CYCLOTRONS2022 - List of Keywords (experiment)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOAO01	Status of the IsoDAR High-current H⁺₂ Cyclotron (HCHC-XX) Development	rfq, cyclotron, target, proton	12
	L.H. Waites, J.R. Alonso, J.M. Conrad, D. Winklehner MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
	The potential existence of exotic neutrinos beyond the three standard model neutrinos is an important open question in particle physics. IsoDAR is a cyclotron-driven, pure electron-antineutrino source with a well-understood energy spectrum. High statistics of anti-electron neutrinos can be produced by IsoDAR, which, when coupled with an inverse beta decay detector such as the LSC at Yemilab, is capable of addressing observed anomalies attributed to sterile neutrinos at the 5 σ level using electron-flavor disappearance. To achieve this high significance, the IsoDAR cyclotron must produce 10 mA of protons at 60 MeV. This is an order of magnitude more current than any commercially available cyclotron has produced. To achieve this, IsoDAR takes advantage of several innovations in accelerator physics, including the use of H²⁺ and RFQ direct injection, paving the way as a new high power accelerator technology. These high currents also allow for new experiments in dark matter, as well as high production rates of rare isotopes such as Ac225 and Ge68.
	Slides MOAO01 [30.289 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO01
About •	Received ※ 24 March 2023 — Revised ※ 24 May 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 July 2023
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MOBI01	Summary of the Snowmass’21 Workshop on High Power Cyclotrons and FFAs	cyclotron, proton, target, space-charge	20
	D. Winklehner, J.R. Alonso MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA A. Adelmann, M. Haj Tahar PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland L. Calabretta INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy H. Okuno RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan T. Planche TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	In this talk, we summarize the presentations and findings of the "Workshop on High Power Cyclotrons and FFAs" that we held online in September 2021. The workshop was held as part of the 2021 Snowmass Community Exercise, in which the US particle physics community came together in a year-long effort to provide suggestions for a long-term strategy for the field, and the "Accelerators for Neutrinos" subpanel thereof. Topics that were discussed during our high-power cyclotron workshop were the application of cyclotrons in particle physics, specifically neutrino physics, and as drivers for muon production. Furthermore, as these same accelerators have important applications in the fields of isotope production and possibly in energy research, we have included those topics as well. Finally, we took a look at Fixed Field Alternating Gradient accelerators (FFAs) and their potential to become high-intensity machines.
	Slides MOBI01 [1.885 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBI01
About •	Received ※ 23 July 2023 — Revised ※ 03 August 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 October 2023
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MOBO02	IMPACT: A Substantial Upgrade to the HIPA Infrastructure at PSI	target, proton, operation, cyclotron	34
	D.C. Kiselev, R. Eichler, M. Haj Tahar, M. Hartmann, K. Kirch, A. Knecht, A. Koschik, D. Laube, T. Rauber, D. Reggiani, R. Schibli, J. Snuverink, U. Wellenkamp, H. Zhang, N.P. van der Meulen PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland K. Kirch ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
	The High Intensity Proton Accelerator complex (HIPA) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland, delivers a 590 MeV CW proton beam with currents of up to 2.4 mA (1.4 MW) to several user facilities and experimental stations. Other than the two spallation targets for thermal/cold neutrons (SINQ) and for ultracold neutrons (UCN), the beam feeds two meson production targets, Target M and Target E, serving particle physics experiments and material research via seven secondary beam lines. IMPACT (Isotope and Muon Production with Advanced Cyclotron and Target technology) aims to expand the infrastructure at HIPA in two ways: by HIMB (High-Intensity Muon Beams), increasing the surface muon rate by a factor 100, and TATTOOS (Targeted Alpha Tumour Therapy and Other Oncological Solutions), producing promising radionuclides for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy of cancer in doses sufficient for clinical studies. HIMB and TATTOOS are located close to each other. HIMB has to fit into the existing main proton beam line towards Target E and SINQ, while TATTOOS will occupy an area in a new, adjacent building using 100 µA protons split from the main beam. TATTOOS will be a perfect complement to the existing radionuclide production at 72 MeV, adding a variety of difficult to produce nuclides at a large scale. For HIMB, the current Target M will be replaced by a four-fold thicker target (Target H) consisting of a graphite wheel optimized for surface muon production. In addition, both muon beam lines are improved regarding their transmission from target to experiment. Care is taken to reduce the losses to an acceptable level in the main existing proton beam line. Installation towards the implementation of IMPACT as new user facility is foreseen from 2027.
	Slides MOBO02 [6.877 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO02
About •	Received ※ 14 January 2023 — Revised ※ 17 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 February 2023
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MOBO04	Experimental Study on Proton Irradiation Effect of Gallium Nitride High Electron Mobility Transistor	proton, radiation, ECR, electron	42
	z. Zhang, Q. Chen, G. Guo, C.C. Liu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	As a third-generation semiconductor material, gallium nitride (GaN) has the advantages of high breakdown electric field, high electron saturation speed, high operating temperature and strong radiation resistance, and has broad application prospects in the aerospace field. As an important member of GaN-based electronic devices, GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is widely considered to be used in the power supply and other important systems of spacecraft. Therefore, GaN HEMT is of great significance for spacecraft to complete relevant setting tasks. However, GaN HEMT will inevitably be affected by space radiation environment when spacecraft perform related missions. Previous researches have shown that protons are the majority of high-energy particles in space environment. Therefore, relevant studies should focus on the effect of proton irradiation on the performance of GaN HEMT. Using 100 MeV high-current proton cyclotron, we investigated the proton irradiation effect of GaN HEMT, and proved the effect of proton energy on static electrical parameters of GaN. The research work in this paper lays a foundation for the future application of GaN HEMT in space missions.
	Slides MOBO04 [2.860 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO04
About •	Received ※ 15 December 2022 — Revised ※ 14 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 April 2023
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MOPO013	Experimental Study of Beam Energy Control at the TIARA AVF Cyclotron	cyclotron, controls, target, extraction	83
	N. Miyawaki, N.S. Ishioka, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, S. Watanabe QST/Takasaki, Takasaki, Japan M. Fukuda RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	The TIARA AVF cyclotron provides a He beam for production of At-211 as one of many beam applications. The production rate of At-211 increases with the energy of the He beam, but contamination of Po-210 produced by radioactive decay of At-210, which is generated by the energy of above 29 MeV, must be prevented for medical applications. Therefore, the energy of the He beam must be precisely measured and controlled. A time-of-flight beam energy monitor in the straight beamline from the cyclotron was installed to measure the beam energy in real time. The beam energy was arbitrarily controlled within a range of about 1% by adjusting the cyclotron magnetic field and accelerating voltage, which are the possible causes of the beam energy change. Using this control, we investigated the rate of formation of At-211 and At-210 as the beam energy was varied. As a result, we confirmed the energy generating At-210 and both production rates increased with the energy of the He beam.
