CYCLOTRONS2022 - List of Keywords (simulation)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOPO014	Design Studies of the Cylindrically Symmetric Magnetic Inflector	injection, cyclotron, space-charge, permanent-magnet	87
	L.G. Zhang, R.A. Baartman, Y. Bylinskii, T. Planche, Y.-N. Rao TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	The spiral inflector steers the beam from the bore in the main magnet into the median plane to achieve the axial injection with an external ion source. In a conventional electrostatic infector, the injection beam energy is limited by the breakdown voltage on the electrodes. At the same time, the injection intensity is also limited by the small aperture in the electrostatic inflector. Magnetic inflector is a promising alternative to overcome these disadvantages. To demonstrate the technology, we use the TR100 main magnet model, a conceptual idea of an H²⁺ cyclotron, as a testbench to study the inflection conditions and optics of the passive magnetic inflector with a cylindrically symmetric structure. A mirror-like field with optimized mirror length and ratio provides a well-focused beam arriving at the median plane. The required magnetic field is produced by shimming a center plug in the injection hole. The space charge effect is also discussed with the simulation of a high-intensity injection beam.
	Poster MOPO014 [0.678 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO014
About •	Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 01 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 March 2023
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MOPO018	The Magnetic Field Design of a 16 MeV Variable Energy Cyclotron	cyclotron, extraction, resonance, magnet-design	103
	Z. Wu, K.Z. Ding, J. Zhou ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China S. Xu HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China
	The development of a 16 MeV H⁻ cyclotron is in progress at CIM company (Hefei, China). Such machine is designed for radio-isotope production which is used for nuclear medicine. Beam extraction is ensured by means of stripper foils located at different radii to achieve variable extraction energy between 10 and 16 MeV. In this paper, the main magnet design was demonstrated in detail. An AVF magnet with four radial sectors was adopt to get strong axial focusing. The hill angular widths and hill gaps with radius were designed to meet the isochronous magnetic field. The tunes were optimized to avoid dangerous resonance. The result of magnet design was verified by beam dynamics simulations. After the presentation of the magnet design, some results on stripping extraction were also discussed. TOSCA (OPERA-3D) was used to perform 3D magnetic field simulation. An efficient beam simulation code developed by MATLAB was used to do beam dynamics simulations.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO018
About •	Received ※ 12 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 May 2023
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TUAO04	Design of a Multi-Harmonic Buncher for TRIUMF 500 MeV Cyclotron	injection, cyclotron, bunching, space-charge	118
	S. Saminathan, R.A. Baartman, Y. Bylinskii, M. Ilagan, P.M. Jung, O. Law, R.E. Laxdal, M. Marchetto, T. Planche, V. Zvyagintsev TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	The TRIUMF 500 MeV cyclotron injection system consists of a 40 m long beamline to transport the 300 keV H⁻ ion beams into the cyclotron. Part of the original beamline, the vertical injection section, was replaced in 2011 and, while the remaining horizontal injection section is being redesigned for replacement. As part of the horizontal injection beamline upgrade, the present buncher system will be replaced with a new one. Presently, the injection system consists of two double gap bunchers. The first buncher operates at the cyclotron RF frequency (23.06 MHz) while the second operates at the second harmonic frequency (46.12 MHz). The proposed new buncher is based on a two-electrode multi-harmonic system, which will be operated by up to three harmonics. The beam dynamics studies have been performed, including the space-charge effects using the particle-in-cell code WARP. Simulation results of longitudinal beam dynamics are presented for transporting beam intensity up to 1 mA.
	Slides TUAO04 [2.473 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAO04
About •	Received ※ 03 January 2023 — Revised ※ 11 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 13 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 March 2023
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WEAI01	Self-Consistent Simulation of an Internal Ion Source Plasma Meniscus and Its Extracted Space Charge Dominated Beam in the Cyclotron Central Region	cyclotron, extraction, space-charge, ion-source	138
	G. D’Agostino INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy G. D’Agostino, W.J.G.M. Kleeven IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	Funding: *Work supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 886190 Central region design simulations for cyclotrons with internal ion source are often complicated by the fact that the initial particle phase space distribution is not well known. Especially for high-intensity cyclotrons, one would like to have a quantitative self-consistent approach for a more accurate simulation of the beam extracted from the ion source and its acceleration in the first accelerating gaps under space charge conditions. This paper proposes some new ideas and methods for this problem. The simulation approach has been developed at IBA for the high-intensity compact self-extracting cyclotron in the EU-H2020-MSCA InnovaTron project. Detailed results of simulations on plasma meniscus and space charge dominated beam extracted from it and accelerated in the cyclotron centre are shown in the paper.
	Slides WEAI01 [3.099 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI01
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 June 2023
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WEAO01	OPAL Simulation on the Beam Transmission in the Central Region of the Medical Cyclotron COMET at Paul Scherrer Institute	cyclotron, proton, ion-source, experiment	148
