal for envisaged application studies.

Slides WEBO03 [4.876 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO03

About •

Received ※ 28 December 2022 — Revised ※ 16 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 May 2023

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WEBO05

Upgrade of a Clinical Facility to Achieve a High Transmission and Gantry Angle-Independent Flash Tune

proton, cyclotron, simulation, experiment

191

I. Colizzi, C. Baumgarten, A.L. Gabard, R. Künzi, A.L. Lomax, V. Maradia, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, D.C. Weber
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
V. Maradia
ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
D.C. Weber
University of Zurich, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
D.C. Weber
KRO, Bern, Switzerland

Funding: This work is supported by the SNF grant 200822
In proton therapy, FLASH-RT, irradiation at ultra-high dose rates (>40 Gy/s) that can minimize radiation-induced harm to healthy tissue without reducing its ability to treat tumors, is a topic of great interest. However, in cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities, losses caused by the energy degradation process reduce the transmission to less than 1% for low energies, making it difficult to achieve high dose rates over the clinical range (70-230 MeV). We will demonstrate how an already existing clinical beamline can be converted into a FLASH beamline by beam optic changes only. To achieve maximum transmission, we have developed a new optics that transports the undegraded 250 MeV beam from the cyclotron to the isocenter. However, this has asymmetric emittance in the transverse planes, leading to gantry angle-dependent beam characteristics at the patient. Particle transport has been simulated with MINT (in-house matrix multiplication transport program with Monte Carlo simulations for scattering effects) and benchmarked with beam profile measurements. We used the method of σ matrix matching (M. Benedikt et al. 1997) to achieve gantry angle-independent optics. MINT simulations and beam profile measurements showed a good agreement, and with FLASH optics, we experimentally achieved almost 90% transmission at the patient, translating to a maximum current of 720 nA (>9000 Gy/s). Further, we demonstrate that using the matrix matching optimization criteria together with fine-tuning of the magnets, we could achieve gantry angle-independent beam profiles at the patient location. In conclusion, we demonstrated how an already existing cyclotron-based proton gantry can be adapted to achieve ultra-high dose rates at 250 MeV, enabling investigations of FLASH radiotherapy with protons. Since most of the modifications are performed on the beam optics, it is entirely transparent to clinical operations, making the method transferable to other facilities.

Slides WEBO05 [5.057 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO05

About •

Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023

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WEBO06

Accelerator and Detector Developments for the Production of Theranostic Radioisotopes with Solid Targets at the Bern Medical Cyclotron

target, cyclotron, detector, proton

196

S. Braccini, P. Casolaro, G. Dellepiane, A. Gottstein, I. Mateu, P. Scampoli
AEC, Bern, Switzerland
P. Scampoli
Naples University Federico II, Napoli, Italy

Funding: This research was partially funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). Grants: 200021 175749 and CRSII5 180352.
Theranostics in nuclear medicine is realized by using two different radioisotopes to label the same radiopharmaceutical, one for diagnosis via PET or SPECT (positron or gamma emitter, respectively) and one for targeted radioligand therapy (alpha, beta minus, Auger emitter). To assure the same chemistry and metabolic behaviour in the human body, the best option is to employ two radionuclides of the same element, the so called theranostic pair. In view of clinical trials and routine applications, the production and supply of novel radioisotopes for theranostics in adequate quality and quantity is essential and represents nowadays a scientific and technical challenge. The most promising methodology relies on hospital-based 15-25 MeV compact medical cyclotrons equipped with solid target stations. Being designed for the production of F-18 by means of liquid targets, innovative solutions are needed. Therefore, a research program is ongoing at the Bern medical cyclotron, a facility equipped with a Solid Target Station and a 6.5 m Beam Transfer Line ending in a separate bunker. To irradiate isotope-enriched materials in form of compressed powder pellets (6 mm diameter), a novel target coin was conceived and realized together with methods to assess the beam energy and the production cross sections. To optimize the irradiation procedure, a novel ultra-compact Active Focusing System based on a specific magnetic device and a two-dimensional beam monitoring detector was conceived, constructed and tested. Several solutions for the beam detector were developed and others are under study. The system allows to control on-line the size and position of the beam and to correct its characteristics by steering and focusing it in order to keep it on target. Results on accelerator and detector developments together with achievements in the production of radionuclides for theranostics (Sc-43, Sc-44, Sc-47, Cu-61, Cu-64, Cu-67, Ga-68, Er-165, Tm-165, Tm-167 and Tb-155) are presented.
Dellepiane et al., N. Cim. C, vol. 44p. 130, 2021.
Häffner et al., Instr., vol. 3p. 63, 2019.
Carzaniga et al., ARI, vol. 129p. 96, 2017.
Häffner et al., App. Sci., vol. 11p. 2452, 2021.
van der Meulen et al., Molecules, vol. 25, p. 4706, 2020.

