Cyclotrons2013 - List of Keywords (extraction)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MO1PB01	Acceleration of Intense Heavy Ion Beams in RIBF Cascaded-Cyclotrons	ion, cyclotron, acceleration, heavy-ion	1
	N. Fukunishi, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, T. Fujinawa, H. Hasebe, Y. Higurashi, E. Ikezawa, H. Imao, T. Kageyama, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, M. Kidera, M. Komiyama, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, M. Nagase, T. Nakagawa, M. Nakamura, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno, K. Ozeki, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, A. Uchiyama, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, H. Yamasawa RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	The RIBF cascaded-cyclotrons have obtained, as of December 2012, uranium ion beams with an intensity of as high as 15 pnA (1 kW of power). This was achieved owing to deployment of a 28 GHz ECRIS, a new injector linac, a gas stripper and a bending-power upgrade of RIKEN fixed-frequency Ring Cyclotron as well as improvement of transmission efficiencies through cyclotrons and stability, etc.
	Slides MO1PB01 [12.793 MB]

MO1PB03	Current Status of the Superconducting Cyclotron Project at Kolkata	cyclotron, target, resonance, diagnostics	11
	J. Debnath, A. Chakrabarti, M.K. Dey VECC, Kolkata, India
	The commissioning of Kolkata superconducting cyclotron with internal ion beam had been reported in the last cyclotron conference. At that time, there was gradual beam loss due to poor vacuum. After installing a higher capacity liquid helium plant the cryo-panels were made functional leading to a substantial increase in the beam intensity. It was hoped that higher beam intensity would help in extraction of a measurable fraction of the beam, but that did not happen. Detailed investigation of beam behavior with the help of three beam probes, installed temporarily at three sectors, revealed that the beam goes highly off-centered while passing through the resonance zone. A plastic scintillator based phase probe was mounted on the radial probe and beam phase was measured accurately. It was quite clear that large amount of field imperfection was prohibiting the beam to be extracted. So magnetic field measurement has been started again and considerable amount of harmonic and average field errors have been found. In this paper we report the important developments since 2010.
	Slides MO1PB03 [13.028 MB]

MO2PB02	High Current Beam Extraction from the 88-Inch Cyclotron at LBNL	cyclotron, ion, beam-transport, ion-source	19
	D.S. Todd, J.Y. Benitez, K.Y. Franzen, M. Kireeff Covo, C.M. Lyneis, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, M.M. Strohmeier LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	The low energy beam transport system and the inflector of the 88-Inch Cyclotron have been improved to provide more intense heavy-ion beams, especially for experiments requiring 48Ca beams. In addition to a new spiral inflector* and increased injection voltage, the injection line beam transport and beam orbit dynamics in the cyclotron have been analyzed, new diagnostics have been developed, and extensive measurements have been performed to improve the transmission efficiency. By coupling diagnostics, such as emittance scanners in the injection line and a radially-adjustable beam viewing scintillator within the cyclotron, with computer simulation we have been able to identify loss mechanisms. The diagnostics used and their findings will be presented. We will discuss the solutions we have employed to address losses, such as changing our approach to tuning VENUS and running the cyclotron's central trim coil asymmetrically. *Ken Yoshiki Franzen, et al. "A center region upgrade of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron", these proceedings
	Slides MO2PB02 [0.824 MB]

MOPPT004	Status and Further Development of the PSI High Intensity Proton Facility	cyclotron, target, proton, neutron	37
	J. Grillenberger, J.M. Humbel, A.C. Mezger, M. Seidel, W. Tron PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	The High Intensity Proton Accelerator Facility of the Paul Scherrer Institut is routinely operated at an average beam power of 1.3 MW. Since the last cyclotron conference several highlights have been achieved. The maximum current extracted from the 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron could be increased from 2.2 mA to 2.4 mA during several beam development shifts. Furthermore, the availability of the facility has reached its highest level to date, beyond 93%. The new neutron source UCN which utilizes the full proton beam in pulsed mode, has been commissioned. To ensure reliable operation in the years to come and to further increase the intensity, an upgrade and refurbishment program is under way. Important parts of this program are the replacement of two resonators in Injector II and the installation of new RF amplifiers.