	H. Zhang, C. Baumgarten, P. Frey, M. Hartmann, R. Kan, M. Kostezer, A. Mülhaupt, J.M. Schippers, A. Schmidt, J. Snuverink PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	The use of the medical cyclotron COMET for FLASH proton therapy requires a high beam transmission from the ion source through the central region apertures. This paper first presents a model of the COMET cyclotron featuring a rotatable ion source, a movable puller, and an adjustable first fixed slit (FFS), implemented with the OPAL framework. The electromagnetic field is individual-ly created to match each specific configuration. The beam optics parameters, especially beam position and beam size upon approaching and after passing FFS, have been studied in detail. The OPAL simulations demon-strate that an optimal configuration of the ion source, the puller and the FFS is key to achieve a high beam trans-mission. An experimental test gave a 2.8 times higher intensity within COMET cyclotron with the modifications derived on the basis of the simulations: a 0.57 mm shift of puller and a 5.6° rotation of ion source. The simula-tions indicate that, with these modifications, the beam can still be centered and accelerated to the extraction energy of 250 MeV. Next step is to investigate the influ-ence of such modifications upon the acceleration and the extraction, again with an iterative approach combining simulations and experiments.
	Slides WEAO01 [5.351 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO01
About •	Received ※ 13 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 March 2023
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WEAO02	Simulation and Analysis of HIMM-IC Beam Dynamics with OPAL	cyclotron, extraction, injection, emittance	152
	G.L. Dou IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
	Since 2020, HIMM (Heavy Ion Medical Machine) facilities in both Wuwei and Lanzhou cities have been installed and put into clinical application or commissioning experiments. As an injector cyclotron (IC), HIMM-IC can provide 6.8 MeV/10 eµA 12C⁵⁺ beam for the synchrotron. Nevertheless, in terms of better beam quality and operation efficiency, HIMM-IC design still has a lot of room for improvement. We used OPAL simulation program to complete the 3D multi-particle dynamics simulation of HIMM-IC including the space charge effect. And the results show that it is in good agreement with the actual experimental measurements.
	Slides WEAO02 [3.819 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO02
About •	Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 February 2023
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WEAO05	Investigation of Long Radial Probe Activation in the PSI Main Ring Cyclotron	proton, cyclotron, radiation, detector	163
	M.I. Besana, E. Hohmann, M. Sapinski, J. Snuverink, D. Werthmüller PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	During an inspection of a new Long Radial Probe, inserted into the Ring cyclotron only a month earlier, an activation hot spot has been identified. The nature of this hot spot has been investigated by performing measurements of the residual activation using shielded Al₂O₃:C dosimeters, 5 mm in diameter, and a portable gamma spectrometer. Monte Carlo simulations of the probe activation with various proton energies have been performed. Results show that most of the activation comes from relatively fast decaying radionuclides and therefore the residual dose drops sufficiently during the shutdown to allow for maintenance and upgrade works. Comparing the abundances of various radionuclides estimated from measured gamma spectra with simulations at various proton energies we conclude that the most probable loss mechanism is scattering of the protons on the upstream collimator.
	Slides WEAO05 [2.625 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO05
About •	Received ※ 21 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 July 2023
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WEBI02	Compact Accelerator Based Epithermal Neutron Source and Its Application for Cancer Therapy	neutron, radiation, experiment, cyclotron	176
	N.H. Hu, T. Aihara OMPU, Takatsukishi, Japan
	The world’s first accelerator based epithermal neutron source for clinical boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) was designed, developed, and commissioned between 2008 to 2010 by Sumitomo Heavy Industries in collaboration with Kyoto University at the Kyoto University Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science. The cyclotron-based accelerator device can accelerate a proton up to an energy of roughly 30 MeV. When the proton contacts the beryllium target, fast neutrons are created that travel through a beam shaping assembly made of calcium fluoride, lead, iron, and aluminum to lower the neutron energy to the epithermal region, which is ideal for BNCT (10 keV). With a proton current of 1 mA, the system is intended to produce epithermal neutron flux of up to 1.2×10⁹ cm^-2 s⁻¹. In 2017, the same type of accelerator was installed at the Kansai BNCT Medical Center and in March 2020 the system received medical device approval in Japan (Sumitomo Heavy Industries, NeuCure® BNCT system). Soon after, BNCT for unresectable, locally advanced, and recurrent carcinoma of the head and neck region was approved by the Japanese government for reimbursement covered by the national health insurance system. Thus far, over 100 patients have been treated using this system.
	Slides WEBI02 [8.080 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBI02
About •	Received ※ 27 March 2023 — Revised ※ 22 May 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023
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WEBO05	Upgrade of a Clinical Facility to Achieve a High Transmission and Gantry Angle-Independent Flash Tune	proton, cyclotron, experiment, radiation	191
	I. Colizzi, C. Baumgarten, A.L. Gabard, R. Künzi, A.L. Lomax, V. Maradia, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, D.C. Weber PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland V. Maradia ETH, Zurich, Switzerland D.C. Weber University of Zurich, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland D.C. Weber KRO, Bern, Switzerland
