CYCLOTRONS2022 - List of Keywords (cavity)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOAI02	Upgrade and Current Status of High-Frequency Systems for RIKEN Ring Cyclotron	cyclotron, acceleration, operation, heavy-ion	6
	K. Yamada RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	The high-frequency systems for the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC) was upgraded in order to increase the acceleration voltage at 18.25 MHz operation by remodeling its cavity resonators and rf controllers. As a result, the maximum gap voltage at 18.25 MHz improved from about 80 kV to more than 150 kV. The beam intensity of 238U for the RI Beam Factory was increased up to 117 pnA in the fiscal 2020 by overcoming the beam intensity limitation of RRC due to the space charge effect. In this talk, I will present the details of upgrade as well as the current status of high-frequency systems for the RRC.
	Slides MOAI02 [7.420 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAI02
About •	Received ※ 27 January 2023 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 February 2023
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MOAO02	The Commissioning of a 230 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron CYCIAE-230	MMI, cyclotron, extraction, proton	15
	C. Wang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, B. Ji, L.Y. Ji, X.L. Jia, Y. Jia, T.Y. Jiang, J. Liu, J.Y. Liu, P. Liu, Z.W. Liu, X. Mu, S. Pei, G.F. Song, Q.Q. Song, F. Wang, J.Y. Wei, L.P. Wen, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, D.Z. Zhang, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng, H. Zhou, P.F. Zhu, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	There are very strong demands for proton accelera-tors in medium energy range in recent years due to the fast growth of proton therapy and the space science in China. For the applications of proton therapy and pro-ton irradiation, the energy range of proton beam is usually from 200MeV to 250MeV, or even higher for astronavigation [1]. An R&D project for constructing a 230MeV superconducting cyclotron (CYCIAE-230) has been initiated at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) since Jan 2015. In July of 2016, after the fund-ing was approved by China National Nuclear Corpora-tion (CNNC), the construction project was fully launched. In Dec 2019, the superconducting main magnet and the RF system were transferred to the new-ly built commissioning site. Then, the RF commission-ing, ion source and central region test were performed even during the pandemic in early 2020. In September 2020, after finishing the commissioning tests of all subsystems, the beam was reached the extraction channel but with very low efficiency. Since then, with more efforts on beam diagnostics, the fine tuning of the beam phase and the adjusting of the superconduct-ing coil have been proven to be useful to get higher beam extraction efficiency ~55%. In this paper, the commissioning of the key components, including the main magnet, SC coils, internal ion source and central region, extraction system, etc, as well as the commis-sioning progress of the machine CYCIAE-230 will be presented.
	Slides MOAO02 [10.305 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO02
About •	Received ※ 24 January 2023 — Revised ※ 25 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 June 2023
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MOPO004	Beam Dump Development for High Power Proton and Electron Beam	electron, proton, target, controls	54
	J.Y. Liu, H.R. Cai, M.Z. Hu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, G.F. Song, L. Wang, Y. Wang, S.M. Wei, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	The high-intensity 100 MeV proton cyclotron CYCIAE-100 had provided 52 kW beam to the beam dump in 2018, is planning to upgrade at China Institute of Atomic Energy(CIAE). It is designed to provide a 75~100 MeV, 1 mA proton beam. So, a new beam dump for higher beam power have been developed since 2020. At the same time, a 1:4 scale, RF cavity with Q value up to 42000, is constructed for the engineering feasibility verification of a 2 GeV/6 MW CW FFAG, which is also being considered as a main accelerating cavity of a 100 kW electron accelerator. The electron beam will be rotated and accelerated 7 times by the gradient dipoles and the high Q cavity. The beam dump is designed to also use for the 100kW electron beam. With the same-level beam power of the two accelerators above the content, a beam dump for absorbing two kinds of particle beams according to the characteristics of the modification was designed. The energy deposition of 100MeV proton beam and 5MeV electron beam in the beam dump was investigated by the Monte-Carlo simulation program FLUKA. The beam dump cooling structure was optimizing by ICEM-CFD and fluent, so that the beam dump temperature was controlled less than 100°C, and the maximum temperature on the beam dump is less than 450°C. The beam dump is designed as a cube (450200200, unit:mm) with two 2.5°V-type copper pentagon and two flat parts. All the details about the simulation of energy deposition, thermal distribution and structure design will be presented in the paper.
	Poster MOPO004 [3.428 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO004
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 26 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2023
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MOPO007	The Design and Commission of Vacuum System for CYCIAE-230 Superconducting Cyclotron	vacuum, cyclotron, MMI, ion-source	66
	S.P. Zhang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, B. Ji, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, C. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	In this paper, the design and installation CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotron main vacuum system’s equipment and the cryogenic systems based on the liquid helium zero-boiling-off technology for the CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotrons are described. The vacuum in the particle acceleration cavity is 2x10^-4 Pa. The main technical features of the accelerator vacuum system are that the main magnet cover plate with diameter 3.12m are used as a part of the main vacuum chamber, 8 magnetic poles, 8 high frequency resonators, and 2 sets of striper targets and 2 sets of radial targets are installed in the main vacuum chamber, resulting in technical difficulties such as large surface gas discharge, virtual leakage, high leakage of magnetic flux at the installation position of vacuum equipment (up to 2000 gauss) and so on. The main vacuum system is designed as 9 sets of TMP with magnet shields installed on the valley of magnet poles, which also used as RF cavity.