	Poster MOPO013 [1.010 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO013
About •	Received ※ 27 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 March 2023
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MOPO019	Optimization of Rapid Magnetic Field Control of the CYCIAE-230 Cyclotron Beamline Magnets	controls, proton, cyclotron, power-supply	106
	A.L. He, H.R. Cai, Q.K. Guo, P. Huang, Q.Q. Song, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, B.H. Zhao CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	The magnetic field precise and rapid control of the beamline magnets is essential to the Energy Selection System (ESS) for the proton therapy facility. During the scanning of proton beam for therapy, the field of each beamline magnet should be precisely controlled within the set time, layer upon layer. The position of beam spot to the nozzle should undoubtedly be stable and unchanged during the process. In practice, however, due to the wide energy range of proton therapy (70 MeV-230 MeV), the dynamic response of the beamline magnets usually shows nonlinear performances at a different energy, e.g., the magnetic field may cause a significant overshoot for some specific beam energy if one ignores the nonlinear effect. More challenge is that the magnetic field drops too slowly between the energy steps, which compromises the overall performance of rapid intensity modulated scanning therapy. A dynamic PID parameter optimization method is reported in this paper to address this issue. According to the transfer function of each magnet, the entire energy range is divided into several steps. Then, the experiments are carried out to find the most suitable PID parameters for each energy step. Finally, the "beam energy - excitation current-PID parameters" lookup table (LUT) is generated and stored in the beamline control system BCS for automation. During the treatment, using the LUT allows the energy setting for beamline magnets to be adjusted automatically with the most appropriate PID parameter, guaranteeing the overall performance of rapid scanning therapy. The experimental results show the overall response time of all the beamline magnets reduced from several hundred milliseconds to less than 65 ms, which meets the design requirement of less than 80ms.
	Poster MOPO019 [0.364 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO019
About •	Received ※ 06 January 2023 — Revised ※ 30 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 February 2023
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TUBO02	Real Time Determinations of the Range and Bragg Peak of Protons with a Depth Profile Camera at HZB	proton, cyclotron, LabView, scattering	126
	A. Dittwald, J. Bundesmann, A. Denker, S. Dillenardt, T. Fanselow, G. Kourkafas HZB, Berlin, Germany
	The cyclotron at HZB provides a 68 MeV proton beam for therapy as well as for experiments. By using a novel camera setup, the range of the proton beam is measured optically. The setup consists of a phantom, a luminescent layer inside and a CMOS camera. By measuring the emission of the luminescent layer, the Bragg peak and the range of the proton beam can be visualized for different energies. In contrast to a water bath, the camera system offers much shorter measurement times. A dedicated LabVIEW code offers various evaluation possibilities: the Bragg curve and the lateral beam profile are generated and displayed. The system is sensitive to energy differences of less than 400 keV. The results were obtained with a beam intensity of less than 10 pA/cm² homogenous proton beam in front of the degrader. The measurement is done in real time and provides live feedback on changes such as beam energy and beam size. The results of the camera are presented and compared to water bath measurement.
	Slides TUBO02 [3.388 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO02
About •	Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2023
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WEAI02	Upgrade of the RCNP AVF Cyclotron	cyclotron, ion-source, proton, extraction	143
	M. Fukuda, T.H. Chong, T. Hara, K. Hatanaka, S. Imajo, H. Kanda, M. Kittaka, S. Matsui, S. Morinobu, Y. Morita, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, T. Shima, K. Takeda, H. Tamura, D. Tomono, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita, H. Yoshida, H. Zhao RCNP, Osaka, Japan M. Nakao Gunma University, Heavy-Ion Medical Research Center, Maebashi-Gunma, Japan
	The upgrade program of the RCNP K140 AVF cyclotron was started in 2019 to provide not only an intense light ion beam for short-lived RI production but also a high-quality intense beam for precision experiments in nuclear physics. Most of equipment besides the main coil, pole and yoke of the cyclotron magnet was replaced by new one. Especially the RF, injection and extraction systems were fully modified to increase a beam current. A new coaxial-type resonator was designed to cover a frequency range from 16 to 36 MHz for acceleration of staple particles using acceleration harmonic mode of h=2 and h=6. The acceleration voltage of ion sources was increased from 15 kV to 50 kV to enhance the beam intensity and to reduce the beam emittance for injecting a high-quality intense ion beam into the cyclotron. The central region of the cyclotron was fully redesigned to improve beam transmission from the LEBT system. Beam commissioning was started from May 2022, and a 28 MeV 4He²⁺ beam was supplied to produce a short-lived RI of At-211 used for the targeted alpha-particle therapy. A 65 MeV proton beam was successfully injected into the K400 ring cyclotron to provide a 392 MeV proton beam for production of a white neutron flux and a muon beam. Several ion beams have been already used for academic research and industrial applications.
	Slides WEAI02 [9.428 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI02
About •	Received ※ 16 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 April 2023
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WEAO01	OPAL Simulation on the Beam Transmission in the Central Region of the Medical Cyclotron COMET at Paul Scherrer Institute	cyclotron, simulation, proton, ion-source	148
	H. Zhang, C. Baumgarten, P. Frey, M. Hartmann, R. Kan, M. Kostezer, A. Mülhaupt, J.M. Schippers, A. Schmidt, J. Snuverink PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	The use of the medical cyclotron COMET for FLASH proton therapy requires a high beam transmission from the ion source through the central region apertures. This paper first presents a model of the COMET cyclotron featuring a rotatable ion source, a movable puller, and an adjustable first fixed slit (FFS), implemented with the OPAL framework. The electromagnetic field is individual-ly created to match each specific configuration. The beam optics parameters, especially beam position and beam size upon approaching and after passing FFS, have been studied in detail. The OPAL simulations demon-strate that an optimal configuration of the ion source, the puller and the FFS is key to achieve a high beam trans-mission. An experimental test gave a 2.8 times higher intensity within COMET cyclotron with the modifications derived on the basis of the simulations: a 0.57 mm shift of puller and a 5.6° rotation of ion source. The simula-tions indicate that, with these modifications, the beam can still be centered and accelerated to the extraction energy of 250 MeV. Next step is to investigate the influ-ence of such modifications upon the acceleration and the extraction, again with an iterative approach combining simulations and experiments.
	Slides WEAO01 [5.351 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO01
About •	Received ※ 13 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 March 2023
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WEAO04	Status of the HZB Cyclotron	radiation, cyclotron, proton, operation	159