	Funding: This work is supported by the SNF grant 200822 In proton therapy, FLASH-RT, irradiation at ultra-high dose rates (>40 Gy/s) that can minimize radiation-induced harm to healthy tissue without reducing its ability to treat tumors, is a topic of great interest. However, in cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities, losses caused by the energy degradation process reduce the transmission to less than 1% for low energies, making it difficult to achieve high dose rates over the clinical range (70-230 MeV). We will demonstrate how an already existing clinical beamline can be converted into a FLASH beamline by beam optic changes only. To achieve maximum transmission, we have developed a new optics that transports the undegraded 250 MeV beam from the cyclotron to the isocenter. However, this has asymmetric emittance in the transverse planes, leading to gantry angle-dependent beam characteristics at the patient. Particle transport has been simulated with MINT (in-house matrix multiplication transport program with Monte Carlo simulations for scattering effects) and benchmarked with beam profile measurements. We used the method of σ matrix matching (M. Benedikt et al. 1997) to achieve gantry angle-independent optics. MINT simulations and beam profile measurements showed a good agreement, and with FLASH optics, we experimentally achieved almost 90% transmission at the patient, translating to a maximum current of 720 nA (>9000 Gy/s). Further, we demonstrate that using the matrix matching optimization criteria together with fine-tuning of the magnets, we could achieve gantry angle-independent beam profiles at the patient location. In conclusion, we demonstrated how an already existing cyclotron-based proton gantry can be adapted to achieve ultra-high dose rates at 250 MeV, enabling investigations of FLASH radiotherapy with protons. Since most of the modifications are performed on the beam optics, it is entirely transparent to clinical operations, making the method transferable to other facilities.
	Slides WEBO05 [5.057 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO05
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023
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WEPO002	A Comparison Study of the Designing Models of Range Modulator by Using FLUKA Simulation Codes	proton, target, radiation, scattering	204
	Y. Wang, Y.H. Gong, J.C. Liu, L. Sui, Q.J. Wang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	In this study, we investigated the optimization of the range modulator. Range modulator used in proton radiotherapy is expected to be accurate enough to achieve spread-out Bragg peak(SOBP). Based on the theory of Thomas Bortfeld, four different range modulator models were designed and compared by using the FLUKA simulation codes. The four models are: uneven ridge filter, smooth ridge filter, uneven range modulator wheel, and smooth range modulator wheel. Using 100 MeV and 230 MeV proton beams, the dose spatial distribution of the four models were calculated when the SOBP sections were 3, 5, 10, and 20 cm. The results showed that in ideal motion condition, the four models all showed the ideal range modulation effect. The average value of the difference was less than 2%. The evenness of the smooth models is improved compared with the uneven models. The smooth ridge filter model performed best. On the basis of this model, we tried to realize the movement of the SOBP region by adding a binary shielding layer. The results showed that the SOBP region can move in a small range at the expense of acceptable accuracy error. This study provides a design reference for the range modulator in proton therapy, and provides a new technical scheme to fill the target area for precise therapy.
	Poster WEPO002 [1.957 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO002
About •	Received ※ 09 February 2023 — Revised ※ 17 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 09 May 2023
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WEPO004	High Power Center Region with Internal Ion Source	cyclotron, ion-source, acceleration, focusing	211
	O. Karamyshev JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	Cyclotrons for medical isotope production require high beam current. Author propose the design of central region with internal ion source at 6.6 kV potential placed in the center of cyclotoron and delivering the beam to every RF cavity symmetrically.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO004
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 April 2023
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THAO02	Beam Extraction Simulation and Magnetic Channels’ Design For MSC230 Cyclotron	extraction, cyclotron, proton, radiation	260
	D. Popov, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia S.G. Shirkov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	MSC230 is a novate cyclotron for proton (FLASH included) therapy research, designed and developed by JINR. The extraction system of this machine includes only one electrostatic deflector followed by two magnetic correctors. These correctors were designed and included in global model to simulate beam extraction. The peculiarities of the design procedure and the outcome of the simulation discussed in this paper.
	Slides THAO02 [2.523 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAO02
About •	Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
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THPO001	COLUMBUS - A Small Cyclotron for School and Teaching Purposes	cyclotron, vacuum, experiment, acceleration	288
	C.R. Wolf, M. Prechtl HS Coburg, Coburg, Germany
	In the early 2012 the project "COLUMBUS a small Cyclotron for School- and Teaching Purposes" started. Supported by the FZ Jülich and some German companies a small cyclotron was built at the University of Applied Sciences of Coburg, Germany. After the first beam was detected in 2014, the cyclotron was continuously improved and expanded. At the same time, an educational concept was developed that is based on the studies and curricula in Germany. Since then, the workshops and internships, which are the two columns of the concept, have enjoyed increasing popu-larity among students and, fortunately, among female students as well. Furthermore, future improvements of the accelerator and the educational concept are presented.
	Poster THPO001 [2.651 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO001
About •	Received ※ 30 November 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 April 2023
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THPO004	CSPT: A GPU-Accelerated Lattice Design Toolkit Especially for CCT	toolkit, lattice, software, optics	299
	Y.C. Liao, C.Y. Li, X. Liu, B. Qin, W. Wang HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China R.X. Zhao Shenzhen Institute of Computing Science, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 11975107, 12205111. Canted-Cosine-Thera (CCT) superconducting magnet is a promising alternative for normal-conducting magnets in compact accelerator systems such as large hadron colliders or particle therapy facilities. For the convenience of lattice design with CCT, we develop the CCT Simulation and Particle Tracking (CSPT) toolkit. It’s a program that can perform both simulations of the beam dynamic process within particle accelerators and basic electromagnetic harmonic analysis. The charged-particle tracking and electromagnetic calculation process can be accelerated by either CPU multicore or GPU parallel, with a maximum speed-up ratio of 457. The simulation result of the program is well consistent with Opera and COSY Infinity.
