Cyclotrons2013 - List of Keywords (cyclotron)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MO1PB01	Acceleration of Intense Heavy Ion Beams in RIBF Cascaded-Cyclotrons	ion, acceleration, extraction, heavy-ion	1
	N. Fukunishi, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, T. Fujinawa, H. Hasebe, Y. Higurashi, E. Ikezawa, H. Imao, T. Kageyama, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, M. Kidera, M. Komiyama, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, M. Nagase, T. Nakagawa, M. Nakamura, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno, K. Ozeki, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, A. Uchiyama, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, H. Yamasawa RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	The RIBF cascaded-cyclotrons have obtained, as of December 2012, uranium ion beams with an intensity of as high as 15 pnA (1 kW of power). This was achieved owing to deployment of a 28 GHz ECRIS, a new injector linac, a gas stripper and a bending-power upgrade of RIKEN fixed-frequency Ring Cyclotron as well as improvement of transmission efficiencies through cyclotrons and stability, etc.
	Slides MO1PB01 [12.793 MB]

MO1PB02	New Developments and Capabilities at the Coupled Cyclotron Facility at Michigan State University	ion, cryomodule, rfq, acceleration	7
	A. Stolz, G. Bollen, A. Lapierre, D. Leitner, D.J. Morrissey, S. Schwarz, C. Sumithrarachchi, W. Wittmer NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	A brief overview of the Coupled Cyclotron Facility will be presented with a focus on the newly commissioned stopped beam and reaccelerated radioactive ion beam capabilities. Commissioning results and operations experience of the combined system of Coupled Cyclotron Facility, A1900 fragment separator, gas stopper, EBIT charge-breeder and ReA linac will be presented.
	Slides MO1PB02 [42.670 MB]

MO1PB03	Current Status of the Superconducting Cyclotron Project at Kolkata	extraction, target, resonance, diagnostics	11
	J. Debnath, A. Chakrabarti, M.K. Dey VECC, Kolkata, India
	The commissioning of Kolkata superconducting cyclotron with internal ion beam had been reported in the last cyclotron conference. At that time, there was gradual beam loss due to poor vacuum. After installing a higher capacity liquid helium plant the cryo-panels were made functional leading to a substantial increase in the beam intensity. It was hoped that higher beam intensity would help in extraction of a measurable fraction of the beam, but that did not happen. Detailed investigation of beam behavior with the help of three beam probes, installed temporarily at three sectors, revealed that the beam goes highly off-centered while passing through the resonance zone. A plastic scintillator based phase probe was mounted on the radial probe and beam phase was measured accurately. It was quite clear that large amount of field imperfection was prohibiting the beam to be extracted. So magnetic field measurement has been started again and considerable amount of harmonic and average field errors have been found. In this paper we report the important developments since 2010.
	Slides MO1PB03 [13.028 MB]

MO2PB02	High Current Beam Extraction from the 88-Inch Cyclotron at LBNL	ion, extraction, beam-transport, ion-source	19
	D.S. Todd, J.Y. Benitez, K.Y. Franzen, M. Kireeff Covo, C.M. Lyneis, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, M.M. Strohmeier LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	The low energy beam transport system and the inflector of the 88-Inch Cyclotron have been improved to provide more intense heavy-ion beams, especially for experiments requiring 48Ca beams. In addition to a new spiral inflector* and increased injection voltage, the injection line beam transport and beam orbit dynamics in the cyclotron have been analyzed, new diagnostics have been developed, and extensive measurements have been performed to improve the transmission efficiency. By coupling diagnostics, such as emittance scanners in the injection line and a radially-adjustable beam viewing scintillator within the cyclotron, with computer simulation we have been able to identify loss mechanisms. The diagnostics used and their findings will be presented. We will discuss the solutions we have employed to address losses, such as changing our approach to tuning VENUS and running the cyclotron's central trim coil asymmetrically. *Ken Yoshiki Franzen, et al. "A center region upgrade of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron", these proceedings
	Slides MO2PB02 [0.824 MB]

MO2PB03	Progress Toward the Facility Upgrade for Accelerated Radioactive Beams at Texas A&M	ion, ECRIS, injection, heavy-ion	22
	D.P. May, B.T. Roeder, R.E. Tribble Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute, College Station, Texas, USA F.P. Abegglen, G. Chubaryan, H.L. Clark, G.J. Kim, G. Tabacaru Texas A&M University, Cyclotron Institute, College Station, Texas, USA J.E. Ärje JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
	Funding: U. S. Dept. of Energy Grant DE-FG02-93ER40773 The upgrade project at the Cyclotron Institute of Texas A&M University continues to make substantial progress toward the goal of providing radioactive beams accelerated to intermediate energies by the K500 Cyclotron. The K150, which will function as a driver, is now used extensively to deliver both light and heavy ion beams for experiments. The ion-guide cave for the production and charge-breeding of low-energy radioactive beams has been constructed, and the light-ion guide (LIG) has been commissioned with an internal radioactive source. The charge breeding electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (CB-ECRIS) has been commissioned with a source of stable 1+ ions, while the injection line leading to the K500 has been commissioned with the injection and acceleration of charge-bred beams. Despite the lack of good field maps, both light and heavy ions beams have been developed for the K150. Progress and plans, including those for the heavy-ion guide (HIG), are presented.
	Slides MO2PB03 [9.652 MB]

MO2PB04	Improving the Energy Efficiency, Reliability and Performance of AGOR	ion, controls, cryogenics, heavy-ion	25
	M.A. Hofstee, S. Brandenburg, H. Post, R.A. Schellekens, J.E. de Jong KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	Over the past few years the nature of the experiments performed with AGOR has changed from long experiments, to sequences of short experiments, often using different beams. In addition the total demand for beamtime has gone down. This has required a change in operating procedures and scheduling. In view of the changing demands, we are continuing our efforts to improve the energy efficiency and reliability of the cyclotron, while at the same time trying to improve performance. While some of the solutions might be unique to our facility, many will have broader applicability. Some case studies will be presented and areas for future improvements identified.
	Slides MO2PB04 [2.578 MB]

MOPPT001	Status Report of the Cyclotrons C-30, CS-30 and RDS-111 at KFSHRC, Saudi Arabia	target, proton, radiation, controls	28
	F.M. Alrumayan, M.S. Shawoo, M. Vora King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
	Experience gained since the commissioning of the IBA C-30 Cyclotron at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC) in 2010, has shown this facility to be viable entity. In addition to the C-30 Cyclotron, the facility includes two other Cyclotrons namely; the RDS-111 and the CS30 Cyclotrons. The latter has dual responsibilities; while is kept as a backup for the other Cyclotrons for radioisotopes production, it’s used for proton therapy researches and Bragg Peak measurements at that particular energy. During the commission of the C30 cyclotron, 700 uA dual beam were measured. Facility operating history, usage and radiopharmaceuticals productions are described.

MOPPT002	Status of the HZB Cyclotron	proton, ion, high-voltage, neutron	31
	A. Denker, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, T. Fanselow, W. Hahn, G. Heidenreich, D. Hildebrand, U. Hiller, U. Muller, C. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich HZB, Berlin, Germany D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	For 15 years, eye tumours are treated in collaboration with the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. In 2012 we celebrated the 2000th patient. Our cyclotron is again served by 2 different injectors: a 6 MV Van-de-Graaff and a 2 MV tandetron. The tandetron was optimized especially for the requirements of therapy. Its advantages are easier handling, lower service requirements and a shorter injection beam line. Development of the source resulted in safe operation of more than 600 h and extremely stable beam current. The tandetron is in operation for therapy since 2011. The Van-de-Graaff was considered to be a temporary backup. New requests for beams with a very specific time structure occurred, which can be provided only with the Van-de-Graaff-cyclotron beam line. Pulse structures of high variability; from single pulses of 1 ns at a max. repetition rate of 75 kHz to pulse packets with a length up to 100 μs were tested. The latter was used for the production of pulsed neutron radiation for comprehensive testing of dosimeters. Although major breakdowns have a huge impact on the up-time due to the small number of beam time hours, breakdowns over the past years amounted to less than 5%.

MOPPT003	20 Years of JULIC Operation as COSY's Injector Cyclotron	ion, septum, ion-source, synchrotron	34
	R. Gebel, R. Brings, O. Felden, R. Maier, S. Mey, D. Prasuhn FZJ, Jülich, Germany
	The accelerator facility COSY/Jülich is based upon availability and performance of the isochronous cyclotron JULIC as pre-accelerator of the 2.88 GeV cooler synchrotron. Since 1993 the cyclotron provides beams in 24/7 operation for more than 6500 hours/year on average. The cyclotron has been in operation since commissioning in 1968 and has reached in total 260000 hours of operation. JULIC provides routinely polarized and unpolarized negatively charged light ions for COSY experiments in the field of fundamental research in hadron, particle and nuclear physics. The ongoing program at the facility foresees increasing usage as a test facility for accelerator research and detector development for realization of FAIR, and other novel experiments on the road map of the Helmholtz Association and international collaborations. In parallel to the operation for COSY the cyclotron beam is used for irradiation and fundamental nuclide production for research purposes. A brief overview of activities at the Forschungszentrum Jülich, the cooler synchrotron COSY and its injector cyclotron JULIC, with focus on recent technical developments, will be presented.

MOPPT004	Status and Further Development of the PSI High Intensity Proton Facility	target, proton, extraction, neutron	37
	J. Grillenberger, J.M. Humbel, A.C. Mezger, M. Seidel, W. Tron PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	The High Intensity Proton Accelerator Facility of the Paul Scherrer Institut is routinely operated at an average beam power of 1.3 MW. Since the last cyclotron conference several highlights have been achieved. The maximum current extracted from the 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron could be increased from 2.2 mA to 2.4 mA during several beam development shifts. Furthermore, the availability of the facility has reached its highest level to date, beyond 93%. The new neutron source UCN which utilizes the full proton beam in pulsed mode, has been commissioned. To ensure reliable operation in the years to come and to further increase the intensity, an upgrade and refurbishment program is under way. Important parts of this program are the replacement of two resonators in Injector II and the installation of new RF amplifiers.

MOPPT005	Present Status of the RCNP Cyclotron Facility	ion, proton, neutron, heavy-ion	40
	K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	The RCNP cyclotron facility has been stably operated for these years. Demands for heavy ions have been increasing recently. Xe beams were accelerated by the AVF cyclotron for the first time. Developments on components and beam dynamics are presented.

MOPPT007	Recent Progress at the Jyväskylä Cyclotron Laboratory	emittance, ion, ion-source, quadrupole	43
	P. M.T. Heikkinen JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
	The use of the K130 cyclotron during the past few years has been normal. The total use of the cyclotron in 2012 was 6441 hours out of which 4610 hours on target. Three quarters of the beam time was devoted to basic nuclear physics research and one quarter for industrial applications, the main industrial application being space electronics testing. Altogether over 20 different isotopes were accelerated in 2012. Beam cocktails for space electronics testing were the most commonly used beams (26 %). Since the first beam in 1992 the total run time for the K130 cyclotron at the end of 2012 was 124’138 hours, and altogether 32 elements (73 isotopes) from p to Au have been accelerated. The MCC30/15 cyclotron will deliver proton and deuteron beams for nuclear physics research and for isotope production. The experimental set-up has been mainly under construction and we have had only a couple of beam tests. Isotope production with the MCC30/15 cyclotron has suffered from severe administrative delays. Finally in December 2012 a preliminary budget study for a GMP laboratory for FDG production (18F) was done. Decisions on the radiopharmaceuticals production at JYFL will be done during 2013.

MOPPT008	Present Status of Cyclotrons (NIRS-930, HM-18) at NIRS	proton, radiation, injection, ion	46
	S. Hojo, T. Honma, K. Katagiri, M. Nakao, A. Noda, K. Noda, A. Sugiura NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan A.K. Komiyama, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi AEC, Chiba, Japan
	The cyclotron facility at National Institute of Radiological Science (NIRS) consists of a NIRS-930 cyclotron (Thomson-CSF AVF-930, Kb=110 MeV and Kf=90 MeV) and a small cyclotron HM-18(Sumitomo- Heavy- Industry HM-18). The NIRS-930 has been used for production of short-lived radio-pharmaceuticals for PET, research of physics, developments of particle detectors in space, and so on. The orbit of a beam in the NIRS-930 cyclotron was simulated with integrated approach to modelling of the cyclotron, including calculation of electromagnetic fields of the structural elements. And some improvements such as installation of extracted beam probe, a beam attenuator and a beam viewer in an injection beam line, were performed in the NIRS-930. The HM-18 has been used for production of short-lived radio-pharmaceuticals for PET. It allows us to accelerate H-and D- ion at fixed energies of 18 and 9 MeV, respectively. In order to improve the isochronism, a phase probe has been newly installed in the HM-18. Above improvements and operational status of the cyclotron facility are to be presented in this report.

MOPPT010	On-Going Operations with the Cyclotron C70 ARRONAX	target, proton, isotope-production, vacuum	49
	F. Poirier, S. Girault, X. Goiziou, F. Gomez, C. Huet, L. Lamouric, E. Mace, J. Orsonneau, L. Perrigaud, D. Poyac, H. Trichet, N. Varmenot Cyclotron ARRONAX, Saint-Herblain, France S. Girault, F. Poirier SUBATECH, Nantes, France C. Huet EMN, Nantes, France E. Mace INSERM, Nantes, France N. Varmenot ICO, Saint - Herblain, France
	The multi-particle cyclotron C70 ARRONAX, located at Nantes, France is used to accelerate non- concurrently four types of particles downstream several beamlines. The particle energy and intensity range of the cyclotron has allowed a wide variety of application including radiolysis, neutron and isotope productions, and physics experiments. Also regular operations are performed both with dual beam runs at 2x100 μA for isotope production and at 350 μA for neutron production using 70 MeV proton beams. At low intensity, 70 MeV alpha beam is one distinctive feature of the machine with the possibility to use pulsed beam with variable time between two consecutive bunches. The status of the machine is presented as well as the operational updates on the beamlines, including the alpha particle pulsing system, the newly installed alpha degrader and beam loss monitor being developed for high intensity runs.

MOPPT011	Variety of Beam Production at the INFN LNS Superconducting Cyclotron	ion, proton, target, extraction	52
	D. Rifuggiato, L. Calabretta, L. Cosentino, G. Cuttone INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
	The LNS Superconducting Cyclotron has been operating for almost 20 years. Several beams are currently accelerated and delivered, allowing for a wide variety of experimental activity to be carried out. In addition, clinical activity is regularly accomplished: over 11 years of protontherapy of the eye pathologies, around 300 patients have been treated. This has stimulated a growing number of interdisciplinary experiments in the field of radiobiology and dosimetry. On the side of nuclear physics, a significant achievement is the production of radioactive beams: several rare isotopes are produced mainly exploiting the in-flight fragmentation method. The development activity carried out on several components of the user oriented facility will be described.

MOPPT012	Progress at Varian's Superconducting Cyclotrons: A Base for the ProBeam™ Platform	extraction, factory, proton, site	55
	H. Röcken, M. Abdel-Bary, E.M. Akcöltekin, P. Budz, M. Grewe, F. Klarner, A. Roth, T. Stephani, P. vom Stein VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
	During the last 9 years, Varian’s superconducting isochronous ProBeam™ medical proton cyclotrons proved their maturity when they accumulated more than 20 operational years at factory testing and patient treatment without any unscheduled down time caused by quenches or failures of the cryogenic supply systems. Their reliable superconductive technology features a fast initial cool-down and low operating costs. Besides the two machines which are in clinical operation in Switzerland and Germany, one more ProBeam™ cyclotron is already fully commissioned and delivering a 250MeV proton beam at Scripps Proton Therapy Center in San Diego, USA. Several other ProBeam™ cyclotrons are under fabrication or in the phase of factory beam acceptance tests. We report on fast cool-down and time-to-beam-extraction achievements as well as on the latest status and operational experience with Varian’s ProBeam™ cyclotrons. Additionally, we give an insight in new developments for further reduction of commissioning time and improvement of reliability.

MOPPT013	Status Report on the Gustav Werner Cyclotron at TSL, Uppsala	proton, vacuum, ion, ECR	58
	D. van Rooyen, B. Gålnander, M.E. Lindberg, T. Lofnes, T. Peterson, M. Pettersson TSL, Uppsala, Sweden
	TSL has a long history of producing beams of accelerated particles. The laboratory was restructured in 2005/2006 with nuclear physics phased out, the CELSIUS ring dismantled and the WASA detector moved to Jülich. The focus of activities became thereby shifted towards, mainly, proton therapy and, in addition, radiation effects testing using protons and neutrons in a beam sharing mode. The increase in demand on (a) beam time and b) consequential faster changes between various set-ups necessitated some minor upgrades. Two of these will be presented. For the same reason our energy measuring system needed to be streamlined. As a consequence of the restructuring, night shifts have been phased out. Studies indicated that a substantial energy saving can be accomplished by switching off certain power supplies. Results of this energy saving programme will be presented. The future? In 2012 our ECR ion source has been “recalled to life”, the purpose being to investigate radiation of electronics and thin films (micropore industry). The results for three test runs with heavy ions will be mentioned. Will TSL be able to survive after the Skandion Clinic has taken over Cancer Therapy with protons?

MOPPT014	Installation and Test Progress for CYCIAE-100	vacuum, ion, ion-source, extraction	61
	T.J. Zhang, Shizhong. An, F. Yang, H. Yi CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The 100 MeV high intensity compact cyclotron CYCIAE-100 being built at CIAE adopts an external ion source system, accelerates H⁻ ions up to 100 MeV and provides dual proton beams by stripping. The status at different stages, including the preliminary design, technical design and construction preparation, and progress*, was reported at previous conferences. The ground breaking ceremony for the building was conducted in April, 2011. Then in September of 2012, the major systems for the machine, including the 435-ton main magnet, two 46.8 kAT exciting main coils, 200-ton hydraulic elevating system with a precision of 0.02mm, high precision magnetic mapper, the 1.27m high vacuum chamber, two 100kW RF amplifiers, magnet power supplies etc., have been in place for installation. The paper will demonstrate the results of high precision machining and installation of large scale magnet, mapping and shimming with vacuum deformation, study on the multipacting effects and RF conditioning. The test results for the 18mA H⁻ ion source and injection line as well as the cryopanel and vacuum system will also be presented. The first beam is expected in the latter half of this year. ICCA, 2004, Tokyo, Japan ICCA, 2007, Giardini Naxos, Italy *ICCA, 2010, Lanzhou, China

MOPPT015	Plan of a 70 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron System for the ISOL Driver in the Rare Isotope Science Project	target, ISOL, injection, optics	64
	J.-W. Kim, Y. Choi, S. Hong, J.H. Kim IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
	A 70 MeV H⁻ cyclotron system has been planned for the rare isotope science project (RISP) in Korea mainly to be used as ISOL driver. The maximum beam current requested is 1 mA, and the beam will be used for the nuclear and neutron science programs. A commercial cyclotron with two extraction ports is to be installed for the facility, and the beam distribution lines have been designed with consideration of radiation shielding. The injection beam line has been also studied to produce pulsed beams in the range of 0.01-1 MHz for the users of neutron science to utilize the time of flight technique. A chopper and collimator system is thought as a feasible scheme, and beam optics calculation has been performed. The cyclotron is scheduled to produce a first beam for the RISP in 2007.

MOPPT016	Configurable 1 MeV Test Stand Cyclotron for High Intensity Injection System Development	injection, ion-source, ion, diagnostics	67
	F.S. Labrecque, F.S. Grillet, B.F. Milton, L. AC. Piazza, W. Stazyk, S.L. Tarrant BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada J.R. Alonso, D. Campo MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA L. Calabretta INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy M.M. Maggiore INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
	In order to study and optimize the ion source and injection system of our multiple cyclotron products, Best® Cyclotron Systems Inc. (BCSI) has assembled in its Vancouver office a 1 MeV cyclotron development platform. To accommodate different injection line configurations, the main magnet median plane is vertically oriented and rail mounted which also allows easy access to the inner components. In addition, the main magnet central region is equipped with interchangeable magnetic poles, RF elements, and inflector electrodes in order to replicate the features of the simulated cyclotrons. Multiple diagnostic devices are available to fully characterize the beam along the injection line and inside the cyclotron. This paper will describe the design of two system configurations: the 60 MeV H²⁺ for the DAEΔALUS experiment (MIT, BEST, INFN-LNS) and the BCSI 70 MeV H⁻ cyclotron.

MOPPT019	A Compact, GeV, High-Intensity (CW) Racetrack FFAG	acceleration, focusing, extraction, synchrotron	73
	C. Johnstone Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA M. Berz, K. Makino MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA P. Snopok Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
	High-intensity and energy compact proton accelerators, especially those requiring milliamp currents, imply both CW operation and high acceleration gradients to mitigate losses. Above a few hundred MeV, losses must be under a per cent to avoid massive shielding and unmanageable activation. As relativistic energies are approached, the orbit separation on consecutive acceleration turns decreases for isochronous performance and to achieve higher acceleration gradients and orbit separation, RF modules must be employed rather than Dees, resulting in the larger separated-sector cyclotron footprint. However, the addition of strong focusing – with reversed gradients to capture both transverse planes – to conventional cyclotron fields promote inclusion of long synchrotron-like straight sections and implementation of high-gradient RF, even SCRF. The nsFFAG design has evolved into a a recirculating linear accelerator form with FFAG arcs. An ultra-compact, 0.2 – 1 GeV RLA FFAG design will be discussed (with a 3m x 5-6m footprint) that uses SC RF cryomodules achieving complete orbit separation at extraction and CW operation.

MOPPT020	Study of a Superconducting Compact Cyclotron for Delivering 20 MeV High Current Proton Beam	ion, extraction, proton, vacuum	76
	M.M. Maggiore INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy L. Bromberg, C.E. Miller, J.V. Minervini, A. Radovinsky MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
	Compact cyclotrons which accelerate high current of H⁻ ions in the range of 10-30MeV have been widely used over the last 25 years for medical isotope production and other applications. For a number of these, low weight, low power consumption, portability or low radiation background are key design requirements. We have evaluated the feasibility of a compact superconducting cyclotron that would provide proton beams up to 20 MeV by accelerating H⁻ ions and extracting them by the stripping process with current of 100uA. The study demonstrates that the survival of the H⁻ ion under high magnetic field environment could be large enough to guarantee low beam losses as long as the RF voltage is high. The compact cyclotron is energized by a set of superconducting coils providing the needed magnetic field, while the azimuthal varying field is done by four iron sectors. Additional superconducting coils are added to minimize the stray magnetic field, eliminating the need for a return yoke. The option of accelerating negative deuteron molecules has also been considered and is presented.

MOPPT022	Design of New Superconducting Ring Cyclotron for the RIBF	injection, extraction, ion, ion-source	79
	J. Ohnishi, M. Nakamura, H. Okuno RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	At the RIBF, uranium beams are accelerated up to the energy of 345 MeV per nucleon with a RFQ linac, DTL, and four ring cyclotrons (RRC, fRC, IRC, SRC). However, the present beam current of the uranium is 10-15 pnA at the exit of the SRC, still low, because we have to use two charge strippers located upstream and downstream of the fRC to convert the U³⁵⁺ ions extraced from the 28 GHz ECR ion source to U⁶⁴⁺ and U⁸⁶⁺, respectively. Accordingly, in order to increase the beam current more than tenfold, we performed the design study of the new superconducting ring cyclotron with the K-value of 2200 which can accelerate the U³⁵⁺ ions from 11 MeV/u to 48 MeV/u without the first charge stripper. The number of sector magnets is four and the RF frequency is fixed. The maximum magnetic field strength on the beam orbit is 3.2 T, and the superconducting main coils of the dense winding of NbTi and the trim coils of normal-conducting Cu are used. The total weight of the iron yokes is approximately 4800 t. This paper also describes the beam injection and extraction system which includes one superconducting magnetic channel.

MOPPT024	Radial-Sector Cyclotrons with Different Hill and Valley Field Profiles	focusing, proton, betatron, TRIUMF	82
	M.K. Craddock UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
	A new class of isochronous cyclotron is described in which more general radial field profiles B(r) are allowed than the simple proportionality to total energy found in conventional radial- and spiral-sector cyclotrons. Isochronism is maintained by using different field profiles in the hills and valleys. Suitably chosen profiles will produce high flutter factors and significant alternating-gradient focusing, enabling vertical focusing to be maintained up to 1 GeV or more using radial rather than spiral sectors.

MOPPT031	SPES Project: A Neutron Rich ISOL Facility for Re-Accelerated RIBs	ion, target, ISOL, rfq	91
	A. Lombardi, A. Andrighetto, G. Bisoffi, M. Comunian, P. Favaron, F. Gramegna, M.M. Maggiore, L. AC. Piazza, G.P. Prete, D. Zafiropoulos INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
	SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is an INFN project with the aim to develop a Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility as an intermediate step toward EURISOL. The SPES Project is under realization at the INFN Legnaro National Laboratories site. The SPES Project main goal is to provide a production and accelerator system of exotic beams to perform forefront research in nuclear physics by studying nuclei far from stability. The SPES Project is concentrating on the production of neutron-rich radioactive nuclei with mass in the range 80-160. The final energy of the radioactive beams on target will range from few MeV/u up to 11 MeV/u for A=130[1]. The SPES facility acceleration system will be presented.

MOPPT032	Status Report and New Developments at iThemba LABS	ion, controls, diagnostics, ion-source	94
	J.L. Conradie, L.S. Anthony, R.A. Bark, J.C. Cornell, J.G. De Villiers, H. Du Plessis, J.S. Du Toit, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, M.E. Hogan, I.H. Kohler, C. Lussi, R.H. McAlister, H.W. Mostert, J.V. Pilcher, P.F. Rohwer, M. Sakildien, N. Stodart, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk, P.A. van Schalkwyk iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa
	iThemba LABS is a multidisciplinary research facility in the fields of nuclear physics research, neutron therapy, proton therapy and radionuclide production. Three long running projects, the construction of a new ECR ion source, a beam phase measuring system for the separated-sector cyclotron comprising 21 fixed probes and an RF amplitude and phase monitoring system for the 16 RF systems have been completed. The first results will be reported. The status of the newly developed low-level RF control system will be discussed and an interactive magnetic field calculation method for an injector cyclotron, making use of a data base developed from calculations with the computer program TOSCA, will be presented. Plans to save on the power consumption of the accelerators will be reported on. The beam statistics and the progress with the planning of a radioactive ion beam facility will be discussed.

