Keyword: proton
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MOAO01 Status of the IsoDAR High-current H+2 Cyclotron (HCHC-XX) Development rfq, cyclotron, target, experiment 12
 
  • L.H. Waites, J.R. Alonso, J.M. Conrad, D. Winklehner
    MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
  
  The potential existence of exotic neutrinos beyond the three standard model neutrinos is an important open question in particle physics. IsoDAR is a cyclotron-driven, pure electron-antineutrino source with a well-understood energy spectrum. High statistics of anti-electron neutrinos can be produced by IsoDAR, which, when coupled with an inverse beta decay detector such as the LSC at Yemilab, is capable of addressing observed anomalies attributed to sterile neutrinos at the 5 σ level using electron-flavor disappearance. To achieve this high significance, the IsoDAR cyclotron must produce 10 mA of protons at 60 MeV. This is an order of magnitude more current than any commercially available cyclotron has produced. To achieve this, IsoDAR takes advantage of several innovations in accelerator physics, including the use of H2+ and RFQ direct injection, paving the way as a new high power accelerator technology. These high currents also allow for new experiments in dark matter, as well as high production rates of rare isotopes such as Ac225 and Ge68.  
slides icon Slides MOAO01 [30.289 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO01  
About • Received ※ 24 March 2023 — Revised ※ 24 May 2023 — Accepted ※ 06 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 July 2023
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MOAO02 The Commissioning of a 230 MeV Superconducting Cyclotron CYCIAE-230 MMI, cyclotron, extraction, cavity 15
 
  • C. Wang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, B. Ji, L.Y. Ji, X.L. Jia, Y. Jia, T.Y. Jiang, J. Liu, J.Y. Liu, P. Liu, Z.W. Liu, X. Mu, S. Pei, G.F. Song, Q.Q. Song, F. Wang, J.Y. Wei, L.P. Wen, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, D.Z. Zhang, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng, H. Zhou, P.F. Zhu, X.F. Zhu
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  
  There are very strong demands for proton accelera-tors in medium energy range in recent years due to the fast growth of proton therapy and the space science in China. For the applications of proton therapy and pro-ton irradiation, the energy range of proton beam is usually from 200MeV to 250MeV, or even higher for astronavigation [1]. An R&D project for constructing a 230MeV superconducting cyclotron (CYCIAE-230) has been initiated at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) since Jan 2015. In July of 2016, after the fund-ing was approved by China National Nuclear Corpora-tion (CNNC), the construction project was fully launched. In Dec 2019, the superconducting main magnet and the RF system were transferred to the new-ly built commissioning site. Then, the RF commission-ing, ion source and central region test were performed even during the pandemic in early 2020. In September 2020, after finishing the commissioning tests of all subsystems, the beam was reached the extraction channel but with very low efficiency. Since then, with more efforts on beam diagnostics, the fine tuning of the beam phase and the adjusting of the superconduct-ing coil have been proven to be useful to get higher beam extraction efficiency ~55%. In this paper, the commissioning of the key components, including the main magnet, SC coils, internal ion source and central region, extraction system, etc, as well as the commis-sioning progress of the machine CYCIAE-230 will be presented.  
slides icon Slides MOAO02 [10.305 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOAO02  
About • Received ※ 24 January 2023 — Revised ※ 25 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 June 2023
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MOBI01 Summary of the Snowmass’21 Workshop on High Power Cyclotrons and FFAs cyclotron, target, experiment, space-charge 20
 
  • D. Winklehner, J.R. Alonso
    MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
  • A. Adelmann, M. Haj Tahar
    PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
  • L. Calabretta
    INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
  • H. Okuno
    RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
  • T. Planche
    TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
  
  In this talk, we summarize the presentations and findings of the "Workshop on High Power Cyclotrons and FFAs" that we held online in September 2021. The workshop was held as part of the 2021 Snowmass Community Exercise, in which the US particle physics community came together in a year-long effort to provide suggestions for a long-term strategy for the field, and the "Accelerators for Neutrinos" subpanel thereof. Topics that were discussed during our high-power cyclotron workshop were the application of cyclotrons in particle physics, specifically neutrino physics, and as drivers for muon production. Furthermore, as these same accelerators have important applications in the fields of isotope production and possibly in energy research, we have included those topics as well. Finally, we took a look at Fixed Field Alternating Gradient accelerators (FFAs) and their potential to become high-intensity machines.  
slides icon Slides MOBI01 [1.885 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBI01  
About • Received ※ 23 July 2023 — Revised ※ 03 August 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 October 2023
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MOBI02 Status of SPES Cyclotron at Laboratori Nazionali of Legnaro cyclotron, MMI, target, ISOL 26
 
  • M. Maggiore, P. Antonini, L. Pranovi, A. Ruzzon
    INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
  
  The SPES cyclotron at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro was installed and commissioned on 2017 and the accelerator was operational until March 2021. The shut down was foreseen in order to permit the completion of the SPES facility, while the resume of activities is expected on 2023. The status of the SPES cyclotron and related high intensity beamlines will be presented as well as the last performance achieved in terms of accelerated current up to 1 MeV. Moreover the program of upgrade of the ancillary systems shall be discussed.  
slides icon Slides MOBI02 [15.756 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBI02  
About • Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 February 2023
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MOBO02 IMPACT: A Substantial Upgrade to the HIPA Infrastructure at PSI target, operation, experiment, cyclotron 34
 
  • D.C. Kiselev, R. Eichler, M. Haj Tahar, M. Hartmann, K. Kirch, A. Knecht, A. Koschik, D. Laube, T. Rauber, D. Reggiani, R. Schibli, J. Snuverink, U. Wellenkamp, H. Zhang, N.P. van der Meulen
    PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
  • K. Kirch
    ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
  
  The High Intensity Proton Accelerator complex (HIPA) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Switzerland, delivers a 590 MeV CW proton beam with currents of up to 2.4 mA (1.4 MW) to several user facilities and experimental stations. Other than the two spallation targets for thermal/cold neutrons (SINQ) and for ultracold neutrons (UCN), the beam feeds two meson production targets, Target M and Target E, serving particle physics experiments and material research via seven secondary beam lines. IMPACT (Isotope and Muon Production with Advanced Cyclotron and Target technology) aims to expand the infrastructure at HIPA in two ways: by HIMB (High-Intensity Muon Beams), increasing the surface muon rate by a factor 100, and TATTOOS (Targeted Alpha Tumour Therapy and Other Oncological Solutions), producing promising radionuclides for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy of cancer in doses sufficient for clinical studies. HIMB and TATTOOS are located close to each other. HIMB has to fit into the existing main proton beam line towards Target E and SINQ, while TATTOOS will occupy an area in a new, adjacent building using 100 µA protons split from the main beam. TATTOOS will be a perfect complement to the existing radionuclide production at 72 MeV, adding a variety of difficult to produce nuclides at a large scale. For HIMB, the current Target M will be replaced by a four-fold thicker target (Target H) consisting of a graphite wheel optimized for surface muon production. In addition, both muon beam lines are improved regarding their transmission from target to experiment. Care is taken to reduce the losses to an acceptable level in the main existing proton beam line. Installation towards the implementation of IMPACT as new user facility is foreseen from 2027.  
slides icon Slides MOBO02 [6.877 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO02  
About • Received ※ 14 January 2023 — Revised ※ 17 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 February 2023
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MOBO03 Proton Irradiation Site for High-Uniformity Radiation Hardness Tests of Silicon Detectors at the Bonn Isochronous Cyclotron radiation, cyclotron, site, electron 38
 