	Poster THPO004 [1.496 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO004
About •	Received ※ 30 November 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 March 2023
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THPO010	An Automated Dose Verification Tool for Proton Therapy Plans Using Geant4/topas	proton, FEM, framework, HOM	321
	W. Wang, Y. Chen, P.L. Li, Y.C. Liao, X. Liu, B. Qin, Z.Y. Yang HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: National Key Research and Development Program of China:2016YFC0105305, National Natural Science Foundation of China:12205111, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities HUST:2022JYCXJJ010 Due to the PB algorithm’s limited accuracy, a higher accuracy dose verification tool is a legal requirement for proton therapy. Therefore, we developed an automated treatment plan dose verification framework based on the Monte-Carlo (MC) algorithm .The MC beam model was derived from commissioning data and fed into our automated software. CT and treatment plan from TPS were input for the automated software. The developed tool was validated and compared with the PB algorithm of Pinnacle3 TPS for 85 prostate patients. The difference between the PB dose and the MC dose of our automated tool was evaluated using gamma analysis (3 mm/3%, and 2mm/2% criteria) and mean absolute errors. Although the result shows good agreement and the passing rate was about 95%, the difference of all the indices was found to increase as the degree of tissue heterogeneity increased. The MC dose has a higher MAE in CTV, and femoral head compared to the PB dose. The automated software can facilitate patient plan verification in institutions and be useful for other clinical applications.
	Poster THPO010 [0.719 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO010
About •	Received ※ 27 December 2022 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023
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THPO014	The Beam Dynamics Simulation of a Variable Energy Cyclotron for Isotope Production	extraction, cyclotron, target, controls	334
	W. Wang Wang, Hefei, People’s Republic of China K.Z. Ding, F. Jiang, J. Zhou ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China S. Xu HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China
	The isochronous cyclotron, CIMV16, has been de-signed by Hefei CAS Ion Medical and Technical Devices Co., Ltd, China (HFCIM) for widely used isotope production, which can extract proton with variable energy in range of 10~16 MeV. In this cyclotron, negative hydro-gen ion will be accelerated to 10~16 MeV, and then stripped out two electrons to become proton to be extracted. We have performed beam tracking starting from the ion source to the extraction reference point, and optimized the position of the stripping target to make the beam of different energies converge at radius of 110 cm. The orbit centralization is optimized by the design of first harmonic, and the axial size of extraction beam is also optimized. All the results of beam dynamics simulations will be presented.
	Poster THPO014 [0.731 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO014
About •	Received ※ 16 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 February 2023
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THPO015	R&D Studies on A 177.6 MHz 1:4 Scale Boat Shape Prototype RF Cavity for the 2 GeV CW FFA	cavity, proton, cyclotron, GUI	338
	S. Pei, L.L. Guan, Y. Jia, Z.J. Jin, M. Li, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, F. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Wang, G. Yang, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China B. Li, S.B. Xia, Y. Xing ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: Work supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901. A proton circular accelerator complex composed of a 100 MeV separated radial sector cyclotron, an 800 MeV separated spiral sector cyclotron and a 2 GeV FFA was proposed and is being studied at CIAE. To satisfy the beam dynamics requirements of the FFA, NC RF cavity with high Q and R will be adopted. It is found that the boat shape cavity is the most promising candidate. Therefore, R&D on a 177.6 MHz 1:4 scale boat shape prototype cavity is being carried out to study all aspects of developing such a high-power cavity. In this scenario, self-consistent multi-physics coupled simulation study with ANSYS HFSS and Workbench was carried out. This paper describes the method to deal with a mechanical model including hundreds of bodies in the FEM analysis and shows the simulation results. In addition, the manufacturing technology and some testing results are also presented.
	Poster THPO015 [3.234 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO015
About •	Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
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FRBI02	Design of a Spiral Inflector at iThemba LABS for Injecting the Beam into a Cyclotron	cyclotron, quadrupole, permanent-magnet, optics	373
	A.H. Barnard iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa
	Funding: iThemba LABS Using a Belmont-Pabot spiral inflector for axial beam injection presents difficulties when matching the beam emittance to the cyclotron acceptance. For an electrostatic inflector one of the potential solutions to this problem is to use transverse electric field gradients to influence and optimise the optics. Here we extend this approach to magnetic spiral inflectors. It is demonstrated that the gradient of the magnetic field along the central trajectory can be controlled by an appropriate permanent magnet inflector design, and that these gradients have a large influence on the optics. The transverse gradients are numerically optimised and the performance compared to an optimised electrostatic spiral inflector. A faster numerical method for accurately determining the electric field of an electrostatic inflector is also presented.
	Slides FRBI02 [1.872 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRBI02
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 26 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 May 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOPO014