	Poster MOPO007 [1.509 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO007
About •	Received ※ 06 February 2023 — Revised ※ 07 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 October 2023
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MOPO015	TRIUMF LLRF Control System Upgrade	LLRF, controls, hardware, Linux	91
	X.L. Fu, T. Au, K. Fong, Q. Zheng TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	The LLRF system for Transfer line from Drift Tube LINAC(DTL) to Superconducting Linac (SCB) (DSB) was an analog-digital hybrid system running at 35.36MHz. The system controls the amplitude/phase and tuning for a buncher cavity on the beamline. During the 2022 October shutdown, the system is upgraded to a new fully-digital LLRF system. The new digital LLRF system is based on TRIUMF’s universal LLRF hardware with a new firmware. Instead of using a VXI crate, the new system adopts a NIM bin and uses USB communication with the local control PC. The amplitude/phase regulation is implemented in the FPGA firmware, and the tuning loop is implemented in the PC software, but driven by the FPGA. The Debian 11 linux OS is running on ARM CPU, and the new digital LLRF system works as a standard window HID device. The linux OS allows the firmware be updated in-situ using Ethernet communication. The detailed design is described in this paper.
	Poster MOPO015 [6.084 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO015
About •	Received ※ 02 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 February 2023
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MOPO017	RF Cavity Resonant Control Using Mimimal Seeking Sliding Mode Controller	controls, ISAC, DTL, ECR	99
	K. Fong, T. Au, X.L. Fu, R. Leewe, Q. Zheng TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	Accelerating RF normal conducting cavities having Quality Factors of over 10³. These cavities must be constantly tuned to maintain resonance for maximum power efficiency. Traditional tuning method uses ’phase comparison method’ by monitoring the phase shift across the input and output of the cavity. This method suffers from phase drift due to diurnal temperature variations. Since 2017, TRIUMF ISAC-1 cavities are tuned using minimal seeking sliding mode controllers, which eliminate effects drift due to temperature changes. As with all extremum seeking algorithm, chattering is invariable present in the system, especially near the end-stage. This paper also includes a new chattering suppression method known as ’skipping surface’, which is slated to be installed in ISAC-1 LLRF upgrade in 2023.
	Poster MOPO017 [0.969 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO017
About •	Received ※ 26 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 May 2023
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TUAI01	Cyclotron Beam Extraction by Acceleration	cyclotron, extraction, proton, acceleration	110
	C. Baumgarten PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	One of the decisive issues in the design and operation of cyclotrons is the choice of the beam extraction method. Typical methods are extraction by electrostatic extractors and by stripping. The former method requires DC high voltage electrodes which are notorious for high-voltage breakdowns. The latter method requires beams of atomic or molecular ions which are notorious for rest gas and Lorentz stripping. We discuss the conditions to be met such that a charged particle beam will leave the magnetic field of an isochronous cyclotron purely by fast acceleration.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAI01
About •	Received ※ 05 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
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TUAO01	History and Prospectives of GANIL	cyclotron, target, operation, linac	115
	A. Savalle, O. Kamalou GANIL, Caen, France
	The first beam of the GANIL facility (Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds) at Caen was ejected from the second separated sector cyclotron forty years ago (November 19th, 1982). Since then, several evolutions occurred. In 2001 the first exotic beam produced by the Isotope Separation On-Line method at the SPIRAL1 facility, was delivered to physics. The GANIL team realized an upgrade of this facility in order to extend the range of post-accelerated radioactive ions in years 2013-2017, with first radioactive beams delivered in 2018. In 2019 GANIL became also a LINAC facility with the first beam accelerated in the SPIRAL2 facility. The DESIR facility is aimed at using beams from SPIRAL2 and from SPIRAL1 facility, otivating a major renovation plan of the cyclotron facility. Parts of ancient and recent history of GANIL will be presented as well as its future.
	Slides TUAO01 [7.157 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAO01
About •	Received ※ 20 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 April 2023
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WEPO003	Beam Dynamics in a New 230 MeV Cyclotron	cyclotron, extraction, acceleration, proton	208
	O. Karamyshev JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	A new cyclotron for proton therapy concept is a compact, but non-superconducting accelerator, that is simple, but cheap. Proposed concept uses 4 sectors with double spiral design and 4 RF cavities operating at harmonic 8, making the central region and extraction a challenging task that needs to be carefully simulated. High injection and extraction efficiency is presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO003
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 April 2023
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WEPO017	A New Design of CYCIAE230 Superconducting Cyclotron RF-Driven System	cyclotron, coupling, electron, resonance	237