  • D. Sauerland, R. Beck, P.D. Eversheim
    HISKP, Bonn, Germany
  • J. Dingfelder, P. Wolf
    SiLab, Bonn, Germany
  
  The Bonn Isochronous Cyclotron provides proton, deuteron, alpha particle and other light ion beams, having a charge-to-mass ratio Q/A >= 1/2, with kinetic energies in the range of 7 to 14 MeV per nucleon. At the irradiation site, a 14 MeV proton beam with a diameter of a few mm is used to irradiate detectors, so-called devices under test (DUTs), housed in a thermally-insulated and gas-cooled box. To ensure homogeneous damage application, the DUT is moved through the beam in a row-wise scan pattern with constant velocity and a row separation, smaller than the beam diameter. During irradiation, beam parameters are continuously measured non-destructively using a calibrated, secondary electron emission-based beam monitor, installed at the exit to the site. This allows a beam-driven irradiation scheme, enabling the setup to autonomously react to changing beam conditions, resulting in highly-uniform proton fluence distributions with relative uncertainties of typically 2%. In this work, the accelerator facility is introduced, the proton irradiation site with focus on its beam diagnostics is presented in detail and resulting fluence distributions are shown.  
slides icon Slides MOBO03 [17.472 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO03  
About • Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 16 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 February 2023
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MOBO04 Experimental Study on Proton Irradiation Effect of Gallium Nitride High Electron Mobility Transistor radiation, experiment, ECR, electron 42
 
  • z. Zhang, Q. Chen, G. Guo, C.C. Liu
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  
  As a third-generation semiconductor material, gallium nitride (GaN) has the advantages of high breakdown electric field, high electron saturation speed, high operating temperature and strong radiation resistance, and has broad application prospects in the aerospace field. As an important member of GaN-based electronic devices, GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is widely considered to be used in the power supply and other important systems of spacecraft. Therefore, GaN HEMT is of great significance for spacecraft to complete relevant setting tasks. However, GaN HEMT will inevitably be affected by space radiation environment when spacecraft perform related missions. Previous researches have shown that protons are the majority of high-energy particles in space environment. Therefore, relevant studies should focus on the effect of proton irradiation on the performance of GaN HEMT. Using 100 MeV high-current proton cyclotron, we investigated the proton irradiation effect of GaN HEMT, and proved the effect of proton energy on static electrical parameters of GaN. The research work in this paper lays a foundation for the future application of GaN HEMT in space missions.  
slides icon Slides MOBO04 [2.860 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOBO04  
About • Received ※ 15 December 2022 — Revised ※ 14 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 April 2023
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MOPO001 A Real-Time Controller for Rapid Energy Degrading of the CYCIAE-230 Cyclotron Beam Production System controls, real-time, software, hardware 47
 
  • Q.Q. Song, H.R. Cai, Q.K. Guo, A.L. He, T.Y. Jiang, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, B.H. Zhao
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  
  The energy selection system (ESS) plays an important role in a proton therapy system. Usually, it consists of an energy degrader, a set of achromatic bending magnets, an envelope collimator, and a momentum-selecting slit. In CIAE, a dedicated beam transportation line, including these essential elements, for the CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotron has been designed and manufactured for study purposes. To reduce the layer switching time, e.g. typically within 50 milliseconds, this ESS system takes advantage of VME-based real-time controller design. On one side, this controller uses S-curve to direct drive the step motors of various actuators, this is done by an off-the-shelf embedded controller. On the other hand, it uses Data Distribution Service (DDS) communication protocol to tap into the nozzle control system network directly. In such a manner, the energy requirement can be efficiently handled and the controller is also responsible for the current regulation of the 46 magnets. The design of this high-efficiency controller will be reported in this paper, both from hardware and software aspects. Preliminary test results will also be evaluated and analyzed to direct further improvement of the system.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO001  
About • Received ※ 20 October 2022 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023
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MOPO004 Beam Dump Development for High Power Proton and Electron Beam electron, target, cavity, controls 54
 
  • J.Y. Liu, H.R. Cai, M.Z. Hu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, G.F. Song, L. Wang, Y. Wang, S.M. Wei, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhu
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  
  The high-intensity 100 MeV proton cyclotron CYCIAE-100 had provided 52 kW beam to the beam dump in 2018, is planning to upgrade at China Institute of Atomic Energy(CIAE). It is designed to provide a 75~100 MeV, 1 mA proton beam. So, a new beam dump for higher beam power have been developed since 2020. At the same time, a 1:4 scale, RF cavity with Q value up to 42000, is constructed for the engineering feasibility verification of a 2 GeV/6 MW CW FFAG, which is also being considered as a main accelerating cavity of a 100 kW electron accelerator. The electron beam will be rotated and accelerated 7 times by the gradient dipoles and the high Q cavity. The beam dump is designed to also use for the 100kW electron beam. With the same-level beam power of the two accelerators above the content, a beam dump for absorbing two kinds of particle beams according to the characteristics of the modification was designed. The energy deposition of 100MeV proton beam and 5MeV electron beam in the beam dump was investigated by the Monte-Carlo simulation program FLUKA. The beam dump cooling structure was optimizing by ICEM-CFD and fluent, so that the beam dump temperature was controlled less than 100°C, and the maximum temperature on the beam dump is less than 450°C. The beam dump is designed as a cube (450*200*200, unit:mm) with two 2.5°V-type copper pentagon and two flat parts. All the details about the simulation of energy deposition, thermal distribution and structure design will be presented in the paper.  
poster icon Poster MOPO004 [3.428 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO004  
About • Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 26 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2023
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MOPO016 Control of Cyclotron Vertical Deflector for Proton Therapy controls, cyclotron, FPGA, high-voltage 95
 
  • F.D. Yang, T.Y. Jiang, X. Mu, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  • X.L. Fu
    TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
  
  China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) has designed a superconducting cyclotron CYCIAE-230 to enhance the domestic development of proton therapy. A research program on the beamline and experimental stations for the proton therapy and the space science was launched by China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). The modern therapy methodology often requires rapid beam modulation on both the beam energy and the intensity. In this scenario, a vertical deflector is designed and installed in the cyclotron’s central region. Applying a high-voltage electric field between the two plates can quickly adjust the intensity of the low-energy beam. Nevertheless, the voltage applied is nonlinear to the beam intensity. According to this requirement, a homemade controller for the vertical deflector is designed. Since the beam loss caused by the energy degrader is also nonlinear, this controller can compensate for the beam loss caused by energy modulation. To realize real-time control, the controller combines Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and Digital Signal Process (DSP) as its control scheme design. Carried out by the DSP by interpolating the lookup table data, a feed-forward regulation is also designed to take care of the nonlinear compensation for the beam loss on the energy degrader. In the meantime, an ionized chamber provides feedback readings of the intensity just before the nozzle. A PID algorithm is also included by using FPGA, to archive the feedback control of the vertical deflector.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO016  
About • Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 May 2023
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MOPO019 Optimization of Rapid Magnetic Field Control of the CYCIAE-230 Cyclotron Beamline Magnets controls, experiment, cyclotron, power-supply 106
 