	A. Denker, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, A. Dittwald, T. Fanselow, D. Hildebrand, U. Hiller, G. Kourkafas, S. Ozierenski, J. Röhrich, D. Rössink HZB, Berlin, Germany D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, S. Seidel, R. Stark, A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	For more than 20 years eye tumours are treated in collaboration with the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The close co-operation between Charité and HZB permits joint interdisciplinary research. Irradiations with either a sharp, well focused or a broad beam, either in vacuum or in air are possible with a proton beam of 68 MeV maximum energy, or a helium beam of 90 MeV. In the past few years, we concentrated on beam delivery for FLASH experiments and the related dosimetry. Artificial lenses have been irradiated under normal and FLASH conditions to investigate possible changes in the transparency. Furthermore, radiation hardness tests solar of cells for space have been performed. A modernization project has been started in order to secure a long term and sustainable operation of our accelerator complex for therapy and research. The accelerator operation for therapy as well as on-going experiments and results will be presented.
	Slides WEAO04 [3.928 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO04
About •	Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 15 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 May 2023
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WEBI02	Compact Accelerator Based Epithermal Neutron Source and Its Application for Cancer Therapy	neutron, radiation, simulation, cyclotron	176
	N.H. Hu, T. Aihara OMPU, Takatsukishi, Japan
	The world’s first accelerator based epithermal neutron source for clinical boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) was designed, developed, and commissioned between 2008 to 2010 by Sumitomo Heavy Industries in collaboration with Kyoto University at the Kyoto University Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science. The cyclotron-based accelerator device can accelerate a proton up to an energy of roughly 30 MeV. When the proton contacts the beryllium target, fast neutrons are created that travel through a beam shaping assembly made of calcium fluoride, lead, iron, and aluminum to lower the neutron energy to the epithermal region, which is ideal for BNCT (10 keV). With a proton current of 1 mA, the system is intended to produce epithermal neutron flux of up to 1.2×10⁹ cm^-2 s⁻¹. In 2017, the same type of accelerator was installed at the Kansai BNCT Medical Center and in March 2020 the system received medical device approval in Japan (Sumitomo Heavy Industries, NeuCure® BNCT system). Soon after, BNCT for unresectable, locally advanced, and recurrent carcinoma of the head and neck region was approved by the Japanese government for reimbursement covered by the national health insurance system. Thus far, over 100 patients have been treated using this system.
	Slides WEBI02 [8.080 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBI02
About •	Received ※ 27 March 2023 — Revised ※ 22 May 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023
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WEBO05	Upgrade of a Clinical Facility to Achieve a High Transmission and Gantry Angle-Independent Flash Tune	proton, cyclotron, simulation, radiation	191
	I. Colizzi, C. Baumgarten, A.L. Gabard, R. Künzi, A.L. Lomax, V. Maradia, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, D.C. Weber PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland V. Maradia ETH, Zurich, Switzerland D.C. Weber University of Zurich, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland D.C. Weber KRO, Bern, Switzerland
	Funding: This work is supported by the SNF grant 200822 In proton therapy, FLASH-RT, irradiation at ultra-high dose rates (>40 Gy/s) that can minimize radiation-induced harm to healthy tissue without reducing its ability to treat tumors, is a topic of great interest. However, in cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities, losses caused by the energy degradation process reduce the transmission to less than 1% for low energies, making it difficult to achieve high dose rates over the clinical range (70-230 MeV). We will demonstrate how an already existing clinical beamline can be converted into a FLASH beamline by beam optic changes only. To achieve maximum transmission, we have developed a new optics that transports the undegraded 250 MeV beam from the cyclotron to the isocenter. However, this has asymmetric emittance in the transverse planes, leading to gantry angle-dependent beam characteristics at the patient. Particle transport has been simulated with MINT (in-house matrix multiplication transport program with Monte Carlo simulations for scattering effects) and benchmarked with beam profile measurements. We used the method of σ matrix matching (M. Benedikt et al. 1997) to achieve gantry angle-independent optics. MINT simulations and beam profile measurements showed a good agreement, and with FLASH optics, we experimentally achieved almost 90% transmission at the patient, translating to a maximum current of 720 nA (>9000 Gy/s). Further, we demonstrate that using the matrix matching optimization criteria together with fine-tuning of the magnets, we could achieve gantry angle-independent beam profiles at the patient location. In conclusion, we demonstrated how an already existing cyclotron-based proton gantry can be adapted to achieve ultra-high dose rates at 250 MeV, enabling investigations of FLASH radiotherapy with protons. Since most of the modifications are performed on the beam optics, it is entirely transparent to clinical operations, making the method transferable to other facilities.
	Slides WEBO05 [5.057 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO05
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023
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WEPO012	Upgrade of Beam Diagnostic Systems at JULIC Cyclotron	cyclotron, diagnostics, operation, controls	231
	Y. Valdau, O. Felden, R. Gebel, U.G. Giesen, R.L. Lohoff, H. Soltner FZJ, Jülich, Germany N.-O. Fröhlich DESY, Hamburg, Germany P.J. Niedermayer GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	The cyclotron JULIC is used as injector for the COSY storage ring since almost 30 years. Beams of polarized and unpolarised H⁻ and D- ions are routinely accelerated using cyclotron HF system up to 45 and 55 MeV, respectively. Meanwhile, low energy beams from JULIC become more frequently used by the experimentalists, especially at the new low energy beam line, which connects cyclotron with the large Big Karl experimental hall. To meet the requirements of the cyclotron users a diagnostic system upgrade program has been started at the JULIC cyclotron. All destructive beam diagnostic systems (Faraday Cups) have been equipped with a new produced by CAEN TetrAMM based beam diagnostic systems. All TetrAMM devices are implemented into the common COSY Control System with EPICS readout and archiving environment. The cyclotron NMR field control system has been upgraded using the newest sensor from Metrolab (PT2026), which allows operation in complete field range of the JULIC cyclotron, without changing the sensor. A new Lock In-Amplifier based Data Acquisition System has been used for nondestructive beam intensity and position diagnostic at the Big Karl beam line. First tests have demonstrated possibility to measure current and position of the 10 nA DC beam using this technique. Since relatively long time cyclotron users were occasionally disturbed by unwanted 33 Hz noise at the output of the cyclotron. Using non-contact laser vibration measurements system OMETRON S16, vibrations in this frequency range were detected on the internal elements of the HF-System. The source of these vibrations, located in the cyclotron bunker, have been identified and removed. In this contribution, the status of the JULIC cyclotron diagnostic system upgrade project will be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO012
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 18 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 April 2023
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THAI02	Stripping Extraction and Lorentz Dissociation	extraction, acceleration, cyclotron, proton	252
	H.W. Koay TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	Stripping extraction of hydrogen molecular ions has gained interest in the cyclotron industry due to its high extraction efficiency. However, the magnetic field could result in undesired dissociation of the hydrogen anion/molecular ions during acceleration. This work summarizes and compares the Lorentz dissociation of several types of hydrogen ions, as well as other important aspects that are crucial when deciding the best candidate for stripping extraction in a cyclotron.