	Z.G. Yin, X.L. Fu, B. Ji, X. Mu, S. Pei, J.Y. Wei, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	A superconducting cyclotron with a beam energy of 246.2MeV has been developed and commissioned by the China Institute of Atomic Energy. The RF system of the first CYCIAE-230 cyclotron adopts two tetrode amplifiers to drive the cavities simultaneously. The driven power is 180 degrees out of phase and each of the amplifiers was designed able to deliver 75kW RF power to the cavities. In practice, it was found that the driven power is beyond necessary and only 80kW RF power is required for the beam. Hence, an upgrade of the existing RF-driven system to the stare-of-art of solid-state technology is put forward by the CIAE cyclotron team. Furthermore, this alternative design also includes an optimization of the coupling between amplifiers and the cavities, since the old coupler shows nonidealities under long-term high-power operations. A driven schema utilizing multiple low-power capacitive couplers is designed to address this issue, taking advantage of the cavity as a power combiner. In this paper, a review of the existing RF-driven system will be given first. It will be followed by an analysis of the limitation of such a system in practice. A new design of the solid amplifier, the new driven method, and a capacitive window will also be reported.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO017
About •	Received ※ 25 December 2022 — Revised ※ 29 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 June 2023
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WEPO018	Progress in the Design of a New 150-MHz Flat Top Cavity for the PSI RING Cyclotron	cyclotron, flattop, electron, multipactoring	241
	J.-Y. Raguin, M. Bopp, R.F. Fortunati, J. Grillenberger, T.G. Lucas, M. Pedrozzi, M. Schneider, M. Stoll PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland E. Solodko Transmutex SA, Vernier, Switzerland
	Increasing PSI’s 590 MeV main cyclotron beam current to 3 mA requires the replacement of the existing power-limited 150 MHz flat top cavity with a new cavity. This new cavity has been designed to withstand a 700 kV peak voltage and a 140 kW dissipated average power. Although very similar in its geometry to the original flat top cavity currently in operation, in the new design, special attention has been paid to the shaping of the four electrodes for maximizing the shunt impedance. Furthermore, the topology of the cooling water channels has been optimized to increase the power handling capabilities of the cavity. Finally, in order to mitigate multipacting observed in the current design, variations on the new cavity baseline geometry have started to be explored.
	Poster WEPO018 [4.072 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO018
About •	Received ※ 30 November 2022 — Revised ※ 13 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 March 2023
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THAI01	Recent Progress of Research and Development for the Cost-Effective, Energy-Efficient Proton Accelerator CYCIAE-2000	cyclotron, resonance, extraction, proton	245
	T.J. Zhang, H.R. Cai, Z.C. Chu, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, X.L. Jia, Z.J. Jin, H. Le, J. Lin, J.Y. Liu, X. Mu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, Q.Q. Song, C. Wang, F. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, Z.Y. Yin, S.P. Zhang, B.H. Zhao, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901. The MW class proton accelerators are expected to play important role in many fields, attracting institutions to continue research and tackle key problems. The CW isochronous accelerator obtains a high power beam with higher energy efficiency, which is very attractive to many applications. Scholars generally believe that the energy limitation of the isochronous cyclotron is ~1 GeV. To get higher beam power by the isochronous machine, enhancing the beam focusing become the most important issue. Adjusting the radial gradient of the average magnetic field makes the field distribution match the isochronism. When we adjust the radial gradient of the peak field, the first-order gradient is equivalent to the quadrupole field, the second-order, the hexapole field, and so on. Just like the synchrotron, there are quadrupoles, hexapole magnets, and so on, along the orbits to get higher energy, as all we know. If we adjust the radial gradient for the peak field of an FFAG’s FDF lattice and cooperate with the angular width (azimuth flutter) and spiral angle (edge focusing) of the traditional cyclotron pole, we can manipulate the working path in the tune diagram very flexibly. During enhancing the axial focusing, both the beam intensity and the energy of the isochronous accelerator are significantly increased. And a 2 GeV CW FFAG with 3 mA of average beam intensity is designed. It is essentially an isochronous cyclotron although we use 10 folders of FDF lattices. The key difficulty is that the magnetic field and each order of gradient should be accurately adjusted in a large radius range. As a high-power proton accelerator with high energy efficiency, we adopt high-temperature superconducting technology for the magnets. 15 RF cavities with a Q value of 90000 provide energy gain per turn of ~15 MeV to ensure the CW beam intensity reaches 3 mA. A 1:4 scale, 15 ton HTS magnet, and a 1:4 scale, 177 MHz cavity have been completed. The results of such R&D will also be presented in this
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI01
About •	Received ※ 20 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 April 2023
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THPO007	Direct Sampling Digital Low-Level RF Control for CIAE BNCT Cyclotron	controls, LLRF, cyclotron, beam-loading	311