MO3PB01	An Inverse Cyclotron for Muon Cooling	extraction, focusing, injection, simulation	97
	T.L. Hart, D.J. Summers UMiss, University, Mississippi, USA
	The production of intense high energy muon beams for muon colliders is an active area of interest due to the muon's large mass and pointlike structure. The muon production and the subsequent preparation into a beam are challenging due to the large emittance of the initial beam and the short muon lifetime. Most muon cooling channels being developed are single-pass structures due to the difficulty of injecting large emittance beams into a circular device. Inverse cyclotrons can potentially solve the injection problem using single turn energy loss injection and also reduce the muon beam emittance by a large factor. An end-to-end simulation of an inverse cyclotron for muon cooling is presented performed with G4Beamline, a GEANT-based particle tracking simulation program. Muons are collected in a central trap and then all ejected together.
	Slides MO3PB01 [1.747 MB]

MO3PB02	Design Study of a Superconducting AVF Cyclotron for Proton Therapy	extraction, proton, cavity, resonance	102
	H. Tsutsui, A. Hashimoto, Y. Mikami, H. Mitsubori, T. Mitsumoto, Y. Touchi, T. Ueda, K. Uno, K. Watazawa, S. Yajima, J.Y. Yoshida, K.U. Yumoto SHI, Tokyo, Japan
	Since a cyclotron has better beam quality than that of a synchrocyclotron, we have designed a 4 Tesla superconducting AVF cyclotron for proton therapy. Its weight is less than 60 tons, which is about one fourth of our normal conducting 230 MeV cyclotron. In order to reduce the size and the weight without deteriorating the beam stability, the hill gap around the outer pole radius is made small. Calculated extraction efficiency is higher than 60%, by arranging the extraction elements properly. The low temperature superconducting coil using NbTi wire is conduction-cooled by 4K GM cryocooler. Three dimensional electromagnetic finite element codes have been used during all phases of basic design.
	Slides MO3PB02 [13.506 MB]

MO3PB04	Comparison of Superconducting 230 MeV/u Synchro- and Isochronous Cyclotron Designs for Therapy with Cyclinacs	injection, linac, acceleration, ion	108
	A. Garonna CERN, Geneva, Switzerland U. Amaldi, A. Laisné TERA, Novara, Italy L. Calabretta, D. Campo INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
	Funding: This work was funded by the TERA Foundation (Novara, Italy). This work presents new superconducting compact cyclotron designs for injection in CABOTO, a linac developed by the TERA Foundation delivering C⁶⁺/H²⁺ beams up to 400 MeV/u for ion beam therapy. Two designs are compared in an industrial perspective under the same design constraints and methods: a synchrocyclotron and an isochronous cyclotron, both at the highest possible magnetic field and with an output energy of 230 MeV/u. This energy allows us to use the cyclotron as a stand-alone accelerator for proton therapy. The synchrocyclotron design features a central magnetic field of 5 T and an axisymmetric pole and a constant field index. The beam is injected axially with a spiral inflector. Resonant extraction allows beam ejection with moderate beam losses. The RF system operates in first harmonic (180° Dee), with modulation provided by a large rotating capacitor. The isochronous cyclotron design features a 3.2 T central magnetic field, four sectors and elliptical pole gaps in the hills and in the valleys. Spiraling is minimized and beam ejection is achieved with a single electrostatic deflector placed inside an empty valley. The two RF cavities operate in fourth harmonic.
	Slides MO3PB04 [4.314 MB]

MO4PB02	The IBA Superconducting Synchrocyclotron Project S2C2	extraction, ion-source, ion, focusing	115
	W.J.G.M. Kleeven, M. Abs, E. Forton, S. Henrotin, Y. Jongen, V. Nuttens, Y. Paradis, E.E. Pearson, S. Quets, P. Verbruggen, S. Zaremba, J. van de Walle IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium M. Conjat, J. Mandrillon, P. Mandrillon AIMA, Nice, France
	In 2009 IBA decided to start the development of a compact superconducting synchrocyclotron as a proton-source for the small footprint proton therapy system called Proteus One ®. The cyclotron has been completely designed and constructed and is currently under commissioning at the IBA factory. Its design and commissioning results will be presented.
	Slides MO4PB02 [21.175 MB]

TU1PB01	High Intensity Operation for Heavy Ion Cyclotron of Highly Charged ECR Ion Sources	ion, ECRIS, ion-source, ECR	125
	L.T. Sun IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Modern advanced ECR ion source can provide stable and reliable high charge state ion beams for the routine operation of a cyclotron, which has made it irreplaceable, particularly with regard to the performance and efficiency that a cyclotron complex could achieve with the ion source. The 3rd generation ECR ion sources that can produce higher charge state and more intense ion beams have been developed and put into cyclotron operation since early 21st century. They have provided the privilege for the cyclotron performance improvement that has never been met before, especially in term of the delivered beam intensity and energy, which has greatly promoted the experimental research in nuclear physics. This paper will have a brief review about the development of modern high performance high charge state ECR ion sources. Typical advanced high charge state ECR ion sources with fully superconducting magnet, such as SERSE, VENUS, SECRAL, SuSI and RIKEN SC-ECRIS will be presented, and their high intensity operation status for cyclotrons will be introduced as well.
	Slides TU1PB01 [20.645 MB]

TU2PB01	A Study of Multipacting Effects in Large Cyclotron Cavities by Means of Fully 3-Dimensional Simulations	electron, simulation, cavity, RF-structure	142
	C. Wang, B. Ji, Y. Lei, P.Z. Li, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China A. Adelmann, A. Gsell, M. Seidel PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	The field emission model and the secondary emission model, as well as 3D boundary geometry handling capabilities, are needed to efficiently and precisely simulate multipacting phenomena. These models have been implemented in OPAL, a parallel framework for charged particle optics in accelerator structures and beam lines. The models and their implementation are carefully benchmarked against a non-stationary multipacting theory. A dedicated multipacting experiment with nanosecond time resolution for the classic parallel plate geometry has also successfully shown the validity of OPAL model. Multipacting phenomena, in the CYCIAE-100 cyclotron, under construction at China Institute of Atomic Energy, are expected to be more severe during the RF conditioning process than in separate-sector cyclotrons. This is because the magnetic fields in the valley are stronger, which may make the impact electrons easier to reach energies that lead to larger multipacting probabilities. We report on simulation results for CYCIAE-100, which gives us an insight view of the multipacting process and help to develop cures to suppress these phenomena.
	Slides TU2PB01 [7.012 MB]

TU2PB02	The New Axial Buncher at INFN-LNS	controls, impedance, vacuum, ion-source	147
	A.C. Caruso, G. Gallo, A. Longhitano INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy F. Consoli Associazione Euratom-ENEA sulla Fusione, Frascati (Rome), Italy P.Z. Li CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China J. Sura Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
	A new axial buncher for the K-800 superconducting cyclotron is under construction at LNS. This new device will replace the present buncher installed along the vertical beam line, inside the yoke of the cyclotron at about half a metre from the medium plane. Maintenance and technical inspection are very difficult to carry out in this situation. The new buncher will still be placed along the axial beam line, just before the bottom side of the cyclotron yoke. It consists of a drift tube driven by a sinusoidal RF signal in the range of 15-50 MHz, a matching box, an amplifier, and an electronic control system. A more accurate mechanical design of the beam line portion will allow for the direct electric connection of the matching box to the ceramic feed-through and drift tube. This particular design will minimize, or totally avoid, any connection through coaxial transmission line. It will reduce the entire geometry, the total RF power and the maintenance. In brief, the new axial buncher will be a compact system including beam line portion, drift tube, ceramic feed-through, matching box, amplifier and control system interface in a single structure.
	Slides TU2PB02 [7.623 MB]

TU2PB03	Heat Transfer Study and Cooling of 10 MeV Cyclotron Cavity	cavity, simulation, factory, ion	150
	S. Saboonchi, H. Afarideh AUT, Tehran, Iran M.R. Asadi PPRC, Tehran, Iran J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	The most important problem in mechanical design of RF cavity of cyclotron is generated heat by RF power loss. An optimized cooling system for cavity is necessary to prevent Dee damaging and minimizing error function of cyclotron created by displacements. Also optimization of water circuit and water flow is essential because it affects unwanted vibrations and manufacturing. In this paper an attempt has been done to design an optimized cooling system for the cavity of a 10 MeV cyclotron with frequency of 69 MHz and 50 KW RF power using ANSYS and CST software.

TU2PB04	Resonator System for the BEST 70 MeV Cyclotron	controls, LLRF, cavity, simulation	153
	V. Sabaiduc, G. Gold, B.A. Versteeg BCSI, Vancouver, Canada J. Panama Best Theratronics Ltd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
	Best Cyclotron Systems Inc. is presently developing a 70 MeV cyclotron for radioisotope production and research purpose. The RF system comprises two separated resonators driven by independent amplifiers to allow for the phase and amplitude modulation technique to be applied for beam intensity modulation. The resonators are presently in the commissioning phase consisting of cold test measurements followed by high power commissioning in the cyclotron. Preliminary simulation results have been reported and are: 56MHz operation (fourth harmonic, half-wave resonator design), 60 to 70kV dee voltage, quality factor 8000 with the estimated dissipated power of 17kW per resonator. The electromagnetic modeling has been done with CST Microwave Studio. All simulation results showed a very conservative design with typical parameters for the energy and size of the resonators. The paper will present the measurement results on a cold test set-up configuration as well as the commissioning with high power in the cyclotron.
	Slides TU2PB04 [4.920 MB]

TUPPT001	Control System of 10 MeV Baby Cyclotron	controls, LabView, vacuum, interlocks	156
	A. Abdorrahman, H. Afarideh, G.R. Aslani, S. Malakzade AUT, Tehran, Iran A. Afshar Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	For controlling all the equipment and services required for operating the 10 MeV baby cyclotron and optimizing various parameters, an extensive control system is used. Most of the control systems are located in the control room which is situated outside the biological shield. The control console in the control room has switches for all the power supplies like main magnet, radio frequency system, vacuum system, ion-source, deflector, etc. Several Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC's) which are located near the equipment control the whole system. A technique of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is presented to monitor, control, and log actions of the PLC's on a PC through use of I/O communication interface coupled with an Open Process Control/Object Linking and Embedding [OLE] for Process Control (OPC) Server/Client architecture. In order to monitor and control different part of system, OPC data is then linked to a National Instruments (NI) LabVIEW. In this paper, details of the architecture and insight into applicability to other systems are presented.

TUPPT004	The Development of Control System for 9 MeV Cyclotron	controls, vacuum, status, rf-amplifier	159
	Y.S. Lee, J.-S. Chai, S.Y. Jung, H.S. Kim, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, J.C. Lee, S.H. Lee, J.K. Park, S. Shin, H.S. Song, Y.H. Yeon SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea K.-H. Park PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
	The Sungkyunkwan University has developed the 9 MeV cyclotron for producing radio isotopes. In order to operate the cyclotron stably, all sub-systems in the cyclotron are controlled and monitored consistently. Therefore, each sub-system includes control devices, which is developed based on PLC, or DSP chip and the sub control modules interface with main control system in real time. As main control system, we choose the CompactRIO system from NI (National Instrument) to take into account the latency and robust control. The control system has high-performance processor running real-time OS, so that the system can control the cyclotron fast and exactly. In addition, the system can be remotely accessed over the network to monitor the status of cyclotron easily. The configuration of control system for 9 MeV cyclotron and performance test result will be described in this paper.

TUPPT005	Temperature Stability of the TRIUMF Cyclotron RF Controls	controls, feedback, TRIUMF, monitoring	162
	M.P. Laverty, K. Fong, Q. Zheng TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Factors which contribute to ambient temperature sensitivity in the TRIUMF cyclotron RF control system are examined and characterized. Seasonal temperature variations together with air conditioning system limitations can give rise to unwanted temperature variations in the rack space housing the control system. If these are large enough, they can cause excursions in the cyclotron accelerating voltage. The critical components responsible are characterized and some possible remedies outlined.

TUPPT006	The Development of Radial Probe for CYCIAE-100	target, vacuum, controls, injection	165
	F.P. Guan, Z.G. Li, C. Wang, L.P. Wen, H.D. Xie, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	In the design of CYCIAE-100 beam diagnostics system, three radial probes distribute on the mid plane. These radial probes can be used for beam centering measurement. By blocking beam on five finger target and one stopping block, the radial probe can measure the radial and axial envelope of H⁻ beam at the same time. During beam commissioning, the radial probe can also be used for beam intensity measurement. The changeable probe head design makes it possible to replace the damaged part and optimization of the structure.

TUPPT009	Development of Rapid Emittance Measurement System	emittance, ion, ion-source, controls	171
	K. Kamakura, M. Fukuda, N. Hamatani, K. Hatanaka, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, H. Yamamoto, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	We have developed a new system to measure the beam emittance. With our conventional emittance measurement system, it takes about 30 minutes to get emittances in both the horizontal and vertical plane. For quick measurements, we have developed a new system consisting of a fast moving slit with a fixed width and a BPM83 (rotating wire beam profile monitor). BPM83 uses a rotating helical wire made of tungsten, the speed is 18 rps. Fast moving slit consists of a shielding plate with two slits, and is inserted into the beam path at an angle of 45 degrees. The slit is driven by PLC controlled stepping motor, and it takes 70 seconds to move the full stroke of 290 mm. While moving the slit, the output from BPM83 and the voltage of potentiometer that corresponds to the slit position are recorded simultaneously. We are using CAMAC for data acquisition. Trigger signals are generated by BPM83 and NIM modules. Data analysis takes about 1 second. With this system we can get the horizontal and vertical emittance plots within 75 seconds. This system will definitely make it easier to optimize parameters of ion sources and the beam transport system.

TUPPT011	Measurement of Turn Structure in the Central Region of TRIUMF Cyclotron	resonance, TRIUMF, feedback, extraction	177
	T. Planche, R.A. Baartman, Y.-N. Rao TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	To get the most out of the existing beam diagnostics in the TRIUMF cyclotron, we started in 2011 to developed new data processing and visualization tools. The main advantage of these Matlab-based tools, compared to old VMS-based tools, is that they can benefit from a much larger library of modern data processing and visualization algorithms. This effort has already shown itself very useful to highlight essential features of the beam dynamics which remained unnoticed before. In this paper we present measurements results displaying beam dynamics process, and in particular space charge related process, happening in the central region of the TRIUMF cyclotron.
	Poster TUPPT011 [32.212 MB]

TUPPT015	A Center Region Upgrade of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron	ion, injection, ion-source, focusing	186
	K. Yoshiki Franzen, J.Y. Benitez, M.K. Covo, A. Hodgkinson, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, M.M. Strohmeier, D.S. Todd LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA D. Leitner NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	This paper describes the design and results of an upgraded cyclotron center region in which a mirror field type inflector was replaced by a spiral inflector. The main goals of the design were a) to facilitate injection at higher energies in order to improve transmission efficiency and b) to reduce down-time due to the need of replacing mirror inflector wires which rapidly break when exposed to high beam currents. The design was based on a detailed model of the spiral inflector and matching center region electrodes using AMaze, a 3D finite element suite of codes. Tests showed promising results indicating that the 88-Inch cyclotron will be able to provide a 2.0 pμA beam of 250 MeV 48Ca ions.

TUPPT018	Critical Analysis of Negative Hydrogen Ion Sources for Cyclotrons	ion, ion-source, plasma, electron	192
	S. Korenev Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging, Knoxville, TN, USA
	The ion sources for cyclotrons based on negative hydrogen ions found applications as basic injectors for cyclotrons. The main important questions of negative hydrogen ion sources are following: i) method of production for negative hydrogen ions, ii) the extraction of ions and iii) separation of negative ions from electrons. Among of ion internal and external ion sources the common question is efficiency for production of negative hydrogen ions and increasing of kinetic energy of these ions. The critical analysis of different ions sources (PIG, Multicusps, etc.) is given. The comparison of these ion sources regarding applications for industrial cyclotrons for production of medical isotopes is presented in the paper.
	Poster TUPPT018 [0.231 MB]

TUPPT023	Design and Simulation of Cavity for 10 MeV Compact Cyclotron	cavity, coupling, simulation, acceleration	200
	V. Afzalan, H. Afarideh, R. Azizi AUT, Tehran, Iran J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	RF system is known as one of the most vital parts to produce the efficient accelerator system. In this paper, the RF system and cavity of 10 MeV AVF ( Azimuthally Varying Field ) Cyclotron for radioisotope production are designed. The Cyclotron works on 4th harmonic with Dee's voltage of 50 KV. In order to supply the expected accelerating voltages RF power coupling and RF tuner has been considered. The RF system is simulated using commercially available simulator, CST Microwave Studio code. In contrast the geometry of cavity is optimized to achieve suitable Q value in desired frequency. Since the factors are non-ideal during the fabrication process, the actual Q value of cavities is estimated.

TUPPT024	Design of a Digital Low-Level RF System for BEST Medical Cyclotrons	controls, LLRF, cavity, monitoring	203
	G. Gold, V. Sabaiduc BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada
	A versatile digital low-level RF system has been designed for the range of cyclotrons being developed by Best Cyclotron Systems Inc. (BCSI). Primary design considerations are given to robustness, low cost and the flexibility to be used on all BCSI resonator designs. As such, the system allows for operating frequency selection from 49 to 80 MHz and is compatible with single or double resonator configurations through the use of local oscillator synchronization and high-speed command exchange. An IQ demodulation/modulation scheme is employed allowing for frequency and amplitude control. High-speed phase control of separated resonators allows for beam intensity modulation techniques to be applied. This paper discusses the overall system design as well as integration results on both a single and double resonator cyclotron.

TUPPT025	Resonator System for the BCSI Test Stand Cyclotron	cavity, simulation, controls, LLRF	206
	G. Gold, V. Sabaiduc, J. Zhu BCSI, Vancouver, Canada J. Panama Best Theratronics Ltd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada L. AC. Piazza INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
	Best Cyclotron Systems Inc. is presently developing a test facility for beam injection into a center region cyclotron operating at maximum 1MeV. The test stand cyclotron will operate at various fixed frequencies that will cover the entire range from 49MHz to 80MHz as estimated for the current cyclotron models under development at BCSI. The resonator was designed with a variable coaxial section allowing for the frequency to be continuously adjusted as required for the particular model in study. Having interchangeable dee tip geometries presented various thermal management challenges which have been addressed. Three operational frequencies, 49MHz, 56MHz and 73MHz have been simulated with CST Microwave Studio. The paper will report the theoretical parameters of the cavity, mechanical design considerations and resonator commissioning on the first operational frequency of 49MHz.

TUPPT026	The Design and Testing of an Automatic RF Conditioning System for the Compact Medical Cyclotron	multipactoring, controls, feedback, vacuum	209
	Y. Lei, B. Ji, P.Z. Li, C. Wang, J.Y. Wei, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The multipacting phenomenon for a compact medical cyclotron is induced by the fringing magnet field inside the accelerating structure. And it will become more interesting, when the vacuum system is equipped with diffusion pump. A method used for CYCIAE-14 cavity conditioning is reported together with the testing results of an automatic conditioning circuit designed on such basis. Apart from traditional Low Level RF control, in which close-loop regulation plays an important role, the automatic conditioning system emphasizes on the cavity startup process. It takes advantage of the modern digital signal processing technique, combined with the direct digital synthesizer to accurately limit the reflection, will condition the cavity by means of sweeping frequency, using the low RF driven power, in continuous wave mode. The electronics are designed and tested first; it will be used later in the RF system commissioning of other compact medical cyclotrons built by BRIF division of CIAE.

TUPPT028	Development of 20 kW RF Amplifier for Compact Cyclotron	impedance, rf-amplifier, vacuum, cathode	212
	S.H. Lee, J.-S. Chai, T.V. Cong, H.S. Kim, Y.S. Lee, H.S. Song, Y.H. Yeon SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea J.H. Kim KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work was supported by Nuclear R&D program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. (2012-0925001) Compact cyclotron for PET RI production accelerates H⁻ ions using electric field. For accelerating ions in cyclotron, RF amplifier is developed to transmit RF power to RF resonating cavity. RF amplifier generates high-power RF signal up to 20 kW with narrow band frequency. The amplifier device was used of triode vacuum tube operated in cathode-driven. Impedance matching systems were composed of bridge-network system. Components of impedance matching system had rigid structure to endure high-power RF signal. Variable inductors of matching components have been used of short-bar movement system for changing reactance of characteristic impedance. The experiment results were measured by VSWR meter and network analyzer.

TUPPT029	Design Study of a 83.2 MHz RF Cavity for the 9 MeV Compact Cyclotron	cavity, ion, simulation, impedance	215
	S. Shin, J.-S. Chai, J.C. Lee SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea B.N. Lee KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010-0025953) A compact cyclotron accelerating H⁻ ion for producing a radioactive isotope FDG (FluoroDeoxyGlucose) for PET (Positron Emission Tomography) has been designed at Sungkyunkwan University. The H⁻ ion which generated from the PIG (Panning Ion Gauge) ion source will be accelerated at the normal conducting RF cavity which uses 83.2 MHz of resonance frequency and extracted at the carbon foil striper at the energy of 9 MeV. This cyclotron has to be small to install local hospital while FDG production needs more than 9 MeV of proton beam energy. Chasing two hare at once, deep valley type of magnet has been selected for high energy and compact cyclotron. Due to the small size of valley space where RF cavities will be installed, lots of difficulties have been introduced. Despite of those difficulties at the designing process, we could achieve resonance frequency of 83.2 MHz and Q-factor of 4500 with very compact size of RF cavity.

TUPPT030	Development of 1.5 kW RF Driver for Compact Cyclotron	cathode, impedance, vacuum, rf-amplifier	218
	H.S. Song, J.-S. Chai, T.V. Cong, S.Y. Jung, H.S. Kim, S.H. Lee, Y.S. Lee, S. Shin, Y.H. Yeon SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea J.H. Kim KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea
	1.5 kW RF driver is being designed and manufactured with the resonance frequency of 83.2 MHz. Triode (3CX1500A7) is used for RF power amplification, and ground grid amplifier (G.G. Amp.) type was adopted for this RF driver since the circuit design and realization is simple. Anode, and cathode voltage of RF driver is approximately 3500V, and 5V respectively. In this paper, impedance matching process of RF driver is described. Variable capacitor and variable inductor is utilized to implement the impedance matching for cathode and anode. In addition, RF power output characteristics compared with RF input is shown.

TUPSH002	Design and Construction of Combination Magnet for CYCIAE-100	simulation, proton, extraction, status	221
	S.M. Wei, Shizhong. An, M. Li, C. Wang, M. Yin, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The high intensity compact cyclotron CYCIAE-100 being constructed at China Institue of Atomic Energy (CIAE) is designed to extract proton beam from 75MeV to 100MeV in two opposite directions by stripping foil. Two combination magnets have been designed to bend the proton beams with different energies into one common beam line. The combination magnets have been designed into the return yoke of the main magnet of CYCIAE-100 for the dynamic reason. 2 D and 3D simulation of these combination magnets has been finished, the machining of them has also been finished. The magnetic field of the combination magnets has been measured and the results show that the measurements are very closed to the calculation, indicating these two magnets can be used in the BRIF project.

TUPSH003	Conceptual Design of a 100 MeV Injector Cyclotron	resonance, proton, cavity, extraction	224
	M. Li, J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang, J.Q. Zhong CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Accelerator driven system (ADS) is advanced clean nuclear energy system based on a high power accelerator, which has been proposed worldwide in recent years. Referring to the experiences from the existing PSI high power proton facility, an 800 MeV cyclotron is under design at CIAE (China Institute of Atomic Energy) as a candidate of high power proton driver. Given the extremely high beam power to be extracted, a tiny beam loss can lead to disastrous result for the cyclotron. Especially, the beam loss during extraction is the critical issue with respect to the feasibility and reliability of the design, which needs to be investigated in great detail from the very beginning. In this paper, the extraction scheme and beamline elements design are presented, and the detailed beam loss distribution during extraction will be calculated by numerical simulation with the large-scale parallel code OPAL-CYCL.

TUPSH005	Investigation of Cyclotron Carbon Foil Lifetime in Relation to its Thickness	electron, proton, ion, radiation	227
	J.-W. Kim, S. Hong, J.H. Kim IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea Y. Choi Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea Y.-S. Kim Energy & Environmental System, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
	For extracting positive hydrogen atoms from accelerated negative ones, a thin carbon foil is usually used to stripe two electrons from negative atoms, which consists of one proton and two electrons traveling together up to 70MeV proton. The kinetic energy of electron is 38.13keV at the moment of stripping. The energy loss of protons and electrons in carbon foil could be estimated by the multiplication of stopping power (dE/dz) and the foil thickness where passing through. The stopping powers were estimated with 8.5 and 7.25 MeV/(g/cm²) for the proton and electron, respectively. In cyclotron the stripper is located in a strong magnetic field of ~Tesla, which makes electrons circular motion around the foil depositing all their kinetic energies into it. In this study, three different carbon foil thicknesses (200, 400, and 800 ug/cm²) were employed to investigate the correlation of foil temperature and their lifetime for the case of 1mA proton extraction. We are aiming the lifetime of a stripper foil to be as long as 2 weeks for irradiating protons onto an ISOL target. An effective lifetime of foils will be discussed as a function of a foil peak temperature.

TUPSH006	Development of a New Active-Type Gradient Corrector for an AVF Cyclotron	extraction, optics, proton, quadrupole	230
	M. Fukuda, N. Hamatani, K. Hatanaka, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	A new gradient corrector with active coils has been developed for beam focusing and bending in the extraction region of the RCNP AVF cyclotron. The gradient corrector is a quadrupole type consisting of a pair of a C-type iron yoke. A sixteen-turn hollow conductor was coiled around each side yoke, and the two iron dipoles generate a linear field gradient independently. A field gradient up to 9 T/m is available for focusing a heavy ion beam with magnetic rigidity up to 1.6 T-m. The position of the gradient corrector is manually changeable within ±20 mm from a beam extraction base line. A field measurement was carried out with a Hall-element and we confirmed generation of the designed field gradient under excitation of the main coil. We have succeeded in focusing an extracted beam at an object point of the beam transport optics by a combination of the gradient corrector and a triplet quadrupole magnet following the gradient corrector. Correction of an extracted beam orbit was also demonstrated by optimizing the coil current and position of the gradient corrector. We will report the design and performance of the new gradient corrector.

TUPSH007	Improvement in Design of 10 MeV AVF Cyclotron Magnet	betatron, factory, simulation, magnet-design	233
	R. Solhju, H. Afarideh, B. Mahdian AUT, Tehran, Iran J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Design study of a 10 MeV baby cyclotron which accelerates H− ions is started in March, 2012 at Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT). Up to this point, conceptual design of the cyclotron magnet is finished. This process has been done in two steps: initial design and then optimization. After finishing the initial design of the magnet by CST software and adopting hard-edge approximation for finding the pole tip, an optimization process has been followed to smooth the pole edge in order to decrease the tension in sharp edges of the pole. In this paper, we are going to explain about the optimization process in details. Actually, we tried to fit the best curve at the pole edges of the magnet with goal of having minimum magnetic field error. Also a short report of results which was obtained before optimization is provided here. Precision of this design is ensured by checking the magnetic field and beam dynamic parameters during the optimization.

TUPSH008	Conceptual Design of the 100 MeV Separated Sector Cyclotron	simulation, resonance, extraction, magnet-design	236
	B. Mahdian, H. Afarideh, R. Solhju AUT, Tehran, Iran J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	The 100 MeV separated sector cyclotron was designed at Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), which was aimed for various applications including radioactive ion-beam (RIB) production and proton therapy. It has four separated sector magnets. The cyclotron magnet design was based on an iterative process starting from a simple model that requires the vision of the complete cyclotron and the possibility of integration of all subsystems. By computer simulation with the 3D (CST) and 2D (POSSION) codes, principle parameters of the cyclotron magnet system were estimated (pole radius 180 cm, outer diameter 640 cm, height 300 cm). The results showed that the isochronous deviations between simulated values and the calculation one are smaller than 5 Gauss at most radii and therefore fulfilled the requirements. This work has been done with high accuracy which is proved by particle trajectories and considered mesh range. It has been concluded that it can be possible to design and develop this high energy cyclotron by introducing simple model without using trim and harmonic coils.

TUPSH009	Magnetic Field Mapping of the Best 70 MeV Cyclotron	alignment, target, controls, vacuum	239
	F.S. Grillet, B.F. Milton BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada D.T. Montgomery Cedarflat Precision Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
	As is well known, the mapping of a cyclotron magnet presents several key challenges including requirements for a high degree of accuracy and difficult space constraints in the region to be measured. Several novel solutions were used to create the mapper for the Best 70 MeV cyclotron, which is based on an earlier version used to map the Best 14 MeV cyclotron. Based on a temperature compensated 3-Axis hall probe that is continuously sampled while the probe travels along a radial arm a high degree of positional accuracy is achieved by simultaneously sampling optical encoders located with the probe. A novel implementation using air bearings and air jets provides axial rotation of the arm with almost no metal parts. The mapper has achieved a full 360 degree map in 1 degree theta steps, and 2.5mm radial steps in 2 hours and 40 minutes, with a relative radial accuracy of ±0.02mm and angular accuracy of ±0.001 degrees. This paper will describe how the simultaneous challenges of designing with no metal parts while achieving a high degree of rigidity and precision have been addressed.

TUPSH011	Developments of HTS Magnets at RCNP	dipole, neutron, ion, target	242
	K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Takemura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, K. Yokoyama, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan T. Kawaguchi KT Science Ltd., Akashi, Japan
	At RCNP, we have been developing magnets utilizing high temperature super conducting (HTS) wires for this decade. They are a cylindrical magnet, two dimensional scanning coils, a super ferric dipole magnet whose coils have a negative curvature. Recently we built a cylindrical magnet for a practical use. It is used to polarize ultra cold neutrons. The maximum field is higher than 3.5 T at the center. We are fabricating a switching magnet which is excited by pulse currents to realize a time sharing of beams in two target positions. In the paper, we report specifications and performances of these magnets.

TUPSH013	Design Study of 10 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron Magnet	simulation, magnet-design, radio-frequency, extraction	248
	H.S. Kim, J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, S.H. Lee SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work has been supported by National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2010-0025952). For the past decades, PET (positron emission tomography) has been remarkable growth in market. PET using 18F is widely provided for cancer screening and expected to be installed at small and medium hospital for convenience of patients. At Sungkyunkwan University, 10 MeV H⁻ cyclotron, which produces 18F is being developed. In this paper, we demonstrated main magnet design and whole design procedure was explained. The result of design is verified by orbit analysis and single particle tracking. The description of the obtained result is presented in this paper.