MOPPT011	Variety of Beam Production at the INFN LNS Superconducting Cyclotron	cyclotron, ion, proton, target	52
	D. Rifuggiato, L. Calabretta, L. Cosentino, G. Cuttone INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
	The LNS Superconducting Cyclotron has been operating for almost 20 years. Several beams are currently accelerated and delivered, allowing for a wide variety of experimental activity to be carried out. In addition, clinical activity is regularly accomplished: over 11 years of protontherapy of the eye pathologies, around 300 patients have been treated. This has stimulated a growing number of interdisciplinary experiments in the field of radiobiology and dosimetry. On the side of nuclear physics, a significant achievement is the production of radioactive beams: several rare isotopes are produced mainly exploiting the in-flight fragmentation method. The development activity carried out on several components of the user oriented facility will be described.

MOPPT012	Progress at Varian's Superconducting Cyclotrons: A Base for the ProBeam™ Platform	cyclotron, factory, proton, site	55
	H. Röcken, M. Abdel-Bary, E.M. Akcöltekin, P. Budz, M. Grewe, F. Klarner, A. Roth, T. Stephani, P. vom Stein VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
	During the last 9 years, Varian’s superconducting isochronous ProBeam™ medical proton cyclotrons proved their maturity when they accumulated more than 20 operational years at factory testing and patient treatment without any unscheduled down time caused by quenches or failures of the cryogenic supply systems. Their reliable superconductive technology features a fast initial cool-down and low operating costs. Besides the two machines which are in clinical operation in Switzerland and Germany, one more ProBeam™ cyclotron is already fully commissioned and delivering a 250MeV proton beam at Scripps Proton Therapy Center in San Diego, USA. Several other ProBeam™ cyclotrons are under fabrication or in the phase of factory beam acceptance tests. We report on fast cool-down and time-to-beam-extraction achievements as well as on the latest status and operational experience with Varian’s ProBeam™ cyclotrons. Additionally, we give an insight in new developments for further reduction of commissioning time and improvement of reliability.

MOPPT014	Installation and Test Progress for CYCIAE-100	vacuum, ion, cyclotron, ion-source	61
	T.J. Zhang, Shizhong. An, F. Yang, H. Yi CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The 100 MeV high intensity compact cyclotron CYCIAE-100 being built at CIAE adopts an external ion source system, accelerates H⁻ ions up to 100 MeV and provides dual proton beams by stripping. The status at different stages, including the preliminary design, technical design and construction preparation, and progress*, was reported at previous conferences. The ground breaking ceremony for the building was conducted in April, 2011. Then in September of 2012, the major systems for the machine, including the 435-ton main magnet, two 46.8 kAT exciting main coils, 200-ton hydraulic elevating system with a precision of 0.02mm, high precision magnetic mapper, the 1.27m high vacuum chamber, two 100kW RF amplifiers, magnet power supplies etc., have been in place for installation. The paper will demonstrate the results of high precision machining and installation of large scale magnet, mapping and shimming with vacuum deformation, study on the multipacting effects and RF conditioning. The test results for the 18mA H⁻ ion source and injection line as well as the cryopanel and vacuum system will also be presented. The first beam is expected in the latter half of this year. ICCA, 2004, Tokyo, Japan ICCA, 2007, Giardini Naxos, Italy *ICCA, 2010, Lanzhou, China

MOPPT018	End-to-End 6-D Tracking Using EMMA On-Line Model	injection, kicker, septum, acceleration	70
	F. Méot BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom B.J.A. Shepherd STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Numerical simulation of 6-dimensional, end-to-end beam transport in the prototype EMMA linear FFAG is presented and discussed. The simulation uses the 3-D OPERA field maps of the 42 cells, including the specific injection and extraction cells. It starts from upstream of the injection septum, and ends downstream of the extraction septum after 10-turn "serpentine" acceleration from 10 to 20 MeV. It includes the time function of the septa and injection and extraction pairs of kickers, and possible stray fields.