	X. Mu, J.Y. Wei, Z.G. Yin CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China X.L. Fu TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	Boron Neutron Capture Therapy "BNCT" can be delivered using a high current cyclotron, resulting more compact and environmentally friendly design, yet the difficulties remain in the cyclotron part, particularly in RF systems. The high beam loading challenges the stability of the amplifiers, as well as the control loops. Especially in our case, the wall loss of each cavity is more than the beam-loading power of the CIAE BNCT cyclotron. To address the heavy beam loading coefficient, a higher-performance ADRC control algorithm is evaluated, together with the regular PID control. In the meantime, a direct sampling/synthesizing digital low-level RF control hardware design is put forward to have more flexibility in control implementation. Since this new design adopts Xilinx SOC as the main controller, it is convenient to combine real-time control algorithm with high-level control through Advanced Extensible Interface. In this LLRF design, the amplitude and phase control using PID control is implemented in the PS end, and the tuning control is taking advantage of the ADRC algorithm in the PL end. Using a symmetrical design, together with the buncher control, in total, regulation of three loops are achieved using two control boards. The software/hardware design as well as the commission result will be reported in this paper.
	Poster THPO007 [2.567 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO007
About •	Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 21 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 April 2023
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THPO008	Consideration of Using Non-Destructive Detectors in the Beamline of a Proton Therapy Facility	proton, cyclotron, detector, electron	314
	Q.S. Chen, A.T. Chen, B. Qin HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: This work is supported by the National Science Foundation of China under the contract No. 12175077. Ionization profile monitors (IPM) are a kind of nondestructive monitors mostly used in accelerators of high intensity pulsed beams. As for particle therapy accelerators, either based on cyclotrons or synchrotrons, the extracted beams are very weak, usually on the level of nano-Amperes. Up to date, the commonly used detectors in such low current machines are all destructive, such as fluorescent screens and gas ionization chambers. In this paper, we proposed for the first time to use a residual gas ionization monitor to measure the beam profiles in a proton therapy facility based on a superconducting cyclotron. The feasibility of such a scheme and some basic issues are discussed in this paper.
	Poster THPO008 [0.535 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO008
About •	Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 19 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 June 2023
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THPO012	Progress in Design of MSC230 Superconducting Cyclotron for Proton Therapy	cyclotron, proton, extraction, radiation	327
	G.A. Karamysheva, K. Bunyatov, S. Gurskiy, G.G. Hodshibagijan, O. Karamyshev, D. Nikiforov, M.S. Novikov, D. Popov, V.M. Romanov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, A.A. Sinitsa, G.V. Trubnikov, S. Yakovenko JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia V.A. Gerasimov, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	The current status of the MSC230 superconducting cyclotron designed for biomedical research is presented. MSC230 is an isochronous four-sector compact cyclotron with a magnetic field in the center of 1.7 T. Acceleration is performed at the fourth harmonic mode of the accelerating radio-frequency (RF) system consisting of four cavities located in the cyclotron valleys. The accelerator will use an internal Penning type source with a hot cathode. Particular attention is paid to extraction, as it must have a high extraction efficiency.
	Poster THPO012 [0.911 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO012
About •	Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 24 March 2023
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THPO015	R&D Studies on A 177.6 MHz 1:4 Scale Boat Shape Prototype RF Cavity for the 2 GeV CW FFA	proton, simulation, cyclotron, GUI	338
	S. Pei, L.L. Guan, Y. Jia, Z.J. Jin, M. Li, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, F. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Wang, G. Yang, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China B. Li, S.B. Xia, Y. Xing ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: Work supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901. A proton circular accelerator complex composed of a 100 MeV separated radial sector cyclotron, an 800 MeV separated spiral sector cyclotron and a 2 GeV FFA was proposed and is being studied at CIAE. To satisfy the beam dynamics requirements of the FFA, NC RF cavity with high Q and R will be adopted. It is found that the boat shape cavity is the most promising candidate. Therefore, R&D on a 177.6 MHz 1:4 scale boat shape prototype cavity is being carried out to study all aspects of developing such a high-power cavity. In this scenario, self-consistent multi-physics coupled simulation study with ANSYS HFSS and Workbench was carried out. This paper describes the method to deal with a mechanical model including hundreds of bodies in the FEM analysis and shows the simulation results. In addition, the manufacturing technology and some testing results are also presented.
	Poster THPO015 [3.234 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO015
About •	Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
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FRAO02	Feasibility Study on 10 MW-Class Ultra-High Power Cyclotron	cyclotron, resonance, extraction, neutron	359
	T.J. Bian, S. An, F.P. Guan, L.Y. Ji, S.M. Wei CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	10MW-class ultra-high power cyclotron (UHPC) has great application prospects in cutting-edge sciences, neutron source, advanced energy and advanced material, etc. So far, Cyclotron with average beam power of 10 MW still have some bottleneck problems. Beam energy and current of a high-power cyclotron is typically less than 800MeV and 3mA. In this paper, bottleneck problems of UHPC are analysed, and then a preliminary design of UHPC-10MW is presented.
	Slides FRAO02 [15.273 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRAO02
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 July 2023
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Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOAI02