TUPSH014	An Integrated Self-Supporting Mini-Beamline for PET Cyclotrons	target, focusing, controls, radiation	251
	M.P. Dehnel, D.E. Potkins, T.M. Stewart D-Pace, Nelson, British Columbia, Canada
	Funding: SR&ED A commercial fluorine-18 water-target can now handle 150 μA of 10-19 MeV proton current. The days of a few tens of micro-amperes bombarding a PET target with low residual activity on a self-shielded cyclotron are over. Now an integrated self-supporting mini-beamline is essential for safe, optimized and reliable operation of PET cyclotrons. The high levels of prompt/residual radiation are moved (~1 m) away from the cyclotron so that local-shielding can be placed around the target/selector assembly, which minimizes cyclotron component damage due to prompt neutrons/gammas, and ensures the high residual target radiation is attenuated, so maintenance personnel can work on the cyclotron in a “cool” environment. Beam diagnostic readbacks from baffles/collimators provide steering and focusing control of the beam. This "plug-n-play" beamline is an integrated self-supporting unit cantilevered from the cyclotron. The single aluminum sub-structure acts as mounting flange, support structure, beampipe, and magnet registration device. A diamond-shaped vacuum envelope through the compound quadrupole/steering magnets results in maximum beam throughput and optimization.

TUPSH016	Trim Coil Unbalance of the 88-Inch Cyclotron	ion, power-supply, injection, radiation	254
	M. Kireeff Covo, B. Bingham, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, A. Ratti, M.M. Strohmeier, D.S. Todd LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA K.Y. Franzen Mevion, Littleton, Massachusetts, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Physics Division of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. The 88-inch cyclotron Dee probe shows large losses inside the radius of 20 cm and suggests problems in the ion beam injection. The current of the top and bottom innermost trim coil 1 is unbalanced to study effects of the axial injection displacement. A new beam profile monitor images the ion beam bunches, turn by turn, and the beam center of mass position is measured. The technique allows increasing the beam transmission through the cyclotron.

TU3PB01	Bunch-Shape Measurements at PSI’s High-power Cyclotrons and Proton Beam Lines	proton, electron, cathode, simulation	257
	R. Dölling PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	Longitudinal-transversal 2D-density distributions of the bunched 2.2 mA CW proton beam can now be measured at the 13 last turns of the Injector 2 cyclotron, at several locations in the connecting beam line to the Ring cyclotron, at the first two turns of the Ring cyclotron (all at energies around 72 MeV), as well as behind the Ring cyclotron (at 590 MeV). In the large part, distributions can be taken from several angles of view, separated each by 45°. The measurement systems at our facility have evolved with time; this paper gives the present status, performance, limits and typical results. Due to the limited space, we refer in the large part to our previous publications [1, 2, 3] and concentrate on recent findings and measurements and ideas for next steps.
	Slides TU3PB01 [9.393 MB]

TU3PB02	Development of a Scintillator Probe Based on Fiber Optics for Radial Beam Diagnostics of the Ion Beam of the 88-Inch Cyclotron	ion, diagnostics, extraction, controls	262
	M.M. Strohmeier, J.Y. Benitez, M.K. Covo, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, D.S. Todd LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA K.Y. Franzen Mevion, Littleton, Massachusetts, USA
	Operators at the 88-Inch Cyclotron have many tuning parameters to optimize transmission from injection through extraction. However, the only diagnostics they have had were a Faraday Cup at the exit of the machine and a so called "Dee-Probe" which gives a current-vs-radius (IvR) measurement. Motivated by low transmission of the Cyclotron and to address how tuning can affect the beam, we have developed an optical beam viewer whose radial position within the cyclotron can be adjusted remotely. This viewer allows us to image the beam cross section and its axial position with very high spatial resolution as a function of radius. In this paper, we describe the mechanical development of the device which consists of a Kbr scintillator crystal, a fiber bundle and a digital camera and we present data from its initial commissioning.
	Slides TU3PB02 [4.936 MB]

TU3PB03	R&D of Helium Gas Stripper for Intense Uranium Beams	ion, target, acceleration, electron	265
	H. Imao, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, H. Hasebe, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, H. Okuno, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, Y. Yano RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	Intensity upgrade of uranium beams is one of the main concerns at the RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF). The lifetime problem of carbon-foil strippers due to the high energy loss of uranium beams around 10~MeV/u was a principal bottleneck for the intensity upgrade in the acceleration scheme at the RIBF. We have developed a re-circulating He-gas stripper as an alternative to carbon foils for the acceleration of high-power uranium beams. The new stripping system was actually operated in user runs with U³⁵⁺ beams of more than 1 puA. Electron-stripped U⁶⁴⁺ beams were stably delivered to subsequent accelerators without serious deterioration of the system for six weeks. The new He-gas stripper, which removed the primary bottleneck in the high-intensity uranium acceleration, greatly contributed the tenfold increase of the average output intensity of the uranium beams from the previous year.
	Slides TU3PB03 [11.983 MB]

TU4PB01	Mapping of the New IBA Superconducting Synchrocyclotron (S2C2) for Proton Therapy	proton, extraction, resonance, synchro-cyclotron	272
	J. van de Walle, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, C. L'Abbate, V. Nuttens, Y. Paradis IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium M. Conjat, J. Mandrillon, P. Mandrillon AIMA, Nice, France
	The magnetic field in the Superconducting Synchrocyclotron (S2C2) has been measured with a newly developed mapping system during the commissioning of the machine at IBA. The major difference with other mapping systems at IBA is the usage of a search coil, which provides high linearity over a large magnetic field range and the possibility to measure in a more time economic way. The first mapping results of the S2C2 were compared with OPERA3D calculations. The average field, the tune functions and the first harmonic were the main quantities which were compared and showed good agreement with the model. For example, the average field was within 0.3% of the calculation over the entire machine. In order to assess the efficiency of the regenerative extraction mechanism, protons were tracked in the measured map up to extraction. The horizontal position of the main coil was found to be a crucial parameter for the optimization of the extraction. A dedicated linear mapping system consisting of 7 Hall probes was positioned in the extraction channel of the S2C2. The field values from this linear mapping system were used to assess the optics of the beam exiting the S2C2.
	Slides TU4PB01 [2.357 MB]

TU4PB02	Structural and Magnetic Properties of Cast Iron for Cyclotrons	electron, controls, induction, polarization	275
	E. Forton, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium E. Ferrara, F. Fiorillo, L. Martino, E. Olivetti, L. Rocchino INRIM, Turin, Italy
	At IBA, the steels used to build the magnets of the Cyclone 230 are cast on demand, using very strict criteria, casting procedure, requirements and quality control. Among the various steps performed at the foundry, a thermal annealing is made. In this work, we assess the usefulness of such thermal treatment. In this communication, samples of pure iron cast ingots (maximum concentration of C = 31 ppm, N = 94 ppm, O = 31 ppm, S = 65 ppm) have been magnetically and structurally characterized. Progressive magnetic softening was observed upon successive annealing steps. These changes of the magnetic properties were ascribed to the relief of internal stresses. Various results, obtained by means of X-ray diffraction, electron microscope and precise determination of magnetization curve and hysteresis loop, will be presented and commented.
	Slides TU4PB02 [3.139 MB]

TU4PB03	Superconducting Beam Transport Channel for a Strong-Focusing Cyclotron	dipole, quadrupole, beam-transport, focusing	278
	K.E. Melconian, S. Assadi, K.C. Damborsky, J.N. Kellams, P.M. McIntyre, N. Pogue, A. Sattarov Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
	Funding: The Mitchell Family Foundation and Texas ASE Fund A superconducting strong focusing cyclotron is being developed for high current applications. Alternating-gradient focusing is provided by an array of ~ 6T/m superconducting beam transport channels which lie in the sectors along the arced beam trajectory of each orbit of the cyclotron. The ~1T sector dipoles, corrector dipoles, and Panofsky type quadrupoles utilize MgB2 superconductor operating in the range 15-20 K. The quadrupole windings make it possible to produce strong focusing of the transverse phase space throughout acceleration. The trim dipole makes it possible to maintain isochronicity and to open the orbit spacing at injection and extraction. The design, development and prototype progress will be presented.
	Slides TU4PB03 [4.020 MB]

TU4PB04	Methods of Increasing Accuracy in Precision Magnetic Field Measurements of Cyclotron Magnets	HOM, controls, LabView, alignment	283
	N.V. Avreline, W. Gyles, R.L. Watt ACSI, Richmond, B.C., Canada
	A new magnetic field mapper was designed and built to provide increased accuracy of cyclotron magnetic field measurements. This mapper was designed for mapping the magnetic fields of TR-19, TR-24, and TR-30 cyclotron magnets manufactured by Advanced Cyclotron Systems Inc. A Group3 MPT-141 Hall Probe (HP) with measurement range from 2 G to 21 kG was used in the mapper’s design. The analogue monitor output was used to allow fast reading of the Hall voltage. Use of a fast ADC NI9239 module and error reduction algorithms, based on a polynomial regression method, allowed the reduction of noise to 0.2 G. The HP arm was made as a carbon fibre foam sandwich. This rigid structure kept the HP arm in a flat plane within 0.1 mm. In order to measure the high gradient field, the design of this mapper provided high resolution of HP arm angle within 0.0005° and of radial position within 25 μm. A set of National Instrument interfaces connected through a network to a desktop computer were used as a base of control and data acquisition systems. The mapper was successfully used to map TR-19 and TR-24 cyclotron magnets.
	Slides TU4PB04 [4.572 MB]

WE1PB01	The Houghton College Cyclotron: a Tool for Educating Undergraduates	target, vacuum, ion, resonance	286
	M.E. Yuly Houghton College, Houghton, New York, USA
	The cyclotron is an ideal undergraduate research project because its operation and use involve so many of the principles covered in the undergraduate physics curriculum – from resonant circuits to nuclear reactions. The physics program at Houghton College, as part of an emphasis on active learning, requires all majors to complete a multiyear research project culminating in an undergraduate thesis. Over the past ten years seven students have constructed a working 1.2 T tabletop cyclotron theoretically capable of producing approximately 400 keV protons. The construction and performance of the cyclotron will be discussed, as well as its use as an educational tool.
	Slides WE1PB01 [28.909 MB]

WE1PB02	The Rutgers Cyclotron: Placing Student's Careers on Target	focusing, ion, simulation, proton	291
	K.J. Ruisard Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA G.A. Hine, T.W. Koeth UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA A.J. Rosenberg Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
	The Rutgers 12” Cyclotron is an educational tool used to introduce students to the multifaceted field of accelerator physics. Since its inception, the cyclotron has been under continuous development and is currently incorporated into the modern physics lab course at Rutgers University, as a semester-long mentored project. Students who participate in the cyclotron project receive an introduction to topics such as beam physics, high voltage power, RF systems, vacuum systems and magnet operation. Student projects have led to three different focusing pole geometries, including, most recently, a spiral edged azimuthally varying field (AVF) configuration. The Rutgers Cyclotron is often a student’s first encounter with an accelerator, and has inspired careers in accelerator physics.
	Slides WE1PB02 [14.090 MB]

WE1PB03	COLUMBUS - A Small Cyclotron for School and Teaching Purposes	vacuum, ion, ion-source, impedance	296
	C.R. Wolf FZJ, Jülich, Germany M. J. Frank, E. Held Ernes, Coburg, Germany
	A small cyclotron has been constructed for school- and teaching purposes. The cyclotron uses a water-cooled magnet with adjustable pole-pieces. The magnet provides a field up to 0,7 T. Between the two poles the vacuum chamber is positioned. The vacuum chamber provides ports for the different subsystems, measuring tools and some viewports. A turbo molecular pump backed up by a dry compressor vacuum pump is used to evacuate the chamber to a pressure of 10^-5 mbar. The ions will be accelerated between two brass RF electrodes, called dee and dummy-dee. In the center of the chamber there is a thermionic ion source. A massflow controller fills it with hydrogen gas ionized by electrons from a cathode. The required 5,63 MHz RF power is supplied by a RF transceiver. A matchingbox adjusts the output impedance of the transceiver to the input impedance of the cyclotron. The expected final energies of the protons are 24 keV after 12 revolutions. At these energies there is no radiation outside the chamber. In addition to the design of this cyclotron it is the purpose of this dissertation to use standard devices to realize a low-cost solution.
	Slides WE1PB03 [6.246 MB]

WE1PB04	A Novel Optical Method for Measuring Beam Phase and Width in the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron	ion, simulation, focusing, proton	299
	J.L. Gonski, S. Burcher, T.W. Koeth, J.E. Krutzler, S. Lazarov Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA J. Beaudoin UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA
	We present an experimental longitudinal measurement of beam and phase slippage as a function of magnetic field deviation in a weak focusing field, using proton acceleration data from the Rutgers 12-inch cyclotron. A gated camera was used to determine beam arrival time from the radiation emitted by a fast ZnO:Ga doped phosphor target when struck by accelerated protons. Images integrated light emitted in 9 degree increments over a full 360-degree RF cycle. Analysis of relative image brightness allowed for the successful acquisition of relative phase shift and azimuthal beam width over several magnetic field strengths. Theoretical predictions and simulation via Poisson Superfish and SIMION software show good agreement with data, validating the optical method for qualitative measurements. This new method is independent of dee voltage and allows for measurements to be taken in the central region of the cyclotron, where other electrically based methods of measurement are challenging due to high RF electric fields. Such characteristics validate the use of gated camera imaging for cyclotron research, and motivate future refinement of this technique for a variety of studies.
	Slides WE1PB04 [3.662 MB]

WE1PB05	The Cyclotron Kids' 2 MeV Proton Cyclotron	vacuum, ion-source, ion, target	302
	H. Baumgartner MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
	Two high school students (the "Cyclotron Kids") decided they wanted to build a small cyclotron by themselves in 2008. After researching and designing on their own, they looked for a way to fund their science project. After the students sent out tens of letters looking for sponsors, Jefferson Lab replied, offering funding and mentorship. Over several summers, the students worked at Jefferson Lab to take the cyclotron from the drawing board to near-completion. The cyclotron is now at Old Dominion University, where it will be used as an educational tool in the accelerator physics program.
	Slides WE1PB05 [4.545 MB]

WE2PB01	Space Charge Limit in Separated Turn Cyclotrons	space-charge, emittance, extraction, TRIUMF	305
	R.A. Baartman TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	A review will be given of the intensity limits of cyclotrons due to space charge, both longitudinal and transverse.
	Slides WE2PB01 [1.513 MB]

WE2PB02	Vlasov Equation Approach to Space Charge Effects in Isochronous Machines	space-charge, simulation, betatron, plasma	310
	A.J. Cerfon, O. Bühler, J.V. Guadagni Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, USA J.P. Freidberg, F.I. Parra Diaz MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
	Starting from the collisionless Vlasov equation, we derive two simple coupled two-dimensional fluid equations describing the radial-longitudinal beam vortex motion associated with space charge effects in isochronous cyclotrons. These equations show that the vortex motion can be intuitively understood as the nonlinear advection of the beam by the ExB velocity field, where E is the electric field due to the space charge and B is the applied magnetic field. This explains why elongated beams develop spiral halos while round beams are always stable. Solving the coupled equations numerically, we find good agreement between our model and 3-D Particle-In-Cell OPAL simulations. J.J. Yang, A.Adelmann, M. Humbel, M. Seidel, and T.J. Zhang, Physical Review Special Topics Accelerators and Beams 13, 062401 (2010)
	Slides WE2PB02 [1.166 MB]

WE2PB03	Transverse-Longitudinal Coupling by Space Charge in Cyclotrons	emittance, space-charge, focusing, simulation	315
	C. Baumgarten PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	Based on a linear space charge model and on the results of PIC-simulations with OPAL, we analyze the conditions under which space charge forces support bunch compactness in high intensity cyclotrons and/or FFAGs. For this purpose we compare the simulated emittance increase and halo formation for different matched and mismatched particle distributions injected into a separate sector cyclotron with different phase curves.
	Slides WE2PB03 [3.187 MB]

WEPPT002	Optimizing the Operational Parameters of the SFC by Using PSO Algorithm	extraction, proton, injection, heavy-ion	320
	L.T. Shi, H. Hao, P. Jiang IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	HIRFL-SFC is a Sector-Focused Cyclotron, which plays an important role in scientific experiments in IMP. In order to orbit correction and single turn extraction, there are 4 groups of harmonic coils in SFC. But we did not have a program to calculate the current of harmonic coils for different ions. In view of this situation, we developed a program (Orbit-PSO) to calculate it. By using the method of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the code of orbit calculation, we get the parameters for different beam through comparing with the orbit of 7MeV ¹²C⁴⁺. At the same time, we get the injection energy and voltage of Dee for different ions.

WEPPT005	Emittance Measurements at the Strasbourg TR24 Cyclotron for the Addition of a 65 MeV Linac Booster	linac, proton, extraction, emittance	329
	A. Degiovanni, U. Amaldi, S. Benedetti, D. Bergesio, A. Garonna, G. Molinari TERA, Novara, Italy S. Braccini, E.V. Kirillova LHEP, Bern, Switzerland D. Brasse, M. Pellicioli, M. Rousseau, J. Schuler IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France R.L. Watt, E. van Lier ACSI, Richmond, B.C., Canada
	The long term plans of IPHC foresee the installation of a linac that will boost the energy of the protons of the Strasbourg TR24 from 24 MeV to 65 MeV. The 3 GHz Cell Coupled Linac, designed by the TERA Foundation, will be 5 meters long and will be powered by two 10 MW klystrons running at 100 Hz. Advanced Cyclotron Systems will modify the cyclotron source, so that the extracted 300 μA beam will be chopped in 4 μs long pulses. To compute the transverse acceptances of the linac, the horizontal and vertical emittances of the extracted proton beam have been measured with the secondary emission detector BISE (Beam Imaging with Secondary Electrons) built by TERA and previously calibrated at the Bern 18 MeV IBA cyclotron. In this detector a thin 5 cm diameter foil is placed at 45° with respect to the beam direction and an electrostatic lens images the secondary electrons -extracted by the protons- on a phosphor, which is viewed by a CCD camera. The results of the measurements of the transverse emittances will be reported together with the description of the linac structure and the calculation of the expected output current based on the dynamics of the accelerated proton beam.

WEPPT007	Getting Uniform Ion Density on Target in High-Energy Beam Line of Cyclotron U-400M with Two	ion, octupole, target, quadrupole	335
	I.A. Ivanenko, I.V. Kalagin, V.I. Kazacha, N.Yu. Kazarinov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	Formation by means of octupole magnets of a uniform ions distribution in the existing beam line of U400M cyclotron has been studied. The simulation was performed for Ar¹⁷⁺ ions with energy of 41.3 MeV/amu. The required level of beam non-uniformity on the target with diameter of 60 mm is ±7.5%. Two octupoles with static magnetic fields have been used to achieve the desired uniformity of the beam density in both coordinates simultaneously. The results of calculations are presented. This method of improving the uniformity of the beam will be implemented soon in Flerov laboratory of JINR.

WEPPT008	Correction of Vertical Shifting of Extracted Beam at the Test Operation of DC-110 Cyclotron	extraction, ion, heavy-ion, betatron	338
	I.A. Ivanenko, B. Gikal, I.V. Kalagin, N.Yu. Kazarinov, V.I. Mironov, E. Samsonov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	The specialized heavy ion cyclotron DC-110 has been designed and created by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research for scientifically industrial complex “BETA” placed in Dubna (Russia). DC-110 cyclotron is intended for accelerating the intense Ar, Kr, Xe ion beams with fixed energy of 2.5 MeV/nucleon. The commissioning of DC-110 cyclotron has been carried out at the end of 2012. The project parameters of the ion beams have been achieved. During commissioning of cyclotron the vertical displacement of the beam at the last orbits and at the extraction channel was revealed. The calculations and experiments have shown that the reason of this displacement is the radial component of magnetic field at the median plane of the cyclotron, which appears because of asymmetry of the magnetic yoke. Correction of the vertical displacement of the beam has been achieved by creating an asymmetry of current distribution in the main coils of the electromagnet.

WEPPT011	Measurement of Radial Oscillation and Phase of Accelerating Beam in Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron	extraction, acceleration, resonance, betatron	344
	J. Pradhan, A. Agarwal, U. Bhunia, A. Chakrabarti, J. Debnath, M.K. Dey, A. Dutta, Z.A. Naser, S. Paul, V. Singh VECC, Kolkata, India
	This paper describes various measurements performed on the beam behavior with the help of the main probe and the differential probe to have a clear insight of the accelerating beam and the difficulties of beam -extraction process in the K500 superconducting cyclotron at Kolkata. Beam shadow measurements with three probes at three sectors were done to get the information of beam-centering and radial oscillations. The radial oscillation amplitude is estimated from the measurements. A differential probe was used to measure the turn separation and its modulation due to radial oscillation. With the help of magnetic field detuning method, the beam phase history was also measured.

WEPPT012	Beam Dynamics in Presence of Imperfection Fields Near the Extraction Zone of Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron	extraction, resonance, simulation, betatron	347
	J. Debnath, U. Bhunia, A. Chakrabarti, M.K. Dey, A. Dutta, Z.A. Naser, S. Paul, J. Pradhan, V. Singh VECC, Kolkata, India
	Funding: VECC, DAE The superconducting cyclotron at Kolkata has accelerated the ion beams up to the extraction radius producing neutrons via nuclear reactions. After that the beam extraction process has been tried exhaustively. But rigorous beam extraction trials indicate towards some kind of error field, which was not possible to balance with the trim coil operated in harmonic-coil mode. It is found that the beam is being off-centered by a large amount after crossing the resonance zone and it is not reaching the extraction radius in proper path. This paper will be emphasizing the effect of various kind of error field on the beam. However, the magnetic field is being measured again to know the exact distribution of the field.

WEPPT014	Analysis of Phase Bunching in the Central Region of the JAEA AVF Cyclotron	acceleration, bunching, simulation, ion	350
	N. Miyawaki, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, S. Okumura JAEA/TARRI, Gunma-ken, Japan M. Fukuda RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	Phase bunching generated in the central region of an AVF cyclotron was estimated by a simplified geometric trajectory analysis model for particles traveling from the first to the second acceleration gap. In principle, a rising slope of a dee-voltage at the first acceleration gap is more or less effective for production of the phase bunching. The phase difference between particles at the second acceleration gap depends on combination of four parameters: the acceleration harmonic number (h), a span angle of the dee electrode, a span angle from the first to the second acceleration gap, a ratio between a peak dee-voltage and an extraction voltage of an ion source. In the case of the JAEA AVF cyclotron, the effective phase bunching was realized for h = 2 and 3, and the geometric condition of phase bunching was unrealistic for h = 1. An orbit simulation for the JAEA AVF cyclotron indicated that the initial beam phase width of 40 RF degrees for h = 2 was compressed to 11 RF degrees. The phase bunching evaluation based on the simplified geometric trajectory analysis was consistent with the orbit simulation result, and practical phase bunching was verified by beam phase width measurement.

WEPPT015	Study of Beam Capture in Compact Synchrocyclotron	acceleration, synchrotron, synchro-cyclotron, injection	353
	S.A. Kostromin, G.A. Karamysheva, N.A. Morozov, E. Samsonov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	Capture efficiency and main aspects of the beam dynamics during first turns and in a period of one synchrotron oscillation were studied in synchrocyclotron with driving magnetic field of ~5 Tesla. Corresponding simulations of the beam motion were done by means of numerical integration of the full equations of motion in the electro-magnetic field of accelerator. Main physical parameters for input data were taken similar to them for IBA S2C2.

WEPPT017	Beam Tracking Simulation for a 9 MeV Cyclotron	acceleration, extraction, ion, ion-source	356
	S.Y. Jung, J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, Y.S. Lee, H.S. Song, Y.H. Yeon SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Following the adoption of internal PIG ion source making cyclotron more compact, the delicate beam trajectory simulation is required. In this paper, the optimization of initial condition of H-beam for the stable and well-controlled beam until the extraction region is reported. To accommodate the beam, the electromagnetic field distribution was analyzed by OPERA-3D and its phase error was verified with CYCLONE v8.4. In each iterative design, the beam trajectory was calculated by own developed numerical code to estimate its performance. The beam characteristics including the beam orbit, centering, energy gain and RF acceptance for vertical and horizontal directions were evaluated.

WEPPT018	Behavior of Space Charge Dominated Beam Envelope in Central Region of High Current Cyclotron	space-charge, acceleration, simulation, injection	359
	R. Azizi, H. Afarideh, V. Afzalan AUT, Tehran, Iran J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	In this paper the space charge effect in the two first turn after injection has been investigated. In order to determine beam envelopes, two corresponding equations were chosen. In addition, all steps of calculation were done by MATLAB program. It should be mentioned limiting current and also magnetic, electrical field and edge effect has been considered. As far as, the high current cyclotron with 0.8π mm mrad emittance has been studied and current alters till 10 mA.* *M. Reiser, Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams (Wiley, New York, 1994), Chapters.3 and 4.

WEPPT021	Columbus - A Simple Ion Source	ion-source, ion, proton, electron	364
	M. J. Frank, E. Held, C.R. Wolf Ernes, Coburg, Germany
	An ion source provides a cyclotron with charged particles which can be accelerated by an electric field. The simpelst possibility is a thermionic ion-source. Electrons emitted from a white-hot tungsten filament, placed in a ceramic block of macor, are accelerated by a dc voltage of 100 - 150 V and constraint to a spiral path by the homogenous magnetic field of the cyclotron. They collide with hydrogen atoms and ionisize them. The ceramic block is covered by tube made of copper in which the ions raise up. They enter the gap between the dees through a small aperture in tube. The ion source is mounted under the dummy-dee, so its position can be changed to find the best place. The hydrogen gas is stored in a Hydro-stick, a small tube which contains 10 l of Hydrogen under a pressure of 10 bar. From here it enters the ion source by a mass-flow controller which enables accurate dosing.
	Poster WEPPT021 [1.640 MB]

WEPPT024	Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron: Dedicated to Training Through Research and Development	ion, cathode, ion-source, proton	366
	T.W. Koeth, J.E. Krutzler, T.S. Ponter, A.J. Rosenberg, W.S. Schneider Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA D.E. Hoffman PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
	The Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron is a 1.2 MeV proton accelerator dedicated to beam physics instruction.[1] The 12-inch cyclotron project began as a personal pursuit for two Rutgers undergraduate students in 1995 and was incorporated into the Modern Physics Teaching Lab in 2001.[2] Since then, student projects have been contributing to the cyclotron’s evolution through development of accelerator components. Most of the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron components have been designed and built in house, thus giving its students a research and development introduction to the field of accelerator physics and associated hardware. [1] www.physics.rutgers.edu/cyclotron [2] T. Feder, “Building a Cyclotron on a Shoe String,” Physics Today, 30-31 (November 2004)

WEPPT025	Beam Physics Demonstrations with the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron	ion, betatron, focusing, resonance	369
	T.W. Koeth UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA
	The Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron is a research grade accelerator dedicated to undergraduate education.[1] From its inception, it has been intended for instruction and has been designed to demonstrate classic beam physics phenomena. The machine is easily reconfigured, allowing experiments to be designed and performed within one academic semester. Our cyclotron gives students a hands-on opportunity to operate an accelerator and directly observe many fundamental beam physics concepts, including axial and radial betatron motion, destructive resonances, weak and azimuthally varying field (AVF) focusing schemes, DEE voltage effects, and more.

WEPPT026	Cyclotron Injection Tests of High-Intensity H²⁺ Beam	proton, solenoid, emittance, injection	372
	F.S. Labrecque, B.F. Milton BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada J.R. Alonso, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad, M. Toups MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA L. Calabretta, L. Celona INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy R. Gutierrez-Martinez, L.A. Winslow UCLA, Los Angeles, USA D. Winklehner NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Work funded by NSF agency, contract PHY-1148134 The IsoDAR (sterile neutrino) and DAEδALUS (CP-violation in neutrino sector) experiments will use cyclotrons to deliver high intensity (10 mA peak current) proton beams to neutrino-producing targets. To achieve these very high currents, we plan to inject and accelerate molecular H²⁺ ions. To understand high intensity H²⁺ injection into the central region of a compact cyclotron, and to benchmark space-charge dominated simulation studies, central-region tests are being conducted. The first test was completed this summer; a collaboration of MIT, BEST Cyclotrons and INFN-LNS at the BEST shops in Vancouver. The LNS Versatile Ion Source (VIS) was shipped from Catania to Vancouver, and was mounted, along with HV components and first focusing solenoid, on a test bench. In addition to the bench, BEST provided further beam line elements, instrumentation and a test cyclotron magnet for acceleration to no greater than 1 MeV/amu (to avoid any neutron production). Axial injection studies were conducted with a Catania-designed spiral inflector. Experimental configurations, beam characterization measurements, and phase acceptance and buncher efficiency studies will be reported.