Design Studies of the Cylindrically Symmetric Magnetic Inflector

injection, cyclotron, space-charge, permanent-magnet

87

L.G. Zhang, R.A. Baartman, Y. Bylinskii, T. Planche, Y.-N. Rao
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

The spiral inflector steers the beam from the bore in the main magnet into the median plane to achieve the axial injection with an external ion source. In a conventional electrostatic infector, the injection beam energy is limited by the breakdown voltage on the electrodes. At the same time, the injection intensity is also limited by the small aperture in the electrostatic inflector. Magnetic inflector is a promising alternative to overcome these disadvantages. To demonstrate the technology, we use the TR100 main magnet model, a conceptual idea of an H²⁺ cyclotron, as a testbench to study the inflection conditions and optics of the passive magnetic inflector with a cylindrically symmetric structure. A mirror-like field with optimized mirror length and ratio provides a well-focused beam arriving at the median plane. The required magnetic field is produced by shimming a center plug in the injection hole. The space charge effect is also discussed with the simulation of a high-intensity injection beam.

Poster MOPO014 [0.678 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO014

About •

Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 01 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 March 2023

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reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOPO018

The Magnetic Field Design of a 16 MeV Variable Energy Cyclotron

cyclotron, extraction, resonance, magnet-design

103

Z. Wu, K.Z. Ding, J. Zhou
ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
S. Xu
HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China

The development of a 16 MeV H⁻ cyclotron is in progress at CIM company (Hefei, China). Such machine is designed for radio-isotope production which is used for nuclear medicine. Beam extraction is ensured by means of stripper foils located at different radii to achieve variable extraction energy between 10 and 16 MeV. In this paper, the main magnet design was demonstrated in detail. An AVF magnet with four radial sectors was adopt to get strong axial focusing. The hill angular widths and hill gaps with radius were designed to meet the isochronous magnetic field. The tunes were optimized to avoid dangerous resonance. The result of magnet design was verified by beam dynamics simulations. After the presentation of the magnet design, some results on stripping extraction were also discussed. TOSCA (OPERA-3D) was used to perform 3D magnetic field simulation. An efficient beam simulation code developed by MATLAB was used to do beam dynamics simulations.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO018

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Received ※ 12 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 May 2023

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TUAO04

Design of a Multi-Harmonic Buncher for TRIUMF 500 MeV Cyclotron

injection, cyclotron, bunching, space-charge

118

S. Saminathan, R.A. Baartman, Y. Bylinskii, M. Ilagan, P.M. Jung, O. Law, R.E. Laxdal, M. Marchetto, T. Planche, V. Zvyagintsev
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

The TRIUMF 500 MeV cyclotron injection system consists of a 40 m long beamline to transport the 300 keV H⁻ ion beams into the cyclotron. Part of the original beamline, the vertical injection section, was replaced in 2011 and, while the remaining horizontal injection section is being redesigned for replacement. As part of the horizontal injection beamline upgrade, the present buncher system will be replaced with a new one. Presently, the injection system consists of two double gap bunchers. The first buncher operates at the cyclotron RF frequency (23.06 MHz) while the second operates at the second harmonic frequency (46.12 MHz). The proposed new buncher is based on a two-electrode multi-harmonic system, which will be operated by up to three harmonics. The beam dynamics studies have been performed, including the space-charge effects using the particle-in-cell code WARP. Simulation results of longitudinal beam dynamics are presented for transporting beam intensity up to 1 mA.

Slides TUAO04 [2.473 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAO04

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Received ※ 03 January 2023 — Revised ※ 11 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 13 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 March 2023

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WEAI01

Self-Consistent Simulation of an Internal Ion Source Plasma Meniscus and Its Extracted Space Charge Dominated Beam in the Cyclotron Central Region

cyclotron, extraction, space-charge, ion-source

138

G. D’Agostino
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
G. D’Agostino, W.J.G.M. Kleeven
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Funding: *Work supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 886190
Central region design simulations for cyclotrons with internal ion source are often complicated by the fact that the initial particle phase space distribution is not well known. Especially for high-intensity cyclotrons, one would like to have a quantitative self-consistent approach for a more accurate simulation of the beam extracted from the ion source and its acceleration in the first accelerating gaps under space charge conditions. This paper proposes some new ideas and methods for this problem. The simulation approach has been developed at IBA for the high-intensity compact self-extracting cyclotron in the EU-H2020-MSCA InnovaTron project. Detailed results of simulations on plasma meniscus and space charge dominated beam extracted from it and accelerated in the cyclotron centre are shown in the paper.