	Slides THAI02 [1.633 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI02
About •	Received ※ 01 June 2023 — Revised ※ 05 July 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023
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THPO001	COLUMBUS - A Small Cyclotron for School and Teaching Purposes	cyclotron, vacuum, acceleration, simulation	288
	C.R. Wolf, M. Prechtl HS Coburg, Coburg, Germany
	In the early 2012 the project "COLUMBUS a small Cyclotron for School- and Teaching Purposes" started. Supported by the FZ Jülich and some German companies a small cyclotron was built at the University of Applied Sciences of Coburg, Germany. After the first beam was detected in 2014, the cyclotron was continuously improved and expanded. At the same time, an educational concept was developed that is based on the studies and curricula in Germany. Since then, the workshops and internships, which are the two columns of the concept, have enjoyed increasing popu-larity among students and, fortunately, among female students as well. Furthermore, future improvements of the accelerator and the educational concept are presented.
	Poster THPO001 [2.651 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO001
About •	Received ※ 30 November 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 April 2023
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THPO005	JULIC - Driver Accelerator for HBS	neutron, cyclotron, target, controls	303
	O. Felden, V. Kamerdzhiev FZJ, Jülich, Germany R. Gebel, K. Grigoryev, Y. Valdau GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	At the Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) the energy variable cyclotron JULIC is used as injector of the Cooler Synchrotron (COSY) and for low to medium current irradiations of different types. At the NESP-Target station a Target-Moderator-Reflector (TMR) -demonstrator of the proposed accelerator driven High Brilliance Neutron source (HBS) was set up with the Jülich Center of Neutron Science (JCNS). Beside showing the functionality of the TMR-Design the demonstrator gives the possibility to test new target materials, different types and concepts of moderators and at least the handling of irradiated targets and components. The TMR- target station is installed inside an Experimental area offering space for complex detector and component setups for nuclear and neutron related experiments like ToF-experiments or neutron imaging e.g. But it is used for other purposes like irradiation and electronic or detector tests as well. Additionally to the TMR, the extraction beamline from JULIC to the TMR was set up and equipped with a fast kicker and a 3-field permanent magnet, as foreseen in in HBS to deliver the beam to different target stations within a sophisticated pulsing scheme, synchronized with the beam pulsing done at JULIC, using fast deflection plates. This report briefly summarizes the history of JULIC and the activities for its future perspectives.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO005
About •	Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 18 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 February 2023
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THPO011	Effect of 90 MeV Proton Irradiation on Spleen Injury in C57BL/6J Mice	radiation, proton, controls, cyclotron	324
	Q.J. Wang, Y.H. Gong, J.C. Liu, Q. Liu, L. Sui, Y. Wang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: the Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project (No.WDJC-2019-11) Proton therapy has become one of the most important physiotherapies for tumors in the world, which can greatly improve the cure rate of tumors that are ineffective by conventional treatments. In addition, proton is also the main source of radiation in space environment. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to use accelerators to carry out basic research on proton radiotherapy and space radiobiology, which can provide technical support and basic data for the optimal design of proton therapy and risk assessment of personnel in space environment. In this study, C57 mice were irradiated with 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 2 Gy by 90 MeV protons from 100 MeV cyclotron of China Institute of Atomic Energy. The mice were killed one day after irradiation. Body weight change and spleen organ coefficient were calculated. The expression of DNA damage-related protein γ H2AX was detected by western blotting. The results showed that compared with the control group, the body weight of mice in each irradiation group had no significant change, and the spleen organ coefficient decreased, indicating that the spleen atrophied after proton radiation, especially in 2 Gy. The results of Western blotting showed that the expression of γ H2AX in spleen increased significantly on the 1 day after irradiation, especially in 0.5 and 2 Gy, indicating that the spleen DNA damage was the serious on the 1 day after proton radiation.
	Poster THPO011 [0.625 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO011
About •	Received ※ 10 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2023
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THPO018	FFAG Activity in Japan and Future Projects	target, proton, radiation, injection	344
	Y. Ishi, Y. Mori, T. Uesugi Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan
	The current activities of FFAG in Japan will be presented as well as future projects using energy recovery internal target scheme in the FFAG ring.
	Poster THPO018 [2.641 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO018
About •	Received ※ 18 January 2023 — Revised ※ 05 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 May 2023
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THPO019	Control of a Cyclotron and an ECR Ion Source Using Bayesian Optimization Method	ion-source, brightness, LEBT, ECR	347
	Y. Morita, M. Fukuda, H. Kanda, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan T. Washio ISIR, Osaka, Japan
	An enormous number of parameters are tuned during accelerator operation. The tuning is ultimately dependent on the operator’s knowledge and experience. Therefore, there is a risk that tuning time and accuracy may vary depending on the operator. This tuning difficulty is an extremely important issue when implementing accelerometers in society, such as in medical applications. In this study, we developed an automatic tuning method using Bayesian optimization, one of the machine learning technique. The aim is to realize a tuning method that can supply beams in a short time with good reproducibility and comparable to manual tuning.
	Poster THPO019 [0.700 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO019
About •	Received ※ 21 December 2022 — Revised ※ 29 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 February 2023
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FRBO03	The Study of the Isochronous Magnetic Field and the Equilbrum Orbit of CS-30 Cyclotron	cyclotron, target, radiation, extraction	378
	B.F. Fan, Z. Li SCU, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
	The CS-30 accelerator of the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology of Sichuan University is a three-fan accelerator with constant angular width (45 degrees) at small radius and blade thickness increasing with radius at larger radius. In this paper, the magnetic field is analyzed, and the static equilibrium orbit, revolution frequency, oscillation frequencies and other data are calculated. These functions can be integrated to guide the accurate magnet numerical model setup of the existing CS-30 accelerator, which can be used in de education demonstration and experimental phenomena analysis. The optimization algorithm is innovatively introduced in the static equilibrium orbit calculation, which reduces the dependence of the results on the initial value and significantly improves the calculation speed. The calculation method presented in this paper is suitable for all cyclotrons. *Summary of technical training for CS-30 cyclotron
	Slides FRBO03 [2.662 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRBO03
About •	Received ※ 02 February 2023 — Revised ※ 03 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 21 May 2023
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Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOAO01