WEPPT027	Design of the Injection into the 800 MeV/amu High Power Cyclotron	injection, closed-orbit, septum, simulation	375
	M. Haj Tahar, F. Méot BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA L. Calabretta INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy A. Calanna CSFNSM, Catania, Italy
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. We present the design of the injection line into a separated sector cyclotron (SSC) aimed at the production of a high power beam of 800MeV/amu molecular H²⁺ for ADS-Reactor applications. To work out the beam line parameters and beam dynamics simulations, including the first accelerated turns, we used the ray-tracing code Zgoubi and the OPERA magnetic field map of the cyclotron sector. We simulated the injection path of the H²⁺ and evaluated both radial and vertical injection schemes in order to evaluate the parameters so derived. The paper details and discusses various aspects of that design study and its outcomes. A.Calanna et al., A multi-megawatt ring cyclotron to search for CP violation in the neutrino sector, April 2011, e-Print: arXiv:1104.4985

WEPPT028	Proposal for High Power Cyclotrons Test Site in Catania	ion, proton, vacuum, extraction	378
	L. Calabretta, D. Campo, L. Celona, L. Cosentino, C. Cui, G. Gallo, D. Rifuggiato INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy J.R. Alonso, W.A. Barletta, A. Calanna, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA R.R. Johnson BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada L. AC. Piazza INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
	The IsoDAR and DAEδALUS experiments will use cyclotrons to deliver high intensity (10 mA peak current) proton beams to neutrino-producing targets. To achieve these very high currents, we plan to inject and accelerate molecular H²⁺ ions in the cyclotrons. To understand high intensity H²⁺ injection into the central region of a compact cyclotron, and to benchmark space-charge dominated simulation studies, central-region tests are being conducted. Building on the first experiments at Best Cyclotrons, Vancouver (Abstract 1261), a larger-scale test cyclotron will be built at INFN-LNS in Catania. This cyclotron will be designed for 7 MeV/n (Q/A = 0.5; H²⁺ or He⁺+). After the first year of operation dedicated at optimization of the central region for the injection of high intensity Q/A = 0.5 beams, the cyclotron will be modified to allow the acceleration of H⁻ up to an energy of 28 MeV. The main characteristics of the machine and the planned test stand will be presented.

WEPPT029	The Cyclotron Complex for the DAEδALUS Experiment	injection, acceleration, extraction, simulation	381
	A. Calanna, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA L. Calabretta INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy M. Haj Tahar, F. Méot BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	The cyclotron complex for the DAEδALUS CP-Violation neutrino experiment consists of a compact cyclotron able to accelerate high-current (5 electrical milliamp) H²⁺ beams up to an energy of 60 MeV/amu, cleanly extract this beam with a conventional septum arrangement, and transport it to a superconducting ring cyclotron able to accelerate the beam up to 800 MeV/amu. H²⁺ is dissociated with thin stripping foils for efficient extraction as protons for transport to a megawatt-class target for neutrino production. The injection cyclotron will be similar to the one proposed for the IsoDAR experiment (Paper WEPPT029). The Ring cyclotron is similar in size and engineering concept to the SRC at RIKEN. Space-charge dominated beam dynamics simulations using OPAL have been performed for an 8-sector geometry, and indicate acceptable transmission and low beam losses. Subsequent engineering magnet-design studies of Minervini et al. point to a 6-sector configuration as more practical. Recalculation of the beam dynamics for this new configuration will be performed in the coming year. Results of the studies conducted to date will be presented.

WEPPT030	High Intensity Compact Cyclotron for ISODAR Experiment	vacuum, injection, target, extraction	384
	D. Campo, J.R. Alonso, W.A. Barletta, L.M. Bartoszek, A. Calanna, J.M. Conrad, M. Toups MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA A. Adelmann PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland L. Calabretta, C. Cui, G. Gallo INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy R. Gutierrez-Martinez, L.A. Winslow UCLA, Los Angeles, USA M. Shaevitz Columbia University, New York, USA J.J. Yang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	IsoDAR is an experiment proposed to look for the existence of sterile neutrinos. These are additional neutrino states beyond the "standard" 3-nu paradigm, are predicted to exist to explain anomalies in several neutrino experiments. In IsoDAR (Isotope Decay At Rest), electron antineutrinos produced in a target ~15 meters from a kiloton-scale detector would oscillate into and out of the sterile state within the extent of the detector, producing a sinusoidal event rate as a function of distance from the target. The nu-e-bar flux arises from decay of 8Li, produced when a high-current beam of protons or deuterons strikes a beryllium target either directly, or via secondary neutrons that interact in a large, ultra-pure 7Li sleeve surrounding the target. A compact Q/A = 0.5 cyclotron with top energy of 60 MeV/amu will be installed underground close to KamLAND. This cyclotron is a prototype for the DAEδALUS cyclotron chain (Paper WEPPT030). With a central field of 1.075T, it will operate in the 4th harmonic. Preliminary designs will be described, as well as possible solutions for transport and assembly of the machine through the very constricted access apertures of the Kamioka mine.

WEPSH006	⁶²Zn Radioisotope Production by Cyclotron	target, proton, ion, injection	393
	M. Ghergherehchi, J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea H. Afarideh AUT, Tehran, Iran
	Natural Cu target was irradiated with proton beam in the energy range of 15 to 30 MeV at a beam current of 100 μA for 15 min. In this irradiation radioisotope of ⁶²Zn produced as a generator and then decay to ⁶²Cu radioisotope. The ⁶²Cu is emitting β+ and known to PET radioisotope. Excitation function of ⁶²Cu via ^natCu (p, 2n) ⁶²Zn, ⁶²Cu and ⁶²Cu (d, 3n) ⁶²Zn reactions were calculated using Alice and Talys codes and then were compared with the reported measurement by experimental data and ENDF-2011 data. Production yield versus target thickness were evaluated with attention to reaction cross section data obtained from Alice and Talys codes, and stopping power and range of protons in target materials using SRIM code. The production yield also examined experimentally and found that the optimum irradiation yield achieved to be 5.9 mci/μAh at protons of 100 μA current and 30 MeV energy. A radiolabeling process also was performed using ⁶²ZnCl₂ and antitumor compound, bleomycin (BLM) as a possible tumor imaging.

WEPSH007	Radiochromic Film as a Dosimetric Tool for Low Energy Proton Beams	proton, photon, ion, radiation	397
	S. Devic, S. Aldelaijan, F.M. Alrumayan, F. Alzorkani, B.M. Moftah, M. Shehadeh King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
	Funding: King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Grant No 11-BIO1428-20 EBT3 and HDV2 GAFCHROMICTM films were tested for dose measurements at a 26.5 MeV and 6 mm Bragg peak proton beam. Beam output was calibrated using IAEA TRS-398 reference dosimetry protocol with calibrated chamber in water. Films were calibrated in terms of dose to water by exposing calibration film pieces within a solid water phantom at depth of 3 mm. EBT3 films were irradiated to doses of up to 10 Gy with both 4 MV photon and 26.5 MeV proton beams, while pieces of the HDV2 radiochromic films were irradiated to doses of up to 128 Gy proton beam. Irradiated pieces of the EBT3 films were tested for activation using Germanium detector. Their energy spectra were measured over a period of 40 minutes. EBT3 film model response was 3 times higher for protons than photons. When irradiated in proton beam the EBT3 was 24 times more sensitive than HDV2 films. For the EBT3 film model, few proton-activated processes were identified resulting in short-lived radioisotopes. EBT3 film can be used for measurements for doses of up to 10 Gy using a green color channel of the scanned images, while the red color channel of the HDV2 scanned film images can be used for measurements of much higher doses.

WEPSH008	Characterization of the CS30 Cyclotron at KFSH&RC for Radiotherapy Applications	proton, target, ion, ion-source	400
	B.M. Moftah Belal Moftah, PhD, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia S. Aldelaijan, F.M. Alrumayan, F. Alzorkani, S. Devic, M. Shehadeh King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
	Funding: King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Grant No 11-BIO1428-20 The 26.5 MeV beam of the CS30 Cyclotron at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC) was characterized dosimetrically for the use in radiobiological experiments for pre-clinical and radiotherapy studies. Position of the beam’s Bragg peak was measured with a stack of 60 pieces of HDV2 model GAFCHROMICTM films (105 microns thick each). This film type was specifically designed for measurement of very high doses, ranging up to 1,000 Gy. Output of the proton beam was calibrated using IAEA TRS-398 reference dosimetry protocol with calibrated parallel plate chamber in water. The response of the film was calibrated in terms of dose to water by exposing calibration film pieces within a solid water phantom. The position of the Bragg peak was found to be at around 6 mm when 10 to 20 nA proton beam current was used. Pieces of radiochromic film were irradiated at 40, 70 and 100 cm from the primary collimator, where the Gaussian shaped beam profiles had values of 12, 26, 45 mm FWHM respectively. Proton beam characteristics in terms of the output and beam size appear to be acceptable for pre-clinical studies.

WEPSH010	Proton Therapy at the Institut Curie – CPO: Operation of an IBA C235 Cyclotron Looking Forward Scanning Techniques	ion-source, ion, proton, extraction	403
	A. Patriarca, S.J. Meyroneinc Institut Curie - Centre de Protonthérapie d'Orsay, Orsay, France
	Since 1991, more than 6100 patients (mainly eye and head & neck tumours) were treated at the Institut Curie – Centre de Protonthèrapie d’Orsay using Double Scattering proton beam delivery technique. After 19 years of activity, a 200 MeV synchrocyclotron has been shut down and replaced by a 230 MeV C235 IBA proton cyclotron. This delivers beam to two passive fixed treatment rooms and to one universal nozzle equipped gantry. In the past two years of operation more than 95.5% of the scheduled patients (near 500/year) were treated. We have realised, according to IBA recommendations, preventive maintenance (i.e. RF final amplifier) and we have improved some diagnostic tools (i.e. Main Coil monitoring) allowing us to reduce the number of downtime events from 499 in 2011 to 351 in 2012. In order to improve cancer treatment capabilities we are now involved in the transition towards scanning particle therapy, requiring even more accurate quality assurance protocols. We describe here the main cyclotron issues (ion source, deflector) and what is needed to perform a proper scanning technique, the main goal being the enhancement of our reliability performances.

WEPSH043	Performance of IBA New Conical Shaped Niobium [¹⁸O] Water Targets	target, niobium, insertion, controls	406
	F.G. Devillet, J. Courtyn, J.-M. Geets, M. Ghyoot, E.K. Kral, O. Michaux, B. Nactergal, V. Nuttens IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium R. Mooij, L.R. Perk BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
	Background: Because of an ever increasing demand for Fluoride-18 (¹⁸F^-), efforts are made to increase the performance of the ¹⁸F-target systems. Moreover, given the particularly high cost of ¹⁸O enriched water, only a small volume of this target material is desired. Procedure: Four conical shaped targets* with different target chamber sizes (Conical 6 – 2.4ml; Conical 8 – 3.2ml; Conical 12 - 5ml; Conical 16 - 7ml) were tested using IBA Cyclone® 18 MeV cyclotrons. The targets were filled with different volumes of ¹⁸O water (enrichment >92%) and irradiated with 18 MeV protons on target with beam currents up to 145 μA for 30–150 minutes. Fluoride-18 saturation activity yields and pressure curves were completed. Radionuclidic impurities were measured, even if the new target is using the same principle of Niobium body with Havar® window. Conclusions: Reliable operation in a production environment has been observed at beam currents up to 145 μA using less ¹⁸O enriched water as compared to the currently available IBA target systems without affecting the yield. The new design with less Orings and direct insertion of flow line into the niobium chamber has proven its effectiveness. *Patent application: WO 2012/055970 A1
	Poster WEPSH043 [0.836 MB]

WE3PB02	Improvement of the Current Stability from the TRIUMF Cyclotron	TRIUMF, injection, space-charge, focusing	414
	T. Planche, R.A. Baartman, Y.-N. Rao TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	The ν_r=3/2 resonance, driven by the third harmonic of the magnetic gradient errors, causes modulation of the radial beam density in the TRIUMF cyclotron. Since extraction is by H^- stripping, this modulation induces unwanted fluctuations of the current split between the two high-energy beam lines. To compensate field imperfections, the cyclotron has sets of harmonic correction coils at different radii, each set constituted of 6 pairs of coils placed in a 6-fold symmetrical manner. The 6-fold symmetry of this layout cannot create a third harmonic of arbitrary phase, and so a single set of harmonic coils cannot provide a full correction of third harmonic errors driving the ν_r=3/2 resonance. However, the outermost two sets of harmonic correction coils are azimuthally displaced. We took advantage of it to achieve a full correction of the resonance. This greatly improved the beam current stability in the high-energy beam lines. To further improve the current stability in the high-energy beam lines, we implemented an active feedback system. This feedback system acts on the amplitude of the first harmonic Bz correction produced by outermost set of harmonic coils.
	Slides WE3PB02 [1.007 MB]

WE3PB03	Space Charge Compensation Measurements in the Injector Beam Lines of the NSCL Coupled Cyclotron Facility	ion, electron, space-charge, ECRIS	417
	D. Winklehner, D.G. Cole, D. Leitner, G. Machicoane, L. Tobos NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Space charge compensation is a well-known phenomenon for high current injector beam lines. For beam lines using mostly magnetic focusing elements and for pressures above 10^-6 mbar, compensation (neutralization) up to 98% has been observed. However, due to the low pressures required for the efficient transport of high charge state ions, ion beams in ECR injector lines are typically only partly neutralized and space charge effects are present. With the dramatic performance increase of the next generation Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRIS) it is possible to extract tens of mA of beams from ECR plasmas. Realistic beam transport simulations are important to meet the acceptance criteria of subsequent accelerator systems and have to include non-linear effects from space charge, but also space charge compensation. In this contribution we report on measurements of space charge compensation in the ECRIS low energy beam lines of the Coupled Cyclotron Facility at NSCL using a retarding field analyzer. Results are discussed and compared to simulations.
	Slides WE3PB03 [8.833 MB]

WE3PB04	Transmission of Heavy Ion Beams in the AGOR Cyclotron	ion, heavy-ion, target, closed-orbit	420
	A. Sen, S. Brandenburg, M.A. Hofstee KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands M.J. van Goethem UMCG, Groningen, The Netherlands
	During the acceleration of intense low energy heavy ion beams in the AGOR cyclotron feedback between beam intensity and pressure, driven by beam loss induced desorption, is observed. This feedback limits the attainable beam intensity. Calculations and measurements of the pressure dependent transmission for various beam agree reasonably well. Calculation of the trajectories of ions after a charge change shows that the desorption is mainly due to ions with near extraction energies, hitting the outer wall at a shallow angle of incidence. For heavy ions like ²⁰⁶Pb²⁷⁺ several charge exchanges are needed before the orbit becomes unstable. Our calculations indicate that these ions make thousands of turns before finally hitting the wall. They therefore are a large fraction of the circulating ions and may contribute to vacuum degradation through restgas ionization. Ion induced desorption for relevant ions and materials has been measured; it explains the observations in the cyclotron semi-quantitatively. This work has been financially supported by the Foundation FOM, the Dutch funding agency NWO and the EU-FP7, Grant Agreement n° 262010 - ENSAR.
	Slides WE3PB04 [5.272 MB]

WE4PB01	Tracking in a Cyclotron with Geant4	TRIUMF, simulation, proton, acceleration	423
	F.W. Jones, T. Planche, Y.-N. Rao TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Building on its precursor GEANT, the tracking and simulation toolkit Geant4 has been conceived and realised in a very general fashion, with much attention given to the modeling of electric and magnetic fields and the accuracy of tracking charged particles through them. As evidenced by the G4Beamline application, Geant4 offers a unique simulation approach to beam lines and accelerators, in a 3D geometry and without some of the limitations posed by conventional optics and tracking codes. Here we apply G4Beamline to the TRIUMF cyclotron, describing the generation and input of the field data, accuracy of closed orbits, stability of multi-turn tracking, tracking accelerated orbits, and phase acceptance. Geant4's 3D visualization tools allow detailed examination of trajectories as well as a particle's-eye view of the acceleration process.
	Slides WE4PB01 [4.146 MB]

WE4PB03	Optimizing the Radioisotope Production with a Weak Focusing Compact Cyclotron	ion-source, ion, focusing, vacuum	429
	C. Oliver, P. Abramian, B. Ahedo, P. Arce, J.M. Barcala, J. Calero, E. Calvo, L. García-Tabarés, D. Gavela, A. Guirao, J.L. Gutiérrez, J.I. Lagares, L.M. Martinez Fresno, T. Martínez de Alvaro, E. Molina Marinas, J. Munilla, D. Obradors-Campos, F.J. Olivert, J.M. Perez Morales, I. Podadera, E. Rodriguez, L. Sanchez, F. Sansaloni, F. Toral, C. Vázquez CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
	A classical weak focusing cyclotron can result in a simple and compact design for the radioisotope production for medical applications. Two main drawbacks arise from this type of machine. The energy limit imposed by the non RF-particle isochronism requires a careful design of the acceleration process, resulting in challenging requirements for the RF system. On the other hand, the weak focusing forces produced by the slightly decreasing magnetic field make essential to model the central region of the machine to improve the electric focalization with a reasonable phase acceptance. A complete analysis of the different beam losses, including vacuum stripping, has been performed. The main cyclotron parameters have been obtained by balancing the maximum energy we can obtain and the maximum beam transmission, resulting in an optimum radioisotope production.
	Slides WE4PB03 [2.904 MB]

TH1PB01	Operational Experience at the Intensity Limit in Compact Cyclotrons	target, extraction, ion, ion-source	432
	G. Cojocaru, J.C. Lofvendahl TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Compact cyclotrons are a cost-efficient choice for medical radioisotope production since negative hydrogen ions can be used at energies well below 100MeV. The stripping extraction technique allows quite large circulating currents without the need for separated turns. Space charge limits are in the range of 1 to 2 mA, but operating for long periods at these levels is a challenge for many reasons, among them being the sputtering of metal surfaces where unaccepted beam is deposited. These limits and others observed during our 22 years of 24hours/365days of quasi continuous operation of TR30 cyclotrons will be explored.
	Slides TH1PB01 [8.602 MB]

TH1PB02	Tuning of the PSI 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron for Accepting and Accelerating a Rebunched 72 MeV Proton Beam	injection, proton, extraction, acceleration	437
	J.M. Humbel, C. Baumgarten, J. Grillenberger, W. Joho, H. Muller, H. Zhang PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	In the past year the production of a 1.42 MW proton beam at a relative loss level of 10^-4 at PSI’s proton facility became routine operation. In addition, the inaugurated buncher based beam injection into the 590 MeV Ringcyclotron made a remarkable step forward. In particular, an almost dispersion free setting of the beamline region around the 500 MHz rebuncher in the 72 MeV transfer line has been established and a perfect matching of the dispersion into the Ringcyclotron has been achieved. This buncher-operation optimized facility setting could be advanced up to the ordinary stable standard 2.2 mA production proton beam. With the buncher voltage turned on, at the moment the beam extracted from the Ringcyclotron is limited to below 1 mA due to raising losses, mainly generated by space charge induced distortions of the beam bunches. For a better understanding of these effects a substantial effort in modelling of the accelerated beam is under way. In particular, the influence of the trim coil fields is being implemented into the OPAL simulation code and the insertion of an additional time structure measurement probe in the Ringcyclotron is proposed.
	Slides TH1PB02 [9.281 MB]

TH1PB03	Activation Analysis with Charged Particles: Theory, Practice and Potential	proton, target, neutron, monitoring	440
	M.A. Chaudhri Inst. of Biomaterials, Uni. of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
	Charged particle activation analysis (CPA) is an important application of cyclotrons. It is sensitive and can also activate lighter and other elements, such as Al, Si, Ti, Cd, Tl, Pb, Bi, etc., which cannot be conveniently or at all determined by slow neutron activation (NA). But, the heating of the target in CPA has to be overcome. Besides, it is necessary that the matrices of the sample and the “Standard” are identical or at least similar,which is not always convenient. However, with Chaudhri’s method, CPA is reduced to the simplicity of NA even when matrices of “Standard” and sample are widely different. By using CPA, the effect of French Atomic Tests Series of 1974 in the Pacific on the Australian East Coast was studied. The sensitivity for detecting any element/isotope with Z=20 to Z=90 in any matrix, activated with protons, deuterons and alphas of up to 35 MeV energy have been estimated and presented in graphical form. From these curves the sensitivity of detecting any element/isotope in the aforementioned range can be directly estimated in any given matrix. These curves would help in selecting the most suitable nuclear reaction for the measurement of a particular element. A.Chaudhri, N.Chaudhri. Methods of charged-particle activation analysis. Paper presented at the 20th Int. Conf. On Ion Beam Analysis, Itapema (Brazil) 10-15 April, 2011 to be published

TH1PB04	Fabrication of Hydrophobic Surfaces from Hydrophilic BeO by Alpha-Irradiation-Induced Nuclear Transmutation	controls, plasma, radiation, target	443
	E.J. Lee, M.G. Hur, J.H. Park KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea Y.B. Kong, Y.D. Park, J.M. Son, S.D. Yang Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
	Hydrophobic surfaces were simply fabricated by irradiating hydrophilic BeO surfaces with an alpha particle beam from a cyclotron. In this research, BeO disks were irradiated under conditions of ~25 MeV in alpha particle energy and ~1 μA in beam current with different irradiation time. After the alpha irradiation, the changes in the morphology and chemical composition of BeO surfaces were analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The wetting property of alpha-irradiated BeO surfaces is analyzed by measuring water contact angles (CAs). C and F atoms were created, and consequently, hydrophobic CFx functional groups were formed by the alpha irradiation of hydrophilic BeO. The amount of CFx functional groups on the surface increases as the irradiation time increases. In addition, the surface roughening, which also affects the surface wettability, was induced by the alpha irradiation. Accordingly, the CA of alpha-irradiated BeO surfaces gradually increases as the irradiation time increases. In conclusion, hydrophilic BeO surfaces could be easily converted to hydrophobic surfaces by the alpha irradiation.
	Slides TH1PB04 [5.545 MB]

TH2PB01	Design of Ultra-Light Superconducting Proton Cyclotron for Production of Isotopes for Medical Applications	ion, shielding, proton, vacuum	446
	M.K. Dey, A. Chakrabarti, A. Dutta Gupta VECC, Kolkata, India
	A new design has been explored for a superconducting-coil-based compact cyclotron, which has many practical benefits over conventional superconducting cyclotrons. The iron yoke and poles in conventional superconducting cyclotrons have been avoided in this design. The azimuthally varying field is generated by superconducting sector-coils. The superconducting sector-coils and the circular main-coils have been housed in a single cryostat. It has resulted in an ultra-light 25 MeV proton cyclotron weighing about 2000 kg. Further, the sector coils and the main coils are fed by independent power supplies, which allow flexibility of operation through on-line magnetic field trimming. Here, we present design calculations and the engineering considerations, focused on making the cyclotron ideally suited for the production of radioisotopes for medical applications.
	Slides TH2PB01 [9.625 MB]

TH2PB02	Parasitic Isotope Production with Cyclotron Beam Generated Neutrons	neutron, proton, isotope-production, target	451
	J.W. Engle, E.R. Birnbaum, M.E. Fassbender, K.D. John, F.M. Nortier LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	Funding: Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics Several LINAC and cyclotron facilities worldwide generate high intensity beams with primary beam energies in the range 66 MeV to 200 MeV for isotope production purposes. Many of these beams are almost fully subscribed due to the high demand for isotopes produced via proton induced reactions, leaving little beam time available for production of smaller quantities of research isotopes. Modeling and preliminary experimental measurement of the high power proton beam interaction with targets at the Isotope Production Facility at Los Alamos show a high potential for parasitic small scale production of isotopes utilizing the secondary neutron flux generated around the target. This can also be exploited by modern commercial 70 MeV cyclotrons with total beam currents approaching 1 mA and more.
	Slides TH2PB02 [5.799 MB]

TH2PB03	The University of Washington Clinical Cyclotron a Summary of Current Particles and Energies Used in Therapy, Isotope Production, and Clinical Research	proton, target, neutron, ion-source	454
	E.F. Dorman, R.C. Emery University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
	The University of Washington Clinical Cyclotron (UWCC) is a Scanditronix MC-50 compact cyclotron installed in 1983. The cyclotron has now been in operation for 30 years. The unique nature of the cyclotron is its variable frequency RF system, and dual ion source chimneys; it is also capable to produce other particles and energies. Our facility is now sharing beam time between multiple users: Fast Neutron radiotherapy. Development of a Precision Proton Radiotherapy Platform. In vivo verification of precision proton radiotherapy with positron emission tomography. Routine production of 211-At. Routine production of 117m-Sn. Cyclotron based 99m-Tc production. Cyclotron based 186-Re production. Proton beam extracted into air, demonstrating a visual Bragg peak. Neutron hardness for electronic subsystems. These multiple projects show the uniqueness of our facility and our commitment to therapy, radioisotope research and production, and clinical investigations. Currently Running Protons (H⁺) 50.5 MeV/75μA, 50 MeV/5-10pA, 35 MeV/3-5 pA 16, 18, 24, 28 MeV/30μA, Protons (H²⁺) 6.8 MeV/300nA, Deuterons (D⁺) 18, 20, 22, 24 MeV/30μA, Alphas (4He++) 29.0 MeV/50μA, 47.3 MeV/70μA.
	Slides TH2PB03 [11.400 MB]

TH2PB04	A Multi-Leaf Faraday Cup Especially for Proton Therapy of Ocular Tumors	proton, radiation, simulation, ion	458
	C.S.G. Kunert, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, A. Denker HZB, Berlin, Germany A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	The Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) provides together with the University Hospital Charité in Berlin a treatment of eye tumors with a proton beam. The 68 MeV proton beam is delivered by an isochronous cyclotron as main accelerator. In tumor irradiation treatment the positioning of the radiation field is very important. In eye tumor treatment it is even more important, due to the small and sensitive structures in the eye. Hence, due to the well defined Bragg peak, a proton beam is a good choice to achieve rather small fields of dose delivery. Again, due to the small structures in the eye, one needs to know the proton beam energy and the proton beam range with a high accuracy. One possible solution for a quick and high precision measurement of the range of such proton beams is a Multi-Leaf Faraday Cup (MLFC). This work has the task to develop such a MLFC concerning the special requirements of the eye tumor therapy. In this presentation an overview of the progress of this work will be given, regarding the MLFC principles and issues such as the first technical realization.
	Slides TH2PB04 [5.358 MB]

FR1PB01	Operation Mode of AIC-144 Multipurpose Isochronous Cyclotron for Eye Melanoma Treatment	extraction, proton, acceleration, vacuum	461
	G.A. Karamysheva, I. Amirkhanov, I.N. Kiyan, N.A. Morozov, E. Samsonov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia K. Daniel, K. Gugula, J. Sulikowski IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland
	Computational and experimental results concerning acceleration and extraction of the 60-MeV proton beam at AIC-144 cyclotron of the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Kraków, Poland) are considered. A proton beam of the AIC-144 cyclotron is accelerated without large losses in the radial region of 12-62 cm and is extracted from the cyclotron with a pretty good overall efficiency of ~35%. The beam was used for successful treatment of 15 patients in 2011-2012.
	Slides FR1PB01 [3.828 MB]

FR1PB03	The Radio Frequency Fragment Separator: A Time-of-Flight Filter for Fast Fragmentation Beams	neutron, radio-frequency, proton, target	467
	T. Baumann, D. Bazin, T.N. Ginter, E. Kwan, J. Pereira, C. Sumithrarachchi NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Paper

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MO1PB01

Acceleration of Intense Heavy Ion Beams in RIBF Cascaded-Cyclotrons

ion, acceleration, extraction, heavy-ion

1

N. Fukunishi, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, T. Fujinawa, H. Hasebe, Y. Higurashi, E. Ikezawa, H. Imao, T. Kageyama, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, M. Kidera, M. Komiyama, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, M. Nagase, T. Nakagawa, M. Nakamura, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno, K. Ozeki, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, A. Uchiyama, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, H. Yamasawa
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

The RIBF cascaded-cyclotrons have obtained, as of December 2012, uranium ion beams with an intensity of as high as 15 pnA (1 kW of power). This was achieved owing to deployment of a 28 GHz ECRIS, a new injector linac, a gas stripper and a bending-power upgrade of RIKEN fixed-frequency Ring Cyclotron as well as improvement of transmission efficiencies through cyclotrons and stability, etc.

Slides MO1PB01 [12.793 MB]

MO1PB02

New Developments and Capabilities at the Coupled Cyclotron Facility at Michigan State University

ion, cryomodule, rfq, acceleration

7

A. Stolz, G. Bollen, A. Lapierre, D. Leitner, D.J. Morrissey, S. Schwarz, C. Sumithrarachchi, W. Wittmer
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

A brief overview of the Coupled Cyclotron Facility will be presented with a focus on the newly commissioned stopped beam and reaccelerated radioactive ion beam capabilities. Commissioning results and operations experience of the combined system of Coupled Cyclotron Facility, A1900 fragment separator, gas stopper, EBIT charge-breeder and ReA linac will be presented.