MOPPT019	A Compact, GeV, High-Intensity (CW) Racetrack FFAG	cyclotron, acceleration, focusing, synchrotron	73
	C. Johnstone Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA M. Berz, K. Makino MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA P. Snopok Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
	High-intensity and energy compact proton accelerators, especially those requiring milliamp currents, imply both CW operation and high acceleration gradients to mitigate losses. Above a few hundred MeV, losses must be under a per cent to avoid massive shielding and unmanageable activation. As relativistic energies are approached, the orbit separation on consecutive acceleration turns decreases for isochronous performance and to achieve higher acceleration gradients and orbit separation, RF modules must be employed rather than Dees, resulting in the larger separated-sector cyclotron footprint. However, the addition of strong focusing – with reversed gradients to capture both transverse planes – to conventional cyclotron fields promote inclusion of long synchrotron-like straight sections and implementation of high-gradient RF, even SCRF. The nsFFAG design has evolved into a a recirculating linear accelerator form with FFAG arcs. An ultra-compact, 0.2 – 1 GeV RLA FFAG design will be discussed (with a 3m x 5-6m footprint) that uses SC RF cryomodules achieving complete orbit separation at extraction and CW operation.

MOPPT020	Study of a Superconducting Compact Cyclotron for Delivering 20 MeV High Current Proton Beam	cyclotron, ion, proton, vacuum	76
	M.M. Maggiore INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy L. Bromberg, C.E. Miller, J.V. Minervini, A. Radovinsky MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
	Compact cyclotrons which accelerate high current of H⁻ ions in the range of 10-30MeV have been widely used over the last 25 years for medical isotope production and other applications. For a number of these, low weight, low power consumption, portability or low radiation background are key design requirements. We have evaluated the feasibility of a compact superconducting cyclotron that would provide proton beams up to 20 MeV by accelerating H⁻ ions and extracting them by the stripping process with current of 100uA. The study demonstrates that the survival of the H⁻ ion under high magnetic field environment could be large enough to guarantee low beam losses as long as the RF voltage is high. The compact cyclotron is energized by a set of superconducting coils providing the needed magnetic field, while the azimuthal varying field is done by four iron sectors. Additional superconducting coils are added to minimize the stray magnetic field, eliminating the need for a return yoke. The option of accelerating negative deuteron molecules has also been considered and is presented.

MOPPT022	Design of New Superconducting Ring Cyclotron for the RIBF	injection, cyclotron, ion, ion-source	79
	J. Ohnishi, M. Nakamura, H. Okuno RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	At the RIBF, uranium beams are accelerated up to the energy of 345 MeV per nucleon with a RFQ linac, DTL, and four ring cyclotrons (RRC, fRC, IRC, SRC). However, the present beam current of the uranium is 10-15 pnA at the exit of the SRC, still low, because we have to use two charge strippers located upstream and downstream of the fRC to convert the U³⁵⁺ ions extraced from the 28 GHz ECR ion source to U⁶⁴⁺ and U⁸⁶⁺, respectively. Accordingly, in order to increase the beam current more than tenfold, we performed the design study of the new superconducting ring cyclotron with the K-value of 2200 which can accelerate the U³⁵⁺ ions from 11 MeV/u to 48 MeV/u without the first charge stripper. The number of sector magnets is four and the RF frequency is fixed. The maximum magnetic field strength on the beam orbit is 3.2 T, and the superconducting main coils of the dense winding of NbTi and the trim coils of normal-conducting Cu are used. The total weight of the iron yokes is approximately 4800 t. This paper also describes the beam injection and extraction system which includes one superconducting magnetic channel.

MOPPT025	Optimum Serpentine Acceleration in Scaling FFAG	acceleration, linac, lattice, radio-frequency	85
	S.R. Koscielniak TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Serpentine acceleration is typified by fixed radio frequency, fixed magnetic field and a near (but not) isochronous lattice, radial motion of the orbit, and two or more reversals of the motion in RF phase. This was discovered in 2003 for linear non-scaling FFAGs in the relativistic regime. In 2013, Kyoto University School of Engineering pointed out that serpentine acceleration is possible also in scaling FFAGs and may span the non-relativistic to relativistic regime. As a function of two key parameters, field index and synchronous energy, this paper shows how to optimize the extraction energy and the voltage per turn for the scaling case. Optimization is difficult, and typically leads to poor performance: either extreme voltage or small acceleration range. Nevertheless, designs with credible acceleration parameters can be obtained; and indicative examples are presented herein.