Upgrade and Current Status of High-Frequency Systems for RIKEN Ring Cyclotron

cyclotron, acceleration, operation, heavy-ion

6

K. Yamada
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

The high-frequency systems for the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC) was upgraded in order to increase the acceleration voltage at 18.25 MHz operation by remodeling its cavity resonators and rf controllers. As a result, the maximum gap voltage at 18.25 MHz improved from about 80 kV to more than 150 kV. The beam intensity of 238U for the RI Beam Factory was increased up to 117 pnA in the fiscal 2020 by overcoming the beam intensity limitation of RRC due to the space charge effect. In this talk, I will present the details of upgrade as well as the current status of high-frequency systems for the RRC.

Slides MOAI02 [7.420 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAI02

About •

Received ※ 27 January 2023 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 February 2023

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MOAO02

The Commissioning of a 230 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron CYCIAE-230

MMI, cyclotron, extraction, proton

15

C. Wang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, B. Ji, L.Y. Ji, X.L. Jia, Y. Jia, T.Y. Jiang, J. Liu, J.Y. Liu, P. Liu, Z.W. Liu, X. Mu, S. Pei, G.F. Song, Q.Q. Song, F. Wang, J.Y. Wei, L.P. Wen, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, D.Z. Zhang, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng, H. Zhou, P.F. Zhu, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

There are very strong demands for proton accelera-tors in medium energy range in recent years due to the fast growth of proton therapy and the space science in China. For the applications of proton therapy and pro-ton irradiation, the energy range of proton beam is usually from 200MeV to 250MeV, or even higher for astronavigation [1]. An R&D project for constructing a 230MeV superconducting cyclotron (CYCIAE-230) has been initiated at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) since Jan 2015. In July of 2016, after the fund-ing was approved by China National Nuclear Corpora-tion (CNNC), the construction project was fully launched. In Dec 2019, the superconducting main magnet and the RF system were transferred to the new-ly built commissioning site. Then, the RF commission-ing, ion source and central region test were performed even during the pandemic in early 2020. In September 2020, after finishing the commissioning tests of all subsystems, the beam was reached the extraction channel but with very low efficiency. Since then, with more efforts on beam diagnostics, the fine tuning of the beam phase and the adjusting of the superconduct-ing coil have been proven to be useful to get higher beam extraction efficiency ~55%. In this paper, the commissioning of the key components, including the main magnet, SC coils, internal ion source and central region, extraction system, etc, as well as the commis-sioning progress of the machine CYCIAE-230 will be presented.

Slides MOAO02 [10.305 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO02

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Received ※ 24 January 2023 — Revised ※ 25 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 June 2023

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MOPO004

Beam Dump Development for High Power Proton and Electron Beam

electron, proton, target, controls

54

J.Y. Liu, H.R. Cai, M.Z. Hu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, G.F. Song, L. Wang, Y. Wang, S.M. Wei, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The high-intensity 100 MeV proton cyclotron CYCIAE-100 had provided 52 kW beam to the beam dump in 2018, is planning to upgrade at China Institute of Atomic Energy(CIAE). It is designed to provide a 75~100 MeV, 1 mA proton beam. So, a new beam dump for higher beam power have been developed since 2020. At the same time, a 1:4 scale, RF cavity with Q value up to 42000, is constructed for the engineering feasibility verification of a 2 GeV/6 MW CW FFAG, which is also being considered as a main accelerating cavity of a 100 kW electron accelerator. The electron beam will be rotated and accelerated 7 times by the gradient dipoles and the high Q cavity. The beam dump is designed to also use for the 100kW electron beam. With the same-level beam power of the two accelerators above the content, a beam dump for absorbing two kinds of particle beams according to the characteristics of the modification was designed. The energy deposition of 100MeV proton beam and 5MeV electron beam in the beam dump was investigated by the Monte-Carlo simulation program FLUKA. The beam dump cooling structure was optimizing by ICEM-CFD and fluent, so that the beam dump temperature was controlled less than 100°C, and the maximum temperature on the beam dump is less than 450°C. The beam dump is designed as a cube (450*200*200, unit:mm) with two 2.5°V-type copper pentagon and two flat parts. All the details about the simulation of energy deposition, thermal distribution and structure design will be presented in the paper.

Poster MOPO004 [3.428 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO004

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Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 26 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2023

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MOPO007

The Design and Commission of Vacuum System for CYCIAE-230 Superconducting Cyclotron

vacuum, cyclotron, MMI, ion-source

66

S.P. Zhang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, B. Ji, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, C. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

In this paper, the design and installation CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotron main vacuum system’s equipment and the cryogenic systems based on the liquid helium zero-boiling-off technology for the CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotrons are described. The vacuum in the particle acceleration cavity is 2x10^-4 Pa. The main technical features of the accelerator vacuum system are that the main magnet cover plate with diameter 3.12m are used as a part of the main vacuum chamber, 8 magnetic poles, 8 high frequency resonators, and 2 sets of striper targets and 2 sets of radial targets are installed in the main vacuum chamber, resulting in technical difficulties such as large surface gas discharge, virtual leakage, high leakage of magnetic flux at the installation position of vacuum equipment (up to 2000 gauss) and so on. The main vacuum system is designed as 9 sets of TMP with magnet shields installed on the valley of magnet poles, which also used as RF cavity.