  • A.L. He, H.R. Cai, Q.K. Guo, P. Huang, Q.Q. Song, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, B.H. Zhao
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  
  The magnetic field precise and rapid control of the beamline magnets is essential to the Energy Selection System (ESS) for the proton therapy facility. During the scanning of proton beam for therapy, the field of each beamline magnet should be precisely controlled within the set time, layer upon layer. The position of beam spot to the nozzle should undoubtedly be stable and unchanged during the process. In practice, however, due to the wide energy range of proton therapy (70 MeV-230 MeV), the dynamic response of the beamline magnets usually shows nonlinear performances at a different energy, e.g., the magnetic field may cause a significant overshoot for some specific beam energy if one ignores the nonlinear effect. More challenge is that the magnetic field drops too slowly between the energy steps, which compromises the overall performance of rapid intensity modulated scanning therapy. A dynamic PID parameter optimization method is reported in this paper to address this issue. According to the transfer function of each magnet, the entire energy range is divided into several steps. Then, the experiments are carried out to find the most suitable PID parameters for each energy step. Finally, the "beam energy - excitation current-PID parameters" lookup table (LUT) is generated and stored in the beamline control system BCS for automation. During the treatment, using the LUT allows the energy setting for beamline magnets to be adjusted automatically with the most appropriate PID parameter, guaranteeing the overall performance of rapid scanning therapy. The experimental results show the overall response time of all the beamline magnets reduced from several hundred milliseconds to less than 65 ms, which meets the design requirement of less than 80ms.  
poster icon Poster MOPO019 [0.364 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO019  
About • Received ※ 06 January 2023 — Revised ※ 30 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 February 2023
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TUAI01 Cyclotron Beam Extraction by Acceleration cyclotron, extraction, acceleration, cavity 110
 
  • C. Baumgarten
    PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
  
  One of the decisive issues in the design and operation of cyclotrons is the choice of the beam extraction method. Typical methods are extraction by electrostatic extractors and by stripping. The former method requires DC high voltage electrodes which are notorious for high-voltage breakdowns. The latter method requires beams of atomic or molecular ions which are notorious for rest gas and Lorentz stripping. We discuss the conditions to be met such that a charged particle beam will leave the magnetic field of an isochronous cyclotron purely by fast acceleration.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUAI01  
About • Received ※ 05 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
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TUBO01 Measurement of Detector Response Functions for Fast Neutron Spectroscopy with Organic Scintillators neutron, detector, target, radiation 121
 
  • T. Hutton, A. Buffler, E. Jarvie, K. Maibane, N.B. Ndabeni
    UCT Physics, Cape Town, South Africa
  
  Spectrum unfolding decouples spectroscopic measurements of neutron fields from accelerator facilities by making use of a well-characterised detector response matrix. Measurements of detector response matrices, derived from time-of-flight, were made at the fast neutron facility at iThemba LABS, South Africa, with neutrons with energies between 10 - 65 MeV for: a traditional BC-501A organic liquid scintillator detector with photomultiplier tube and analogue pulse processing and acquisition; and a modern system comprised of an EJ-276 plastic scintillator, silicon photomultiplier and digital pulse processing and acquisition. The detector response matrices were validated by unfolding neutron energy spectra from measured light output spectra, and compared to the associated energy spectra derived from time-of-flight. Both detector systems demonstrated good agreement between the energy spectra derived from time-of-flight, which is promising for fast neutron spectroscopy with organic scintillators in environments outside of the laboratory.  
slides icon Slides TUBO01 [5.487 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO01  
About • Received ※ 22 December 2022 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 March 2023
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TUBO02 Real Time Determinations of the Range and Bragg Peak of Protons with a Depth Profile Camera at HZB cyclotron, LabView, scattering, experiment 126
 
  • A. Dittwald, J. Bundesmann, A. Denker, S. Dillenardt, T. Fanselow, G. Kourkafas
    HZB, Berlin, Germany
  
  The cyclotron at HZB provides a 68 MeV proton beam for therapy as well as for experiments. By using a novel camera setup, the range of the proton beam is measured optically. The setup consists of a phantom, a luminescent layer inside and a CMOS camera. By measuring the emission of the luminescent layer, the Bragg peak and the range of the proton beam can be visualized for different energies. In contrast to a water bath, the camera system offers much shorter measurement times. A dedicated LabVIEW code offers various evaluation possibilities: the Bragg curve and the lateral beam profile are generated and displayed. The system is sensitive to energy differences of less than 400 keV. The results were obtained with a beam intensity of less than 10 pA/cm2 homogenous proton beam in front of the degrader. The measurement is done in real time and provides live feedback on changes such as beam energy and beam size. The results of the camera are presented and compared to water bath measurement.  
slides icon Slides TUBO02 [3.388 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO02  
About • Received ※ 29 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2023
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TUBO03 Application Progress of CYCIAE-100 High Current Proton Cyclotron neutron, radiation, target, cyclotron 130
 
  • L.C. Cao, X.L. Jia, Z.W. Liu, G.F. Song, T.J. Zhang
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  
  A new RIB facility, Beijing radioactive ion-beam facility (BRIF) had been constructed at CIAE. A 100 MeV H− cyclotron (CYCIAE-100) is selected as the driving accelerator which can provide a 70 - 100 MeV, 10 pA - 520 µA proton beam for basic and applied research in the field of nuclear science and technology. The application of this facility has promoted the development of frontier scientific research in China, such as radioactive nuclear beam physics, nuclear data, neutron physics and space radiation effects. Recently, quasi-monoenergetic neutron source above 20 MeV and the white light neutron source with the best time resolution were completed, which had filled the gap in the measurement of neutron data in the range of energy of 100 MeV in China. In this paper, the main milestones in the use and development of CYCIAE-100 high current proton cyclotron are reviewed, the scientific applications based on platform are described, and the important topics in proton applications based on intermediate energy are discussed, including space radiation hardening, neutron standard radiation field and biological radiation damage mechanism.  
slides icon Slides TUBO03 [7.851 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-TUBO03  
About • Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2023
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WEAI02 Upgrade of the RCNP AVF Cyclotron cyclotron, ion-source, experiment, extraction 143
 
  • M. Fukuda, T.H. Chong, T. Hara, K. Hatanaka, S. Imajo, H. Kanda, M. Kittaka, S. Matsui, S. Morinobu, Y. Morita, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, T. Shima, K. Takeda, H. Tamura, D. Tomono, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita, H. Yoshida, H. Zhao
    RCNP, Osaka, Japan
  • M. Nakao
    Gunma University, Heavy-Ion Medical Research Center, Maebashi-Gunma, Japan
  
  The upgrade program of the RCNP K140 AVF cyclotron was started in 2019 to provide not only an intense light ion beam for short-lived RI production but also a high-quality intense beam for precision experiments in nuclear physics. Most of equipment besides the main coil, pole and yoke of the cyclotron magnet was replaced by new one. Especially the RF, injection and extraction systems were fully modified to increase a beam current. A new coaxial-type resonator was designed to cover a frequency range from 16 to 36 MHz for acceleration of staple particles using acceleration harmonic mode of h=2 and h=6. The acceleration voltage of ion sources was increased from 15 kV to 50 kV to enhance the beam intensity and to reduce the beam emittance for injecting a high-quality intense ion beam into the cyclotron. The central region of the cyclotron was fully redesigned to improve beam transmission from the LEBT system. Beam commissioning was started from May 2022, and a 28 MeV 4He2+ beam was supplied to produce a short-lived RI of At-211 used for the targeted alpha-particle therapy. A 65 MeV proton beam was successfully injected into the K400 ring cyclotron to provide a 392 MeV proton beam for production of a white neutron flux and a muon beam. Several ion beams have been already used for academic research and industrial applications.  
slides icon Slides WEAI02 [9.428 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAI02  
About • Received ※ 16 January 2023 — Revised ※ 27 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 April 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
WEAO01 OPAL Simulation on the Beam Transmission in the Central Region of the Medical Cyclotron COMET at Paul Scherrer Institute cyclotron, simulation, ion-source, experiment 148
 