Slides WEBO06 [6.048 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO06

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Received ※ 03 January 2023 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 06 February 2023

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WEPO002

A Comparison Study of the Designing Models of Range Modulator by Using FLUKA Simulation Codes

proton, simulation, target, scattering

204

Y. Wang, Y.H. Gong, J.C. Liu, L. Sui, Q.J. Wang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

In this study, we investigated the optimization of the range modulator. Range modulator used in proton radiotherapy is expected to be accurate enough to achieve spread-out Bragg peak(SOBP). Based on the theory of Thomas Bortfeld, four different range modulator models were designed and compared by using the FLUKA simulation codes. The four models are: uneven ridge filter, smooth ridge filter, uneven range modulator wheel, and smooth range modulator wheel. Using 100 MeV and 230 MeV proton beams, the dose spatial distribution of the four models were calculated when the SOBP sections were 3, 5, 10, and 20 cm. The results showed that in ideal motion condition, the four models all showed the ideal range modulation effect. The average value of the difference was less than 2%. The evenness of the smooth models is improved compared with the uneven models. The smooth ridge filter model performed best. On the basis of this model, we tried to realize the movement of the SOBP region by adding a binary shielding layer. The results showed that the SOBP region can move in a small range at the expense of acceptable accuracy error. This study provides a design reference for the range modulator in proton therapy, and provides a new technical scheme to fill the target area for precise therapy.

Poster WEPO002 [1.957 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO002

About •

Received ※ 09 February 2023 — Revised ※ 17 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 09 May 2023

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WEPO009

Status Report and Future Plan for Molecular Imaging Center (I-One) Facility

cyclotron, controls, target, GUI

223

M. Alredhi, R.N. Alsaif, M.A. Balkheir, S.Y. Farhood, S.S. Lingawi, M.A. Sharaf
King Abdul-Aziz University, I-one, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
S.M. Miliebari
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Funding: Wadi Jeddah- King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia
The radio-pharmaceuticals production and imaging facility known as I-One at King Abdul-Aziz University in the western region of Saudi Arabia started first production in 2018. We will discuss the facility features, taking in consideration the existence in the university, where some basic research and training in different aspects of cyclotron operation and radio-pharmaceuticals production.

Poster WEPO009 [0.277 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO009

About •

Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 31 December 2022 — Accepted ※ 07 March 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 August 2023

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THAO02

Beam Extraction Simulation and Magnetic Channels’ Design For MSC230 Cyclotron

extraction, cyclotron, simulation, proton

260

D. Popov, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
S.G. Shirkov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

MSC230 is a novate cyclotron for proton (FLASH included) therapy research, designed and developed by JINR. The extraction system of this machine includes only one electrostatic deflector followed by two magnetic correctors. These correctors were designed and included in global model to simulate beam extraction. The peculiarities of the design procedure and the outcome of the simulation discussed in this paper.