Poster MOPO007 [1.509 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO007

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Received ※ 06 February 2023 — Revised ※ 07 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 October 2023

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MOPO015

TRIUMF LLRF Control System Upgrade

LLRF, controls, hardware, Linux

91

X.L. Fu, T. Au, K. Fong, Q. Zheng
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

The LLRF system for Transfer line from Drift Tube LINAC(DTL) to Superconducting Linac (SCB) (DSB) was an analog-digital hybrid system running at 35.36MHz. The system controls the amplitude/phase and tuning for a buncher cavity on the beamline. During the 2022 October shutdown, the system is upgraded to a new fully-digital LLRF system. The new digital LLRF system is based on TRIUMF’s universal LLRF hardware with a new firmware. Instead of using a VXI crate, the new system adopts a NIM bin and uses USB communication with the local control PC. The amplitude/phase regulation is implemented in the FPGA firmware, and the tuning loop is implemented in the PC software, but driven by the FPGA. The Debian 11 linux OS is running on ARM CPU, and the new digital LLRF system works as a standard window HID device. The linux OS allows the firmware be updated in-situ using Ethernet communication. The detailed design is described in this paper.

Poster MOPO015 [6.084 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO015

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Received ※ 02 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 February 2023

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MOPO017

RF Cavity Resonant Control Using Mimimal Seeking Sliding Mode Controller

controls, ISAC, DTL, ECR

99

K. Fong, T. Au, X.L. Fu, R. Leewe, Q. Zheng
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Accelerating RF normal conducting cavities having Quality Factors of over 10³. These cavities must be constantly tuned to maintain resonance for maximum power efficiency. Traditional tuning method uses ’phase comparison method’ by monitoring the phase shift across the input and output of the cavity. This method suffers from phase drift due to diurnal temperature variations. Since 2017, TRIUMF ISAC-1 cavities are tuned using minimal seeking sliding mode controllers, which eliminate effects drift due to temperature changes. As with all extremum seeking algorithm, chattering is invariable present in the system, especially near the end-stage. This paper also includes a new chattering suppression method known as ’skipping surface’, which is slated to be installed in ISAC-1 LLRF upgrade in 2023.

Poster MOPO017 [0.969 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO017

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Received ※ 26 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 May 2023

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TUAI01

Cyclotron Beam Extraction by Acceleration

cyclotron, extraction, proton, acceleration

110

C. Baumgarten
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

One of the decisive issues in the design and operation of cyclotrons is the choice of the beam extraction method. Typical methods are extraction by electrostatic extractors and by stripping. The former method requires DC high voltage electrodes which are notorious for high-voltage breakdowns. The latter method requires beams of atomic or molecular ions which are notorious for rest gas and Lorentz stripping. We discuss the conditions to be met such that a charged particle beam will leave the magnetic field of an isochronous cyclotron purely by fast acceleration.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAI01

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Received ※ 05 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023

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TUAO01

History and Prospectives of GANIL

cyclotron, target, operation, linac

115

A. Savalle, O. Kamalou
GANIL, Caen, France

The first beam of the GANIL facility (Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds) at Caen was ejected from the second separated sector cyclotron forty years ago (November 19th, 1982). Since then, several evolutions occurred. In 2001 the first exotic beam produced by the Isotope Separation On-Line method at the SPIRAL1 facility, was delivered to physics. The GANIL team realized an upgrade of this facility in order to extend the range of post-accelerated radioactive ions in years 2013-2017, with first radioactive beams delivered in 2018. In 2019 GANIL became also a LINAC facility with the first beam accelerated in the SPIRAL2 facility. The DESIR facility is aimed at using beams from SPIRAL2 and from SPIRAL1 facility, otivating a major renovation plan of the cyclotron facility. Parts of ancient and recent history of GANIL will be presented as well as its future.