  • H. Zhang, C. Baumgarten, P. Frey, M. Hartmann, R. Kan, M. Kostezer, A. Mülhaupt, J.M. Schippers, A. Schmidt, J. Snuverink
    PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
  
  The use of the medical cyclotron COMET for FLASH proton therapy requires a high beam transmission from the ion source through the central region apertures. This paper first presents a model of the COMET cyclotron featuring a rotatable ion source, a movable puller, and an adjustable first fixed slit (FFS), implemented with the OPAL framework. The electromagnetic field is individual-ly created to match each specific configuration. The beam optics parameters, especially beam position and beam size upon approaching and after passing FFS, have been studied in detail. The OPAL simulations demon-strate that an optimal configuration of the ion source, the puller and the FFS is key to achieve a high beam trans-mission. An experimental test gave a 2.8 times higher intensity within COMET cyclotron with the modifications derived on the basis of the simulations: a 0.57 mm shift of puller and a 5.6° rotation of ion source. The simula-tions indicate that, with these modifications, the beam can still be centered and accelerated to the extraction energy of 250 MeV. Next step is to investigate the influ-ence of such modifications upon the acceleration and the extraction, again with an iterative approach combining simulations and experiments.  
slides icon Slides WEAO01 [5.351 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO01  
About • Received ※ 13 December 2022 — Revised ※ 09 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 11 March 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
WEAO04 Status of the HZB Cyclotron radiation, cyclotron, experiment, operation 159
 
  • A. Denker, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, A. Dittwald, T. Fanselow, D. Hildebrand, U. Hiller, G. Kourkafas, S. Ozierenski, J. Röhrich, D. Rössink
    HZB, Berlin, Germany
  • D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, S. Seidel, R. Stark, A. Weber
    Charite, Berlin, Germany
  
  For more than 20 years eye tumours are treated in collaboration with the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The close co-operation between Charité and HZB permits joint interdisciplinary research. Irradiations with either a sharp, well focused or a broad beam, either in vacuum or in air are possible with a proton beam of 68 MeV maximum energy, or a helium beam of 90 MeV. In the past few years, we concentrated on beam delivery for FLASH experiments and the related dosimetry. Artificial lenses have been irradiated under normal and FLASH conditions to investigate possible changes in the transparency. Furthermore, radiation hardness tests solar of cells for space have been performed. A modernization project has been started in order to secure a long term and sustainable operation of our accelerator complex for therapy and research. The accelerator operation for therapy as well as on-going experiments and results will be presented.  
slides icon Slides WEAO04 [3.928 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO04  
About • Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 15 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 May 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
WEAO05 Investigation of Long Radial Probe Activation in the PSI Main Ring Cyclotron simulation, cyclotron, radiation, detector 163
 
  • M.I. Besana, E. Hohmann, M. Sapinski, J. Snuverink, D. Werthmüller
    PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
  
  During an inspection of a new Long Radial Probe, inserted into the Ring cyclotron only a month earlier, an activation hot spot has been identified. The nature of this hot spot has been investigated by performing measurements of the residual activation using shielded Al₂O₃:C dosimeters, 5 mm in diameter, and a portable gamma spectrometer. Monte Carlo simulations of the probe activation with various proton energies have been performed. Results show that most of the activation comes from relatively fast decaying radionuclides and therefore the residual dose drops sufficiently during the shutdown to allow for maintenance and upgrade works. Comparing the abundances of various radionuclides estimated from measured gamma spectra with simulations at various proton energies we conclude that the most probable loss mechanism is scattering of the protons on the upstream collimator.  
slides icon Slides WEAO05 [2.625 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEAO05  
About • Received ※ 21 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 July 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
WEBO04 Commissioning of the Sumitomo Superconducting AVF Cyclotron SC230 cyclotron, extraction, MMI, operation 187
 
  • Y. Ebara, Y. Kumata, T. Miyashita, Nakajima, S. Nakajima, T. Tsurudome, H. Tsutsui, J. Yoshida
    SHI, Kanagawa, Japan
  
  A 230 MeV superconducting AVF cyclotron SC230 is developed by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. This is the world’s smallest isochronous cyclotron for proton therapy, and its weight is 65 tons, which is 0.3 times that of our previous cyclotron model. The size is reduced by generating high magnetic fields using NbTi supercon-ducting coils cooled without cryogen. In addition, this cyclotron features the maximum beam current >1 uA and low power consumption <200 kW. The beam-commissioning test started at the end of 2020, the first extracted beam was observed in July 2021, and the basic performance of the beam was measured. The processes and results of the beam commissioning are reported.  
slides icon Slides WEBO04 [4.017 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO04  
About • Received ※ 26 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 07 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2023
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WEBO05 Upgrade of a Clinical Facility to Achieve a High Transmission and Gantry Angle-Independent Flash Tune cyclotron, simulation, experiment, radiation 191
 
  • I. Colizzi, C. Baumgarten, A.L. Gabard, R. Künzi, A.L. Lomax, V. Maradia, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, D.C. Weber
    PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
  • V. Maradia
    ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
  • D.C. Weber
    University of Zurich, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
  • D.C. Weber
    KRO, Bern, Switzerland
  
  Funding: This work is supported by the SNF grant 200822
In proton therapy, FLASH-RT, irradiation at ultra-high dose rates (>40 Gy/s) that can minimize radiation-induced harm to healthy tissue without reducing its ability to treat tumors, is a topic of great interest. However, in cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities, losses caused by the energy degradation process reduce the transmission to less than 1% for low energies, making it difficult to achieve high dose rates over the clinical range (70-230 MeV). We will demonstrate how an already existing clinical beamline can be converted into a FLASH beamline by beam optic changes only. To achieve maximum transmission, we have developed a new optics that transports the undegraded 250 MeV beam from the cyclotron to the isocenter. However, this has asymmetric emittance in the transverse planes, leading to gantry angle-dependent beam characteristics at the patient. Particle transport has been simulated with MINT (in-house matrix multiplication transport program with Monte Carlo simulations for scattering effects) and benchmarked with beam profile measurements. We used the method of σ matrix matching (M. Benedikt et al. 1997) to achieve gantry angle-independent optics. MINT simulations and beam profile measurements showed a good agreement, and with FLASH optics, we experimentally achieved almost 90% transmission at the patient, translating to a maximum current of 720 nA (>9000 Gy/s). Further, we demonstrate that using the matrix matching optimization criteria together with fine-tuning of the magnets, we could achieve gantry angle-independent beam profiles at the patient location. In conclusion, we demonstrated how an already existing cyclotron-based proton gantry can be adapted to achieve ultra-high dose rates at 250 MeV, enabling investigations of FLASH radiotherapy with protons. Since most of the modifications are performed on the beam optics, it is entirely transparent to clinical operations, making the method transferable to other facilities. 		 
slides icon Slides WEBO05 [5.057 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO05  
About • Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 10 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023
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WEBO06 Accelerator and Detector Developments for the Production of Theranostic Radioisotopes with Solid Targets at the Bern Medical Cyclotron target, cyclotron, radiation, detector 196
 
  • S. Braccini, P. Casolaro, G. Dellepiane, A. Gottstein, I. Mateu, P. Scampoli
    AEC, Bern, Switzerland
  • P. Scampoli
    Naples University Federico II, Napoli, Italy
  