MO3PB01	An Inverse Cyclotron for Muon Cooling	cyclotron, focusing, injection, simulation	97
	T.L. Hart, D.J. Summers UMiss, University, Mississippi, USA
	The production of intense high energy muon beams for muon colliders is an active area of interest due to the muon's large mass and pointlike structure. The muon production and the subsequent preparation into a beam are challenging due to the large emittance of the initial beam and the short muon lifetime. Most muon cooling channels being developed are single-pass structures due to the difficulty of injecting large emittance beams into a circular device. Inverse cyclotrons can potentially solve the injection problem using single turn energy loss injection and also reduce the muon beam emittance by a large factor. An end-to-end simulation of an inverse cyclotron for muon cooling is presented performed with G4Beamline, a GEANT-based particle tracking simulation program. Muons are collected in a central trap and then all ejected together.
	Slides MO3PB01 [1.747 MB]

MO3PB02	Design Study of a Superconducting AVF Cyclotron for Proton Therapy	cyclotron, proton, cavity, resonance	102
	H. Tsutsui, A. Hashimoto, Y. Mikami, H. Mitsubori, T. Mitsumoto, Y. Touchi, T. Ueda, K. Uno, K. Watazawa, S. Yajima, J.Y. Yoshida, K.U. Yumoto SHI, Tokyo, Japan
	Since a cyclotron has better beam quality than that of a synchrocyclotron, we have designed a 4 Tesla superconducting AVF cyclotron for proton therapy. Its weight is less than 60 tons, which is about one fourth of our normal conducting 230 MeV cyclotron. In order to reduce the size and the weight without deteriorating the beam stability, the hill gap around the outer pole radius is made small. Calculated extraction efficiency is higher than 60%, by arranging the extraction elements properly. The low temperature superconducting coil using NbTi wire is conduction-cooled by 4K GM cryocooler. Three dimensional electromagnetic finite element codes have been used during all phases of basic design.
	Slides MO3PB02 [13.506 MB]

MO3PB03	High Gradient Superconducting Cavity Development for FFAG	cavity, proton, simulation, injection	105
	S.V. Kutsaev, Z.A. Conway, P.N. Ostroumov ANL, Argonne, USA R.D. Ford, C. Johnstone PAC, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357 Like the cyclotron, the Fixed Field Alternating Gradient machine (FFAG) is a compact accelerator with variety of applications in industry and medicine. High intensity, fixed-field compact accelerators require enhanced orbit separation to minimize beam losses especially at extraction. In medium energy and compact FFAGs, this requires a total voltage of ~20 MV per turn with continuous wave accelerating gradients of ~10MV/m, which can only be achieved using superconducting accelerating cavities. This high voltage can be generated using 4 superconducting (SC) cavities operating at higher harmonics of the beam revolution, equal to approximately 200 MHz. The cavities and cryomodule are inserted into a 2m straight section of a racetrack-shaped FFAG. However, as with cyclotrons, the FFAG has a large horizontal acceleration aperture presenting a challenging problem for SCRF cavity design. In this work, we present SC cavity design with 50 cm x 1 cm beam apertures, their electrodynamics optimization, and multiphysics analysis. To achieve a 1 mA average beam current, each cavity is powered by two 100 kW RF couplers.
	Slides MO3PB03 [2.819 MB]

MO4PB02	The IBA Superconducting Synchrocyclotron Project S2C2	cyclotron, ion-source, ion, focusing	115
	W.J.G.M. Kleeven, M. Abs, E. Forton, S. Henrotin, Y. Jongen, V. Nuttens, Y. Paradis, E.E. Pearson, S. Quets, P. Verbruggen, S. Zaremba, J. van de Walle IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium M. Conjat, J. Mandrillon, P. Mandrillon AIMA, Nice, France
	In 2009 IBA decided to start the development of a compact superconducting synchrocyclotron as a proton-source for the small footprint proton therapy system called Proteus One ®. The cyclotron has been completely designed and constructed and is currently under commissioning at the IBA factory. Its design and commissioning results will be presented.
	Slides MO4PB02 [21.175 MB]