Slides WEAI01 [3.099 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI01

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Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 June 2023

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WEAO01

OPAL Simulation on the Beam Transmission in the Central Region of the Medical Cyclotron COMET at Paul Scherrer Institute

cyclotron, proton, ion-source, experiment

148

H. Zhang, C. Baumgarten, P. Frey, M. Hartmann, R. Kan, M. Kostezer, A. Mülhaupt, J.M. Schippers, A. Schmidt, J. Snuverink
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The use of the medical cyclotron COMET for FLASH proton therapy requires a high beam transmission from the ion source through the central region apertures. This paper first presents a model of the COMET cyclotron featuring a rotatable ion source, a movable puller, and an adjustable first fixed slit (FFS), implemented with the OPAL framework. The electromagnetic field is individual-ly created to match each specific configuration. The beam optics parameters, especially beam position and beam size upon approaching and after passing FFS, have been studied in detail. The OPAL simulations demon-strate that an optimal configuration of the ion source, the puller and the FFS is key to achieve a high beam trans-mission. An experimental test gave a 2.8 times higher intensity within COMET cyclotron with the modifications derived on the basis of the simulations: a 0.57 mm shift of puller and a 5.6° rotation of ion source. The simula-tions indicate that, with these modifications, the beam can still be centered and accelerated to the extraction energy of 250 MeV. Next step is to investigate the influ-ence of such modifications upon the acceleration and the extraction, again with an iterative approach combining simulations and experiments.

Slides WEAO01 [5.351 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO01

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Received ※ 13 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 March 2023

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WEAO02

Simulation and Analysis of HIMM-IC Beam Dynamics with OPAL

cyclotron, extraction, injection, emittance

152

G.L. Dou
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China

Since 2020, HIMM (Heavy Ion Medical Machine) facilities in both Wuwei and Lanzhou cities have been installed and put into clinical application or commissioning experiments. As an injector cyclotron (IC), HIMM-IC can provide 6.8 MeV/10 eµA 12C⁵⁺ beam for the synchrotron. Nevertheless, in terms of better beam quality and operation efficiency, HIMM-IC design still has a lot of room for improvement. We used OPAL simulation program to complete the 3D multi-particle dynamics simulation of HIMM-IC including the space charge effect. And the results show that it is in good agreement with the actual experimental measurements.

Slides WEAO02 [3.819 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO02

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Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 February 2023

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WEAO05

Investigation of Long Radial Probe Activation in the PSI Main Ring Cyclotron

proton, cyclotron, radiation, detector

163

M.I. Besana, E. Hohmann, M. Sapinski, J. Snuverink, D. Werthmüller
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

During an inspection of a new Long Radial Probe, inserted into the Ring cyclotron only a month earlier, an activation hot spot has been identified. The nature of this hot spot has been investigated by performing measurements of the residual activation using shielded Al₂O₃:C dosimeters, 5 mm in diameter, and a portable gamma spectrometer. Monte Carlo simulations of the probe activation with various proton energies have been performed. Results show that most of the activation comes from relatively fast decaying radionuclides and therefore the residual dose drops sufficiently during the shutdown to allow for maintenance and upgrade works. Comparing the abundances of various radionuclides estimated from measured gamma spectra with simulations at various proton energies we conclude that the most probable loss mechanism is scattering of the protons on the upstream collimator.

Slides WEAO05 [2.625 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO05

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Received ※ 21 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 July 2023

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WEBI02

Compact Accelerator Based Epithermal Neutron Source and Its Application for Cancer Therapy

neutron, radiation, experiment, cyclotron

176

N.H. Hu, T. Aihara
OMPU, Takatsukishi, Japan

The world’s first accelerator based epithermal neutron source for clinical boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) was designed, developed, and commissioned between 2008 to 2010 by Sumitomo Heavy Industries in collaboration with Kyoto University at the Kyoto University Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science. The cyclotron-based accelerator device can accelerate a proton up to an energy of roughly 30 MeV. When the proton contacts the beryllium target, fast neutrons are created that travel through a beam shaping assembly made of calcium fluoride, lead, iron, and aluminum to lower the neutron energy to the epithermal region, which is ideal for BNCT (10 keV). With a proton current of 1 mA, the system is intended to produce epithermal neutron flux of up to 1.2×10⁹ cm^-2 s⁻¹. In 2017, the same type of accelerator was installed at the Kansai BNCT Medical Center and in March 2020 the system received medical device approval in Japan (Sumitomo Heavy Industries, NeuCure® BNCT system). Soon after, BNCT for unresectable, locally advanced, and recurrent carcinoma of the head and neck region was approved by the Japanese government for reimbursement covered by the national health insurance system. Thus far, over 100 patients have been treated using this system.

Slides WEBI02 [8.080 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBI02

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Received ※ 27 March 2023 — Revised ※ 22 May 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023

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WEBO05

Upgrade of a Clinical Facility to Achieve a High Transmission and Gantry Angle-Independent Flash Tune

proton, cyclotron, experiment, radiation

191

I. Colizzi, C. Baumgarten, A.L. Gabard, R. Künzi, A.L. Lomax, V. Maradia, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, D.C. Weber
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
V. Maradia
ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
D.C. Weber
University of Zurich, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
D.C. Weber
KRO, Bern, Switzerland