  Funding: This research was partially funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). Grants: 200021 175749 and CRSII5 180352.
Theranostics in nuclear medicine is realized by using two different radioisotopes to label the same radiopharmaceutical, one for diagnosis via PET or SPECT (positron or gamma emitter, respectively) and one for targeted radioligand therapy (alpha, beta minus, Auger emitter). To assure the same chemistry and metabolic behaviour in the human body, the best option is to employ two radionuclides of the same element, the so called theranostic pair. In view of clinical trials and routine applications, the production and supply of novel radioisotopes for theranostics in adequate quality and quantity is essential and represents nowadays a scientific and technical challenge. The most promising methodology relies on hospital-based 15-25 MeV compact medical cyclotrons equipped with solid target stations. Being designed for the production of F-18 by means of liquid targets, innovative solutions are needed. Therefore, a research program is ongoing at the Bern medical cyclotron, a facility equipped with a Solid Target Station and a 6.5 m Beam Transfer Line ending in a separate bunker. To irradiate isotope-enriched materials in form of compressed powder pellets (6 mm diameter), a novel target coin was conceived and realized together with methods to assess the beam energy and the production cross sections. To optimize the irradiation procedure, a novel ultra-compact Active Focusing System based on a specific magnetic device and a two-dimensional beam monitoring detector was conceived, constructed and tested. Several solutions for the beam detector were developed and others are under study. The system allows to control on-line the size and position of the beam and to correct its characteristics by steering and focusing it in order to keep it on target. Results on accelerator and detector developments together with achievements in the production of radionuclides for theranostics (Sc-43, Sc-44, Sc-47, Cu-61, Cu-64, Cu-67, Ga-68, Er-165, Tm-165, Tm-167 and Tb-155) are presented.
Dellepiane et al., N. Cim. C, vol. 44p. 130, 2021.
Häffner et al., Instr., vol. 3p. 63, 2019.
Carzaniga et al., ARI, vol. 129p. 96, 2017.
Häffner et al., App. Sci., vol. 11p. 2452, 2021.
van der Meulen et al., Molecules, vol. 25, p. 4706, 2020. 		 
slides icon Slides WEBO06 [6.048 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEBO06  
About • Received ※ 03 January 2023 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 06 February 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
WEPO001 Field Matching of F-D-F, Gap Shaping Magnets for a 2 GeV CW FFA FEM, focusing, FFAG, lattice 200
 
  • W.F. Fu, T.J. Bian, C. Wang, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  
  Funding: Work supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901.
Fixed Field Alternating Gradient Accelerators have been developed for decades. A continuous wave (CW) 2 GeV FFA which aims at high-power proton beam applications is under developing in China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). To avoid dangerous resonance lines and manipulate the tune diagram flexibly, 3rd order magnetic field is applied along the radius and 10-fold symmetrical F-D-F scheme has been proved to be feasible. In this paper, Integral Equation Method (IEM) is introduced and shown more efficient than adjusting the variable gap manually, saving time for magnet design. First of all, the radial mean field is set as a main design goal and the Δ H at different radii is solved by linear equations based on IEM. The isochronism is done when the mean field is well matched with the design value, whereas some precise corrections are needed for the oscillating frequency Vr and Vz, such as fringe field effects and multipole components near the end of pole face. The tune shift caused by fringe field is also included in this paper. Fringe field is more crucial for HTS magnets especially, since the leaked field of superconducting coil is ~1 kGs. Considering that, we apply an angular matching method to compensate the tune shift by fringe field. 		 
poster icon Poster WEPO001 [3.442 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO001  
About • Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 June 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
WEPO002 A Comparison Study of the Designing Models of Range Modulator by Using FLUKA Simulation Codes simulation, target, radiation, scattering 204
 
  • Y. Wang, Y.H. Gong, J.C. Liu, L. Sui, Q.J. Wang
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  
  In this study, we investigated the optimization of the range modulator. Range modulator used in proton radiotherapy is expected to be accurate enough to achieve spread-out Bragg peak(SOBP). Based on the theory of Thomas Bortfeld, four different range modulator models were designed and compared by using the FLUKA simulation codes. The four models are: uneven ridge filter, smooth ridge filter, uneven range modulator wheel, and smooth range modulator wheel. Using 100 MeV and 230 MeV proton beams, the dose spatial distribution of the four models were calculated when the SOBP sections were 3, 5, 10, and 20 cm. The results showed that in ideal motion condition, the four models all showed the ideal range modulation effect. The average value of the difference was less than 2%. The evenness of the smooth models is improved compared with the uneven models. The smooth ridge filter model performed best. On the basis of this model, we tried to realize the movement of the SOBP region by adding a binary shielding layer. The results showed that the SOBP region can move in a small range at the expense of acceptable accuracy error. This study provides a design reference for the range modulator in proton therapy, and provides a new technical scheme to fill the target area for precise therapy.  
poster icon Poster WEPO002 [1.957 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO002  
About • Received ※ 09 February 2023 — Revised ※ 17 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 09 May 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
WEPO003 Beam Dynamics in a New 230 MeV Cyclotron cyclotron, extraction, cavity, acceleration 208
 
  • O. Karamyshev
    JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
  
  A new cyclotron for proton therapy concept is a compact, but non-superconducting accelerator, that is simple, but cheap. Proposed concept uses 4 sectors with double spiral design and 4 RF cavities operating at harmonic 8, making the central region and extraction a challenging task that needs to be carefully simulated. High injection and extraction efficiency is presented.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO003  
About • Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 April 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
WEPO007 The Design of a Superconducting Dipole Magnet Based on Tilted Solenoids superconducting-magnet, dipole, quadrupole, software 214
 
  • L. Zhu
    HeFei CAS Ion Medical and Technical Devices, Hefei, Anhui, China, People’s Republic of China
  • J.S. Shen, Z. Wu
    ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
  • J.S. Shen
    HFCIM, HeFei, People’s Republic of China
  
  As a core component of proton therapy equipment, the gantry can project the proton beam onto a tumor from different angles. The weight of the gantry with normal conducting magnets(mainly normal dipole magnets and quadrupole magnets) is usually more than 150 tons, which puts forward high requirements for the design, processing and fabrication. Thus, for the realization of light-weight gantry, this article puts forward a design of Canted-Cosine-Theta(CCT) superconducting magnet used on superconducting gantry. Since the superconducting CCT magnet can produce higher magnetic field, for the proton beam with the same magnetic stiffness, the deflection radius of the magnet can be significantly reduced, thus reducing the radius and volume of the gantry. The finite element analysis software and Biot-Savart principle were adopted in this article to establish the method of magnetic field calculation for CCT superconducting magnet, and MATLAB was used to simulation and validation of particle path, which finally realize the design of CCT superconducting magnet that is applied in gantry.  
poster icon Poster WEPO007 [6.541 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO007  
About • Received ※ 28 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
THAI01 Recent Progress of Research and Development for the Cost-Effective, Energy-Efficient Proton Accelerator CYCIAE-2000 cavity, cyclotron, resonance, extraction 245
 