Status of the IsoDAR High-current H⁺₂ Cyclotron (HCHC-XX) Development

rfq, cyclotron, target, proton

12

L.H. Waites, J.R. Alonso, J.M. Conrad, D. Winklehner
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

The potential existence of exotic neutrinos beyond the three standard model neutrinos is an important open question in particle physics. IsoDAR is a cyclotron-driven, pure electron-antineutrino source with a well-understood energy spectrum. High statistics of anti-electron neutrinos can be produced by IsoDAR, which, when coupled with an inverse beta decay detector such as the LSC at Yemilab, is capable of addressing observed anomalies attributed to sterile neutrinos at the 5 σ level using electron-flavor disappearance. To achieve this high significance, the IsoDAR cyclotron must produce 10 mA of protons at 60 MeV. This is an order of magnitude more current than any commercially available cyclotron has produced. To achieve this, IsoDAR takes advantage of several innovations in accelerator physics, including the use of H²⁺ and RFQ direct injection, paving the way as a new high power accelerator technology. These high currents also allow for new experiments in dark matter, as well as high production rates of rare isotopes such as Ac225 and Ge68.

Slides MOAO01 [30.289 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO01

About •

Received ※ 24 March 2023 — Revised ※ 24 May 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 July 2023

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MOBI01

Summary of the Snowmass’21 Workshop on High Power Cyclotrons and FFAs

cyclotron, proton, target, space-charge

20

D. Winklehner, J.R. Alonso
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
A. Adelmann, M. Haj Tahar
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
L. Calabretta
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
H. Okuno
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
T. Planche
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

In this talk, we summarize the presentations and findings of the "Workshop on High Power Cyclotrons and FFAs" that we held online in September 2021. The workshop was held as part of the 2021 Snowmass Community Exercise, in which the US particle physics community came together in a year-long effort to provide suggestions for a long-term strategy for the field, and the "Accelerators for Neutrinos" subpanel thereof. Topics that were discussed during our high-power cyclotron workshop were the application of cyclotrons in particle physics, specifically neutrino physics, and as drivers for muon production. Furthermore, as these same accelerators have important applications in the fields of isotope production and possibly in energy research, we have included those topics as well. Finally, we took a look at Fixed Field Alternating Gradient accelerators (FFAs) and their potential to become high-intensity machines.

Slides MOBI01 [1.885 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBI01

About •

Received ※ 23 July 2023 — Revised ※ 03 August 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 October 2023

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MOBO02

IMPACT: A Substantial Upgrade to the HIPA Infrastructure at PSI

target, proton, operation, cyclotron

34

D.C. Kiselev, R. Eichler, M. Haj Tahar, M. Hartmann, K. Kirch, A. Knecht, A. Koschik, D. Laube, T. Rauber, D. Reggiani, R. Schibli, J. Snuverink, U. Wellenkamp, H. Zhang, N.P. van der Meulen
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
K. Kirch
ETH, Zurich, Switzerland

The High Intensity Proton Accelerator complex (HIPA) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland, delivers a 590 MeV CW proton beam with currents of up to 2.4 mA (1.4 MW) to several user facilities and experimental stations. Other than the two spallation targets for thermal/cold neutrons (SINQ) and for ultracold neutrons (UCN), the beam feeds two meson production targets, Target M and Target E, serving particle physics experiments and material research via seven secondary beam lines. IMPACT (Isotope and Muon Production with Advanced Cyclotron and Target technology) aims to expand the infrastructure at HIPA in two ways: by HIMB (High-Intensity Muon Beams), increasing the surface muon rate by a factor 100, and TATTOOS (Targeted Alpha Tumour Therapy and Other Oncological Solutions), producing promising radionuclides for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy of cancer in doses sufficient for clinical studies. HIMB and TATTOOS are located close to each other. HIMB has to fit into the existing main proton beam line towards Target E and SINQ, while TATTOOS will occupy an area in a new, adjacent building using 100 µA protons split from the main beam. TATTOOS will be a perfect complement to the existing radionuclide production at 72 MeV, adding a variety of difficult to produce nuclides at a large scale. For HIMB, the current Target M will be replaced by a four-fold thicker target (Target H) consisting of a graphite wheel optimized for surface muon production. In addition, both muon beam lines are improved regarding their transmission from target to experiment. Care is taken to reduce the losses to an acceptable level in the main existing proton beam line. Installation towards the implementation of IMPACT as new user facility is foreseen from 2027.

Slides MOBO02 [6.877 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO02

About •

Received ※ 14 January 2023 — Revised ※ 17 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 February 2023

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MOBO04

Experimental Study on Proton Irradiation Effect of Gallium Nitride High Electron Mobility Transistor

proton, radiation, ECR, electron

42

z. Zhang, Q. Chen, G. Guo, C.C. Liu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

As a third-generation semiconductor material, gallium nitride (GaN) has the advantages of high breakdown electric field, high electron saturation speed, high operating temperature and strong radiation resistance, and has broad application prospects in the aerospace field. As an important member of GaN-based electronic devices, GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is widely considered to be used in the power supply and other important systems of spacecraft. Therefore, GaN HEMT is of great significance for spacecraft to complete relevant setting tasks. However, GaN HEMT will inevitably be affected by space radiation environment when spacecraft perform related missions. Previous researches have shown that protons are the majority of high-energy particles in space environment. Therefore, relevant studies should focus on the effect of proton irradiation on the performance of GaN HEMT. Using 100 MeV high-current proton cyclotron, we investigated the proton irradiation effect of GaN HEMT, and proved the effect of proton energy on static electrical parameters of GaN. The research work in this paper lays a foundation for the future application of GaN HEMT in space missions.

Slides MOBO04 [2.860 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO04

About •

Received ※ 15 December 2022 — Revised ※ 14 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 April 2023

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MOPO013

Experimental Study of Beam Energy Control at the TIARA AVF Cyclotron

cyclotron, controls, target, extraction

83

N. Miyawaki, N.S. Ishioka, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, S. Watanabe
QST/Takasaki, Takasaki, Japan
M. Fukuda
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

The TIARA AVF cyclotron provides a He beam for production of At-211 as one of many beam applications. The production rate of At-211 increases with the energy of the He beam, but contamination of Po-210 produced by radioactive decay of At-210, which is generated by the energy of above 29 MeV, must be prevented for medical applications. Therefore, the energy of the He beam must be precisely measured and controlled. A time-of-flight beam energy monitor in the straight beamline from the cyclotron was installed to measure the beam energy in real time. The beam energy was arbitrarily controlled within a range of about 1% by adjusting the cyclotron magnetic field and accelerating voltage, which are the possible causes of the beam energy change. Using this control, we investigated the rate of formation of At-211 and At-210 as the beam energy was varied. As a result, we confirmed the energy generating At-210 and both production rates increased with the energy of the He beam.