Slides MO1PB02 [42.670 MB]

MO1PB03

Current Status of the Superconducting Cyclotron Project at Kolkata

extraction, target, resonance, diagnostics

11

J. Debnath, A. Chakrabarti, M.K. Dey
VECC, Kolkata, India

The commissioning of Kolkata superconducting cyclotron with internal ion beam had been reported in the last cyclotron conference. At that time, there was gradual beam loss due to poor vacuum. After installing a higher capacity liquid helium plant the cryo-panels were made functional leading to a substantial increase in the beam intensity. It was hoped that higher beam intensity would help in extraction of a measurable fraction of the beam, but that did not happen. Detailed investigation of beam behavior with the help of three beam probes, installed temporarily at three sectors, revealed that the beam goes highly off-centered while passing through the resonance zone. A plastic scintillator based phase probe was mounted on the radial probe and beam phase was measured accurately. It was quite clear that large amount of field imperfection was prohibiting the beam to be extracted. So magnetic field measurement has been started again and considerable amount of harmonic and average field errors have been found. In this paper we report the important developments since 2010.

Slides MO1PB03 [13.028 MB]

MO2PB02

High Current Beam Extraction from the 88-Inch Cyclotron at LBNL

ion, extraction, beam-transport, ion-source

19

D.S. Todd, J.Y. Benitez, K.Y. Franzen, M. Kireeff Covo, C.M. Lyneis, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, M.M. Strohmeier
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

The low energy beam transport system and the inflector of the 88-Inch Cyclotron have been improved to provide more intense heavy-ion beams, especially for experiments requiring 48Ca beams. In addition to a new spiral inflector* and increased injection voltage, the injection line beam transport and beam orbit dynamics in the cyclotron have been analyzed, new diagnostics have been developed, and extensive measurements have been performed to improve the transmission efficiency. By coupling diagnostics, such as emittance scanners in the injection line and a radially-adjustable beam viewing scintillator within the cyclotron, with computer simulation we have been able to identify loss mechanisms. The diagnostics used and their findings will be presented. We will discuss the solutions we have employed to address losses, such as changing our approach to tuning VENUS and running the cyclotron's central trim coil asymmetrically.
*Ken Yoshiki Franzen, et al. "A center region upgrade of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron", these proceedings

Slides MO2PB02 [0.824 MB]

MO2PB03

Progress Toward the Facility Upgrade for Accelerated Radioactive Beams at Texas A&M

ion, ECRIS, injection, heavy-ion

22

D.P. May, B.T. Roeder, R.E. Tribble
Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute, College Station, Texas, USA
F.P. Abegglen, G. Chubaryan, H.L. Clark, G.J. Kim, G. Tabacaru
Texas A&M University, Cyclotron Institute, College Station, Texas, USA
J.E. Ärje
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland

Funding: U. S. Dept. of Energy Grant DE-FG02-93ER40773
The upgrade project at the Cyclotron Institute of Texas A&M University continues to make substantial progress toward the goal of providing radioactive beams accelerated to intermediate energies by the K500 Cyclotron. The K150, which will function as a driver, is now used extensively to deliver both light and heavy ion beams for experiments. The ion-guide cave for the production and charge-breeding of low-energy radioactive beams has been constructed, and the light-ion guide (LIG) has been commissioned with an internal radioactive source. The charge breeding electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (CB-ECRIS) has been commissioned with a source of stable 1+ ions, while the injection line leading to the K500 has been commissioned with the injection and acceleration of charge-bred beams. Despite the lack of good field maps, both light and heavy ions beams have been developed for the K150. Progress and plans, including those for the heavy-ion guide (HIG), are presented.

Slides MO2PB03 [9.652 MB]

MO2PB04

Improving the Energy Efficiency, Reliability and Performance of AGOR

ion, controls, cryogenics, heavy-ion

25

M.A. Hofstee, S. Brandenburg, H. Post, R.A. Schellekens, J.E. de Jong
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

Over the past few years the nature of the experiments performed with AGOR has changed from long experiments, to sequences of short experiments, often using different beams. In addition the total demand for beamtime has gone down. This has required a change in operating procedures and scheduling. In view of the changing demands, we are continuing our efforts to improve the energy efficiency and reliability of the cyclotron, while at the same time trying to improve performance. While some of the solutions might be unique to our facility, many will have broader applicability. Some case studies will be presented and areas for future improvements identified.

Slides MO2PB04 [2.578 MB]

MOPPT001

Status Report of the Cyclotrons C-30, CS-30 and RDS-111 at KFSHRC, Saudi Arabia

target, proton, radiation, controls

28

F.M. Alrumayan, M.S. Shawoo, M. Vora
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Experience gained since the commissioning of the IBA C-30 Cyclotron at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC) in 2010, has shown this facility to be viable entity. In addition to the C-30 Cyclotron, the facility includes two other Cyclotrons namely; the RDS-111 and the CS30 Cyclotrons. The latter has dual responsibilities; while is kept as a backup for the other Cyclotrons for radioisotopes production, it’s used for proton therapy researches and Bragg Peak measurements at that particular energy. During the commission of the C30 cyclotron, 700 uA dual beam were measured. Facility operating history, usage and radiopharmaceuticals productions are described.

MOPPT002

Status of the HZB Cyclotron

proton, ion, high-voltage, neutron

31

A. Denker, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, T. Fanselow, W. Hahn, G. Heidenreich, D. Hildebrand, U. Hiller, U. Muller, C. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich
HZB, Berlin, Germany
D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

For 15 years, eye tumours are treated in collaboration with the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. In 2012 we celebrated the 2000th patient. Our cyclotron is again served by 2 different injectors: a 6 MV Van-de-Graaff and a 2 MV tandetron. The tandetron was optimized especially for the requirements of therapy. Its advantages are easier handling, lower service requirements and a shorter injection beam line. Development of the source resulted in safe operation of more than 600 h and extremely stable beam current. The tandetron is in operation for therapy since 2011. The Van-de-Graaff was considered to be a temporary backup. New requests for beams with a very specific time structure occurred, which can be provided only with the Van-de-Graaff-cyclotron beam line. Pulse structures of high variability; from single pulses of 1 ns at a max. repetition rate of 75 kHz to pulse packets with a length up to 100 μs were tested. The latter was used for the production of pulsed neutron radiation for comprehensive testing of dosimeters. Although major breakdowns have a huge impact on the up-time due to the small number of beam time hours, breakdowns over the past years amounted to less than 5%.

MOPPT003

20 Years of JULIC Operation as COSY's Injector Cyclotron

ion, septum, ion-source, synchrotron

34

R. Gebel, R. Brings, O. Felden, R. Maier, S. Mey, D. Prasuhn
FZJ, Jülich, Germany

The accelerator facility COSY/Jülich is based upon availability and performance of the isochronous cyclotron JULIC as pre-accelerator of the 2.88 GeV cooler synchrotron. Since 1993 the cyclotron provides beams in 24/7 operation for more than 6500 hours/year on average. The cyclotron has been in operation since commissioning in 1968 and has reached in total 260000 hours of operation. JULIC provides routinely polarized and unpolarized negatively charged light ions for COSY experiments in the field of fundamental research in hadron, particle and nuclear physics. The ongoing program at the facility foresees increasing usage as a test facility for accelerator research and detector development for realization of FAIR, and other novel experiments on the road map of the Helmholtz Association and international collaborations. In parallel to the operation for COSY the cyclotron beam is used for irradiation and fundamental nuclide production for research purposes. A brief overview of activities at the Forschungszentrum Jülich, the cooler synchrotron COSY and its injector cyclotron JULIC, with focus on recent technical developments, will be presented.

MOPPT004

Status and Further Development of the PSI High Intensity Proton Facility

target, proton, extraction, neutron

37

J. Grillenberger, J.M. Humbel, A.C. Mezger, M. Seidel, W. Tron
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The High Intensity Proton Accelerator Facility of the Paul Scherrer Institut is routinely operated at an average beam power of 1.3 MW. Since the last cyclotron conference several highlights have been achieved. The maximum current extracted from the 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron could be increased from 2.2 mA to 2.4 mA during several beam development shifts. Furthermore, the availability of the facility has reached its highest level to date, beyond 93%. The new neutron source UCN which utilizes the full proton beam in pulsed mode, has been commissioned. To ensure reliable operation in the years to come and to further increase the intensity, an upgrade and refurbishment program is under way. Important parts of this program are the replacement of two resonators in Injector II and the installation of new RF amplifiers.

MOPPT005

Present Status of the RCNP Cyclotron Facility

ion, proton, neutron, heavy-ion

40

K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

The RCNP cyclotron facility has been stably operated for these years. Demands for heavy ions have been increasing recently. Xe beams were accelerated by the AVF cyclotron for the first time. Developments on components and beam dynamics are presented.

MOPPT007

Recent Progress at the Jyväskylä Cyclotron Laboratory

emittance, ion, ion-source, quadrupole

43

P. M.T. Heikkinen
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland

The use of the K130 cyclotron during the past few years has been normal. The total use of the cyclotron in 2012 was 6441 hours out of which 4610 hours on target. Three quarters of the beam time was devoted to basic nuclear physics research and one quarter for industrial applications, the main industrial application being space electronics testing. Altogether over 20 different isotopes were accelerated in 2012. Beam cocktails for space electronics testing were the most commonly used beams (26 %). Since the first beam in 1992 the total run time for the K130 cyclotron at the end of 2012 was 124’138 hours, and altogether 32 elements (73 isotopes) from p to Au have been accelerated. The MCC30/15 cyclotron will deliver proton and deuteron beams for nuclear physics research and for isotope production. The experimental set-up has been mainly under construction and we have had only a couple of beam tests. Isotope production with the MCC30/15 cyclotron has suffered from severe administrative delays. Finally in December 2012 a preliminary budget study for a GMP laboratory for FDG production (18F) was done. Decisions on the radiopharmaceuticals production at JYFL will be done during 2013.

MOPPT008

Present Status of Cyclotrons (NIRS-930, HM-18) at NIRS

proton, radiation, injection, ion

46

S. Hojo, T. Honma, K. Katagiri, M. Nakao, A. Noda, K. Noda, A. Sugiura
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
A.K. Komiyama, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi
AEC, Chiba, Japan

The cyclotron facility at National Institute of Radiological Science (NIRS) consists of a NIRS-930 cyclotron (Thomson-CSF AVF-930, Kb=110 MeV and Kf=90 MeV) and a small cyclotron HM-18(Sumitomo- Heavy- Industry HM-18). The NIRS-930 has been used for production of short-lived radio-pharmaceuticals for PET, research of physics, developments of particle detectors in space, and so on. The orbit of a beam in the NIRS-930 cyclotron was simulated with integrated approach to modelling of the cyclotron, including calculation of electromagnetic fields of the structural elements. And some improvements such as installation of extracted beam probe, a beam attenuator and a beam viewer in an injection beam line, were performed in the NIRS-930. The HM-18 has been used for production of short-lived radio-pharmaceuticals for PET. It allows us to accelerate H-and D- ion at fixed energies of 18 and 9 MeV, respectively. In order to improve the isochronism, a phase probe has been newly installed in the HM-18. Above improvements and operational status of the cyclotron facility are to be presented in this report.

MOPPT010

On-Going Operations with the Cyclotron C70 ARRONAX

target, proton, isotope-production, vacuum

49

F. Poirier, S. Girault, X. Goiziou, F. Gomez, C. Huet, L. Lamouric, E. Mace, J. Orsonneau, L. Perrigaud, D. Poyac, H. Trichet, N. Varmenot
Cyclotron ARRONAX, Saint-Herblain, France
S. Girault, F. Poirier
SUBATECH, Nantes, France
C. Huet
EMN, Nantes, France
E. Mace
INSERM, Nantes, France
N. Varmenot
ICO, Saint - Herblain, France

The multi-particle cyclotron C70 ARRONAX, located at Nantes, France is used to accelerate non- concurrently four types of particles downstream several beamlines. The particle energy and intensity range of the cyclotron has allowed a wide variety of application including radiolysis, neutron and isotope productions, and physics experiments. Also regular operations are performed both with dual beam runs at 2x100 μA for isotope production and at 350 μA for neutron production using 70 MeV proton beams. At low intensity, 70 MeV alpha beam is one distinctive feature of the machine with the possibility to use pulsed beam with variable time between two consecutive bunches. The status of the machine is presented as well as the operational updates on the beamlines, including the alpha particle pulsing system, the newly installed alpha degrader and beam loss monitor being developed for high intensity runs.

MOPPT011

Variety of Beam Production at the INFN LNS Superconducting Cyclotron

ion, proton, target, extraction

52

D. Rifuggiato, L. Calabretta, L. Cosentino, G. Cuttone
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

The LNS Superconducting Cyclotron has been operating for almost 20 years. Several beams are currently accelerated and delivered, allowing for a wide variety of experimental activity to be carried out. In addition, clinical activity is regularly accomplished: over 11 years of protontherapy of the eye pathologies, around 300 patients have been treated. This has stimulated a growing number of interdisciplinary experiments in the field of radiobiology and dosimetry. On the side of nuclear physics, a significant achievement is the production of radioactive beams: several rare isotopes are produced mainly exploiting the in-flight fragmentation method. The development activity carried out on several components of the user oriented facility will be described.

MOPPT012

Progress at Varian's Superconducting Cyclotrons: A Base for the ProBeam™ Platform

extraction, factory, proton, site

55

H. Röcken, M. Abdel-Bary, E.M. Akcöltekin, P. Budz, M. Grewe, F. Klarner, A. Roth, T. Stephani, P. vom Stein
VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany

During the last 9 years, Varian’s superconducting isochronous ProBeam™ medical proton cyclotrons proved their maturity when they accumulated more than 20 operational years at factory testing and patient treatment without any unscheduled down time caused by quenches or failures of the cryogenic supply systems. Their reliable superconductive technology features a fast initial cool-down and low operating costs. Besides the two machines which are in clinical operation in Switzerland and Germany, one more ProBeam™ cyclotron is already fully commissioned and delivering a 250MeV proton beam at Scripps Proton Therapy Center in San Diego, USA. Several other ProBeam™ cyclotrons are under fabrication or in the phase of factory beam acceptance tests. We report on fast cool-down and time-to-beam-extraction achievements as well as on the latest status and operational experience with Varian’s ProBeam™ cyclotrons. Additionally, we give an insight in new developments for further reduction of commissioning time and improvement of reliability.

MOPPT013

Status Report on the Gustav Werner Cyclotron at TSL, Uppsala

proton, vacuum, ion, ECR

58

D. van Rooyen, B. Gålnander, M.E. Lindberg, T. Lofnes, T. Peterson, M. Pettersson
TSL, Uppsala, Sweden

TSL has a long history of producing beams of accelerated particles. The laboratory was restructured in 2005/2006 with nuclear physics phased out, the CELSIUS ring dismantled and the WASA detector moved to Jülich. The focus of activities became thereby shifted towards, mainly, proton therapy and, in addition, radiation effects testing using protons and neutrons in a beam sharing mode. The increase in demand on (a) beam time and b) consequential faster changes between various set-ups necessitated some minor upgrades. Two of these will be presented. For the same reason our energy measuring system needed to be streamlined. As a consequence of the restructuring, night shifts have been phased out. Studies indicated that a substantial energy saving can be accomplished by switching off certain power supplies. Results of this energy saving programme will be presented. The future? In 2012 our ECR ion source has been “recalled to life”, the purpose being to investigate radiation of electronics and thin films (micropore industry). The results for three test runs with heavy ions will be mentioned. Will TSL be able to survive after the Skandion Clinic has taken over Cancer Therapy with protons?

MOPPT014

Installation and Test Progress for CYCIAE-100

vacuum, ion, ion-source, extraction

61

T.J. Zhang, Shizhong. An, F. Yang, H. Yi
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The 100 MeV high intensity compact cyclotron CYCIAE-100 being built at CIAE adopts an external ion source system, accelerates H⁻ ions up to 100 MeV and provides dual proton beams by stripping. The status at different stages, including the preliminary design*, technical design and construction preparation**, and progress***, was reported at previous conferences. The ground breaking ceremony for the building was conducted in April, 2011. Then in September of 2012, the major systems for the machine, including the 435-ton main magnet, two 46.8 kAT exciting main coils, 200-ton hydraulic elevating system with a precision of 0.02mm, high precision magnetic mapper, the 1.27m high vacuum chamber, two 100kW RF amplifiers, magnet power supplies etc., have been in place for installation. The paper will demonstrate the results of high precision machining and installation of large scale magnet, mapping and shimming with vacuum deformation, study on the multipacting effects and RF conditioning. The test results for the 18mA H⁻ ion source and injection line as well as the cryopanel and vacuum system will also be presented. The first beam is expected in the latter half of this year.
*ICCA, 2004, Tokyo, Japan
**ICCA, 2007, Giardini Naxos, Italy
***ICCA, 2010, Lanzhou, China

MOPPT015

Plan of a 70 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron System for the ISOL Driver in the Rare Isotope Science Project

target, ISOL, injection, optics

64

J.-W. Kim, Y. Choi, S. Hong, J.H. Kim
IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

A 70 MeV H⁻ cyclotron system has been planned for the rare isotope science project (RISP) in Korea mainly to be used as ISOL driver. The maximum beam current requested is 1 mA, and the beam will be used for the nuclear and neutron science programs. A commercial cyclotron with two extraction ports is to be installed for the facility, and the beam distribution lines have been designed with consideration of radiation shielding. The injection beam line has been also studied to produce pulsed beams in the range of 0.01-1 MHz for the users of neutron science to utilize the time of flight technique. A chopper and collimator system is thought as a feasible scheme, and beam optics calculation has been performed. The cyclotron is scheduled to produce a first beam for the RISP in 2007.

MOPPT016

Configurable 1 MeV Test Stand Cyclotron for High Intensity Injection System Development

injection, ion-source, ion, diagnostics

67

F.S. Labrecque, F.S. Grillet, B.F. Milton, L. AC. Piazza, W. Stazyk, S.L. Tarrant
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada
J.R. Alonso, D. Campo
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
L. Calabretta
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
M.M. Maggiore
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy

In order to study and optimize the ion source and injection system of our multiple cyclotron products, Best® Cyclotron Systems Inc. (BCSI) has assembled in its Vancouver office a 1 MeV cyclotron development platform. To accommodate different injection line configurations, the main magnet median plane is vertically oriented and rail mounted which also allows easy access to the inner components. In addition, the main magnet central region is equipped with interchangeable magnetic poles, RF elements, and inflector electrodes in order to replicate the features of the simulated cyclotrons. Multiple diagnostic devices are available to fully characterize the beam along the injection line and inside the cyclotron. This paper will describe the design of two system configurations: the 60 MeV H²⁺ for the DAEΔALUS experiment (MIT, BEST, INFN-LNS) and the BCSI 70 MeV H⁻ cyclotron.

MOPPT019

A Compact, GeV, High-Intensity (CW) Racetrack FFAG

acceleration, focusing, extraction, synchrotron

73

C. Johnstone
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
M. Berz, K. Makino
MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
P. Snopok
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA

High-intensity and energy compact proton accelerators, especially those requiring milliamp currents, imply both CW operation and high acceleration gradients to mitigate losses. Above a few hundred MeV, losses must be under a per cent to avoid massive shielding and unmanageable activation. As relativistic energies are approached, the orbit separation on consecutive acceleration turns decreases for isochronous performance and to achieve higher acceleration gradients and orbit separation, RF modules must be employed rather than Dees, resulting in the larger separated-sector cyclotron footprint. However, the addition of strong focusing – with reversed gradients to capture both transverse planes – to conventional cyclotron fields promote inclusion of long synchrotron-like straight sections and implementation of high-gradient RF, even SCRF. The nsFFAG design has evolved into a a recirculating linear accelerator form with FFAG arcs. An ultra-compact, 0.2 – 1 GeV RLA FFAG design will be discussed (with a 3m x 5-6m footprint) that uses SC RF cryomodules achieving complete orbit separation at extraction and CW operation.

MOPPT020

Study of a Superconducting Compact Cyclotron for Delivering 20 MeV High Current Proton Beam

ion, extraction, proton, vacuum

76

M.M. Maggiore
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
L. Bromberg, C.E. Miller, J.V. Minervini, A. Radovinsky
MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Compact cyclotrons which accelerate high current of H⁻ ions in the range of 10-30MeV have been widely used over the last 25 years for medical isotope production and other applications. For a number of these, low weight, low power consumption, portability or low radiation background are key design requirements. We have evaluated the feasibility of a compact superconducting cyclotron that would provide proton beams up to 20 MeV by accelerating H⁻ ions and extracting them by the stripping process with current of 100uA. The study demonstrates that the survival of the H⁻ ion under high magnetic field environment could be large enough to guarantee low beam losses as long as the RF voltage is high. The compact cyclotron is energized by a set of superconducting coils providing the needed magnetic field, while the azimuthal varying field is done by four iron sectors. Additional superconducting coils are added to minimize the stray magnetic field, eliminating the need for a return yoke. The option of accelerating negative deuteron molecules has also been considered and is presented.

MOPPT022

Design of New Superconducting Ring Cyclotron for the RIBF

injection, extraction, ion, ion-source

79

J. Ohnishi, M. Nakamura, H. Okuno
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

At the RIBF, uranium beams are accelerated up to the energy of 345 MeV per nucleon with a RFQ linac, DTL, and four ring cyclotrons (RRC, fRC, IRC, SRC). However, the present beam current of the uranium is 10-15 pnA at the exit of the SRC, still low, because we have to use two charge strippers located upstream and downstream of the fRC to convert the U³⁵⁺ ions extraced from the 28 GHz ECR ion source to U⁶⁴⁺ and U⁸⁶⁺, respectively. Accordingly, in order to increase the beam current more than tenfold, we performed the design study of the new superconducting ring cyclotron with the K-value of 2200 which can accelerate the U³⁵⁺ ions from 11 MeV/u to 48 MeV/u without the first charge stripper. The number of sector magnets is four and the RF frequency is fixed. The maximum magnetic field strength on the beam orbit is 3.2 T, and the superconducting main coils of the dense winding of NbTi and the trim coils of normal-conducting Cu are used. The total weight of the iron yokes is approximately 4800 t. This paper also describes the beam injection and extraction system which includes one superconducting magnetic channel.

MOPPT024

Radial-Sector Cyclotrons with Different Hill and Valley Field Profiles

focusing, proton, betatron, TRIUMF

82

M.K. Craddock
UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

A new class of isochronous cyclotron is described in which more general radial field profiles B(r) are allowed than the simple proportionality to total energy found in conventional radial- and spiral-sector cyclotrons. Isochronism is maintained by using different field profiles in the hills and valleys. Suitably chosen profiles will produce high flutter factors and significant alternating-gradient focusing, enabling vertical focusing to be maintained up to 1 GeV or more using radial rather than spiral sectors.

MOPPT031

SPES Project: A Neutron Rich ISOL Facility for Re-Accelerated RIBs

ion, target, ISOL, rfq

91

A. Lombardi, A. Andrighetto, G. Bisoffi, M. Comunian, P. Favaron, F. Gramegna, M.M. Maggiore, L. AC. Piazza, G.P. Prete, D. Zafiropoulos
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy

SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is an INFN project with the aim to develop a Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility as an intermediate step toward EURISOL. The SPES Project is under realization at the INFN Legnaro National Laboratories site. The SPES Project main goal is to provide a production and accelerator system of exotic beams to perform forefront research in nuclear physics by studying nuclei far from stability. The SPES Project is concentrating on the production of neutron-rich radioactive nuclei with mass in the range 80-160. The final energy of the radioactive beams on target will range from few MeV/u up to 11 MeV/u for A=130[1]. The SPES facility acceleration system will be presented.

MOPPT032

Status Report and New Developments at iThemba LABS

ion, controls, diagnostics, ion-source

94

J.L. Conradie, L.S. Anthony, R.A. Bark, J.C. Cornell, J.G. De Villiers, H. Du Plessis, J.S. Du Toit, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, M.E. Hogan, I.H. Kohler, C. Lussi, R.H. McAlister, H.W. Mostert, J.V. Pilcher, P.F. Rohwer, M. Sakildien, N. Stodart, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk, P.A. van Schalkwyk
iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa

iThemba LABS is a multidisciplinary research facility in the fields of nuclear physics research, neutron therapy, proton therapy and radionuclide production. Three long running projects, the construction of a new ECR ion source, a beam phase measuring system for the separated-sector cyclotron comprising 21 fixed probes and an RF amplitude and phase monitoring system for the 16 RF systems have been completed. The first results will be reported. The status of the newly developed low-level RF control system will be discussed and an interactive magnetic field calculation method for an injector cyclotron, making use of a data base developed from calculations with the computer program TOSCA, will be presented. Plans to save on the power consumption of the accelerators will be reported on. The beam statistics and the progress with the planning of a radioactive ion beam facility will be discussed.

MO3PB01

An Inverse Cyclotron for Muon Cooling

extraction, focusing, injection, simulation

97

T.L. Hart, D.J. Summers
UMiss, University, Mississippi, USA

The production of intense high energy muon beams for muon colliders is an active area of interest due to the muon's large mass and pointlike structure. The muon production and the subsequent preparation into a beam are challenging due to the large emittance of the initial beam and the short muon lifetime. Most muon cooling channels being developed are single-pass structures due to the difficulty of injecting large emittance beams into a circular device. Inverse cyclotrons can potentially solve the injection problem using single turn energy loss injection and also reduce the muon beam emittance by a large factor. An end-to-end simulation of an inverse cyclotron for muon cooling is presented performed with G4Beamline, a GEANT-based particle tracking simulation program. Muons are collected in a central trap and then all ejected together.

Slides MO3PB01 [1.747 MB]

MO3PB02

Design Study of a Superconducting AVF Cyclotron for Proton Therapy

extraction, proton, cavity, resonance

102

H. Tsutsui, A. Hashimoto, Y. Mikami, H. Mitsubori, T. Mitsumoto, Y. Touchi, T. Ueda, K. Uno, K. Watazawa, S. Yajima, J.Y. Yoshida, K.U. Yumoto
SHI, Tokyo, Japan

Since a cyclotron has better beam quality than that of a synchrocyclotron, we have designed a 4 Tesla superconducting AVF cyclotron for proton therapy. Its weight is less than 60 tons, which is about one fourth of our normal conducting 230 MeV cyclotron. In order to reduce the size and the weight without deteriorating the beam stability, the hill gap around the outer pole radius is made small. Calculated extraction efficiency is higher than 60%, by arranging the extraction elements properly. The low temperature superconducting coil using NbTi wire is conduction-cooled by 4K GM cryocooler. Three dimensional electromagnetic finite element codes have been used during all phases of basic design.

Slides MO3PB02 [13.506 MB]

MO3PB04

Comparison of Superconducting 230 MeV/u Synchro- and Isochronous Cyclotron Designs for Therapy with Cyclinacs

injection, linac, acceleration, ion

108

A. Garonna
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
U. Amaldi, A. Laisné
TERA, Novara, Italy
L. Calabretta, D. Campo
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

Funding: This work was funded by the TERA Foundation (Novara, Italy).
This work presents new superconducting compact cyclotron designs for injection in CABOTO, a linac developed by the TERA Foundation delivering C⁶⁺/H²⁺ beams up to 400 MeV/u for ion beam therapy. Two designs are compared in an industrial perspective under the same design constraints and methods: a synchrocyclotron and an isochronous cyclotron, both at the highest possible magnetic field and with an output energy of 230 MeV/u. This energy allows us to use the cyclotron as a stand-alone accelerator for proton therapy. The synchrocyclotron design features a central magnetic field of 5 T and an axisymmetric pole and a constant field index. The beam is injected axially with a spiral inflector. Resonant extraction allows beam ejection with moderate beam losses. The RF system operates in first harmonic (180° Dee), with modulation provided by a large rotating capacitor. The isochronous cyclotron design features a 3.2 T central magnetic field, four sectors and elliptical pole gaps in the hills and in the valleys. Spiraling is minimized and beam ejection is achieved with a single electrostatic deflector placed inside an empty valley. The two RF cavities operate in fourth harmonic.

Slides MO3PB04 [4.314 MB]

MO4PB02

The IBA Superconducting Synchrocyclotron Project S2C2

extraction, ion-source, ion, focusing

115

W.J.G.M. Kleeven, M. Abs, E. Forton, S. Henrotin, Y. Jongen, V. Nuttens, Y. Paradis, E.E. Pearson, S. Quets, P. Verbruggen, S. Zaremba, J. van de Walle
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
M. Conjat, J. Mandrillon, P. Mandrillon
AIMA, Nice, France

In 2009 IBA decided to start the development of a compact superconducting synchrocyclotron as a proton-source for the small footprint proton therapy system called Proteus One ®. The cyclotron has been completely designed and constructed and is currently under commissioning at the IBA factory. Its design and commissioning results will be presented.