Slides TUAO01 [7.157 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAO01

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Received ※ 20 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 April 2023

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WEPO003

Beam Dynamics in a New 230 MeV Cyclotron

cyclotron, extraction, acceleration, proton

208

O. Karamyshev
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

A new cyclotron for proton therapy concept is a compact, but non-superconducting accelerator, that is simple, but cheap. Proposed concept uses 4 sectors with double spiral design and 4 RF cavities operating at harmonic 8, making the central region and extraction a challenging task that needs to be carefully simulated. High injection and extraction efficiency is presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO003

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Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 April 2023

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WEPO017

A New Design of CYCIAE230 Superconducting Cyclotron RF-Driven System

cyclotron, coupling, electron, resonance

237

Z.G. Yin, X.L. Fu, B. Ji, X. Mu, S. Pei, J.Y. Wei, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

A superconducting cyclotron with a beam energy of 246.2MeV has been developed and commissioned by the China Institute of Atomic Energy. The RF system of the first CYCIAE-230 cyclotron adopts two tetrode amplifiers to drive the cavities simultaneously. The driven power is 180 degrees out of phase and each of the amplifiers was designed able to deliver 75kW RF power to the cavities. In practice, it was found that the driven power is beyond necessary and only 80kW RF power is required for the beam. Hence, an upgrade of the existing RF-driven system to the stare-of-art of solid-state technology is put forward by the CIAE cyclotron team. Furthermore, this alternative design also includes an optimization of the coupling between amplifiers and the cavities, since the old coupler shows nonidealities under long-term high-power operations. A driven schema utilizing multiple low-power capacitive couplers is designed to address this issue, taking advantage of the cavity as a power combiner. In this paper, a review of the existing RF-driven system will be given first. It will be followed by an analysis of the limitation of such a system in practice. A new design of the solid amplifier, the new driven method, and a capacitive window will also be reported.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO017

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Received ※ 25 December 2022 — Revised ※ 29 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 June 2023

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WEPO018

Progress in the Design of a New 150-MHz Flat Top Cavity for the PSI RING Cyclotron

cyclotron, flattop, electron, multipactoring

241

J.-Y. Raguin, M. Bopp, R.F. Fortunati, J. Grillenberger, T.G. Lucas, M. Pedrozzi, M. Schneider, M. Stoll
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
E. Solodko
Transmutex SA, Vernier, Switzerland

Increasing PSI’s 590 MeV main cyclotron beam current to 3 mA requires the replacement of the existing power-limited 150 MHz flat top cavity with a new cavity. This new cavity has been designed to withstand a 700 kV peak voltage and a 140 kW dissipated average power. Although very similar in its geometry to the original flat top cavity currently in operation, in the new design, special attention has been paid to the shaping of the four electrodes for maximizing the shunt impedance. Furthermore, the topology of the cooling water channels has been optimized to increase the power handling capabilities of the cavity. Finally, in order to mitigate multipacting observed in the current design, variations on the new cavity baseline geometry have started to be explored.

Poster WEPO018 [4.072 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO018

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Received ※ 30 November 2022 — Revised ※ 13 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 March 2023

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THAI01

Recent Progress of Research and Development for the Cost-Effective, Energy-Efficient Proton Accelerator CYCIAE-2000

cyclotron, resonance, extraction, proton

245

T.J. Zhang, H.R. Cai, Z.C. Chu, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, X.L. Jia, Z.J. Jin, H. Le, J. Lin, J.Y. Liu, X. Mu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, Q.Q. Song, C. Wang, F. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, Z.Y. Yin, S.P. Zhang, B.H. Zhao, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901.
The MW class proton accelerators are expected to play important role in many fields, attracting institutions to continue research and tackle key problems. The CW isochronous accelerator obtains a high power beam with higher energy efficiency, which is very attractive to many applications. Scholars generally believe that the energy limitation of the isochronous cyclotron is ~1 GeV. To get higher beam power by the isochronous machine, enhancing the beam focusing become the most important issue. Adjusting the radial gradient of the average magnetic field makes the field distribution match the isochronism. When we adjust the radial gradient of the peak field, the first-order gradient is equivalent to the quadrupole field, the second-order, the hexapole field, and so on. Just like the synchrotron, there are quadrupoles, hexapole magnets, and so on, along the orbits to get higher energy, as all we know. If we adjust the radial gradient for the peak field of an FFAG’s FDF lattice and cooperate with the angular width (azimuth flutter) and spiral angle (edge focusing) of the traditional cyclotron pole, we can manipulate the working path in the tune diagram very flexibly. During enhancing the axial focusing, both the beam intensity and the energy of the isochronous accelerator are significantly increased. And a 2 GeV CW FFAG with 3 mA of average beam intensity is designed. It is essentially an isochronous cyclotron although we use 10 folders of FDF lattices. The key difficulty is that the magnetic field and each order of gradient should be accurately adjusted in a large radius range. As a high-power proton accelerator with high energy efficiency, we adopt high-temperature superconducting technology for the magnets. 15 RF cavities with a Q value of 90000 provide energy gain per turn of ~15 MeV to ensure the CW beam intensity reaches 3 mA. A 1:4 scale, 15 ton HTS magnet, and a 1:4 scale, 177 MHz cavity have been completed. The results of such R&D will also be presented in this

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI01

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Received ※ 20 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 April 2023