Poster MOPO013 [1.010 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO013

About •

Received ※ 27 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 March 2023

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MOPO019

Optimization of Rapid Magnetic Field Control of the CYCIAE-230 Cyclotron Beamline Magnets

controls, proton, cyclotron, power-supply

106

A.L. He, H.R. Cai, Q.K. Guo, P. Huang, Q.Q. Song, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, B.H. Zhao
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The magnetic field precise and rapid control of the beamline magnets is essential to the Energy Selection System (ESS) for the proton therapy facility. During the scanning of proton beam for therapy, the field of each beamline magnet should be precisely controlled within the set time, layer upon layer. The position of beam spot to the nozzle should undoubtedly be stable and unchanged during the process. In practice, however, due to the wide energy range of proton therapy (70 MeV-230 MeV), the dynamic response of the beamline magnets usually shows nonlinear performances at a different energy, e.g., the magnetic field may cause a significant overshoot for some specific beam energy if one ignores the nonlinear effect. More challenge is that the magnetic field drops too slowly between the energy steps, which compromises the overall performance of rapid intensity modulated scanning therapy. A dynamic PID parameter optimization method is reported in this paper to address this issue. According to the transfer function of each magnet, the entire energy range is divided into several steps. Then, the experiments are carried out to find the most suitable PID parameters for each energy step. Finally, the "beam energy - excitation current-PID parameters" lookup table (LUT) is generated and stored in the beamline control system BCS for automation. During the treatment, using the LUT allows the energy setting for beamline magnets to be adjusted automatically with the most appropriate PID parameter, guaranteeing the overall performance of rapid scanning therapy. The experimental results show the overall response time of all the beamline magnets reduced from several hundred milliseconds to less than 65 ms, which meets the design requirement of less than 80ms.

Poster MOPO019 [0.364 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO019

About •

Received ※ 06 January 2023 — Revised ※ 30 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 February 2023

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TUBO02

Real Time Determinations of the Range and Bragg Peak of Protons with a Depth Profile Camera at HZB

proton, cyclotron, LabView, scattering

126

A. Dittwald, J. Bundesmann, A. Denker, S. Dillenardt, T. Fanselow, G. Kourkafas
HZB, Berlin, Germany

The cyclotron at HZB provides a 68 MeV proton beam for therapy as well as for experiments. By using a novel camera setup, the range of the proton beam is measured optically. The setup consists of a phantom, a luminescent layer inside and a CMOS camera. By measuring the emission of the luminescent layer, the Bragg peak and the range of the proton beam can be visualized for different energies. In contrast to a water bath, the camera system offers much shorter measurement times. A dedicated LabVIEW code offers various evaluation possibilities: the Bragg curve and the lateral beam profile are generated and displayed. The system is sensitive to energy differences of less than 400 keV. The results were obtained with a beam intensity of less than 10 pA/cm² homogenous proton beam in front of the degrader. The measurement is done in real time and provides live feedback on changes such as beam energy and beam size. The results of the camera are presented and compared to water bath measurement.

Slides TUBO02 [3.388 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO02

About •

Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2023

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WEAI02

Upgrade of the RCNP AVF Cyclotron

cyclotron, ion-source, proton, extraction

143

M. Fukuda, T.H. Chong, T. Hara, K. Hatanaka, S. Imajo, H. Kanda, M. Kittaka, S. Matsui, S. Morinobu, Y. Morita, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, T. Shima, K. Takeda, H. Tamura, D. Tomono, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita, H. Yoshida, H. Zhao
RCNP, Osaka, Japan
M. Nakao
Gunma University, Heavy-Ion Medical Research Center, Maebashi-Gunma, Japan

The upgrade program of the RCNP K140 AVF cyclotron was started in 2019 to provide not only an intense light ion beam for short-lived RI production but also a high-quality intense beam for precision experiments in nuclear physics. Most of equipment besides the main coil, pole and yoke of the cyclotron magnet was replaced by new one. Especially the RF, injection and extraction systems were fully modified to increase a beam current. A new coaxial-type resonator was designed to cover a frequency range from 16 to 36 MHz for acceleration of staple particles using acceleration harmonic mode of h=2 and h=6. The acceleration voltage of ion sources was increased from 15 kV to 50 kV to enhance the beam intensity and to reduce the beam emittance for injecting a high-quality intense ion beam into the cyclotron. The central region of the cyclotron was fully redesigned to improve beam transmission from the LEBT system. Beam commissioning was started from May 2022, and a 28 MeV 4He²⁺ beam was supplied to produce a short-lived RI of At-211 used for the targeted alpha-particle therapy. A 65 MeV proton beam was successfully injected into the K400 ring cyclotron to provide a 392 MeV proton beam for production of a white neutron flux and a muon beam. Several ion beams have been already used for academic research and industrial applications.

Slides WEAI02 [9.428 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI02

About •

Received ※ 16 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 April 2023

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WEAO01

OPAL Simulation on the Beam Transmission in the Central Region of the Medical Cyclotron COMET at Paul Scherrer Institute

cyclotron, simulation, proton, ion-source

148

H. Zhang, C. Baumgarten, P. Frey, M. Hartmann, R. Kan, M. Kostezer, A. Mülhaupt, J.M. Schippers, A. Schmidt, J. Snuverink
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The use of the medical cyclotron COMET for FLASH proton therapy requires a high beam transmission from the ion source through the central region apertures. This paper first presents a model of the COMET cyclotron featuring a rotatable ion source, a movable puller, and an adjustable first fixed slit (FFS), implemented with the OPAL framework. The electromagnetic field is individual-ly created to match each specific configuration. The beam optics parameters, especially beam position and beam size upon approaching and after passing FFS, have been studied in detail. The OPAL simulations demon-strate that an optimal configuration of the ion source, the puller and the FFS is key to achieve a high beam trans-mission. An experimental test gave a 2.8 times higher intensity within COMET cyclotron with the modifications derived on the basis of the simulations: a 0.57 mm shift of puller and a 5.6° rotation of ion source. The simula-tions indicate that, with these modifications, the beam can still be centered and accelerated to the extraction energy of 250 MeV. Next step is to investigate the influ-ence of such modifications upon the acceleration and the extraction, again with an iterative approach combining simulations and experiments.