Funding: This work is supported by the SNF grant 200822
In proton therapy, FLASH-RT, irradiation at ultra-high dose rates (>40 Gy/s) that can minimize radiation-induced harm to healthy tissue without reducing its ability to treat tumors, is a topic of great interest. However, in cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities, losses caused by the energy degradation process reduce the transmission to less than 1% for low energies, making it difficult to achieve high dose rates over the clinical range (70-230 MeV). We will demonstrate how an already existing clinical beamline can be converted into a FLASH beamline by beam optic changes only. To achieve maximum transmission, we have developed a new optics that transports the undegraded 250 MeV beam from the cyclotron to the isocenter. However, this has asymmetric emittance in the transverse planes, leading to gantry angle-dependent beam characteristics at the patient. Particle transport has been simulated with MINT (in-house matrix multiplication transport program with Monte Carlo simulations for scattering effects) and benchmarked with beam profile measurements. We used the method of σ matrix matching (M. Benedikt et al. 1997) to achieve gantry angle-independent optics. MINT simulations and beam profile measurements showed a good agreement, and with FLASH optics, we experimentally achieved almost 90% transmission at the patient, translating to a maximum current of 720 nA (>9000 Gy/s). Further, we demonstrate that using the matrix matching optimization criteria together with fine-tuning of the magnets, we could achieve gantry angle-independent beam profiles at the patient location. In conclusion, we demonstrated how an already existing cyclotron-based proton gantry can be adapted to achieve ultra-high dose rates at 250 MeV, enabling investigations of FLASH radiotherapy with protons. Since most of the modifications are performed on the beam optics, it is entirely transparent to clinical operations, making the method transferable to other facilities.

Slides WEBO05 [5.057 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO05

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Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023

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WEPO002

A Comparison Study of the Designing Models of Range Modulator by Using FLUKA Simulation Codes

proton, target, radiation, scattering

204

Y. Wang, Y.H. Gong, J.C. Liu, L. Sui, Q.J. Wang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

In this study, we investigated the optimization of the range modulator. Range modulator used in proton radiotherapy is expected to be accurate enough to achieve spread-out Bragg peak(SOBP). Based on the theory of Thomas Bortfeld, four different range modulator models were designed and compared by using the FLUKA simulation codes. The four models are: uneven ridge filter, smooth ridge filter, uneven range modulator wheel, and smooth range modulator wheel. Using 100 MeV and 230 MeV proton beams, the dose spatial distribution of the four models were calculated when the SOBP sections were 3, 5, 10, and 20 cm. The results showed that in ideal motion condition, the four models all showed the ideal range modulation effect. The average value of the difference was less than 2%. The evenness of the smooth models is improved compared with the uneven models. The smooth ridge filter model performed best. On the basis of this model, we tried to realize the movement of the SOBP region by adding a binary shielding layer. The results showed that the SOBP region can move in a small range at the expense of acceptable accuracy error. This study provides a design reference for the range modulator in proton therapy, and provides a new technical scheme to fill the target area for precise therapy.

Poster WEPO002 [1.957 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO002

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Received ※ 09 February 2023 — Revised ※ 17 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 09 May 2023

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WEPO004

High Power Center Region with Internal Ion Source

cyclotron, ion-source, acceleration, focusing

211

O. Karamyshev
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

Cyclotrons for medical isotope production require high beam current. Author propose the design of central region with internal ion source at 6.6 kV potential placed in the center of cyclotoron and delivering the beam to every RF cavity symmetrically.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO004

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Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 April 2023

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THAO02

Beam Extraction Simulation and Magnetic Channels’ Design For MSC230 Cyclotron

extraction, cyclotron, proton, radiation

260

D. Popov, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
S.G. Shirkov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

MSC230 is a novate cyclotron for proton (FLASH included) therapy research, designed and developed by JINR. The extraction system of this machine includes only one electrostatic deflector followed by two magnetic correctors. These correctors were designed and included in global model to simulate beam extraction. The peculiarities of the design procedure and the outcome of the simulation discussed in this paper.

Slides THAO02 [2.523 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAO02

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Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023

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THPO001

COLUMBUS - A Small Cyclotron for School and Teaching Purposes

cyclotron, vacuum, experiment, acceleration

288

C.R. Wolf, M. Prechtl
HS Coburg, Coburg, Germany

In the early 2012 the project "COLUMBUS a small Cyclotron for School- and Teaching Purposes" started. Supported by the FZ Jülich and some German companies a small cyclotron was built at the University of Applied Sciences of Coburg, Germany. After the first beam was detected in 2014, the cyclotron was continuously improved and expanded. At the same time, an educational concept was developed that is based on the studies and curricula in Germany. Since then, the workshops and internships, which are the two columns of the concept, have enjoyed increasing popu-larity among students and, fortunately, among female students as well. Furthermore, future improvements of the accelerator and the educational concept are presented.

Poster THPO001 [2.651 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO001

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Received ※ 30 November 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 April 2023

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THPO004

CSPT: A GPU-Accelerated Lattice Design Toolkit Especially for CCT

toolkit, lattice, software, optics

299

Y.C. Liao, C.Y. Li, X. Liu, B. Qin, W. Wang
HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
R.X. Zhao
Shenzhen Institute of Computing Science, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China

Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 11975107, 12205111.
Canted-Cosine-Thera (CCT) superconducting magnet is a promising alternative for normal-conducting magnets in compact accelerator systems such as large hadron colliders or particle therapy facilities. For the convenience of lattice design with CCT, we develop the CCT Simulation and Particle Tracking (CSPT) toolkit. It’s a program that can perform both simulations of the beam dynamic process within particle accelerators and basic electromagnetic harmonic analysis. The charged-particle tracking and electromagnetic calculation process can be accelerated by either CPU multicore or GPU parallel, with a maximum speed-up ratio of 457. The simulation result of the program is well consistent with Opera and COSY Infinity.