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THPO007

Direct Sampling Digital Low-Level RF Control for CIAE BNCT Cyclotron

controls, LLRF, cyclotron, beam-loading

311

X. Mu, J.Y. Wei, Z.G. Yin
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
X.L. Fu
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy "BNCT" can be delivered using a high current cyclotron, resulting more compact and environmentally friendly design, yet the difficulties remain in the cyclotron part, particularly in RF systems. The high beam loading challenges the stability of the amplifiers, as well as the control loops. Especially in our case, the wall loss of each cavity is more than the beam-loading power of the CIAE BNCT cyclotron. To address the heavy beam loading coefficient, a higher-performance ADRC control algorithm is evaluated, together with the regular PID control. In the meantime, a direct sampling/synthesizing digital low-level RF control hardware design is put forward to have more flexibility in control implementation. Since this new design adopts Xilinx SOC as the main controller, it is convenient to combine real-time control algorithm with high-level control through Advanced Extensible Interface. In this LLRF design, the amplitude and phase control using PID control is implemented in the PS end, and the tuning control is taking advantage of the ADRC algorithm in the PL end. Using a symmetrical design, together with the buncher control, in total, regulation of three loops are achieved using two control boards. The software/hardware design as well as the commission result will be reported in this paper.

Poster THPO007 [2.567 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO007

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Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 21 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 01 April 2023

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THPO008

Consideration of Using Non-Destructive Detectors in the Beamline of a Proton Therapy Facility

proton, cyclotron, detector, electron

314

Q.S. Chen, A.T. Chen, B. Qin
HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

Funding: This work is supported by the National Science Foundation of China under the contract No. 12175077.
Ionization profile monitors (IPM) are a kind of nondestructive monitors mostly used in accelerators of high intensity pulsed beams. As for particle therapy accelerators, either based on cyclotrons or synchrotrons, the extracted beams are very weak, usually on the level of nano-Amperes. Up to date, the commonly used detectors in such low current machines are all destructive, such as fluorescent screens and gas ionization chambers. In this paper, we proposed for the first time to use a residual gas ionization monitor to measure the beam profiles in a proton therapy facility based on a superconducting cyclotron. The feasibility of such a scheme and some basic issues are discussed in this paper.

Poster THPO008 [0.535 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO008

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Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 19 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 June 2023

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THPO012

Progress in Design of MSC230 Superconducting Cyclotron for Proton Therapy

cyclotron, proton, extraction, radiation

327

G.A. Karamysheva, K. Bunyatov, S. Gurskiy, G.G. Hodshibagijan, O. Karamyshev, D. Nikiforov, M.S. Novikov, D. Popov, V.M. Romanov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, A.A. Sinitsa, G.V. Trubnikov, S. Yakovenko
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
V.A. Gerasimov, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

The current status of the MSC230 superconducting cyclotron designed for biomedical research is presented. MSC230 is an isochronous four-sector compact cyclotron with a magnetic field in the center of 1.7 T. Acceleration is performed at the fourth harmonic mode of the accelerating radio-frequency (RF) system consisting of four cavities located in the cyclotron valleys. The accelerator will use an internal Penning type source with a hot cathode. Particular attention is paid to extraction, as it must have a high extraction efficiency.

Poster THPO012 [0.911 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO012

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Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 24 March 2023

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THPO015

R&D Studies on A 177.6 MHz 1:4 Scale Boat Shape Prototype RF Cavity for the 2 GeV CW FFA

proton, simulation, cyclotron, GUI

338

S. Pei, L.L. Guan, Y. Jia, Z.J. Jin, M. Li, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, F. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Wang, G. Yang, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
B. Li, S.B. Xia, Y. Xing
ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China

Funding: Work supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901.
A proton circular accelerator complex composed of a 100 MeV separated radial sector cyclotron, an 800 MeV separated spiral sector cyclotron and a 2 GeV FFA was proposed and is being studied at CIAE. To satisfy the beam dynamics requirements of the FFA, NC RF cavity with high Q and R will be adopted. It is found that the boat shape cavity is the most promising candidate. Therefore, R&D on a 177.6 MHz 1:4 scale boat shape prototype cavity is being carried out to study all aspects of developing such a high-power cavity. In this scenario, self-consistent multi-physics coupled simulation study with ANSYS HFSS and Workbench was carried out. This paper describes the method to deal with a mechanical model including hundreds of bodies in the FEM analysis and shows the simulation results. In addition, the manufacturing technology and some testing results are also presented.

Poster THPO015 [3.234 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO015

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Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023

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FRAO02

Feasibility Study on 10 MW-Class Ultra-High Power Cyclotron

cyclotron, resonance, extraction, neutron

359

T.J. Bian, S. An, F.P. Guan, L.Y. Ji, S.M. Wei
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

10MW-class ultra-high power cyclotron (UHPC) has great application prospects in cutting-edge sciences, neutron source, advanced energy and advanced material, etc. So far, Cyclotron with average beam power of 10 MW still have some bottleneck problems. Beam energy and current of a high-power cyclotron is typically less than 800MeV and 3mA. In this paper, bottleneck problems of UHPC are analysed, and then a preliminary design of UHPC-10MW is presented.

Slides FRAO02 [15.273 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRAO02

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Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 July 2023

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