Slides MO4PB02 [21.175 MB]

TU1PB01

High Intensity Operation for Heavy Ion Cyclotron of Highly Charged ECR Ion Sources

ion, ECRIS, ion-source, ECR

125

L.T. Sun
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Modern advanced ECR ion source can provide stable and reliable high charge state ion beams for the routine operation of a cyclotron, which has made it irreplaceable, particularly with regard to the performance and efficiency that a cyclotron complex could achieve with the ion source. The 3rd generation ECR ion sources that can produce higher charge state and more intense ion beams have been developed and put into cyclotron operation since early 21st century. They have provided the privilege for the cyclotron performance improvement that has never been met before, especially in term of the delivered beam intensity and energy, which has greatly promoted the experimental research in nuclear physics. This paper will have a brief review about the development of modern high performance high charge state ECR ion sources. Typical advanced high charge state ECR ion sources with fully superconducting magnet, such as SERSE, VENUS, SECRAL, SuSI and RIKEN SC-ECRIS will be presented, and their high intensity operation status for cyclotrons will be introduced as well.

Slides TU1PB01 [20.645 MB]

TU2PB01

A Study of Multipacting Effects in Large Cyclotron Cavities by Means of Fully 3-Dimensional Simulations

electron, simulation, cavity, RF-structure

142

C. Wang, B. Ji, Y. Lei, P.Z. Li, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
A. Adelmann, A. Gsell, M. Seidel
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The field emission model and the secondary emission model, as well as 3D boundary geometry handling capabilities, are needed to efficiently and precisely simulate multipacting phenomena. These models have been implemented in OPAL, a parallel framework for charged particle optics in accelerator structures and beam lines. The models and their implementation are carefully benchmarked against a non-stationary multipacting theory. A dedicated multipacting experiment with nanosecond time resolution for the classic parallel plate geometry has also successfully shown the validity of OPAL model. Multipacting phenomena, in the CYCIAE-100 cyclotron, under construction at China Institute of Atomic Energy, are expected to be more severe during the RF conditioning process than in separate-sector cyclotrons. This is because the magnetic fields in the valley are stronger, which may make the impact electrons easier to reach energies that lead to larger multipacting probabilities. We report on simulation results for CYCIAE-100, which gives us an insight view of the multipacting process and help to develop cures to suppress these phenomena.

Slides TU2PB01 [7.012 MB]

TU2PB02

The New Axial Buncher at INFN-LNS

controls, impedance, vacuum, ion-source

147

A.C. Caruso, G. Gallo, A. Longhitano
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
F. Consoli
Associazione Euratom-ENEA sulla Fusione, Frascati (Rome), Italy
P.Z. Li
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
J. Sura
Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland

A new axial buncher for the K-800 superconducting cyclotron is under construction at LNS. This new device will replace the present buncher installed along the vertical beam line, inside the yoke of the cyclotron at about half a metre from the medium plane. Maintenance and technical inspection are very difficult to carry out in this situation. The new buncher will still be placed along the axial beam line, just before the bottom side of the cyclotron yoke. It consists of a drift tube driven by a sinusoidal RF signal in the range of 15-50 MHz, a matching box, an amplifier, and an electronic control system. A more accurate mechanical design of the beam line portion will allow for the direct electric connection of the matching box to the ceramic feed-through and drift tube. This particular design will minimize, or totally avoid, any connection through coaxial transmission line. It will reduce the entire geometry, the total RF power and the maintenance. In brief, the new axial buncher will be a compact system including beam line portion, drift tube, ceramic feed-through, matching box, amplifier and control system interface in a single structure.

Slides TU2PB02 [7.623 MB]

TU2PB03

Heat Transfer Study and Cooling of 10 MeV Cyclotron Cavity

cavity, simulation, factory, ion

150

S. Saboonchi, H. Afarideh
AUT, Tehran, Iran
M.R. Asadi
PPRC, Tehran, Iran
J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

The most important problem in mechanical design of RF cavity of cyclotron is generated heat by RF power loss. An optimized cooling system for cavity is necessary to prevent Dee damaging and minimizing error function of cyclotron created by displacements. Also optimization of water circuit and water flow is essential because it affects unwanted vibrations and manufacturing. In this paper an attempt has been done to design an optimized cooling system for the cavity of a 10 MeV cyclotron with frequency of 69 MHz and 50 KW RF power using ANSYS and CST software.

TU2PB04

Resonator System for the BEST 70 MeV Cyclotron

controls, LLRF, cavity, simulation

153

V. Sabaiduc, G. Gold, B.A. Versteeg
BCSI, Vancouver, Canada
J. Panama
Best Theratronics Ltd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Best Cyclotron Systems Inc. is presently developing a 70 MeV cyclotron for radioisotope production and research purpose. The RF system comprises two separated resonators driven by independent amplifiers to allow for the phase and amplitude modulation technique to be applied for beam intensity modulation. The resonators are presently in the commissioning phase consisting of cold test measurements followed by high power commissioning in the cyclotron. Preliminary simulation results have been reported and are: 56MHz operation (fourth harmonic, half-wave resonator design), 60 to 70kV dee voltage, quality factor 8000 with the estimated dissipated power of 17kW per resonator. The electromagnetic modeling has been done with CST Microwave Studio. All simulation results showed a very conservative design with typical parameters for the energy and size of the resonators. The paper will present the measurement results on a cold test set-up configuration as well as the commissioning with high power in the cyclotron.

Slides TU2PB04 [4.920 MB]

TUPPT001

Control System of 10 MeV Baby Cyclotron

controls, LabView, vacuum, interlocks

156

A. Abdorrahman, H. Afarideh, G.R. Aslani, S. Malakzade
AUT, Tehran, Iran
A. Afshar
Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

For controlling all the equipment and services required for operating the 10 MeV baby cyclotron and optimizing various parameters, an extensive control system is used. Most of the control systems are located in the control room which is situated outside the biological shield. The control console in the control room has switches for all the power supplies like main magnet, radio frequency system, vacuum system, ion-source, deflector, etc. Several Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC's) which are located near the equipment control the whole system. A technique of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is presented to monitor, control, and log actions of the PLC's on a PC through use of I/O communication interface coupled with an Open Process Control/Object Linking and Embedding [OLE] for Process Control (OPC) Server/Client architecture. In order to monitor and control different part of system, OPC data is then linked to a National Instruments (NI) LabVIEW. In this paper, details of the architecture and insight into applicability to other systems are presented.

TUPPT004

The Development of Control System for 9 MeV Cyclotron

controls, vacuum, status, rf-amplifier

159

Y.S. Lee, J.-S. Chai, S.Y. Jung, H.S. Kim, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, J.C. Lee, S.H. Lee, J.K. Park, S. Shin, H.S. Song, Y.H. Yeon
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
K.-H. Park
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea

The Sungkyunkwan University has developed the 9 MeV cyclotron for producing radio isotopes. In order to operate the cyclotron stably, all sub-systems in the cyclotron are controlled and monitored consistently. Therefore, each sub-system includes control devices, which is developed based on PLC, or DSP chip and the sub control modules interface with main control system in real time. As main control system, we choose the CompactRIO system from NI (National Instrument) to take into account the latency and robust control. The control system has high-performance processor running real-time OS, so that the system can control the cyclotron fast and exactly. In addition, the system can be remotely accessed over the network to monitor the status of cyclotron easily. The configuration of control system for 9 MeV cyclotron and performance test result will be described in this paper.

TUPPT005

Temperature Stability of the TRIUMF Cyclotron RF Controls

controls, feedback, TRIUMF, monitoring

162

M.P. Laverty, K. Fong, Q. Zheng
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Factors which contribute to ambient temperature sensitivity in the TRIUMF cyclotron RF control system are examined and characterized. Seasonal temperature variations together with air conditioning system limitations can give rise to unwanted temperature variations in the rack space housing the control system. If these are large enough, they can cause excursions in the cyclotron accelerating voltage. The critical components responsible are characterized and some possible remedies outlined.

TUPPT006

The Development of Radial Probe for CYCIAE-100

target, vacuum, controls, injection

165

F.P. Guan, Z.G. Li, C. Wang, L.P. Wen, H.D. Xie, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

In the design of CYCIAE-100 beam diagnostics system, three radial probes distribute on the mid plane. These radial probes can be used for beam centering measurement. By blocking beam on five finger target and one stopping block, the radial probe can measure the radial and axial envelope of H⁻ beam at the same time. During beam commissioning, the radial probe can also be used for beam intensity measurement. The changeable probe head design makes it possible to replace the damaged part and optimization of the structure.

TUPPT009

Development of Rapid Emittance Measurement System

emittance, ion, ion-source, controls

171

K. Kamakura, M. Fukuda, N. Hamatani, K. Hatanaka, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, H. Yamamoto, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

We have developed a new system to measure the beam emittance. With our conventional emittance measurement system, it takes about 30 minutes to get emittances in both the horizontal and vertical plane. For quick measurements, we have developed a new system consisting of a fast moving slit with a fixed width and a BPM83 (rotating wire beam profile monitor). BPM83 uses a rotating helical wire made of tungsten, the speed is 18 rps. Fast moving slit consists of a shielding plate with two slits, and is inserted into the beam path at an angle of 45 degrees. The slit is driven by PLC controlled stepping motor, and it takes 70 seconds to move the full stroke of 290 mm. While moving the slit, the output from BPM83 and the voltage of potentiometer that corresponds to the slit position are recorded simultaneously. We are using CAMAC for data acquisition. Trigger signals are generated by BPM83 and NIM modules. Data analysis takes about 1 second. With this system we can get the horizontal and vertical emittance plots within 75 seconds. This system will definitely make it easier to optimize parameters of ion sources and the beam transport system.

TUPPT011

Measurement of Turn Structure in the Central Region of TRIUMF Cyclotron

resonance, TRIUMF, feedback, extraction

177

T. Planche, R.A. Baartman, Y.-N. Rao
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

To get the most out of the existing beam diagnostics in the TRIUMF cyclotron, we started in 2011 to developed new data processing and visualization tools. The main advantage of these Matlab-based tools, compared to old VMS-based tools, is that they can benefit from a much larger library of modern data processing and visualization algorithms. This effort has already shown itself very useful to highlight essential features of the beam dynamics which remained unnoticed before. In this paper we present measurements results displaying beam dynamics process, and in particular space charge related process, happening in the central region of the TRIUMF cyclotron.

Poster TUPPT011 [32.212 MB]

TUPPT015

A Center Region Upgrade of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron

ion, injection, ion-source, focusing

186

K. Yoshiki Franzen, J.Y. Benitez, M.K. Covo, A. Hodgkinson, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, M.M. Strohmeier, D.S. Todd
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
D. Leitner
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

This paper describes the design and results of an upgraded cyclotron center region in which a mirror field type inflector was replaced by a spiral inflector. The main goals of the design were a) to facilitate injection at higher energies in order to improve transmission efficiency and b) to reduce down-time due to the need of replacing mirror inflector wires which rapidly break when exposed to high beam currents. The design was based on a detailed model of the spiral inflector and matching center region electrodes using AMaze, a 3D finite element suite of codes. Tests showed promising results indicating that the 88-Inch cyclotron will be able to provide a 2.0 pμA beam of 250 MeV 48Ca ions.

TUPPT018

Critical Analysis of Negative Hydrogen Ion Sources for Cyclotrons

ion, ion-source, plasma, electron

192

S. Korenev
Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging, Knoxville, TN, USA

The ion sources for cyclotrons based on negative hydrogen ions found applications as basic injectors for cyclotrons. The main important questions of negative hydrogen ion sources are following: i) method of production for negative hydrogen ions, ii) the extraction of ions and iii) separation of negative ions from electrons. Among of ion internal and external ion sources the common question is efficiency for production of negative hydrogen ions and increasing of kinetic energy of these ions. The critical analysis of different ions sources (PIG, Multicusps, etc.) is given. The comparison of these ion sources regarding applications for industrial cyclotrons for production of medical isotopes is presented in the paper.

Poster TUPPT018 [0.231 MB]

TUPPT023

Design and Simulation of Cavity for 10 MeV Compact Cyclotron

cavity, coupling, simulation, acceleration

200

V. Afzalan, H. Afarideh, R. Azizi
AUT, Tehran, Iran
J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

RF system is known as one of the most vital parts to produce the efficient accelerator system. In this paper, the RF system and cavity of 10 MeV AVF ( Azimuthally Varying Field ) Cyclotron for radioisotope production are designed. The Cyclotron works on 4th harmonic with Dee's voltage of 50 KV. In order to supply the expected accelerating voltages RF power coupling and RF tuner has been considered. The RF system is simulated using commercially available simulator, CST Microwave Studio code. In contrast the geometry of cavity is optimized to achieve suitable Q value in desired frequency. Since the factors are non-ideal during the fabrication process, the actual Q value of cavities is estimated.

TUPPT024

Design of a Digital Low-Level RF System for BEST Medical Cyclotrons

controls, LLRF, cavity, monitoring

203

G. Gold, V. Sabaiduc
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada

A versatile digital low-level RF system has been designed for the range of cyclotrons being developed by Best Cyclotron Systems Inc. (BCSI). Primary design considerations are given to robustness, low cost and the flexibility to be used on all BCSI resonator designs. As such, the system allows for operating frequency selection from 49 to 80 MHz and is compatible with single or double resonator configurations through the use of local oscillator synchronization and high-speed command exchange. An IQ demodulation/modulation scheme is employed allowing for frequency and amplitude control. High-speed phase control of separated resonators allows for beam intensity modulation techniques to be applied. This paper discusses the overall system design as well as integration results on both a single and double resonator cyclotron.

TUPPT025

Resonator System for the BCSI Test Stand Cyclotron

cavity, simulation, controls, LLRF

206

G. Gold, V. Sabaiduc, J. Zhu
BCSI, Vancouver, Canada
J. Panama
Best Theratronics Ltd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
L. AC. Piazza
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy

Best Cyclotron Systems Inc. is presently developing a test facility for beam injection into a center region cyclotron operating at maximum 1MeV. The test stand cyclotron will operate at various fixed frequencies that will cover the entire range from 49MHz to 80MHz as estimated for the current cyclotron models under development at BCSI. The resonator was designed with a variable coaxial section allowing for the frequency to be continuously adjusted as required for the particular model in study. Having interchangeable dee tip geometries presented various thermal management challenges which have been addressed. Three operational frequencies, 49MHz, 56MHz and 73MHz have been simulated with CST Microwave Studio. The paper will report the theoretical parameters of the cavity, mechanical design considerations and resonator commissioning on the first operational frequency of 49MHz.

TUPPT026

The Design and Testing of an Automatic RF Conditioning System for the Compact Medical Cyclotron

multipactoring, controls, feedback, vacuum

209

Y. Lei, B. Ji, P.Z. Li, C. Wang, J.Y. Wei, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The multipacting phenomenon for a compact medical cyclotron is induced by the fringing magnet field inside the accelerating structure. And it will become more interesting, when the vacuum system is equipped with diffusion pump. A method used for CYCIAE-14 cavity conditioning is reported together with the testing results of an automatic conditioning circuit designed on such basis. Apart from traditional Low Level RF control, in which close-loop regulation plays an important role, the automatic conditioning system emphasizes on the cavity startup process. It takes advantage of the modern digital signal processing technique, combined with the direct digital synthesizer to accurately limit the reflection, will condition the cavity by means of sweeping frequency, using the low RF driven power, in continuous wave mode. The electronics are designed and tested first; it will be used later in the RF system commissioning of other compact medical cyclotrons built by BRIF division of CIAE.

TUPPT028

Development of 20 kW RF Amplifier for Compact Cyclotron

impedance, rf-amplifier, vacuum, cathode

212

S.H. Lee, J.-S. Chai, T.V. Cong, H.S. Kim, Y.S. Lee, H.S. Song, Y.H. Yeon
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
J.H. Kim
KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported by Nuclear R&D program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. (2012-0925001)
Compact cyclotron for PET RI production accelerates H⁻ ions using electric field. For accelerating ions in cyclotron, RF amplifier is developed to transmit RF power to RF resonating cavity. RF amplifier generates high-power RF signal up to 20 kW with narrow band frequency. The amplifier device was used of triode vacuum tube operated in cathode-driven. Impedance matching systems were composed of bridge-network system. Components of impedance matching system had rigid structure to endure high-power RF signal. Variable inductors of matching components have been used of short-bar movement system for changing reactance of characteristic impedance. The experiment results were measured by VSWR meter and network analyzer.

TUPPT029

Design Study of a 83.2 MHz RF Cavity for the 9 MeV Compact Cyclotron

cavity, ion, simulation, impedance

215

S. Shin, J.-S. Chai, J.C. Lee
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
B.N. Lee
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

Funding: National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010-0025953)
A compact cyclotron accelerating H⁻ ion for producing a radioactive isotope FDG (FluoroDeoxyGlucose) for PET (Positron Emission Tomography) has been designed at Sungkyunkwan University. The H⁻ ion which generated from the PIG (Panning Ion Gauge) ion source will be accelerated at the normal conducting RF cavity which uses 83.2 MHz of resonance frequency and extracted at the carbon foil striper at the energy of 9 MeV. This cyclotron has to be small to install local hospital while FDG production needs more than 9 MeV of proton beam energy. Chasing two hare at once, deep valley type of magnet has been selected for high energy and compact cyclotron. Due to the small size of valley space where RF cavities will be installed, lots of difficulties have been introduced. Despite of those difficulties at the designing process, we could achieve resonance frequency of 83.2 MHz and Q-factor of 4500 with very compact size of RF cavity.

TUPPT030

Development of 1.5 kW RF Driver for Compact Cyclotron

cathode, impedance, vacuum, rf-amplifier

218

H.S. Song, J.-S. Chai, T.V. Cong, S.Y. Jung, H.S. Kim, S.H. Lee, Y.S. Lee, S. Shin, Y.H. Yeon
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
J.H. Kim
KIRAMS, Seoul, Republic of Korea

1.5 kW RF driver is being designed and manufactured with the resonance frequency of 83.2 MHz. Triode (3CX1500A7) is used for RF power amplification, and ground grid amplifier (G.G. Amp.) type was adopted for this RF driver since the circuit design and realization is simple. Anode, and cathode voltage of RF driver is approximately 3500V, and 5V respectively. In this paper, impedance matching process of RF driver is described. Variable capacitor and variable inductor is utilized to implement the impedance matching for cathode and anode. In addition, RF power output characteristics compared with RF input is shown.

TUPSH002

Design and Construction of Combination Magnet for CYCIAE-100

simulation, proton, extraction, status

221

S.M. Wei, Shizhong. An, M. Li, C. Wang, M. Yin, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The high intensity compact cyclotron CYCIAE-100 being constructed at China Institue of Atomic Energy (CIAE) is designed to extract proton beam from 75MeV to 100MeV in two opposite directions by stripping foil. Two combination magnets have been designed to bend the proton beams with different energies into one common beam line. The combination magnets have been designed into the return yoke of the main magnet of CYCIAE-100 for the dynamic reason. 2 D and 3D simulation of these combination magnets has been finished, the machining of them has also been finished. The magnetic field of the combination magnets has been measured and the results show that the measurements are very closed to the calculation, indicating these two magnets can be used in the BRIF project.

TUPSH003

Conceptual Design of a 100 MeV Injector Cyclotron

resonance, proton, cavity, extraction

224

M. Li, J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang, J.Q. Zhong
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Accelerator driven system (ADS) is advanced clean nuclear energy system based on a high power accelerator, which has been proposed worldwide in recent years. Referring to the experiences from the existing PSI high power proton facility, an 800 MeV cyclotron is under design at CIAE (China Institute of Atomic Energy) as a candidate of high power proton driver. Given the extremely high beam power to be extracted, a tiny beam loss can lead to disastrous result for the cyclotron. Especially, the beam loss during extraction is the critical issue with respect to the feasibility and reliability of the design, which needs to be investigated in great detail from the very beginning. In this paper, the extraction scheme and beamline elements design are presented, and the detailed beam loss distribution during extraction will be calculated by numerical simulation with the large-scale parallel code OPAL-CYCL.

TUPSH005

Investigation of Cyclotron Carbon Foil Lifetime in Relation to its Thickness

electron, proton, ion, radiation

227

J.-W. Kim, S. Hong, J.H. Kim
IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Y. Choi
Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
Y.-S. Kim
Energy & Environmental System, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea

For extracting positive hydrogen atoms from accelerated negative ones, a thin carbon foil is usually used to stripe two electrons from negative atoms, which consists of one proton and two electrons traveling together up to 70MeV proton. The kinetic energy of electron is 38.13keV at the moment of stripping. The energy loss of protons and electrons in carbon foil could be estimated by the multiplication of stopping power (dE/dz) and the foil thickness where passing through. The stopping powers were estimated with 8.5 and 7.25 MeV/(g/cm²) for the proton and electron, respectively. In cyclotron the stripper is located in a strong magnetic field of ~Tesla, which makes electrons circular motion around the foil depositing all their kinetic energies into it. In this study, three different carbon foil thicknesses (200, 400, and 800 ug/cm²) were employed to investigate the correlation of foil temperature and their lifetime for the case of 1mA proton extraction. We are aiming the lifetime of a stripper foil to be as long as 2 weeks for irradiating protons onto an ISOL target. An effective lifetime of foils will be discussed as a function of a foil peak temperature.

TUPSH006

Development of a New Active-Type Gradient Corrector for an AVF Cyclotron

extraction, optics, proton, quadrupole

230

M. Fukuda, N. Hamatani, K. Hatanaka, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

A new gradient corrector with active coils has been developed for beam focusing and bending in the extraction region of the RCNP AVF cyclotron. The gradient corrector is a quadrupole type consisting of a pair of a C-type iron yoke. A sixteen-turn hollow conductor was coiled around each side yoke, and the two iron dipoles generate a linear field gradient independently. A field gradient up to 9 T/m is available for focusing a heavy ion beam with magnetic rigidity up to 1.6 T-m. The position of the gradient corrector is manually changeable within ±20 mm from a beam extraction base line. A field measurement was carried out with a Hall-element and we confirmed generation of the designed field gradient under excitation of the main coil. We have succeeded in focusing an extracted beam at an object point of the beam transport optics by a combination of the gradient corrector and a triplet quadrupole magnet following the gradient corrector. Correction of an extracted beam orbit was also demonstrated by optimizing the coil current and position of the gradient corrector. We will report the design and performance of the new gradient corrector.

TUPSH007

Improvement in Design of 10 MeV AVF Cyclotron Magnet

betatron, factory, simulation, magnet-design

233

R. Solhju, H. Afarideh, B. Mahdian
AUT, Tehran, Iran
J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Design study of a 10 MeV baby cyclotron which accelerates H− ions is started in March, 2012 at Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT). Up to this point, conceptual design of the cyclotron magnet is finished. This process has been done in two steps: initial design and then optimization. After finishing the initial design of the magnet by CST software and adopting hard-edge approximation for finding the pole tip, an optimization process has been followed to smooth the pole edge in order to decrease the tension in sharp edges of the pole. In this paper, we are going to explain about the optimization process in details. Actually, we tried to fit the best curve at the pole edges of the magnet with goal of having minimum magnetic field error. Also a short report of results which was obtained before optimization is provided here. Precision of this design is ensured by checking the magnetic field and beam dynamic parameters during the optimization.

TUPSH008

Conceptual Design of the 100 MeV Separated Sector Cyclotron

simulation, resonance, extraction, magnet-design

236

B. Mahdian, H. Afarideh, R. Solhju
AUT, Tehran, Iran
J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

The 100 MeV separated sector cyclotron was designed at Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), which was aimed for various applications including radioactive ion-beam (RIB) production and proton therapy. It has four separated sector magnets. The cyclotron magnet design was based on an iterative process starting from a simple model that requires the vision of the complete cyclotron and the possibility of integration of all subsystems. By computer simulation with the 3D (CST) and 2D (POSSION) codes, principle parameters of the cyclotron magnet system were estimated (pole radius 180 cm, outer diameter 640 cm, height 300 cm). The results showed that the isochronous deviations between simulated values and the calculation one are smaller than 5 Gauss at most radii and therefore fulfilled the requirements. This work has been done with high accuracy which is proved by particle trajectories and considered mesh range. It has been concluded that it can be possible to design and develop this high energy cyclotron by introducing simple model without using trim and harmonic coils.

TUPSH009

Magnetic Field Mapping of the Best 70 MeV Cyclotron

alignment, target, controls, vacuum

239

F.S. Grillet, B.F. Milton
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada
D.T. Montgomery
Cedarflat Precision Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada

As is well known, the mapping of a cyclotron magnet presents several key challenges including requirements for a high degree of accuracy and difficult space constraints in the region to be measured. Several novel solutions were used to create the mapper for the Best 70 MeV cyclotron, which is based on an earlier version used to map the Best 14 MeV cyclotron. Based on a temperature compensated 3-Axis hall probe that is continuously sampled while the probe travels along a radial arm a high degree of positional accuracy is achieved by simultaneously sampling optical encoders located with the probe. A novel implementation using air bearings and air jets provides axial rotation of the arm with almost no metal parts. The mapper has achieved a full 360 degree map in 1 degree theta steps, and 2.5mm radial steps in 2 hours and 40 minutes, with a relative radial accuracy of ±0.02mm and angular accuracy of ±0.001 degrees. This paper will describe how the simultaneous challenges of designing with no metal parts while achieving a high degree of rigidity and precision have been addressed.

TUPSH011

Developments of HTS Magnets at RCNP

dipole, neutron, ion, target

242

K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Takemura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, K. Yokoyama, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan
T. Kawaguchi
KT Science Ltd., Akashi, Japan

At RCNP, we have been developing magnets utilizing high temperature super conducting (HTS) wires for this decade. They are a cylindrical magnet, two dimensional scanning coils, a super ferric dipole magnet whose coils have a negative curvature. Recently we built a cylindrical magnet for a practical use. It is used to polarize ultra cold neutrons. The maximum field is higher than 3.5 T at the center. We are fabricating a switching magnet which is excited by pulse currents to realize a time sharing of beams in two target positions. In the paper, we report specifications and performances of these magnets.

TUPSH013

Design Study of 10 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron Magnet

simulation, magnet-design, radio-frequency, extraction

248

H.S. Kim, J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, S.H. Lee
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work has been supported by National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2010-0025952).
For the past decades, PET (positron emission tomography) has been remarkable growth in market. PET using 18F is widely provided for cancer screening and expected to be installed at small and medium hospital for convenience of patients. At Sungkyunkwan University, 10 MeV H⁻ cyclotron, which produces 18F is being developed. In this paper, we demonstrated main magnet design and whole design procedure was explained. The result of design is verified by orbit analysis and single particle tracking. The description of the obtained result is presented in this paper.

TUPSH014

An Integrated Self-Supporting Mini-Beamline for PET Cyclotrons

target, focusing, controls, radiation

251

M.P. Dehnel, D.E. Potkins, T.M. Stewart
D-Pace, Nelson, British Columbia, Canada

Funding: SR&ED
A commercial fluorine-18 water-target can now handle 150 μA of 10-19 MeV proton current. The days of a few tens of micro-amperes bombarding a PET target with low residual activity on a self-shielded cyclotron are over. Now an integrated self-supporting mini-beamline is essential for safe, optimized and reliable operation of PET cyclotrons. The high levels of prompt/residual radiation are moved (~1 m) away from the cyclotron so that local-shielding can be placed around the target/selector assembly, which minimizes cyclotron component damage due to prompt neutrons/gammas, and ensures the high residual target radiation is attenuated, so maintenance personnel can work on the cyclotron in a “cool” environment. Beam diagnostic readbacks from baffles/collimators provide steering and focusing control of the beam. This "plug-n-play" beamline is an integrated self-supporting unit cantilevered from the cyclotron. The single aluminum sub-structure acts as mounting flange, support structure, beampipe, and magnet registration device. A diamond-shaped vacuum envelope through the compound quadrupole/steering magnets results in maximum beam throughput and optimization.

TUPSH016

Trim Coil Unbalance of the 88-Inch Cyclotron

ion, power-supply, injection, radiation

254

M. Kireeff Covo, B. Bingham, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, A. Ratti, M.M. Strohmeier, D.S. Todd
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
K.Y. Franzen
Mevion, Littleton, Massachusetts, USA

Funding: Work supported by the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Physics Division of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231.
The 88-inch cyclotron Dee probe shows large losses inside the radius of 20 cm and suggests problems in the ion beam injection. The current of the top and bottom innermost trim coil 1 is unbalanced to study effects of the axial injection displacement. A new beam profile monitor images the ion beam bunches, turn by turn, and the beam center of mass position is measured. The technique allows increasing the beam transmission through the cyclotron.