Slides THAO02 [2.523 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAO02

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Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023

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THBO06

The Design of the Center Region of MSC230 Cyclotron

cyclotron, focusing, proton, acceleration

285

V. Malinin, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, D. Popov
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
T.V. Karamysheva
Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
T.V. Karamysheva, A.A. Sinitsa
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

MSC230 is an innovative efficient medical super-conducting cyclotron for the study and investigation of the conventional proton and FLASH therapy, devel-oped by JINR for its new biomedical research center. The machine has an internal injection system provided by a PIG ion source and, for better efficiency, 4 RF dees connected in the center. Despite these re-strictions, it is possible to create a center region design which allows initial acceleration with minimal losses sufficient for the FLASH therapy. The design and its features presented in this talk.

Slides THBO06 [2.456 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO06

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Received ※ 01 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 31 January 2023

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THPO002

Study on Proton Radiation Effect and Self-Repair of SiC-JBS Diodes

proton, ECR, interface, electron

291

C.C. Liu, Q. Chen, G. Guo, H.L. Shi, F.Q. Zhang, z. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Funding: CNNC "Young Talents" Scientific Research Project (11FY212306000801)
In this study, the influence of proton irradiation experiments at 40 MeV and p/cm² on Silicon Carbide Junction Barrier Schottky (SiC-JBS) diodes with stripe cell and hexagonal cell designs was investigated, respectively. Considering the displacement damage effect of SiC-JBS diodes, the experiments was implemented on unbiased SiC-JBS diodes based on 100 MeV high intensity proton cyclotron of China Institute of Atomic Energy. The results show that the current voltage (IV) and capacitive voltage (CV) characteristics of the SiC-JBS diodes are obviously degraded by proton irradiation. After 168 h of room temperature annealing, the forward IV characteristics of the SiC-JBS diodes are basically restored but the reverse leakage current is increased. After 336 h of room temperature annealing, the forward IV characteristic of the diodes is completely restored, but the reserve IV characteristic of the diodes with stripe cell is completely restored. And the CV characteristic is degraded of the two kinds of SiC-JBS diodes permanently, which indicating that room temperature annealing cannot restore the proton radiation displacement damage defects. Combined with Monte Carlo simulations, it is shown that proton irradiation will introduce ionization defects and displacement defects into the SiC-JBS diodes, in which the disappearance of displacement damage defects will eventually lead to the degradation of electrical properties of reverse IV and CV. The analysis of the SiC-JBS diodes structure shows that, without considering the diode materials and process level, the SiC-JBS diode with hexagonal cells is more resistant to proton irradiation displacement damage and has stronger room temperature annealing self-repair ability than the SiC-JBS diodes with stripe cells, even though its chip area is smaller. On the other hand, the SiC-JBS diodes with hexagonal cells can be used preferentially in the radiation environment where there is a large amount of proton.

Poster THPO002 [5.018 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO002

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Received ※ 21 December 2022 — Revised ※ 21 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 March 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 April 2023

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THPO003

Applications of the CYCIAE-100 Cyclotron in Neutron-Induced Single Event Effect

neutron, proton, target, electron

295

Q. Chen, J. Bao, G. Guo, J.H. Han, X. Ma, H.Y. Zhao
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Neutron-induced single event effect is one of the significant factors affecting the reliability of semiconductor devices in avionics and ground facilities. The 100 MeV proton cyclotron in China Institute of Atomic Energy (Cyciae-100) provides white neutron and quasi-monoenergetic neutron induced by proton and W/Li bombardment. Based on the white neutron beam line of Cyciae-100, the white neutron energy spectrum is measured by neutron time-of-flight method with double scintillator spectrometer, as well as the theoretical energy spectrum calculated by the Monte Carlo method. The neutron irradiation test of two SRAMs with different technology nodes were carried out, and the neutron single event upset sections are obtained simultaneously. In addition, based on the quasi-monoenergetic neutron beam line, the simulation of neutron energy spectrum and experimental measurement of neutron single event upset cross section for SRAMs were carried out. As a conclusion, the white neutron and quasi-monoenergetic neutron provided by Cyciae-100 are well suitable applied to the study of neutron single event effects.