Slides WEAO01 [5.351 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO01

About •

Received ※ 13 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 March 2023

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WEAO04

Status of the HZB Cyclotron

radiation, cyclotron, proton, operation

159

A. Denker, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, A. Dittwald, T. Fanselow, D. Hildebrand, U. Hiller, G. Kourkafas, S. Ozierenski, J. Röhrich, D. Rössink
HZB, Berlin, Germany
D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, S. Seidel, R. Stark, A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

For more than 20 years eye tumours are treated in collaboration with the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The close co-operation between Charité and HZB permits joint interdisciplinary research. Irradiations with either a sharp, well focused or a broad beam, either in vacuum or in air are possible with a proton beam of 68 MeV maximum energy, or a helium beam of 90 MeV. In the past few years, we concentrated on beam delivery for FLASH experiments and the related dosimetry. Artificial lenses have been irradiated under normal and FLASH conditions to investigate possible changes in the transparency. Furthermore, radiation hardness tests solar of cells for space have been performed. A modernization project has been started in order to secure a long term and sustainable operation of our accelerator complex for therapy and research. The accelerator operation for therapy as well as on-going experiments and results will be presented.

Slides WEAO04 [3.928 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO04

About •

Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 15 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 May 2023

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WEBI02

Compact Accelerator Based Epithermal Neutron Source and Its Application for Cancer Therapy

neutron, radiation, simulation, cyclotron

176

N.H. Hu, T. Aihara
OMPU, Takatsukishi, Japan

The world’s first accelerator based epithermal neutron source for clinical boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) was designed, developed, and commissioned between 2008 to 2010 by Sumitomo Heavy Industries in collaboration with Kyoto University at the Kyoto University Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science. The cyclotron-based accelerator device can accelerate a proton up to an energy of roughly 30 MeV. When the proton contacts the beryllium target, fast neutrons are created that travel through a beam shaping assembly made of calcium fluoride, lead, iron, and aluminum to lower the neutron energy to the epithermal region, which is ideal for BNCT (10 keV). With a proton current of 1 mA, the system is intended to produce epithermal neutron flux of up to 1.2×10⁹ cm^-2 s⁻¹. In 2017, the same type of accelerator was installed at the Kansai BNCT Medical Center and in March 2020 the system received medical device approval in Japan (Sumitomo Heavy Industries, NeuCure® BNCT system). Soon after, BNCT for unresectable, locally advanced, and recurrent carcinoma of the head and neck region was approved by the Japanese government for reimbursement covered by the national health insurance system. Thus far, over 100 patients have been treated using this system.

Slides WEBI02 [8.080 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBI02

About •

Received ※ 27 March 2023 — Revised ※ 22 May 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023

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WEBO05

Upgrade of a Clinical Facility to Achieve a High Transmission and Gantry Angle-Independent Flash Tune

proton, cyclotron, simulation, radiation

191

I. Colizzi, C. Baumgarten, A.L. Gabard, R. Künzi, A.L. Lomax, V. Maradia, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, D.C. Weber
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
V. Maradia
ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
D.C. Weber
University of Zurich, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
D.C. Weber
KRO, Bern, Switzerland

Funding: This work is supported by the SNF grant 200822
In proton therapy, FLASH-RT, irradiation at ultra-high dose rates (>40 Gy/s) that can minimize radiation-induced harm to healthy tissue without reducing its ability to treat tumors, is a topic of great interest. However, in cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities, losses caused by the energy degradation process reduce the transmission to less than 1% for low energies, making it difficult to achieve high dose rates over the clinical range (70-230 MeV). We will demonstrate how an already existing clinical beamline can be converted into a FLASH beamline by beam optic changes only. To achieve maximum transmission, we have developed a new optics that transports the undegraded 250 MeV beam from the cyclotron to the isocenter. However, this has asymmetric emittance in the transverse planes, leading to gantry angle-dependent beam characteristics at the patient. Particle transport has been simulated with MINT (in-house matrix multiplication transport program with Monte Carlo simulations for scattering effects) and benchmarked with beam profile measurements. We used the method of σ matrix matching (M. Benedikt et al. 1997) to achieve gantry angle-independent optics. MINT simulations and beam profile measurements showed a good agreement, and with FLASH optics, we experimentally achieved almost 90% transmission at the patient, translating to a maximum current of 720 nA (>9000 Gy/s). Further, we demonstrate that using the matrix matching optimization criteria together with fine-tuning of the magnets, we could achieve gantry angle-independent beam profiles at the patient location. In conclusion, we demonstrated how an already existing cyclotron-based proton gantry can be adapted to achieve ultra-high dose rates at 250 MeV, enabling investigations of FLASH radiotherapy with protons. Since most of the modifications are performed on the beam optics, it is entirely transparent to clinical operations, making the method transferable to other facilities.

Slides WEBO05 [5.057 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO05

About •

Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023

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WEPO012

Upgrade of Beam Diagnostic Systems at JULIC Cyclotron

cyclotron, diagnostics, operation, controls

231

Y. Valdau, O. Felden, R. Gebel, U.G. Giesen, R.L. Lohoff, H. Soltner
FZJ, Jülich, Germany
N.-O. Fröhlich
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
P.J. Niedermayer
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

The cyclotron JULIC is used as injector for the COSY storage ring since almost 30 years. Beams of polarized and unpolarised H⁻ and D- ions are routinely accelerated using cyclotron HF system up to 45 and 55 MeV, respectively. Meanwhile, low energy beams from JULIC become more frequently used by the experimentalists, especially at the new low energy beam line, which connects cyclotron with the large Big Karl experimental hall. To meet the requirements of the cyclotron users a diagnostic system upgrade program has been started at the JULIC cyclotron. All destructive beam diagnostic systems (Faraday Cups) have been equipped with a new produced by CAEN TetrAMM based beam diagnostic systems. All TetrAMM devices are implemented into the common COSY Control System with EPICS readout and archiving environment. The cyclotron NMR field control system has been upgraded using the newest sensor from Metrolab (PT2026), which allows operation in complete field range of the JULIC cyclotron, without changing the sensor. A new Lock In-Amplifier based Data Acquisition System has been used for nondestructive beam intensity and position diagnostic at the Big Karl beam line. First tests have demonstrated possibility to measure current and position of the 10 nA DC beam using this technique. Since relatively long time cyclotron users were occasionally disturbed by unwanted 33 Hz noise at the output of the cyclotron. Using non-contact laser vibration measurements system OMETRON S16, vibrations in this frequency range were detected on the internal elements of the HF-System. The source of these vibrations, located in the cyclotron bunker, have been identified and removed. In this contribution, the status of the JULIC cyclotron diagnostic system upgrade project will be presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO012

About •

Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 18 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 April 2023

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THAI02

Stripping Extraction and Lorentz Dissociation

extraction, acceleration, cyclotron, proton

252

H.W. Koay
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Stripping extraction of hydrogen molecular ions has gained interest in the cyclotron industry due to its high extraction efficiency. However, the magnetic field could result in undesired dissociation of the hydrogen anion/molecular ions during acceleration. This work summarizes and compares the Lorentz dissociation of several types of hydrogen ions, as well as other important aspects that are crucial when deciding the best candidate for stripping extraction in a cyclotron.