TU3PB01

Bunch-Shape Measurements at PSI’s High-power Cyclotrons and Proton Beam Lines

proton, electron, cathode, simulation

257

R. Dölling
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Longitudinal-transversal 2D-density distributions of the bunched 2.2 mA CW proton beam can now be measured at the 13 last turns of the Injector 2 cyclotron, at several locations in the connecting beam line to the Ring cyclotron, at the first two turns of the Ring cyclotron (all at energies around 72 MeV), as well as behind the Ring cyclotron (at 590 MeV). In the large part, distributions can be taken from several angles of view, separated each by 45°. The measurement systems at our facility have evolved with time; this paper gives the present status, performance, limits and typical results. Due to the limited space, we refer in the large part to our previous publications [1, 2, 3] and concentrate on recent findings and measurements and ideas for next steps.

Slides TU3PB01 [9.393 MB]

TU3PB02

Development of a Scintillator Probe Based on Fiber Optics for Radial Beam Diagnostics of the Ion Beam of the 88-Inch Cyclotron

ion, diagnostics, extraction, controls

262

M.M. Strohmeier, J.Y. Benitez, M.K. Covo, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, D.S. Todd
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
K.Y. Franzen
Mevion, Littleton, Massachusetts, USA

Operators at the 88-Inch Cyclotron have many tuning parameters to optimize transmission from injection through extraction. However, the only diagnostics they have had were a Faraday Cup at the exit of the machine and a so called "Dee-Probe" which gives a current-vs-radius (IvR) measurement. Motivated by low transmission of the Cyclotron and to address how tuning can affect the beam, we have developed an optical beam viewer whose radial position within the cyclotron can be adjusted remotely. This viewer allows us to image the beam cross section and its axial position with very high spatial resolution as a function of radius. In this paper, we describe the mechanical development of the device which consists of a Kbr scintillator crystal, a fiber bundle and a digital camera and we present data from its initial commissioning.

Slides TU3PB02 [4.936 MB]

TU3PB03

R&D of Helium Gas Stripper for Intense Uranium Beams

ion, target, acceleration, electron

265

H. Imao, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, H. Hasebe, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, H. Okuno, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, Y. Yano
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

Intensity upgrade of uranium beams is one of the main concerns at the RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF). The lifetime problem of carbon-foil strippers due to the high energy loss of uranium beams around 10~MeV/u was a principal bottleneck for the intensity upgrade in the acceleration scheme at the RIBF. We have developed a re-circulating He-gas stripper as an alternative to carbon foils for the acceleration of high-power uranium beams. The new stripping system was actually operated in user runs with U³⁵⁺ beams of more than 1 puA. Electron-stripped U⁶⁴⁺ beams were stably delivered to subsequent accelerators without serious deterioration of the system for six weeks. The new He-gas stripper, which removed the primary bottleneck in the high-intensity uranium acceleration, greatly contributed the tenfold increase of the average output intensity of the uranium beams from the previous year.

Slides TU3PB03 [11.983 MB]

TU4PB01

Mapping of the New IBA Superconducting Synchrocyclotron (S2C2) for Proton Therapy

proton, extraction, resonance, synchro-cyclotron

272

J. van de Walle, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, C. L'Abbate, V. Nuttens, Y. Paradis
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
M. Conjat, J. Mandrillon, P. Mandrillon
AIMA, Nice, France

The magnetic field in the Superconducting Synchrocyclotron (S2C2) has been measured with a newly developed mapping system during the commissioning of the machine at IBA. The major difference with other mapping systems at IBA is the usage of a search coil, which provides high linearity over a large magnetic field range and the possibility to measure in a more time economic way. The first mapping results of the S2C2 were compared with OPERA3D calculations. The average field, the tune functions and the first harmonic were the main quantities which were compared and showed good agreement with the model. For example, the average field was within 0.3% of the calculation over the entire machine. In order to assess the efficiency of the regenerative extraction mechanism, protons were tracked in the measured map up to extraction. The horizontal position of the main coil was found to be a crucial parameter for the optimization of the extraction. A dedicated linear mapping system consisting of 7 Hall probes was positioned in the extraction channel of the S2C2. The field values from this linear mapping system were used to assess the optics of the beam exiting the S2C2.

Slides TU4PB01 [2.357 MB]

TU4PB02

Structural and Magnetic Properties of Cast Iron for Cyclotrons

electron, controls, induction, polarization

275

E. Forton, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
E. Ferrara, F. Fiorillo, L. Martino, E. Olivetti, L. Rocchino
INRIM, Turin, Italy

At IBA, the steels used to build the magnets of the Cyclone 230 are cast on demand, using very strict criteria, casting procedure, requirements and quality control. Among the various steps performed at the foundry, a thermal annealing is made. In this work, we assess the usefulness of such thermal treatment. In this communication, samples of pure iron cast ingots (maximum concentration of C = 31 ppm, N = 94 ppm, O = 31 ppm, S = 65 ppm) have been magnetically and structurally characterized. Progressive magnetic softening was observed upon successive annealing steps. These changes of the magnetic properties were ascribed to the relief of internal stresses. Various results, obtained by means of X-ray diffraction, electron microscope and precise determination of magnetization curve and hysteresis loop, will be presented and commented.

Slides TU4PB02 [3.139 MB]

TU4PB03

Superconducting Beam Transport Channel for a Strong-Focusing Cyclotron

dipole, quadrupole, beam-transport, focusing

278

K.E. Melconian, S. Assadi, K.C. Damborsky, J.N. Kellams, P.M. McIntyre, N. Pogue, A. Sattarov
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

Funding: The Mitchell Family Foundation and Texas ASE Fund
A superconducting strong focusing cyclotron is being developed for high current applications. Alternating-gradient focusing is provided by an array of ~ 6T/m superconducting beam transport channels which lie in the sectors along the arced beam trajectory of each orbit of the cyclotron. The ~1T sector dipoles, corrector dipoles, and Panofsky type quadrupoles utilize MgB2 superconductor operating in the range 15-20 K. The quadrupole windings make it possible to produce strong focusing of the transverse phase space throughout acceleration. The trim dipole makes it possible to maintain isochronicity and to open the orbit spacing at injection and extraction. The design, development and prototype progress will be presented.

Slides TU4PB03 [4.020 MB]

TU4PB04

Methods of Increasing Accuracy in Precision Magnetic Field Measurements of Cyclotron Magnets

HOM, controls, LabView, alignment

283

N.V. Avreline, W. Gyles, R.L. Watt
ACSI, Richmond, B.C., Canada

A new magnetic field mapper was designed and built to provide increased accuracy of cyclotron magnetic field measurements. This mapper was designed for mapping the magnetic fields of TR-19, TR-24, and TR-30 cyclotron magnets manufactured by Advanced Cyclotron Systems Inc. A Group3 MPT-141 Hall Probe (HP) with measurement range from 2 G to 21 kG was used in the mapper’s design. The analogue monitor output was used to allow fast reading of the Hall voltage. Use of a fast ADC NI9239 module and error reduction algorithms, based on a polynomial regression method, allowed the reduction of noise to 0.2 G. The HP arm was made as a carbon fibre foam sandwich. This rigid structure kept the HP arm in a flat plane within 0.1 mm. In order to measure the high gradient field, the design of this mapper provided high resolution of HP arm angle within 0.0005° and of radial position within 25 μm. A set of National Instrument interfaces connected through a network to a desktop computer were used as a base of control and data acquisition systems. The mapper was successfully used to map TR-19 and TR-24 cyclotron magnets.

Slides TU4PB04 [4.572 MB]

WE1PB01

The Houghton College Cyclotron: a Tool for Educating Undergraduates

target, vacuum, ion, resonance

286

M.E. Yuly
Houghton College, Houghton, New York, USA

The cyclotron is an ideal undergraduate research project because its operation and use involve so many of the principles covered in the undergraduate physics curriculum – from resonant circuits to nuclear reactions. The physics program at Houghton College, as part of an emphasis on active learning, requires all majors to complete a multiyear research project culminating in an undergraduate thesis. Over the past ten years seven students have constructed a working 1.2 T tabletop cyclotron theoretically capable of producing approximately 400 keV protons. The construction and performance of the cyclotron will be discussed, as well as its use as an educational tool.

Slides WE1PB01 [28.909 MB]

WE1PB02

The Rutgers Cyclotron: Placing Student's Careers on Target

focusing, ion, simulation, proton

291

K.J. Ruisard
Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
G.A. Hine, T.W. Koeth
UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA
A.J. Rosenberg
Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

The Rutgers 12” Cyclotron is an educational tool used to introduce students to the multifaceted field of accelerator physics. Since its inception, the cyclotron has been under continuous development and is currently incorporated into the modern physics lab course at Rutgers University, as a semester-long mentored project. Students who participate in the cyclotron project receive an introduction to topics such as beam physics, high voltage power, RF systems, vacuum systems and magnet operation. Student projects have led to three different focusing pole geometries, including, most recently, a spiral edged azimuthally varying field (AVF) configuration. The Rutgers Cyclotron is often a student’s first encounter with an accelerator, and has inspired careers in accelerator physics.

Slides WE1PB02 [14.090 MB]

WE1PB03

COLUMBUS - A Small Cyclotron for School and Teaching Purposes

vacuum, ion, ion-source, impedance

296

C.R. Wolf
FZJ, Jülich, Germany
M. J. Frank, E. Held
Ernes, Coburg, Germany

A small cyclotron has been constructed for school- and teaching purposes. The cyclotron uses a water-cooled magnet with adjustable pole-pieces. The magnet provides a field up to 0,7 T. Between the two poles the vacuum chamber is positioned. The vacuum chamber provides ports for the different subsystems, measuring tools and some viewports. A turbo molecular pump backed up by a dry compressor vacuum pump is used to evacuate the chamber to a pressure of 10^-5 mbar. The ions will be accelerated between two brass RF electrodes, called dee and dummy-dee. In the center of the chamber there is a thermionic ion source. A massflow controller fills it with hydrogen gas ionized by electrons from a cathode. The required 5,63 MHz RF power is supplied by a RF transceiver. A matchingbox adjusts the output impedance of the transceiver to the input impedance of the cyclotron. The expected final energies of the protons are 24 keV after 12 revolutions. At these energies there is no radiation outside the chamber. In addition to the design of this cyclotron it is the purpose of this dissertation to use standard devices to realize a low-cost solution.

Slides WE1PB03 [6.246 MB]

WE1PB04

A Novel Optical Method for Measuring Beam Phase and Width in the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron

ion, simulation, focusing, proton

299

J.L. Gonski, S. Burcher, T.W. Koeth, J.E. Krutzler, S. Lazarov
Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
J. Beaudoin
UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA

We present an experimental longitudinal measurement of beam and phase slippage as a function of magnetic field deviation in a weak focusing field, using proton acceleration data from the Rutgers 12-inch cyclotron. A gated camera was used to determine beam arrival time from the radiation emitted by a fast ZnO:Ga doped phosphor target when struck by accelerated protons. Images integrated light emitted in 9 degree increments over a full 360-degree RF cycle. Analysis of relative image brightness allowed for the successful acquisition of relative phase shift and azimuthal beam width over several magnetic field strengths. Theoretical predictions and simulation via Poisson Superfish and SIMION software show good agreement with data, validating the optical method for qualitative measurements. This new method is independent of dee voltage and allows for measurements to be taken in the central region of the cyclotron, where other electrically based methods of measurement are challenging due to high RF electric fields. Such characteristics validate the use of gated camera imaging for cyclotron research, and motivate future refinement of this technique for a variety of studies.

Slides WE1PB04 [3.662 MB]

WE1PB05

The Cyclotron Kids' 2 MeV Proton Cyclotron

vacuum, ion-source, ion, target

302

H. Baumgartner
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Two high school students (the "Cyclotron Kids") decided they wanted to build a small cyclotron by themselves in 2008. After researching and designing on their own, they looked for a way to fund their science project. After the students sent out tens of letters looking for sponsors, Jefferson Lab replied, offering funding and mentorship. Over several summers, the students worked at Jefferson Lab to take the cyclotron from the drawing board to near-completion. The cyclotron is now at Old Dominion University, where it will be used as an educational tool in the accelerator physics program.

Slides WE1PB05 [4.545 MB]

WE2PB01

Space Charge Limit in Separated Turn Cyclotrons

space-charge, emittance, extraction, TRIUMF

305

R.A. Baartman
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

A review will be given of the intensity limits of cyclotrons due to space charge, both longitudinal and transverse.

Slides WE2PB01 [1.513 MB]

WE2PB02

Vlasov Equation Approach to Space Charge Effects in Isochronous Machines

space-charge, simulation, betatron, plasma

310

A.J. Cerfon, O. Bühler, J.V. Guadagni
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, USA
J.P. Freidberg, F.I. Parra Diaz
MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Starting from the collisionless Vlasov equation, we derive two simple coupled two-dimensional fluid equations describing the radial-longitudinal beam vortex motion associated with space charge effects in isochronous cyclotrons. These equations show that the vortex motion can be intuitively understood as the nonlinear advection of the beam by the ExB velocity field, where E is the electric field due to the space charge and B is the applied magnetic field. This explains why elongated beams develop spiral halos while round beams are always stable. Solving the coupled equations numerically, we find good agreement between our model and 3-D Particle-In-Cell OPAL simulations*.
* J.J. Yang, A.Adelmann, M. Humbel, M. Seidel, and T.J. Zhang, Physical Review Special Topics Accelerators and Beams 13, 062401 (2010)

Slides WE2PB02 [1.166 MB]

WE2PB03

Transverse-Longitudinal Coupling by Space Charge in Cyclotrons

emittance, space-charge, focusing, simulation

315

C. Baumgarten
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Based on a linear space charge model and on the results of PIC-simulations with OPAL, we analyze the conditions under which space charge forces support bunch compactness in high intensity cyclotrons and/or FFAGs. For this purpose we compare the simulated emittance increase and halo formation for different matched and mismatched particle distributions injected into a separate sector cyclotron with different phase curves.

Slides WE2PB03 [3.187 MB]

WEPPT002

Optimizing the Operational Parameters of the SFC by Using PSO Algorithm

extraction, proton, injection, heavy-ion

320

L.T. Shi, H. Hao, P. Jiang
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

HIRFL-SFC is a Sector-Focused Cyclotron, which plays an important role in scientific experiments in IMP. In order to orbit correction and single turn extraction, there are 4 groups of harmonic coils in SFC. But we did not have a program to calculate the current of harmonic coils for different ions. In view of this situation, we developed a program (Orbit-PSO) to calculate it. By using the method of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the code of orbit calculation, we get the parameters for different beam through comparing with the orbit of 7MeV ¹²C⁴⁺. At the same time, we get the injection energy and voltage of Dee for different ions.

WEPPT005

Emittance Measurements at the Strasbourg TR24 Cyclotron for the Addition of a 65 MeV Linac Booster

linac, proton, extraction, emittance

329

A. Degiovanni, U. Amaldi, S. Benedetti, D. Bergesio, A. Garonna, G. Molinari
TERA, Novara, Italy
S. Braccini, E.V. Kirillova
LHEP, Bern, Switzerland
D. Brasse, M. Pellicioli, M. Rousseau, J. Schuler
IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
R.L. Watt, E. van Lier
ACSI, Richmond, B.C., Canada

The long term plans of IPHC foresee the installation of a linac that will boost the energy of the protons of the Strasbourg TR24 from 24 MeV to 65 MeV. The 3 GHz Cell Coupled Linac, designed by the TERA Foundation, will be 5 meters long and will be powered by two 10 MW klystrons running at 100 Hz. Advanced Cyclotron Systems will modify the cyclotron source, so that the extracted 300 μA beam will be chopped in 4 μs long pulses. To compute the transverse acceptances of the linac, the horizontal and vertical emittances of the extracted proton beam have been measured with the secondary emission detector BISE (Beam Imaging with Secondary Electrons) built by TERA and previously calibrated at the Bern 18 MeV IBA cyclotron. In this detector a thin 5 cm diameter foil is placed at 45° with respect to the beam direction and an electrostatic lens images the secondary electrons -extracted by the protons- on a phosphor, which is viewed by a CCD camera. The results of the measurements of the transverse emittances will be reported together with the description of the linac structure and the calculation of the expected output current based on the dynamics of the accelerated proton beam.

WEPPT007

Getting Uniform Ion Density on Target in High-Energy Beam Line of Cyclotron U-400M with Two

ion, octupole, target, quadrupole

335

I.A. Ivanenko, I.V. Kalagin, V.I. Kazacha, N.Yu. Kazarinov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

Formation by means of octupole magnets of a uniform ions distribution in the existing beam line of U400M cyclotron has been studied. The simulation was performed for Ar¹⁷⁺ ions with energy of 41.3 MeV/amu. The required level of beam non-uniformity on the target with diameter of 60 mm is ±7.5%. Two octupoles with static magnetic fields have been used to achieve the desired uniformity of the beam density in both coordinates simultaneously. The results of calculations are presented. This method of improving the uniformity of the beam will be implemented soon in Flerov laboratory of JINR.

WEPPT008

Correction of Vertical Shifting of Extracted Beam at the Test Operation of DC-110 Cyclotron

extraction, ion, heavy-ion, betatron

338

I.A. Ivanenko, B. Gikal, I.V. Kalagin, N.Yu. Kazarinov, V.I. Mironov, E. Samsonov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

The specialized heavy ion cyclotron DC-110 has been designed and created by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research for scientifically industrial complex “BETA” placed in Dubna (Russia). DC-110 cyclotron is intended for accelerating the intense Ar, Kr, Xe ion beams with fixed energy of 2.5 MeV/nucleon. The commissioning of DC-110 cyclotron has been carried out at the end of 2012. The project parameters of the ion beams have been achieved. During commissioning of cyclotron the vertical displacement of the beam at the last orbits and at the extraction channel was revealed. The calculations and experiments have shown that the reason of this displacement is the radial component of magnetic field at the median plane of the cyclotron, which appears because of asymmetry of the magnetic yoke. Correction of the vertical displacement of the beam has been achieved by creating an asymmetry of current distribution in the main coils of the electromagnet.

WEPPT011

Measurement of Radial Oscillation and Phase of Accelerating Beam in Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron

extraction, acceleration, resonance, betatron

344

J. Pradhan, A. Agarwal, U. Bhunia, A. Chakrabarti, J. Debnath, M.K. Dey, A. Dutta, Z.A. Naser, S. Paul, V. Singh
VECC, Kolkata, India

This paper describes various measurements performed on the beam behavior with the help of the main probe and the differential probe to have a clear insight of the accelerating beam and the difficulties of beam -extraction process in the K500 superconducting cyclotron at Kolkata. Beam shadow measurements with three probes at three sectors were done to get the information of beam-centering and radial oscillations. The radial oscillation amplitude is estimated from the measurements. A differential probe was used to measure the turn separation and its modulation due to radial oscillation. With the help of magnetic field detuning method, the beam phase history was also measured.

WEPPT012

Beam Dynamics in Presence of Imperfection Fields Near the Extraction Zone of Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron

extraction, resonance, simulation, betatron

347

J. Debnath, U. Bhunia, A. Chakrabarti, M.K. Dey, A. Dutta, Z.A. Naser, S. Paul, J. Pradhan, V. Singh
VECC, Kolkata, India

Funding: VECC, DAE
The superconducting cyclotron at Kolkata has accelerated the ion beams up to the extraction radius producing neutrons via nuclear reactions. After that the beam extraction process has been tried exhaustively. But rigorous beam extraction trials indicate towards some kind of error field, which was not possible to balance with the trim coil operated in harmonic-coil mode. It is found that the beam is being off-centered by a large amount after crossing the resonance zone and it is not reaching the extraction radius in proper path. This paper will be emphasizing the effect of various kind of error field on the beam. However, the magnetic field is being measured again to know the exact distribution of the field.

WEPPT014

Analysis of Phase Bunching in the Central Region of the JAEA AVF Cyclotron

acceleration, bunching, simulation, ion

350

N. Miyawaki, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, S. Okumura
JAEA/TARRI, Gunma-ken, Japan
M. Fukuda
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

Phase bunching generated in the central region of an AVF cyclotron was estimated by a simplified geometric trajectory analysis model for particles traveling from the first to the second acceleration gap. In principle, a rising slope of a dee-voltage at the first acceleration gap is more or less effective for production of the phase bunching. The phase difference between particles at the second acceleration gap depends on combination of four parameters: the acceleration harmonic number (h), a span angle of the dee electrode, a span angle from the first to the second acceleration gap, a ratio between a peak dee-voltage and an extraction voltage of an ion source. In the case of the JAEA AVF cyclotron, the effective phase bunching was realized for h = 2 and 3, and the geometric condition of phase bunching was unrealistic for h = 1. An orbit simulation for the JAEA AVF cyclotron indicated that the initial beam phase width of 40 RF degrees for h = 2 was compressed to 11 RF degrees. The phase bunching evaluation based on the simplified geometric trajectory analysis was consistent with the orbit simulation result, and practical phase bunching was verified by beam phase width measurement.

WEPPT015

Study of Beam Capture in Compact Synchrocyclotron

acceleration, synchrotron, synchro-cyclotron, injection

353

S.A. Kostromin, G.A. Karamysheva, N.A. Morozov, E. Samsonov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

Capture efficiency and main aspects of the beam dynamics during first turns and in a period of one synchrotron oscillation were studied in synchrocyclotron with driving magnetic field of ~5 Tesla. Corresponding simulations of the beam motion were done by means of numerical integration of the full equations of motion in the electro-magnetic field of accelerator. Main physical parameters for input data were taken similar to them for IBA S2C2.

WEPPT017

Beam Tracking Simulation for a 9 MeV Cyclotron

acceleration, extraction, ion, ion-source

356

S.Y. Jung, J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, Y.S. Lee, H.S. Song, Y.H. Yeon
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Following the adoption of internal PIG ion source making cyclotron more compact, the delicate beam trajectory simulation is required. In this paper, the optimization of initial condition of H-beam for the stable and well-controlled beam until the extraction region is reported. To accommodate the beam, the electromagnetic field distribution was analyzed by OPERA-3D and its phase error was verified with CYCLONE v8.4. In each iterative design, the beam trajectory was calculated by own developed numerical code to estimate its performance. The beam characteristics including the beam orbit, centering, energy gain and RF acceptance for vertical and horizontal directions were evaluated.

WEPPT018

Behavior of Space Charge Dominated Beam Envelope in Central Region of High Current Cyclotron

space-charge, acceleration, simulation, injection

359

R. Azizi, H. Afarideh, V. Afzalan
AUT, Tehran, Iran
J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

In this paper the space charge effect in the two first turn after injection has been investigated. In order to determine beam envelopes, two corresponding equations were chosen. In addition, all steps of calculation were done by MATLAB program. It should be mentioned limiting current and also magnetic, electrical field and edge effect has been considered. As far as, the high current cyclotron with 0.8π mm mrad emittance has been studied and current alters till 10 mA.*
*M. Reiser, Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams (Wiley, New York, 1994), Chapters.3 and 4.

WEPPT021

Columbus - A Simple Ion Source

ion-source, ion, proton, electron

364

M. J. Frank, E. Held, C.R. Wolf
Ernes, Coburg, Germany

An ion source provides a cyclotron with charged particles which can be accelerated by an electric field. The simpelst possibility is a thermionic ion-source. Electrons emitted from a white-hot tungsten filament, placed in a ceramic block of macor, are accelerated by a dc voltage of 100 - 150 V and constraint to a spiral path by the homogenous magnetic field of the cyclotron. They collide with hydrogen atoms and ionisize them. The ceramic block is covered by tube made of copper in which the ions raise up. They enter the gap between the dees through a small aperture in tube. The ion source is mounted under the dummy-dee, so its position can be changed to find the best place. The hydrogen gas is stored in a Hydro-stick, a small tube which contains 10 l of Hydrogen under a pressure of 10 bar. From here it enters the ion source by a mass-flow controller which enables accurate dosing.

Poster WEPPT021 [1.640 MB]

WEPPT024

Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron: Dedicated to Training Through Research and Development

ion, cathode, ion-source, proton

366

T.W. Koeth, J.E. Krutzler, T.S. Ponter, A.J. Rosenberg, W.S. Schneider
Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
D.E. Hoffman
PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

The Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron is a 1.2 MeV proton accelerator dedicated to beam physics instruction.[1] The 12-inch cyclotron project began as a personal pursuit for two Rutgers undergraduate students in 1995 and was incorporated into the Modern Physics Teaching Lab in 2001.[2] Since then, student projects have been contributing to the cyclotron’s evolution through development of accelerator components. Most of the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron components have been designed and built in house, thus giving its students a research and development introduction to the field of accelerator physics and associated hardware.
[1] www.physics.rutgers.edu/cyclotron
[2] T. Feder, “Building a Cyclotron on a Shoe String,” Physics Today, 30-31 (November 2004)

WEPPT025

Beam Physics Demonstrations with the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron

ion, betatron, focusing, resonance

369

T.W. Koeth
UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA

The Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron is a research grade accelerator dedicated to undergraduate education.[1] From its inception, it has been intended for instruction and has been designed to demonstrate classic beam physics phenomena. The machine is easily reconfigured, allowing experiments to be designed and performed within one academic semester. Our cyclotron gives students a hands-on opportunity to operate an accelerator and directly observe many fundamental beam physics concepts, including axial and radial betatron motion, destructive resonances, weak and azimuthally varying field (AVF) focusing schemes, DEE voltage effects, and more.

WEPPT026

Cyclotron Injection Tests of High-Intensity H²⁺ Beam

proton, solenoid, emittance, injection

372

F.S. Labrecque, B.F. Milton
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada
J.R. Alonso, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad, M. Toups
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
L. Calabretta, L. Celona
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
R. Gutierrez-Martinez, L.A. Winslow
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
D. Winklehner
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Work funded by NSF agency, contract PHY-1148134
The IsoDAR (sterile neutrino) and DAEδALUS (CP-violation in neutrino sector) experiments will use cyclotrons to deliver high intensity (10 mA peak current) proton beams to neutrino-producing targets. To achieve these very high currents, we plan to inject and accelerate molecular H²⁺ ions. To understand high intensity H²⁺ injection into the central region of a compact cyclotron, and to benchmark space-charge dominated simulation studies, central-region tests are being conducted. The first test was completed this summer; a collaboration of MIT, BEST Cyclotrons and INFN-LNS at the BEST shops in Vancouver. The LNS Versatile Ion Source (VIS) was shipped from Catania to Vancouver, and was mounted, along with HV components and first focusing solenoid, on a test bench. In addition to the bench, BEST provided further beam line elements, instrumentation and a test cyclotron magnet for acceleration to no greater than 1 MeV/amu (to avoid any neutron production). Axial injection studies were conducted with a Catania-designed spiral inflector. Experimental configurations, beam characterization measurements, and phase acceptance and buncher efficiency studies will be reported.

WEPPT027

Design of the Injection into the 800 MeV/amu High Power Cyclotron

injection, closed-orbit, septum, simulation

375

M. Haj Tahar, F. Méot
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
L. Calabretta
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
A. Calanna
CSFNSM, Catania, Italy

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
We present the design of the injection line into a separated sector cyclotron (SSC) aimed at the production of a high power beam of 800MeV/amu molecular H²⁺ for ADS-Reactor applications. To work out the beam line parameters and beam dynamics simulations, including the first accelerated turns, we used the ray-tracing code Zgoubi and the OPERA magnetic field map of the cyclotron sector*. We simulated the injection path of the H²⁺ and evaluated both radial and vertical injection schemes in order to evaluate the parameters so derived. The paper details and discusses various aspects of that design study and its outcomes.
* A.Calanna et al., A multi-megawatt ring cyclotron to search for CP violation in the neutrino sector, April 2011, e-Print: arXiv:1104.4985

WEPPT028

Proposal for High Power Cyclotrons Test Site in Catania

ion, proton, vacuum, extraction

378

L. Calabretta, D. Campo, L. Celona, L. Cosentino, C. Cui, G. Gallo, D. Rifuggiato
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
J.R. Alonso, W.A. Barletta, A. Calanna, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
R.R. Johnson
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada
L. AC. Piazza
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy

The IsoDAR and DAEδALUS experiments will use cyclotrons to deliver high intensity (10 mA peak current) proton beams to neutrino-producing targets. To achieve these very high currents, we plan to inject and accelerate molecular H²⁺ ions in the cyclotrons. To understand high intensity H²⁺ injection into the central region of a compact cyclotron, and to benchmark space-charge dominated simulation studies, central-region tests are being conducted. Building on the first experiments at Best Cyclotrons, Vancouver (Abstract 1261), a larger-scale test cyclotron will be built at INFN-LNS in Catania. This cyclotron will be designed for 7 MeV/n (Q/A = 0.5; H²⁺ or He⁺+). After the first year of operation dedicated at optimization of the central region for the injection of high intensity Q/A = 0.5 beams, the cyclotron will be modified to allow the acceleration of H⁻ up to an energy of 28 MeV. The main characteristics of the machine and the planned test stand will be presented.