Poster THPO003 [0.726 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO003

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Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 21 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 April 2023

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THPO011

Effect of 90 MeV Proton Irradiation on Spleen Injury in C57BL/6J Mice

proton, experiment, controls, cyclotron

324

Q.J. Wang, Y.H. Gong, J.C. Liu, Q. Liu, L. Sui, Y. Wang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Funding: the Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project (No.WDJC-2019-11)
Proton therapy has become one of the most important physiotherapies for tumors in the world, which can greatly improve the cure rate of tumors that are ineffective by conventional treatments. In addition, proton is also the main source of radiation in space environment. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to use accelerators to carry out basic research on proton radiotherapy and space radiobiology, which can provide technical support and basic data for the optimal design of proton therapy and risk assessment of personnel in space environment. In this study, C57 mice were irradiated with 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 2 Gy by 90 MeV protons from 100 MeV cyclotron of China Institute of Atomic Energy. The mice were killed one day after irradiation. Body weight change and spleen organ coefficient were calculated. The expression of DNA damage-related protein γ H2AX was detected by western blotting. The results showed that compared with the control group, the body weight of mice in each irradiation group had no significant change, and the spleen organ coefficient decreased, indicating that the spleen atrophied after proton radiation, especially in 2 Gy. The results of Western blotting showed that the expression of γ H2AX in spleen increased significantly on the 1 day after irradiation, especially in 0.5 and 2 Gy, indicating that the spleen DNA damage was the serious on the 1 day after proton radiation.

Poster THPO011 [0.625 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO011

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Received ※ 10 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2023

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THPO012

Progress in Design of MSC230 Superconducting Cyclotron for Proton Therapy

cyclotron, proton, extraction, cavity

327

G.A. Karamysheva, K. Bunyatov, S. Gurskiy, G.G. Hodshibagijan, O. Karamyshev, D. Nikiforov, M.S. Novikov, D. Popov, V.M. Romanov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, A.A. Sinitsa, G.V. Trubnikov, S. Yakovenko
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
V.A. Gerasimov, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

The current status of the MSC230 superconducting cyclotron designed for biomedical research is presented. MSC230 is an isochronous four-sector compact cyclotron with a magnetic field in the center of 1.7 T. Acceleration is performed at the fourth harmonic mode of the accelerating radio-frequency (RF) system consisting of four cavities located in the cyclotron valleys. The accelerator will use an internal Penning type source with a hot cathode. Particular attention is paid to extraction, as it must have a high extraction efficiency.

Poster THPO012 [0.911 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO012

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Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 24 March 2023

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THPO018

FFAG Activity in Japan and Future Projects

experiment, target, proton, injection

344

Y. Ishi, Y. Mori, T. Uesugi
Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan

The current activities of FFAG in Japan will be presented as well as future projects using energy recovery internal target scheme in the FFAG ring.

Poster THPO018 [2.641 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO018

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Received ※ 18 January 2023 — Revised ※ 05 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 May 2023

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FRBO03

The Study of the Isochronous Magnetic Field and the Equilbrum Orbit of CS-30 Cyclotron

cyclotron, target, experiment, extraction

378

B.F. Fan, Z. Li
SCU, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China

The CS-30 accelerator of the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology of Sichuan University is a three-fan accelerator with constant angular width (45 degrees) at small radius and blade thickness increasing with radius at larger radius. In this paper, the magnetic field is analyzed, and the static equilibrium orbit, revolution frequency, oscillation frequencies and other data are calculated. These functions can be integrated to guide the accurate magnet numerical model setup of the existing CS-30 accelerator, which can be used in de education demonstration and experimental phenomena analysis. The optimization algorithm is innovatively introduced in the static equilibrium orbit calculation, which reduces the dependence of the results on the initial value and significantly improves the calculation speed. The calculation method presented in this paper is suitable for all cyclotrons.
*Summary of technical training for CS-30 cyclotron

Slides FRBO03 [2.662 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRBO03

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Received ※ 02 February 2023 — Revised ※ 03 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 21 May 2023

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