TU1PB03	PIC Simulations of Ion Dynamics in ECR Ion Sources	ion, plasma, ECR, ECRIS	134
	V. Mironov, J.P.M. Beijers KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	To better understand the physical processes in ECRIS plasmas, we developed a Particle-in-Cell code that follows the ionization and diffusion dynamics of ions. The basic features of the numerical model are given elsewhere. Electron temperature is a free parameter and we found that its value should be about 1 keV to reproduce the experimentally observed performance of our 14 GHz ECR source. We assume that a pre-sheath is located outside the ECR zone, in which ion acceleration toward the walls occurs. Electric fields inside the ECR zone are assumed to be zero. The ion production is modelled assuming ion confinement by a ponderomotive barrier formed at the boundary of the ECR zone. The barrier height is defined by the RF radiation density at the electron resonance layer and is taken as an adjustable parameter. With these assumptions, we are able to reproduce the main features of ECRIS performance, such as saturation and decrease of highest charge state currents with increasing gas pressure, as well as reaction to an increase of injected RF power. Study of the source response to variations of the source parameters is possible. V. Mironov and J. P. M. Beijers, “Three-dimensional simulations of ion dynamics in the plasma of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source”, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 073501 (2009).
	Slides TU1PB03 [18.160 MB]

TUPPT011	Measurement of Turn Structure in the Central Region of TRIUMF Cyclotron	resonance, cyclotron, TRIUMF, feedback	177
	T. Planche, R.A. Baartman, Y.-N. Rao TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	To get the most out of the existing beam diagnostics in the TRIUMF cyclotron, we started in 2011 to developed new data processing and visualization tools. The main advantage of these Matlab-based tools, compared to old VMS-based tools, is that they can benefit from a much larger library of modern data processing and visualization algorithms. This effort has already shown itself very useful to highlight essential features of the beam dynamics which remained unnoticed before. In this paper we present measurements results displaying beam dynamics process, and in particular space charge related process, happening in the central region of the TRIUMF cyclotron.
	Poster TUPPT011 [32.212 MB]

TUPPT016	Developments of Ion Source Complex for Highly Intense Beam at RCNP	ion, ECR, emittance, plasma	189
	T. Yorita, M. Fukuda, K. Hatanaka, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, A. Tamii, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	Several developments of Ion Source Complex at RCNP has been carried for the purpose of increasing beam intensity. For an 18 GHz superconducting ECRIS, studies for its beam extraction and transportation have been done. The parameters of extraction systems and electrostatic lens are optimized taking account with magnetic field leakage from AVF Cyclotron. HIP-ECR the 2.45GHz permanent magnet ECR has also been developed for highly intense proton beam.

TUPPT022	A 20 mA H⁻ Ion Source with Accel-Accel-Decel Extraction System at TRIUMF	ion-source, ion, emittance, TRIUMF	198
	K. Jayamanna, I. Aguilar, I.V. Bylinskii, G. Cojocaru, R.L. Dube, R.K. Laplante, W. L. Louie, M. Lovera, M. Minato, M. Mouat, S. Saminathan, T.M. Tateyama, E. Tikhomolov TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	During the last three decades, TRIUMF has developed H⁻ cusp ion sources for the 500 MeV, TR30, TR13 cyclotrons, as well as many other machines. These ion sources can be categorized as high current versions, producing up to 20mA of CW H⁻ beam within a normalized emittance (4RMS) of 0.6 π-mm-mrad. A new accel-accel-decel extraction system is being developed in order to run the source at optimum source extraction voltage for a large range of beam energies with minimal impact on beam properties. With this extraction system, beam energy can be as low as ~1keV and as high as 60keV while source extraction voltage can be at its optimum within 90kV. The source performances, as well as relevant emittance measurements, are discussed.

TUPSH002	Design and Construction of Combination Magnet for CYCIAE-100	simulation, proton, cyclotron, status	221
	S.M. Wei, Shizhong. An, M. Li, C. Wang, M. Yin, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The high intensity compact cyclotron CYCIAE-100 being constructed at China Institue of Atomic Energy (CIAE) is designed to extract proton beam from 75MeV to 100MeV in two opposite directions by stripping foil. Two combination magnets have been designed to bend the proton beams with different energies into one common beam line. The combination magnets have been designed into the return yoke of the main magnet of CYCIAE-100 for the dynamic reason. 2 D and 3D simulation of these combination magnets has been finished, the machining of them has also been finished. The magnetic field of the combination magnets has been measured and the results show that the measurements are very closed to the calculation, indicating these two magnets can be used in the BRIF project.