  • T.J. Zhang, H.R. Cai, Z.C. Chu, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, X.L. Jia, Z.J. Jin, H. Le, J. Lin, J.Y. Liu, X. Mu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, Q.Q. Song, C. Wang, F. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, Z.Y. Yin, S.P. Zhang, B.H. Zhao, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  
  Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901.
The MW class proton accelerators are expected to play important role in many fields, attracting institutions to continue research and tackle key problems. The CW isochronous accelerator obtains a high power beam with higher energy efficiency, which is very attractive to many applications. Scholars generally believe that the energy limitation of the isochronous cyclotron is ~1 GeV. To get higher beam power by the isochronous machine, enhancing the beam focusing become the most important issue. Adjusting the radial gradient of the average magnetic field makes the field distribution match the isochronism. When we adjust the radial gradient of the peak field, the first-order gradient is equivalent to the quadrupole field, the second-order, the hexapole field, and so on. Just like the synchrotron, there are quadrupoles, hexapole magnets, and so on, along the orbits to get higher energy, as all we know. If we adjust the radial gradient for the peak field of an FFAG’s FDF lattice and cooperate with the angular width (azimuth flutter) and spiral angle (edge focusing) of the traditional cyclotron pole, we can manipulate the working path in the tune diagram very flexibly. During enhancing the axial focusing, both the beam intensity and the energy of the isochronous accelerator are significantly increased. And a 2 GeV CW FFAG with 3 mA of average beam intensity is designed. It is essentially an isochronous cyclotron although we use 10 folders of FDF lattices. The key difficulty is that the magnetic field and each order of gradient should be accurately adjusted in a large radius range. As a high-power proton accelerator with high energy efficiency, we adopt high-temperature superconducting technology for the magnets. 15 RF cavities with a Q value of 90000 provide energy gain per turn of ~15 MeV to ensure the CW beam intensity reaches 3 mA. A 1:4 scale, 15 ton HTS magnet, and a 1:4 scale, 177 MHz cavity have been completed. The results of such R&D will also be presented in this 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI01  
About • Received ※ 20 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 April 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
THAI02 Stripping Extraction and Lorentz Dissociation extraction, experiment, acceleration, cyclotron 252
 
  • H.W. Koay
    TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
  
  Stripping extraction of hydrogen molecular ions has gained interest in the cyclotron industry due to its high extraction efficiency. However, the magnetic field could result in undesired dissociation of the hydrogen anion/molecular ions during acceleration. This work summarizes and compares the Lorentz dissociation of several types of hydrogen ions, as well as other important aspects that are crucial when deciding the best candidate for stripping extraction in a cyclotron.  
slides icon Slides THAI02 [1.633 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI02  
About • Received ※ 01 June 2023 — Revised ※ 05 July 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
THAO02 Beam Extraction Simulation and Magnetic Channels’ Design For MSC230 Cyclotron extraction, cyclotron, simulation, radiation 260
 
  • D. Popov, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin
    JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
  • S.G. Shirkov
    JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
  
  MSC230 is a novate cyclotron for proton (FLASH included) therapy research, designed and developed by JINR. The extraction system of this machine includes only one electrostatic deflector followed by two magnetic correctors. These correctors were designed and included in global model to simulate beam extraction. The peculiarities of the design procedure and the outcome of the simulation discussed in this paper.  
slides icon Slides THAO02 [2.523 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAO02  
About • Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
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THBI01 Status on NHa C400 Cyclotron for Hadrontherapy cyclotron, extraction, resonance, hadron 264
 
  • J. Mandrillon, M. Abs, P. Cailliau, S. Deprez, X. Donzel, G. Goosse, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, L.C.L. Koffel, V. Nuttens, Y. Otu, Y. Paradis
    IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
  • O. Cosson, L. Maunoury, Ph. Velten
    NHa, Caen, France
  
  C400 is an isochronous cyclotron for cancer therapy delivering high dose rates of alphas to carbons at 400 MeV/amu extracted by electrostatic deflector and protons at 260 MeV extracted by stripping of molecular hydrogen. IBA started to pre-design the system more than 13 years ago in collaboration with JINR. The responsibility for the development of C400 has meanwhile been taken over by the French company Normandy Hadontherapy (NHa). However, the study and design work continued with a very strong involvement of IBA for the past 3 years, from concept on paper to reality. We will describe the most innovative concepts and technical solutions on the accelerator from source to extraction and show the construction progress.  
slides icon Slides THBI01 [6.375 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBI01  
About • Received ※ 08 December 2022 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 February 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
THBO01 A New Concept Of Cyclotrons for Medical Applications cyclotron, acceleration, extraction, ion-source 274
 
  • O. Karamyshev
    JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
  
  Demand for cyclotrons for medical applications is growing rapidly. Cyclotrons delivering proton beams from 15 MeV up to 230 MeV are being used for isotopes production and proton therapy. Author proposes a con-cept that allows to significantly reduce cost of cyclotrons by making them more compact and power efficient without using superconducting coil. In the proposed design ratio between azimuthal length of sectors and valleys is over 3 to 1, with RF system operating at high frequency and acceleration at harmonic mode of 2 times the number of sectors. Compact size is achieved not by increasing the magnet field level, but by reducing the coil and RF system dimension. Cyclotrons will have 4 sectors and 4 rf cavities operating at harmonic 8 with 1.55 T mean field and accelerating frequency 180 MHz.  
slides icon Slides THBO01 [2.914 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO01  
About • Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 17 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 February 2023
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THBO02 SAPT- A Synchrotron Based Proton Therapy extraction, synchrotron, injection, dipole 278
 
  • M.Z. Zhang, D.M. Li
    SINAP, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
  • Z.L. Chen, R. Li, Z.T. Zhao
    SARI-CAS, Pudong, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
  • M. Gu, L.R. Shen
    SSRF, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
  
  SAPT is a synchrotron based proton therapy which built in Shanghai, china. There are 4 treatment rooms and a main ring, a linac injector and the transport lines that between them. The main ring is a 24.6m long and 8 dipoles synchrotron. The synchrotron employees multi-turn injection and 3rd order extraction. The treatment rooms are ocular beam line, fixed beam line, 180 degree gantry beam line and 360 gantry beam line. Now, the first unit (fixed beam line, 180 degree gantry beam line) has finished the 3rd party testing and clinical trial, will open to patient treatment soon. the accelerator and beam lines will be described in this paper.  
slides icon Slides THBO02 [14.309 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO02  
About • Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 13 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 March 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
THBO06 The Design of the Center Region of MSC230 Cyclotron cyclotron, focusing, radiation, acceleration 285
 
  • V. Malinin, O. Karamyshev, I.D. Lyapin, D. Popov
    JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
  • T.V. Karamysheva
    Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  • T.V. Karamysheva, A.A. Sinitsa
    JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
  
  MSC230 is an innovative efficient medical super-conducting cyclotron for the study and investigation of the conventional proton and FLASH therapy, devel-oped by JINR for its new biomedical research center. The machine has an internal injection system provided by a PIG ion source and, for better efficiency, 4 RF dees connected in the center. Despite these re-strictions, it is possible to create a center region design which allows initial acceleration with minimal losses sufficient for the FLASH therapy. The design and its features presented in this talk.  
slides icon Slides THBO06 [2.456 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THBO06  
About • Received ※ 01 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 31 January 2023
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THPO002 Study on Proton Radiation Effect and Self-Repair of SiC-JBS Diodes radiation, ECR, interface, electron 291
 