WEPPT029

The Cyclotron Complex for the DAEδALUS Experiment

injection, acceleration, extraction, simulation

381

A. Calanna, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
L. Calabretta
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
M. Haj Tahar, F. Méot
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

The cyclotron complex for the DAEδALUS CP-Violation neutrino experiment consists of a compact cyclotron able to accelerate high-current (5 electrical milliamp) H²⁺ beams up to an energy of 60 MeV/amu, cleanly extract this beam with a conventional septum arrangement, and transport it to a superconducting ring cyclotron able to accelerate the beam up to 800 MeV/amu. H²⁺ is dissociated with thin stripping foils for efficient extraction as protons for transport to a megawatt-class target for neutrino production. The injection cyclotron will be similar to the one proposed for the IsoDAR experiment (Paper WEPPT029). The Ring cyclotron is similar in size and engineering concept to the SRC at RIKEN. Space-charge dominated beam dynamics simulations using OPAL have been performed for an 8-sector geometry, and indicate acceptable transmission and low beam losses. Subsequent engineering magnet-design studies of Minervini et al. point to a 6-sector configuration as more practical. Recalculation of the beam dynamics for this new configuration will be performed in the coming year. Results of the studies conducted to date will be presented.

WEPPT030

High Intensity Compact Cyclotron for ISODAR Experiment

vacuum, injection, target, extraction

384

D. Campo, J.R. Alonso, W.A. Barletta, L.M. Bartoszek, A. Calanna, J.M. Conrad, M. Toups
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
A. Adelmann
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
L. Calabretta, C. Cui, G. Gallo
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
R. Gutierrez-Martinez, L.A. Winslow
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
M. Shaevitz
Columbia University, New York, USA
J.J. Yang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

IsoDAR is an experiment proposed to look for the existence of sterile neutrinos. These are additional neutrino states beyond the "standard" 3-nu paradigm, are predicted to exist to explain anomalies in several neutrino experiments. In IsoDAR (Isotope Decay At Rest), electron antineutrinos produced in a target ~15 meters from a kiloton-scale detector would oscillate into and out of the sterile state within the extent of the detector, producing a sinusoidal event rate as a function of distance from the target. The nu-e-bar flux arises from decay of 8Li, produced when a high-current beam of protons or deuterons strikes a beryllium target either directly, or via secondary neutrons that interact in a large, ultra-pure 7Li sleeve surrounding the target. A compact Q/A = 0.5 cyclotron with top energy of 60 MeV/amu will be installed underground close to KamLAND. This cyclotron is a prototype for the DAEδALUS cyclotron chain (Paper WEPPT030). With a central field of 1.075T, it will operate in the 4th harmonic. Preliminary designs will be described, as well as possible solutions for transport and assembly of the machine through the very constricted access apertures of the Kamioka mine.

WEPSH006

⁶²Zn Radioisotope Production by Cyclotron

target, proton, ion, injection

393

M. Ghergherehchi, J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
H. Afarideh
AUT, Tehran, Iran

Natural Cu target was irradiated with proton beam in the energy range of 15 to 30 MeV at a beam current of 100 μA for 15 min. In this irradiation radioisotope of ⁶²Zn produced as a generator and then decay to ⁶²Cu radioisotope. The ⁶²Cu is emitting β+ and known to PET radioisotope. Excitation function of ⁶²Cu via ^natCu (p, 2n) ⁶²Zn, ⁶²Cu and ⁶²Cu (d, 3n) ⁶²Zn reactions were calculated using Alice and Talys codes and then were compared with the reported measurement by experimental data and ENDF-2011 data. Production yield versus target thickness were evaluated with attention to reaction cross section data obtained from Alice and Talys codes, and stopping power and range of protons in target materials using SRIM code. The production yield also examined experimentally and found that the optimum irradiation yield achieved to be 5.9 mci/μAh at protons of 100 μA current and 30 MeV energy. A radiolabeling process also was performed using ⁶²ZnCl₂ and antitumor compound, bleomycin (BLM) as a possible tumor imaging.

WEPSH007

Radiochromic Film as a Dosimetric Tool for Low Energy Proton Beams

proton, photon, ion, radiation

397

S. Devic, S. Aldelaijan, F.M. Alrumayan, F. Alzorkani, B.M. Moftah, M. Shehadeh
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Funding: King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Grant No 11-BIO1428-20
EBT3 and HDV2 GAFCHROMICTM films were tested for dose measurements at a 26.5 MeV and 6 mm Bragg peak proton beam. Beam output was calibrated using IAEA TRS-398 reference dosimetry protocol with calibrated chamber in water. Films were calibrated in terms of dose to water by exposing calibration film pieces within a solid water phantom at depth of 3 mm. EBT3 films were irradiated to doses of up to 10 Gy with both 4 MV photon and 26.5 MeV proton beams, while pieces of the HDV2 radiochromic films were irradiated to doses of up to 128 Gy proton beam. Irradiated pieces of the EBT3 films were tested for activation using Germanium detector. Their energy spectra were measured over a period of 40 minutes. EBT3 film model response was 3 times higher for protons than photons. When irradiated in proton beam the EBT3 was 24 times more sensitive than HDV2 films. For the EBT3 film model, few proton-activated processes were identified resulting in short-lived radioisotopes. EBT3 film can be used for measurements for doses of up to 10 Gy using a green color channel of the scanned images, while the red color channel of the HDV2 scanned film images can be used for measurements of much higher doses.

WEPSH008

Characterization of the CS30 Cyclotron at KFSH&RC for Radiotherapy Applications

proton, target, ion, ion-source

400

B.M. Moftah
Belal Moftah, PhD, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
S. Aldelaijan, F.M. Alrumayan, F. Alzorkani, S. Devic, M. Shehadeh
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Funding: King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Grant No 11-BIO1428-20
The 26.5 MeV beam of the CS30 Cyclotron at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC) was characterized dosimetrically for the use in radiobiological experiments for pre-clinical and radiotherapy studies. Position of the beam’s Bragg peak was measured with a stack of 60 pieces of HDV2 model GAFCHROMICTM films (105 microns thick each). This film type was specifically designed for measurement of very high doses, ranging up to 1,000 Gy. Output of the proton beam was calibrated using IAEA TRS-398 reference dosimetry protocol with calibrated parallel plate chamber in water. The response of the film was calibrated in terms of dose to water by exposing calibration film pieces within a solid water phantom. The position of the Bragg peak was found to be at around 6 mm when 10 to 20 nA proton beam current was used. Pieces of radiochromic film were irradiated at 40, 70 and 100 cm from the primary collimator, where the Gaussian shaped beam profiles had values of 12, 26, 45 mm FWHM respectively. Proton beam characteristics in terms of the output and beam size appear to be acceptable for pre-clinical studies.

WEPSH010

Proton Therapy at the Institut Curie – CPO: Operation of an IBA C235 Cyclotron Looking Forward Scanning Techniques

ion-source, ion, proton, extraction

403

A. Patriarca, S.J. Meyroneinc
Institut Curie - Centre de Protonthérapie d'Orsay, Orsay, France

Since 1991, more than 6100 patients (mainly eye and head & neck tumours) were treated at the Institut Curie – Centre de Protonthèrapie d’Orsay using Double Scattering proton beam delivery technique. After 19 years of activity, a 200 MeV synchrocyclotron has been shut down and replaced by a 230 MeV C235 IBA proton cyclotron. This delivers beam to two passive fixed treatment rooms and to one universal nozzle equipped gantry. In the past two years of operation more than 95.5% of the scheduled patients (near 500/year) were treated. We have realised, according to IBA recommendations, preventive maintenance (i.e. RF final amplifier) and we have improved some diagnostic tools (i.e. Main Coil monitoring) allowing us to reduce the number of downtime events from 499 in 2011 to 351 in 2012. In order to improve cancer treatment capabilities we are now involved in the transition towards scanning particle therapy, requiring even more accurate quality assurance protocols. We describe here the main cyclotron issues (ion source, deflector) and what is needed to perform a proper scanning technique, the main goal being the enhancement of our reliability performances.

WEPSH043

Performance of IBA New Conical Shaped Niobium [¹⁸O] Water Targets

target, niobium, insertion, controls

406

F.G. Devillet, J. Courtyn, J.-M. Geets, M. Ghyoot, E.K. Kral, O. Michaux, B. Nactergal, V. Nuttens
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
R. Mooij, L.R. Perk
BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Background: Because of an ever increasing demand for Fluoride-18 (¹⁸F^-), efforts are made to increase the performance of the ¹⁸F-target systems. Moreover, given the particularly high cost of ¹⁸O enriched water, only a small volume of this target material is desired. Procedure: Four conical shaped targets* with different target chamber sizes (Conical 6 – 2.4ml; Conical 8 – 3.2ml; Conical 12 - 5ml; Conical 16 - 7ml) were tested using IBA Cyclone® 18 MeV cyclotrons. The targets were filled with different volumes of ¹⁸O water (enrichment >92%) and irradiated with 18 MeV protons on target with beam currents up to 145 μA for 30–150 minutes. Fluoride-18 saturation activity yields and pressure curves were completed. Radionuclidic impurities were measured, even if the new target is using the same principle of Niobium body with Havar® window. Conclusions: Reliable operation in a production environment has been observed at beam currents up to 145 μA using less ¹⁸O enriched water as compared to the currently available IBA target systems without affecting the yield. The new design with less Orings and direct insertion of flow line into the niobium chamber has proven its effectiveness.
*Patent application: WO 2012/055970 A1

Poster WEPSH043 [0.836 MB]

WE3PB02

Improvement of the Current Stability from the TRIUMF Cyclotron

TRIUMF, injection, space-charge, focusing

414

T. Planche, R.A. Baartman, Y.-N. Rao
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

The ν_r=3/2 resonance, driven by the third harmonic of the magnetic gradient errors, causes modulation of the radial beam density in the TRIUMF cyclotron. Since extraction is by H^- stripping, this modulation induces unwanted fluctuations of the current split between the two high-energy beam lines. To compensate field imperfections, the cyclotron has sets of harmonic correction coils at different radii, each set constituted of 6 pairs of coils placed in a 6-fold symmetrical manner. The 6-fold symmetry of this layout cannot create a third harmonic of arbitrary phase, and so a single set of harmonic coils cannot provide a full correction of third harmonic errors driving the ν_r=3/2 resonance. However, the outermost two sets of harmonic correction coils are azimuthally displaced. We took advantage of it to achieve a full correction of the resonance. This greatly improved the beam current stability in the high-energy beam lines. To further improve the current stability in the high-energy beam lines, we implemented an active feedback system. This feedback system acts on the amplitude of the first harmonic Bz correction produced by outermost set of harmonic coils.

Slides WE3PB02 [1.007 MB]

WE3PB03

Space Charge Compensation Measurements in the Injector Beam Lines of the NSCL Coupled Cyclotron Facility

ion, electron, space-charge, ECRIS

417

D. Winklehner, D.G. Cole, D. Leitner, G. Machicoane, L. Tobos
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Space charge compensation is a well-known phenomenon for high current injector beam lines. For beam lines using mostly magnetic focusing elements and for pressures above 10^-6 mbar, compensation (neutralization) up to 98% has been observed. However, due to the low pressures required for the efficient transport of high charge state ions, ion beams in ECR injector lines are typically only partly neutralized and space charge effects are present. With the dramatic performance increase of the next generation Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRIS) it is possible to extract tens of mA of beams from ECR plasmas. Realistic beam transport simulations are important to meet the acceptance criteria of subsequent accelerator systems and have to include non-linear effects from space charge, but also space charge compensation. In this contribution we report on measurements of space charge compensation in the ECRIS low energy beam lines of the Coupled Cyclotron Facility at NSCL using a retarding field analyzer. Results are discussed and compared to simulations.

Slides WE3PB03 [8.833 MB]

WE3PB04

Transmission of Heavy Ion Beams in the AGOR Cyclotron

ion, heavy-ion, target, closed-orbit

420

A. Sen, S. Brandenburg, M.A. Hofstee
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
M.J. van Goethem
UMCG, Groningen, The Netherlands

During the acceleration of intense low energy heavy ion beams in the AGOR cyclotron feedback between beam intensity and pressure, driven by beam loss induced desorption, is observed. This feedback limits the attainable beam intensity. Calculations and measurements of the pressure dependent transmission for various beam agree reasonably well. Calculation of the trajectories of ions after a charge change shows that the desorption is mainly due to ions with near extraction energies, hitting the outer wall at a shallow angle of incidence. For heavy ions like ²⁰⁶Pb²⁷⁺ several charge exchanges are needed before the orbit becomes unstable. Our calculations indicate that these ions make thousands of turns before finally hitting the wall. They therefore are a large fraction of the circulating ions and may contribute to vacuum degradation through restgas ionization. Ion induced desorption for relevant ions and materials has been measured; it explains the observations in the cyclotron semi-quantitatively.
This work has been financially supported by the Foundation FOM, the Dutch funding agency NWO and the EU-FP7, Grant Agreement n° 262010 - ENSAR.

Slides WE3PB04 [5.272 MB]

WE4PB01

Tracking in a Cyclotron with Geant4

TRIUMF, simulation, proton, acceleration

423

F.W. Jones, T. Planche, Y.-N. Rao
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Building on its precursor GEANT, the tracking and simulation toolkit Geant4 has been conceived and realised in a very general fashion, with much attention given to the modeling of electric and magnetic fields and the accuracy of tracking charged particles through them. As evidenced by the G4Beamline application, Geant4 offers a unique simulation approach to beam lines and accelerators, in a 3D geometry and without some of the limitations posed by conventional optics and tracking codes. Here we apply G4Beamline to the TRIUMF cyclotron, describing the generation and input of the field data, accuracy of closed orbits, stability of multi-turn tracking, tracking accelerated orbits, and phase acceptance. Geant4's 3D visualization tools allow detailed examination of trajectories as well as a particle's-eye view of the acceleration process.

Slides WE4PB01 [4.146 MB]

WE4PB03

Optimizing the Radioisotope Production with a Weak Focusing Compact Cyclotron

ion-source, ion, focusing, vacuum

429

C. Oliver, P. Abramian, B. Ahedo, P. Arce, J.M. Barcala, J. Calero, E. Calvo, L. García-Tabarés, D. Gavela, A. Guirao, J.L. Gutiérrez, J.I. Lagares, L.M. Martinez Fresno, T. Martínez de Alvaro, E. Molina Marinas, J. Munilla, D. Obradors-Campos, F.J. Olivert, J.M. Perez Morales, I. Podadera, E. Rodriguez, L. Sanchez, F. Sansaloni, F. Toral, C. Vázquez
CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain

A classical weak focusing cyclotron can result in a simple and compact design for the radioisotope production for medical applications. Two main drawbacks arise from this type of machine. The energy limit imposed by the non RF-particle isochronism requires a careful design of the acceleration process, resulting in challenging requirements for the RF system. On the other hand, the weak focusing forces produced by the slightly decreasing magnetic field make essential to model the central region of the machine to improve the electric focalization with a reasonable phase acceptance. A complete analysis of the different beam losses, including vacuum stripping, has been performed. The main cyclotron parameters have been obtained by balancing the maximum energy we can obtain and the maximum beam transmission, resulting in an optimum radioisotope production.

Slides WE4PB03 [2.904 MB]

TH1PB01

Operational Experience at the Intensity Limit in Compact Cyclotrons

target, extraction, ion, ion-source

432

G. Cojocaru, J.C. Lofvendahl
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Compact cyclotrons are a cost-efficient choice for medical radioisotope production since negative hydrogen ions can be used at energies well below 100MeV. The stripping extraction technique allows quite large circulating currents without the need for separated turns. Space charge limits are in the range of 1 to 2 mA, but operating for long periods at these levels is a challenge for many reasons, among them being the sputtering of metal surfaces where unaccepted beam is deposited. These limits and others observed during our 22 years of 24hours/365days of quasi continuous operation of TR30 cyclotrons will be explored.

Slides TH1PB01 [8.602 MB]

TH1PB02

Tuning of the PSI 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron for Accepting and Accelerating a Rebunched 72 MeV Proton Beam

injection, proton, extraction, acceleration

437

J.M. Humbel, C. Baumgarten, J. Grillenberger, W. Joho, H. Muller, H. Zhang
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

In the past year the production of a 1.42 MW proton beam at a relative loss level of 10^-4 at PSI’s proton facility became routine operation. In addition, the inaugurated buncher based beam injection into the 590 MeV Ringcyclotron made a remarkable step forward. In particular, an almost dispersion free setting of the beamline region around the 500 MHz rebuncher in the 72 MeV transfer line has been established and a perfect matching of the dispersion into the Ringcyclotron has been achieved. This buncher-operation optimized facility setting could be advanced up to the ordinary stable standard 2.2 mA production proton beam. With the buncher voltage turned on, at the moment the beam extracted from the Ringcyclotron is limited to below 1 mA due to raising losses, mainly generated by space charge induced distortions of the beam bunches. For a better understanding of these effects a substantial effort in modelling of the accelerated beam is under way. In particular, the influence of the trim coil fields is being implemented into the OPAL simulation code and the insertion of an additional time structure measurement probe in the Ringcyclotron is proposed.

Slides TH1PB02 [9.281 MB]

TH1PB03

Activation Analysis with Charged Particles: Theory, Practice and Potential

proton, target, neutron, monitoring

440

M.A. Chaudhri
Inst. of Biomaterials, Uni. of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany

Charged particle activation analysis (CPA) is an important application of cyclotrons. It is sensitive and can also activate lighter and other elements, such as Al, Si, Ti, Cd, Tl, Pb, Bi, etc., which cannot be conveniently or at all determined by slow neutron activation (NA). But, the heating of the target in CPA has to be overcome. Besides, it is necessary that the matrices of the sample and the “Standard” are identical or at least similar,which is not always convenient. However, with Chaudhri’s method*, CPA is reduced to the simplicity of NA even when matrices of “Standard” and sample are widely different. By using CPA, the effect of French Atomic Tests Series of 1974 in the Pacific on the Australian East Coast was studied. The sensitivity for detecting any element/isotope with Z=20 to Z=90 in any matrix, activated with protons, deuterons and alphas of up to 35 MeV energy have been estimated and presented in graphical form. From these curves the sensitivity of detecting any element/isotope in the aforementioned range can be directly estimated in any given matrix. These curves would help in selecting the most suitable nuclear reaction for the measurement of a particular element.
*A.Chaudhri, N.Chaudhri. Methods of charged-particle activation analysis. Paper presented at the 20th Int. Conf. On Ion Beam Analysis, Itapema (Brazil) 10-15 April, 2011 to be published

TH1PB04

Fabrication of Hydrophobic Surfaces from Hydrophilic BeO by Alpha-Irradiation-Induced Nuclear Transmutation

controls, plasma, radiation, target

443

E.J. Lee, M.G. Hur, J.H. Park
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
Y.B. Kong, Y.D. Park, J.M. Son, S.D. Yang
Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea

Hydrophobic surfaces were simply fabricated by irradiating hydrophilic BeO surfaces with an alpha particle beam from a cyclotron. In this research, BeO disks were irradiated under conditions of ~25 MeV in alpha particle energy and ~1 μA in beam current with different irradiation time. After the alpha irradiation, the changes in the morphology and chemical composition of BeO surfaces were analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The wetting property of alpha-irradiated BeO surfaces is analyzed by measuring water contact angles (CAs). C and F atoms were created, and consequently, hydrophobic CFx functional groups were formed by the alpha irradiation of hydrophilic BeO. The amount of CFx functional groups on the surface increases as the irradiation time increases. In addition, the surface roughening, which also affects the surface wettability, was induced by the alpha irradiation. Accordingly, the CA of alpha-irradiated BeO surfaces gradually increases as the irradiation time increases. In conclusion, hydrophilic BeO surfaces could be easily converted to hydrophobic surfaces by the alpha irradiation.

Slides TH1PB04 [5.545 MB]

TH2PB01

Design of Ultra-Light Superconducting Proton Cyclotron for Production of Isotopes for Medical Applications

ion, shielding, proton, vacuum

446

M.K. Dey, A. Chakrabarti, A. Dutta Gupta
VECC, Kolkata, India

A new design has been explored for a superconducting-coil-based compact cyclotron, which has many practical benefits over conventional superconducting cyclotrons. The iron yoke and poles in conventional superconducting cyclotrons have been avoided in this design. The azimuthally varying field is generated by superconducting sector-coils. The superconducting sector-coils and the circular main-coils have been housed in a single cryostat. It has resulted in an ultra-light 25 MeV proton cyclotron weighing about 2000 kg. Further, the sector coils and the main coils are fed by independent power supplies, which allow flexibility of operation through on-line magnetic field trimming. Here, we present design calculations and the engineering considerations, focused on making the cyclotron ideally suited for the production of radioisotopes for medical applications.

Slides TH2PB01 [9.625 MB]

TH2PB02

Parasitic Isotope Production with Cyclotron Beam Generated Neutrons

neutron, proton, isotope-production, target

451

J.W. Engle, E.R. Birnbaum, M.E. Fassbender, K.D. John, F.M. Nortier
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics
Several LINAC and cyclotron facilities worldwide generate high intensity beams with primary beam energies in the range 66 MeV to 200 MeV for isotope production purposes. Many of these beams are almost fully subscribed due to the high demand for isotopes produced via proton induced reactions, leaving little beam time available for production of smaller quantities of research isotopes. Modeling and preliminary experimental measurement of the high power proton beam interaction with targets at the Isotope Production Facility at Los Alamos show a high potential for parasitic small scale production of isotopes utilizing the secondary neutron flux generated around the target. This can also be exploited by modern commercial 70 MeV cyclotrons with total beam currents approaching 1 mA and more.

Slides TH2PB02 [5.799 MB]

TH2PB03

The University of Washington Clinical Cyclotron a Summary of Current Particles and Energies Used in Therapy, Isotope Production, and Clinical Research

proton, target, neutron, ion-source

454

E.F. Dorman, R.C. Emery
University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

The University of Washington Clinical Cyclotron (UWCC) is a Scanditronix MC-50 compact cyclotron installed in 1983. The cyclotron has now been in operation for 30 years. The unique nature of the cyclotron is its variable frequency RF system, and dual ion source chimneys; it is also capable to produce other particles and energies. Our facility is now sharing beam time between multiple users: Fast Neutron radiotherapy. Development of a Precision Proton Radiotherapy Platform. In vivo verification of precision proton radiotherapy with positron emission tomography. Routine production of 211-At. Routine production of 117m-Sn. Cyclotron based 99m-Tc production. Cyclotron based 186-Re production. Proton beam extracted into air, demonstrating a visual Bragg peak. Neutron hardness for electronic subsystems. These multiple projects show the uniqueness of our facility and our commitment to therapy, radioisotope research and production, and clinical investigations. Currently Running Protons (H⁺) 50.5 MeV/75μA, 50 MeV/5-10pA, 35 MeV/3-5 pA 16, 18, 24, 28 MeV/30μA, Protons (H²⁺) 6.8 MeV/300nA, Deuterons (D⁺) 18, 20, 22, 24 MeV/30μA, Alphas (4He++) 29.0 MeV/50μA, 47.3 MeV/70μA.

Slides TH2PB03 [11.400 MB]

TH2PB04

A Multi-Leaf Faraday Cup Especially for Proton Therapy of Ocular Tumors

proton, radiation, simulation, ion

458

C.S.G. Kunert, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, A. Denker
HZB, Berlin, Germany
A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

The Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) provides together with the University Hospital Charité in Berlin a treatment of eye tumors with a proton beam. The 68 MeV proton beam is delivered by an isochronous cyclotron as main accelerator. In tumor irradiation treatment the positioning of the radiation field is very important. In eye tumor treatment it is even more important, due to the small and sensitive structures in the eye. Hence, due to the well defined Bragg peak, a proton beam is a good choice to achieve rather small fields of dose delivery. Again, due to the small structures in the eye, one needs to know the proton beam energy and the proton beam range with a high accuracy. One possible solution for a quick and high precision measurement of the range of such proton beams is a Multi-Leaf Faraday Cup (MLFC). This work has the task to develop such a MLFC concerning the special requirements of the eye tumor therapy. In this presentation an overview of the progress of this work will be given, regarding the MLFC principles and issues such as the first technical realization.

Slides TH2PB04 [5.358 MB]

FR1PB01

Operation Mode of AIC-144 Multipurpose Isochronous Cyclotron for Eye Melanoma Treatment

extraction, proton, acceleration, vacuum

461

G.A. Karamysheva, I. Amirkhanov, I.N. Kiyan, N.A. Morozov, E. Samsonov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
K. Daniel, K. Gugula, J. Sulikowski
IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland

Computational and experimental results concerning acceleration and extraction of the 60-MeV proton beam at AIC-144 cyclotron of the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Kraków, Poland) are considered. A proton beam of the AIC-144 cyclotron is accelerated without large losses in the radial region of 12-62 cm and is extracted from the cyclotron with a pretty good overall efficiency of ~35%. The beam was used for successful treatment of 15 patients in 2011-2012.

Slides FR1PB01 [3.828 MB]

FR1PB03

The Radio Frequency Fragment Separator: A Time-of-Flight Filter for Fast Fragmentation Beams

neutron, radio-frequency, proton, target

467

T. Baumann, D. Bazin, T.N. Ginter, E. Kwan, J. Pereira, C. Sumithrarachchi
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants PHY02-16783, PHY-06-06007, and PHY-11-02511.
Rare isotope beams produced by fragmentation of fast heavy ion beams are commonly separated using a combination of magnetic rigidity selection (mass to charge ratio) and energy-loss selection (largely dependent on proton number) using magnetic fragment separators. This method offers isotopic selection of the fragment of interest, however, the purity that can be achieved depends on the rigidity of the rare isotope with respect to more abundant fragments. This poses a problem specifically for neutron-deficient isotopes (towards the proton drip line) where much more abundant isotopes closer to stability can not be separated out. A separation by time-of-flight can further suppress such isotonic contaminants. The Radio Frequency Fragment Separator* deflects isotopes based on their phase relative to the cyclotron RF using a transverse electric RF field, effectively separating by time-of-flight. This method is in use for the production of neutron deficient rare isotope beams at NSCL.
*D. Bazin et al., Nucl. Inst. and Meth. A 606 (2009) 314-319

Slides FR1PB03 [4.324 MB]

FR1PB04

GANIL Operation Status and Upgrade of SPIRAL1

ion, ion-source, target, acceleration

470

O. Kamalou, O. Bajeat, F. Chautard, P. Delahaye, M. Dubois, P. Jardin, L. Maunoury
GANIL, Caen, France

The GANIL facility (Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds) at Caen produces and accelerates stable ion beams since 1982 for nuclear physics, atomic physics, radiobiology and material irradiation. Nowadays, an intense exotic beam is produced by the Isotope Separation On-Line method at the SPIRAL1 facility. It is running since 2001, producing and post-accelerating radioactive ion beams of noble gas type mainly. The review of the operation from 2001 to 2013 is presented. Due to a large request of physicists, the facility will be enhanced within the frame of the project Upgrade SPIRAL1. The goal of the project is to broaden the range of post-accelerated exotic beams available especially to all the condensable light elements as P, Mg, Al, Cl etc The upgrade of SPIRAL1 is in progress and the new beams would be delivered for operation by the end of 2015.

Slides FR1PB04 [1.514 MB]

FR1PB05

In Memoriam: Henry G. Blosser

electron, superconductivity, neutron, proton

473

M.K. Craddock
UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
S.M. Austin, F. Marti
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Tribute to Henry Blosser

Slides FR1PB05 [24.459 MB]

FR2PB01

Construction of the Rare RI Ring at the RIKEN RI Beam Factory

kicker, injection, power-supply, accumulation

477

M. Wakasugi
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

Construction of the Rare-RI Ring has been started in 2012 at RIKEN RI Beam Factory. This ring is an isochronous storage ring aiming at 1-ppm precision mass measurements for short-lived rare nuclei extremely far from stability line. The beam optics in the ring is defined by simply 24 bending magnets, and half of them are accompanied by ten trim coils to precisely optimize the isochronism of circulating beams. The momentum acceptance, in which the isochronous condition is satisfied within 1-ppm accuracy, is designed to be 1%. Of particular note is the development of the exceptionally-fast response kicker system, which is triggered by the produced RI beam itself to make effective use of extremely rare events. In this paper, we present details of the Rare-RI Ring, the status of the construction, and prospects of the project.

Slides FR2PB01 [6.694 MB]

FR2PB02

Cyclotron Production of Tc-99m

target, vacuum, TRIUMF, proton

482

K.R. Buckley
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Concern over past and impending shortages of Tc-99m have led to renewed interest in the cyclotron production of Tc-99m - the most used radionuclide in Nuclear Medicine. TRIUMF has led a collaboration to implement the irradiation of Mo-100 solid targets on cyclotrons previously only used for the production of PET radionuclides. The technology and irradiation conditions that are critical parameters affecting the purity of the Tc-99m will be presented.

Slides FR2PB02 [9.058 MB]