TUPSH003	Conceptual Design of a 100 MeV Injector Cyclotron	cyclotron, resonance, proton, cavity	224
	M. Li, J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang, J.Q. Zhong CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Accelerator driven system (ADS) is advanced clean nuclear energy system based on a high power accelerator, which has been proposed worldwide in recent years. Referring to the experiences from the existing PSI high power proton facility, an 800 MeV cyclotron is under design at CIAE (China Institute of Atomic Energy) as a candidate of high power proton driver. Given the extremely high beam power to be extracted, a tiny beam loss can lead to disastrous result for the cyclotron. Especially, the beam loss during extraction is the critical issue with respect to the feasibility and reliability of the design, which needs to be investigated in great detail from the very beginning. In this paper, the extraction scheme and beamline elements design are presented, and the detailed beam loss distribution during extraction will be calculated by numerical simulation with the large-scale parallel code OPAL-CYCL.

TUPSH006	Development of a New Active-Type Gradient Corrector for an AVF Cyclotron	cyclotron, optics, proton, quadrupole	230
	M. Fukuda, N. Hamatani, K. Hatanaka, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	A new gradient corrector with active coils has been developed for beam focusing and bending in the extraction region of the RCNP AVF cyclotron. The gradient corrector is a quadrupole type consisting of a pair of a C-type iron yoke. A sixteen-turn hollow conductor was coiled around each side yoke, and the two iron dipoles generate a linear field gradient independently. A field gradient up to 9 T/m is available for focusing a heavy ion beam with magnetic rigidity up to 1.6 T-m. The position of the gradient corrector is manually changeable within ±20 mm from a beam extraction base line. A field measurement was carried out with a Hall-element and we confirmed generation of the designed field gradient under excitation of the main coil. We have succeeded in focusing an extracted beam at an object point of the beam transport optics by a combination of the gradient corrector and a triplet quadrupole magnet following the gradient corrector. Correction of an extracted beam orbit was also demonstrated by optimizing the coil current and position of the gradient corrector. We will report the design and performance of the new gradient corrector.

TUPSH008	Conceptual Design of the 100 MeV Separated Sector Cyclotron	cyclotron, simulation, resonance, magnet-design	236
	B. Mahdian, H. Afarideh, R. Solhju AUT, Tehran, Iran J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	The 100 MeV separated sector cyclotron was designed at Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), which was aimed for various applications including radioactive ion-beam (RIB) production and proton therapy. It has four separated sector magnets. The cyclotron magnet design was based on an iterative process starting from a simple model that requires the vision of the complete cyclotron and the possibility of integration of all subsystems. By computer simulation with the 3D (CST) and 2D (POSSION) codes, principle parameters of the cyclotron magnet system were estimated (pole radius 180 cm, outer diameter 640 cm, height 300 cm). The results showed that the isochronous deviations between simulated values and the calculation one are smaller than 5 Gauss at most radii and therefore fulfilled the requirements. This work has been done with high accuracy which is proved by particle trajectories and considered mesh range. It has been concluded that it can be possible to design and develop this high energy cyclotron by introducing simple model without using trim and harmonic coils.

TUPSH013	Design Study of 10 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron Magnet	cyclotron, simulation, magnet-design, radio-frequency	248
	H.S. Kim, J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, S.H. Lee SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work has been supported by National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2010-0025952). For the past decades, PET (positron emission tomography) has been remarkable growth in market. PET using 18F is widely provided for cancer screening and expected to be installed at small and medium hospital for convenience of patients. At Sungkyunkwan University, 10 MeV H⁻ cyclotron, which produces 18F is being developed. In this paper, we demonstrated main magnet design and whole design procedure was explained. The result of design is verified by orbit analysis and single particle tracking. The description of the obtained result is presented in this paper.