  • C.C. Liu, Q. Chen, G. Guo, H.L. Shi, F.Q. Zhang, z. Zhang
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  
  Funding: CNNC "Young Talents" Scientific Research Project (11FY212306000801)
In this study, the influence of proton irradiation experiments at 40 MeV and p/cm2 on Silicon Carbide Junction Barrier Schottky (SiC-JBS) diodes with stripe cell and hexagonal cell designs was investigated, respectively. Considering the displacement damage effect of SiC-JBS diodes, the experiments was implemented on unbiased SiC-JBS diodes based on 100 MeV high intensity proton cyclotron of China Institute of Atomic Energy. The results show that the current voltage (IV) and capacitive voltage (CV) characteristics of the SiC-JBS diodes are obviously degraded by proton irradiation. After 168 h of room temperature annealing, the forward IV characteristics of the SiC-JBS diodes are basically restored but the reverse leakage current is increased. After 336 h of room temperature annealing, the forward IV characteristic of the diodes is completely restored, but the reserve IV characteristic of the diodes with stripe cell is completely restored. And the CV characteristic is degraded of the two kinds of SiC-JBS diodes permanently, which indicating that room temperature annealing cannot restore the proton radiation displacement damage defects. Combined with Monte Carlo simulations, it is shown that proton irradiation will introduce ionization defects and displacement defects into the SiC-JBS diodes, in which the disappearance of displacement damage defects will eventually lead to the degradation of electrical properties of reverse IV and CV. The analysis of the SiC-JBS diodes structure shows that, without considering the diode materials and process level, the SiC-JBS diode with hexagonal cells is more resistant to proton irradiation displacement damage and has stronger room temperature annealing self-repair ability than the SiC-JBS diodes with stripe cells, even though its chip area is smaller. On the other hand, the SiC-JBS diodes with hexagonal cells can be used preferentially in the radiation environment where there is a large amount of proton. 		 
poster icon Poster THPO002 [5.018 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO002  
About • Received ※ 21 December 2022 — Revised ※ 21 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 14 March 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 April 2023
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THPO003 Applications of the CYCIAE-100 Cyclotron in Neutron-Induced Single Event Effect neutron, radiation, target, electron 295
 
  • Q. Chen, J. Bao, G. Guo, J.H. Han, X. Ma, H.Y. Zhao
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  
  Neutron-induced single event effect is one of the significant factors affecting the reliability of semiconductor devices in avionics and ground facilities. The 100 MeV proton cyclotron in China Institute of Atomic Energy (Cyciae-100) provides white neutron and quasi-monoenergetic neutron induced by proton and W/Li bombardment. Based on the white neutron beam line of Cyciae-100, the white neutron energy spectrum is measured by neutron time-of-flight method with double scintillator spectrometer, as well as the theoretical energy spectrum calculated by the Monte Carlo method. The neutron irradiation test of two SRAMs with different technology nodes were carried out, and the neutron single event upset sections are obtained simultaneously. In addition, based on the quasi-monoenergetic neutron beam line, the simulation of neutron energy spectrum and experimental measurement of neutron single event upset cross section for SRAMs were carried out. As a conclusion, the white neutron and quasi-monoenergetic neutron provided by Cyciae-100 are well suitable applied to the study of neutron single event effects.  
poster icon Poster THPO003 [0.726 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO003  
About • Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 21 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 April 2023
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THPO006 Design and Implementation of Robot Adapter in Therapy Control System controls, status, interface, monitoring 307
 
  • S.M. Jiang, Q.Q. Song, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  • Q. Ran
    Konica Minolta Zaiqi Medical Products (Shanghai) Co., LTD., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
  
  The China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) in Beijing has designed and established a proton therapy facility based on a superconducting cyclotron CYCIAE-230, which can provide proton beams with energy from 70 MeV to 230 MeV for cancer treatment. As the most critical and core part of the proton therapy system, therapy control system (TCS) consists of various components, each of which has corresponding processing services. Motion control of external hardware systems is one of the essential parts of TCS development, and adapters figure prominently in the interaction between services and these external hardware systems. One of the adapters, called robot adapter, is specially developed for the external robotic couch system, which is a vital equipment that directly contacts patients in the whole process of proton therapy. This adapter serves as the connection between TCS and robotic couch for communication and corresponding movement. In this paper, we introduced the communication protocols, design, and characteristics of robot adapter as well as the actual test contents and results with the robotic couch. The test results indicated that the robot adapter can satisfy the needs of couch motion control and status monitoring.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO006  
About • Received ※ 04 January 2023 — Revised ※ 12 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 22 March 2023
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THPO008 Consideration of Using Non-Destructive Detectors in the Beamline of a Proton Therapy Facility cyclotron, detector, electron, cavity 314
 
  • Q.S. Chen, A.T. Chen, B. Qin
    HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
  
  Funding: This work is supported by the National Science Foundation of China under the contract No. 12175077.
Ionization profile monitors (IPM) are a kind of nondestructive monitors mostly used in accelerators of high intensity pulsed beams. As for particle therapy accelerators, either based on cyclotrons or synchrotrons, the extracted beams are very weak, usually on the level of nano-Amperes. Up to date, the commonly used detectors in such low current machines are all destructive, such as fluorescent screens and gas ionization chambers. In this paper, we proposed for the first time to use a residual gas ionization monitor to measure the beam profiles in a proton therapy facility based on a superconducting cyclotron. The feasibility of such a scheme and some basic issues are discussed in this paper. 		 
poster icon Poster THPO008 [0.535 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO008  
About • Received ※ 30 December 2022 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 19 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 June 2023
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THPO010 An Automated Dose Verification Tool for Proton Therapy Plans Using Geant4/topas FEM, framework, HOM, simulation 321
 
  • W. Wang, Y. Chen, P.L. Li, Y.C. Liao, X. Liu, B. Qin, Z.Y. Yang
    HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
  
  Funding: National Key Research and Development Program of China:2016YFC0105305, National Natural Science Foundation of China:12205111, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities HUST:2022JYCXJJ010
Due to the PB algorithm’s limited accuracy, a higher accuracy dose verification tool is a legal requirement for proton therapy. Therefore, we developed an automated treatment plan dose verification framework based on the Monte-Carlo (MC) algorithm .The MC beam model was derived from commissioning data and fed into our automated software. CT and treatment plan from TPS were input for the automated software. The developed tool was validated and compared with the PB algorithm of Pinnacle3 TPS for 85 prostate patients. The difference between the PB dose and the MC dose of our automated tool was evaluated using gamma analysis (3 mm/3%, and 2mm/2% criteria) and mean absolute errors. Although the result shows good agreement and the passing rate was about 95%, the difference of all the indices was found to increase as the degree of tissue heterogeneity increased. The MC dose has a higher MAE in CTV, and femoral head compared to the PB dose. The automated software can facilitate patient plan verification in institutions and be useful for other clinical applications. 		 
poster icon Poster THPO010 [0.719 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO010  
About • Received ※ 27 December 2022 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 17 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 17 July 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)  
 
THPO011 Effect of 90 MeV Proton Irradiation on Spleen Injury in C57BL/6J Mice radiation, experiment, controls, cyclotron 324
 
  • Q.J. Wang, Y.H. Gong, J.C. Liu, Q. Liu, L. Sui, Y. Wang
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  
  Funding: the Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project (No.WDJC-2019-11)
Proton therapy has become one of the most important physiotherapies for tumors in the world, which can greatly improve the cure rate of tumors that are ineffective by conventional treatments. In addition, proton is also the main source of radiation in space environment. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to use accelerators to carry out basic research on proton radiotherapy and space radiobiology, which can provide technical support and basic data for the optimal design of proton therapy and risk assessment of personnel in space environment. In this study, C57 mice were irradiated with 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 2 Gy by 90 MeV protons from 100 MeV cyclotron of China Institute of Atomic Energy. The mice were killed one day after irradiation. Body weight change and spleen organ coefficient were calculated. The expression of DNA damage-related protein γ H2AX was detected by western blotting. The results showed that compared with the control group, the body weight of mice in each irradiation group had no significant change, and the spleen organ coefficient decreased, indicating that the spleen atrophied after proton radiation, especially in 2 Gy. The results of Western blotting showed that the expression of γ H2AX in spleen increased significantly on the 1 day after irradiation, especially in 0.5 and 2 Gy, indicating that the spleen DNA damage was the serious on the 1 day after proton radiation. 		 
poster icon Poster THPO011 [0.625 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO011  
About • Received ※ 10 February 2023 — Revised ※ 13 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 18 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2023
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THPO012 Progress in Design of MSC230 Superconducting Cyclotron for Proton Therapy cyclotron, extraction, cavity, radiation 327
 