Slides THAI02 [1.633 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI02

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Received ※ 01 June 2023 — Revised ※ 05 July 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023

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THPO001

COLUMBUS - A Small Cyclotron for School and Teaching Purposes

cyclotron, vacuum, acceleration, simulation

288

C.R. Wolf, M. Prechtl
HS Coburg, Coburg, Germany

In the early 2012 the project "COLUMBUS a small Cyclotron for School- and Teaching Purposes" started. Supported by the FZ Jülich and some German companies a small cyclotron was built at the University of Applied Sciences of Coburg, Germany. After the first beam was detected in 2014, the cyclotron was continuously improved and expanded. At the same time, an educational concept was developed that is based on the studies and curricula in Germany. Since then, the workshops and internships, which are the two columns of the concept, have enjoyed increasing popu-larity among students and, fortunately, among female students as well. Furthermore, future improvements of the accelerator and the educational concept are presented.

Poster THPO001 [2.651 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO001

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Received ※ 30 November 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 April 2023

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THPO005

JULIC - Driver Accelerator for HBS

neutron, cyclotron, target, controls

303

O. Felden, V. Kamerdzhiev
FZJ, Jülich, Germany
R. Gebel, K. Grigoryev, Y. Valdau
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

At the Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) the energy variable cyclotron JULIC is used as injector of the Cooler Synchrotron (COSY) and for low to medium current irradiations of different types. At the NESP-Target station a Target-Moderator-Reflector (TMR) -demonstrator of the proposed accelerator driven High Brilliance Neutron source (HBS) was set up with the Jülich Center of Neutron Science (JCNS). Beside showing the functionality of the TMR-Design the demonstrator gives the possibility to test new target materials, different types and concepts of moderators and at least the handling of irradiated targets and components. The TMR- target station is installed inside an Experimental area offering space for complex detector and component setups for nuclear and neutron related experiments like ToF-experiments or neutron imaging e.g. But it is used for other purposes like irradiation and electronic or detector tests as well. Additionally to the TMR, the extraction beamline from JULIC to the TMR was set up and equipped with a fast kicker and a 3-field permanent magnet, as foreseen in in HBS to deliver the beam to different target stations within a sophisticated pulsing scheme, synchronized with the beam pulsing done at JULIC, using fast deflection plates. This report briefly summarizes the history of JULIC and the activities for its future perspectives.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO005

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Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 18 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 February 2023

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THPO011

Effect of 90 MeV Proton Irradiation on Spleen Injury in C57BL/6J Mice

radiation, proton, controls, cyclotron

324

Q.J. Wang, Y.H. Gong, J.C. Liu, Q. Liu, L. Sui, Y. Wang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Funding: the Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project (No.WDJC-2019-11)
Proton therapy has become one of the most important physiotherapies for tumors in the world, which can greatly improve the cure rate of tumors that are ineffective by conventional treatments. In addition, proton is also the main source of radiation in space environment. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to use accelerators to carry out basic research on proton radiotherapy and space radiobiology, which can provide technical support and basic data for the optimal design of proton therapy and risk assessment of personnel in space environment. In this study, C57 mice were irradiated with 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 2 Gy by 90 MeV protons from 100 MeV cyclotron of China Institute of Atomic Energy. The mice were killed one day after irradiation. Body weight change and spleen organ coefficient were calculated. The expression of DNA damage-related protein γ H2AX was detected by western blotting. The results showed that compared with the control group, the body weight of mice in each irradiation group had no significant change, and the spleen organ coefficient decreased, indicating that the spleen atrophied after proton radiation, especially in 2 Gy. The results of Western blotting showed that the expression of γ H2AX in spleen increased significantly on the 1 day after irradiation, especially in 0.5 and 2 Gy, indicating that the spleen DNA damage was the serious on the 1 day after proton radiation.

Poster THPO011 [0.625 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO011

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Received ※ 10 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2023

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THPO018

FFAG Activity in Japan and Future Projects

target, proton, radiation, injection

344

Y. Ishi, Y. Mori, T. Uesugi
Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan

The current activities of FFAG in Japan will be presented as well as future projects using energy recovery internal target scheme in the FFAG ring.

Poster THPO018 [2.641 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO018

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Received ※ 18 January 2023 — Revised ※ 05 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 May 2023

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THPO019

Control of a Cyclotron and an ECR Ion Source Using Bayesian Optimization Method

ion-source, brightness, LEBT, ECR

347

Y. Morita, M. Fukuda, H. Kanda, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan
T. Washio
ISIR, Osaka, Japan

An enormous number of parameters are tuned during accelerator operation. The tuning is ultimately dependent on the operator’s knowledge and experience. Therefore, there is a risk that tuning time and accuracy may vary depending on the operator. This tuning difficulty is an extremely important issue when implementing accelerometers in society, such as in medical applications. In this study, we developed an automatic tuning method using Bayesian optimization, one of the machine learning technique. The aim is to realize a tuning method that can supply beams in a short time with good reproducibility and comparable to manual tuning.

Poster THPO019 [0.700 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO019

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Received ※ 21 December 2022 — Revised ※ 29 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 February 2023

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FRBO03

The Study of the Isochronous Magnetic Field and the Equilbrum Orbit of CS-30 Cyclotron

cyclotron, target, radiation, extraction

378

B.F. Fan, Z. Li
SCU, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China

The CS-30 accelerator of the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology of Sichuan University is a three-fan accelerator with constant angular width (45 degrees) at small radius and blade thickness increasing with radius at larger radius. In this paper, the magnetic field is analyzed, and the static equilibrium orbit, revolution frequency, oscillation frequencies and other data are calculated. These functions can be integrated to guide the accurate magnet numerical model setup of the existing CS-30 accelerator, which can be used in de education demonstration and experimental phenomena analysis. The optimization algorithm is innovatively introduced in the static equilibrium orbit calculation, which reduces the dependence of the results on the initial value and significantly improves the calculation speed. The calculation method presented in this paper is suitable for all cyclotrons.
*Summary of technical training for CS-30 cyclotron

Slides FRBO03 [2.662 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRBO03

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Received ※ 02 February 2023 — Revised ※ 03 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 21 May 2023

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