TU3PB02	Development of a Scintillator Probe Based on Fiber Optics for Radial Beam Diagnostics of the Ion Beam of the 88-Inch Cyclotron	cyclotron, ion, diagnostics, controls	262
	M.M. Strohmeier, J.Y. Benitez, M.K. Covo, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, D.S. Todd LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA K.Y. Franzen Mevion, Littleton, Massachusetts, USA
	Operators at the 88-Inch Cyclotron have many tuning parameters to optimize transmission from injection through extraction. However, the only diagnostics they have had were a Faraday Cup at the exit of the machine and a so called "Dee-Probe" which gives a current-vs-radius (IvR) measurement. Motivated by low transmission of the Cyclotron and to address how tuning can affect the beam, we have developed an optical beam viewer whose radial position within the cyclotron can be adjusted remotely. This viewer allows us to image the beam cross section and its axial position with very high spatial resolution as a function of radius. In this paper, we describe the mechanical development of the device which consists of a Kbr scintillator crystal, a fiber bundle and a digital camera and we present data from its initial commissioning.
	Slides TU3PB02 [4.936 MB]

TU3PB04	TRIUMF Extraction Foil Developments and Contamination Reduction	electron, scattering, simulation, TRIUMF	269
	Y.-N. Rao, R.A. Baartman, I.V. Bylinskii, V.A. Verzilov TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada J.M. Schippers PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	Funding: TRIUMF receives funding via a contribution agreement through the National Research Council of Canada. We made important developments on the extraction probes and stripping foils at TRIUMF. One of the issues we had was the ⁷Be contamination being observed near the 1A stripper, and relatedly, stripping foils warped or even broke during use. This was deemed due to over-heating in the foil and the frame. Another issue was related to the beam spills. Beam spills are primarily caused by the large angle scattering from the stripping foil. It was thus suggested that thinner foils be used to minimize the scattering. In view of these 2 issues, improvements were made such that (1) highly-orientated pyrolytic graphite foils, of thickness around 2 mg/cm², are now used; (2) Tantalum frame is now used in place of the previous stainless steel. These changes, plus additional heat relief features introduced, have resulted in 4 times longer lifetime with the foil, and 5 to 10 times reduction to the tank contamination level around the extraction probe. Also, these improvements have led to significantly reduced amount of beam spill monitor trips. This paper presents these developments and outcomes, including the simulations and calculations performed.
	Slides TU3PB04 [4.798 MB]

TU4PB01	Mapping of the New IBA Superconducting Synchrocyclotron (S2C2) for Proton Therapy	proton, resonance, synchro-cyclotron, cyclotron	272
	J. van de Walle, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, C. L'Abbate, V. Nuttens, Y. Paradis IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium M. Conjat, J. Mandrillon, P. Mandrillon AIMA, Nice, France
	The magnetic field in the Superconducting Synchrocyclotron (S2C2) has been measured with a newly developed mapping system during the commissioning of the machine at IBA. The major difference with other mapping systems at IBA is the usage of a search coil, which provides high linearity over a large magnetic field range and the possibility to measure in a more time economic way. The first mapping results of the S2C2 were compared with OPERA3D calculations. The average field, the tune functions and the first harmonic were the main quantities which were compared and showed good agreement with the model. For example, the average field was within 0.3% of the calculation over the entire machine. In order to assess the efficiency of the regenerative extraction mechanism, protons were tracked in the measured map up to extraction. The horizontal position of the main coil was found to be a crucial parameter for the optimization of the extraction. A dedicated linear mapping system consisting of 7 Hall probes was positioned in the extraction channel of the S2C2. The field values from this linear mapping system were used to assess the optics of the beam exiting the S2C2.
	Slides TU4PB01 [2.357 MB]

WE2PB01	Space Charge Limit in Separated Turn Cyclotrons	space-charge, cyclotron, emittance, TRIUMF	305
	R.A. Baartman TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	A review will be given of the intensity limits of cyclotrons due to space charge, both longitudinal and transverse.
	Slides WE2PB01 [1.513 MB]

WEPPT002	Optimizing the Operational Parameters of the SFC by Using PSO Algorithm	proton, injection, cyclotron, heavy-ion	320
	L.T. Shi, H. Hao, P. Jiang IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	HIRFL-SFC is a Sector-Focused Cyclotron, which plays an important role in scientific experiments in IMP. In order to orbit correction and single turn extraction, there are 4 groups of harmonic coils in SFC. But we did not have a program to calculate the current of harmonic coils for different ions. In view of this situation, we developed a program (Orbit-PSO) to calculate it. By using the method of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the code of orbit calculation, we get the parameters for different beam through comparing with the orbit of 7MeV ¹²C⁴⁺. At the same time, we get the injection energy and voltage of Dee for different ions.