Poster THPO004 [1.496 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO004

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Received ※ 30 November 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 March 2023

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THPO010

An Automated Dose Verification Tool for Proton Therapy Plans Using Geant4/topas

proton, FEM, framework, HOM

321

W. Wang, Y. Chen, P.L. Li, Y.C. Liao, X. Liu, B. Qin, Z.Y. Yang
HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

Funding: National Key Research and Development Program of China:2016YFC0105305, National Natural Science Foundation of China:12205111, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities HUST:2022JYCXJJ010
Due to the PB algorithm’s limited accuracy, a higher accuracy dose verification tool is a legal requirement for proton therapy. Therefore, we developed an automated treatment plan dose verification framework based on the Monte-Carlo (MC) algorithm .The MC beam model was derived from commissioning data and fed into our automated software. CT and treatment plan from TPS were input for the automated software. The developed tool was validated and compared with the PB algorithm of Pinnacle3 TPS for 85 prostate patients. The difference between the PB dose and the MC dose of our automated tool was evaluated using gamma analysis (3 mm/3%, and 2mm/2% criteria) and mean absolute errors. Although the result shows good agreement and the passing rate was about 95%, the difference of all the indices was found to increase as the degree of tissue heterogeneity increased. The MC dose has a higher MAE in CTV, and femoral head compared to the PB dose. The automated software can facilitate patient plan verification in institutions and be useful for other clinical applications.

Poster THPO010 [0.719 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO010

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Received ※ 27 December 2022 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023

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THPO014

The Beam Dynamics Simulation of a Variable Energy Cyclotron for Isotope Production

extraction, cyclotron, target, controls

334

W. Wang
Wang, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
K.Z. Ding, F. Jiang, J. Zhou
ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
S. Xu
HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China

The isochronous cyclotron, CIMV16, has been de-signed by Hefei CAS Ion Medical and Technical Devices Co., Ltd, China (HFCIM) for widely used isotope production, which can extract proton with variable energy in range of 10~16 MeV. In this cyclotron, negative hydro-gen ion will be accelerated to 10~16 MeV, and then stripped out two electrons to become proton to be extracted. We have performed beam tracking starting from the ion source to the extraction reference point, and optimized the position of the stripping target to make the beam of different energies converge at radius of 110 cm. The orbit centralization is optimized by the design of first harmonic, and the axial size of extraction beam is also optimized. All the results of beam dynamics simulations will be presented.

Poster THPO014 [0.731 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO014

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Received ※ 16 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 February 2023

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THPO015

R&D Studies on A 177.6 MHz 1:4 Scale Boat Shape Prototype RF Cavity for the 2 GeV CW FFA

cavity, proton, cyclotron, GUI

338

S. Pei, L.L. Guan, Y. Jia, Z.J. Jin, M. Li, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, F. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Wang, G. Yang, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
B. Li, S.B. Xia, Y. Xing
ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China

Funding: Work supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901.
A proton circular accelerator complex composed of a 100 MeV separated radial sector cyclotron, an 800 MeV separated spiral sector cyclotron and a 2 GeV FFA was proposed and is being studied at CIAE. To satisfy the beam dynamics requirements of the FFA, NC RF cavity with high Q and R will be adopted. It is found that the boat shape cavity is the most promising candidate. Therefore, R&D on a 177.6 MHz 1:4 scale boat shape prototype cavity is being carried out to study all aspects of developing such a high-power cavity. In this scenario, self-consistent multi-physics coupled simulation study with ANSYS HFSS and Workbench was carried out. This paper describes the method to deal with a mechanical model including hundreds of bodies in the FEM analysis and shows the simulation results. In addition, the manufacturing technology and some testing results are also presented.

Poster THPO015 [3.234 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO015

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Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023

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FRBI02

Design of a Spiral Inflector at iThemba LABS for Injecting the Beam into a Cyclotron

cyclotron, quadrupole, permanent-magnet, optics

373

A.H. Barnard
iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa

Funding: iThemba LABS
Using a Belmont-Pabot spiral inflector for axial beam injection presents difficulties when matching the beam emittance to the cyclotron acceptance. For an electrostatic inflector one of the potential solutions to this problem is to use transverse electric field gradients to influence and optimise the optics. Here we extend this approach to magnetic spiral inflectors. It is demonstrated that the gradient of the magnetic field along the central trajectory can be controlled by an appropriate permanent magnet inflector design, and that these gradients have a large influence on the optics. The transverse gradients are numerically optimised and the performance compared to an optimised electrostatic spiral inflector. A faster numerical method for accurately determining the electric field of an electrostatic inflector is also presented.

Slides FRBI02 [1.872 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRBI02

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Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 26 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 May 2023

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