  • G.A. Karamysheva, K. Bunyatov, S. Gurskiy, G.G. Hodshibagijan, O. Karamyshev, D. Nikiforov, M.S. Novikov, D. Popov, V.M. Romanov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, A.A. Sinitsa, G.V. Trubnikov, S. Yakovenko
    JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
  • V.A. Gerasimov, I.D. Lyapin, V. Malinin
    JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
  
  The current status of the MSC230 superconducting cyclotron designed for biomedical research is presented. MSC230 is an isochronous four-sector compact cyclotron with a magnetic field in the center of 1.7 T. Acceleration is performed at the fourth harmonic mode of the accelerating radio-frequency (RF) system consisting of four cavities located in the cyclotron valleys. The accelerator will use an internal Penning type source with a hot cathode. Particular attention is paid to extraction, as it must have a high extraction efficiency.  
poster icon Poster THPO012 [0.911 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO012  
About • Received ※ 07 December 2022 — Revised ※ 22 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 24 March 2023
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THPO015 R&D Studies on A 177.6 MHz 1:4 Scale Boat Shape Prototype RF Cavity for the 2 GeV CW FFA cavity, simulation, cyclotron, GUI 338
 
  • S. Pei, L.L. Guan, Y. Jia, Z.J. Jin, M. Li, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, F. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Wang, G. Yang, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhu
    CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  • B. Li, S.B. Xia, Y. Xing
    ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
  
  Funding: Work supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901.
A proton circular accelerator complex composed of a 100 MeV separated radial sector cyclotron, an 800 MeV separated spiral sector cyclotron and a 2 GeV FFA was proposed and is being studied at CIAE. To satisfy the beam dynamics requirements of the FFA, NC RF cavity with high Q and R will be adopted. It is found that the boat shape cavity is the most promising candidate. Therefore, R&D on a 177.6 MHz 1:4 scale boat shape prototype cavity is being carried out to study all aspects of developing such a high-power cavity. In this scenario, self-consistent multi-physics coupled simulation study with ANSYS HFSS and Workbench was carried out. This paper describes the method to deal with a mechanical model including hundreds of bodies in the FEM analysis and shows the simulation results. In addition, the manufacturing technology and some testing results are also presented. 		 
poster icon Poster THPO015 [3.234 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO015  
About • Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
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THPO016 Design and Analysis of the 230 MeV Cyclotron Magnet for the Proton Therapy System cyclotron, acceleration, focusing, permanent-magnet 342
 
  • X.H. Zhang
    CGN, Mianyang City, People’s Republic of China
  
  This paper introduces the design and analysis of 230 MeV cyclotron magnet of the proton therapy system. The magnet is an important part of the 230 MeV cyclotron, which can supply proton beam for the therapy terminal. The magnetic field calculation and modification has been done, and the isochronous error of the magnetic field is less than 0.2%. Meanwhile, the thermal analysis of the coil has been calculated by the empirical formula.  
poster icon Poster THPO016 [0.591 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO016  
About • Received ※ 02 February 2023 — Revised ※ 07 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 23 March 2023
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THPO018 FFAG Activity in Japan and Future Projects experiment, target, radiation, injection 344
 
  • Y. Ishi, Y. Mori, T. Uesugi
    Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan
  
  The current activities of FFAG in Japan will be presented as well as future projects using energy recovery internal target scheme in the FFAG ring.  
poster icon Poster THPO018 [2.641 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO018  
About • Received ※ 18 January 2023 — Revised ※ 05 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 May 2023
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FRAI02 Design of a 2 GeV Cyclotron with Constant Radial and Vertical Tunes cyclotron, closed-orbit, betatron, resonance 356
 
  • T. Planche, R.A. Baartman
    TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
  
  Funding: This work was funded by TRIUMF which receives federal funding via a contribution agreement with the National Research Council of Canada.
We demonstrate that a cyclotron can be made to have precisely constant betatron tunes over wide energy ranges. In particular, we show that the horizontal tune can be made constant and does not have to follow the Lorentz factor gamma, while still perfectly satisfying the isochronous condition. To make this demonstration we developed a technique based on the calculation of the betatron tunes entirely from the geometry of realistic non-hard-edge closed orbits. The technique is applied to the particular case of a 800 MeV to 2 GeV proton cyclotron to produce a design that is presented here. 		 
slides icon Slides FRAI02 [3.213 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRAI02  
About • Received ※ 01 June 2023 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 July 2023
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FRAO03 Engineering Design and Fabricate Technology for Superconducting Magnets in Cyclotron superconducting-magnet, cyclotron, FFAG, vacuum 364
 
  • Z.XY. Guo
    Suzhou Bama Superconductor Tech. Co.,Ltd., Zhangpu Town, People’s Republic of China
  
  Magnets play an import role in cyclotrons. Application of superconducting magnets can make the cyclotron more compact, magnet field higher, and operation cost lower. From 1982 the first external beam was extracted from the K500 cyclotron at MSU, cyclotrons based on superconducting magnets became a popular research field in science, research, medicine and so on. Especially in recent years superconducting cyclotrons is increasing number in heavy iron therapy application, and they are an easy and cheap way to get ion beams. As a superconducting magnet besides the electromagnetic design to meet the beam transport requirement, there are many special engineering design points, including mechanical, cooling, stability, safety, measurement and so on. To fabricate the superconducting magnet, especially those with specially winding shape and configuration, need to study the process including winding, resin vacuum pressure impregnation, superconductor welding joint, assembling and so on.This report describes the engineering design technology, key fabricate technology, and some special equipment developed for superconducting magnets, including NbTi, NbSn3 and YBCO magnets. Some projects finished and carrying on in Bama Superconductive Tech Co. are also presented in this report, these projects are mainly related to cyclotron, synchrocyclotrons, FFAG accelerators, medical accelerators and so on.  
slides icon Slides FRAO03 [8.647 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRAO03  
About • Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 28 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 March 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 May 2023
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FRBI01 Different Methods to Increase the Transmission in Cyclotron-Based Proton Therapy Facilities emittance, optics, cyclotron, scattering 368
 
  • V. Maradia, A.L. Lomax, D. Meer, S. Psoroulas, J.M. Schippers, D.C. Weber
    PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
  
  Funding: This work is supported by a PSI inter-departmental funding initiative (Cross)
In proton therapy (PT), high dose rates could allow efficient utilization of motion mitigation techniques for moving targets, and potentially enhance normal tissue sparing due to the FLASH effect. Cyclotrons are currently the most common accelerator for PT, accounting for two-thirds of the total installations. However, for cyclotron-based facilities, high dose rates are difficult to reach for low-energy beams, which are generated by passing a high-energy beam through an energy degrader and an energy selection system (ESS); due to scattering and range straggling in the degrader, the emittance and energy/momentum spread increase significantly, incurring large losses from the cyclotron to the patient position. To solve these problems, we propose two approaches: a) transporting the maximum acceptable emittance in both transverse planes (using asymmetric collimators and/or scattering foil); b) an ESS with a wedge (instead of slits), reducing the momentum spread of the beam without significant beam losses. We demonstrate in simulation that low-energy beam transmission can be increased up to a factor of 60 using these approaches compared to the currently used beamline and ESS. This concept is key to enhance the potential of proton therapy by increasing the possibilities to treat new indications in current and future proton therapy facilities while reducing the cost. 		 
slides icon Slides FRBI01 [7.811 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-FRBI01  
About • Received ※ 12 January 2023 — Revised ※ 28 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 May 2023
Cite • reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)