WEPPT005	Emittance Measurements at the Strasbourg TR24 Cyclotron for the Addition of a 65 MeV Linac Booster	cyclotron, linac, proton, emittance	329
	A. Degiovanni, U. Amaldi, S. Benedetti, D. Bergesio, A. Garonna, G. Molinari TERA, Novara, Italy S. Braccini, E.V. Kirillova LHEP, Bern, Switzerland D. Brasse, M. Pellicioli, M. Rousseau, J. Schuler IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France R.L. Watt, E. van Lier ACSI, Richmond, B.C., Canada
	The long term plans of IPHC foresee the installation of a linac that will boost the energy of the protons of the Strasbourg TR24 from 24 MeV to 65 MeV. The 3 GHz Cell Coupled Linac, designed by the TERA Foundation, will be 5 meters long and will be powered by two 10 MW klystrons running at 100 Hz. Advanced Cyclotron Systems will modify the cyclotron source, so that the extracted 300 μA beam will be chopped in 4 μs long pulses. To compute the transverse acceptances of the linac, the horizontal and vertical emittances of the extracted proton beam have been measured with the secondary emission detector BISE (Beam Imaging with Secondary Electrons) built by TERA and previously calibrated at the Bern 18 MeV IBA cyclotron. In this detector a thin 5 cm diameter foil is placed at 45° with respect to the beam direction and an electrostatic lens images the secondary electrons -extracted by the protons- on a phosphor, which is viewed by a CCD camera. The results of the measurements of the transverse emittances will be reported together with the description of the linac structure and the calculation of the expected output current based on the dynamics of the accelerated proton beam.

WEPPT008	Correction of Vertical Shifting of Extracted Beam at the Test Operation of DC-110 Cyclotron	cyclotron, ion, heavy-ion, betatron	338
	I.A. Ivanenko, B. Gikal, I.V. Kalagin, N.Yu. Kazarinov, V.I. Mironov, E. Samsonov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	The specialized heavy ion cyclotron DC-110 has been designed and created by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research for scientifically industrial complex “BETA” placed in Dubna (Russia). DC-110 cyclotron is intended for accelerating the intense Ar, Kr, Xe ion beams with fixed energy of 2.5 MeV/nucleon. The commissioning of DC-110 cyclotron has been carried out at the end of 2012. The project parameters of the ion beams have been achieved. During commissioning of cyclotron the vertical displacement of the beam at the last orbits and at the extraction channel was revealed. The calculations and experiments have shown that the reason of this displacement is the radial component of magnetic field at the median plane of the cyclotron, which appears because of asymmetry of the magnetic yoke. Correction of the vertical displacement of the beam has been achieved by creating an asymmetry of current distribution in the main coils of the electromagnet.

WEPPT009	Transverse Phase-Space Distributions of Low Energy Ion Beams Extracted from an ECR Ion Source	ion, ion-source, emittance, simulation	341
	S. Saminathan TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada J.P.M. Beijers, S. Brandenburg, H.R. Kremers, V. Mironov KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	Transverse phase-space distributions of low-energy ion beams extracted from ECR ion sources often show higher-order effects caused by ion-optical aberrations. Understanding these effects is mandatory to keep emittance growth and the resulting beam losses in low-energy beam transport lines under control. We present the results of an experimental and theoretical study of beam extraction and transport in the AGOR injection line at KVI. Particle tracking simulations have been performed of a multi-component neon ion beam extracted from an ECR ion source to calculate 4D phase-space distributions at various positions along the beamline. The simulations compare well with beam profile and emittance measurements.

WEPPT011	Measurement of Radial Oscillation and Phase of Accelerating Beam in Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron	cyclotron, acceleration, resonance, betatron	344
	J. Pradhan, A. Agarwal, U. Bhunia, A. Chakrabarti, J. Debnath, M.K. Dey, A. Dutta, Z.A. Naser, S. Paul, V. Singh VECC, Kolkata, India
	This paper describes various measurements performed on the beam behavior with the help of the main probe and the differential probe to have a clear insight of the accelerating beam and the difficulties of beam -extraction process in the K500 superconducting cyclotron at Kolkata. Beam shadow measurements with three probes at three sectors were done to get the information of beam-centering and radial oscillations. The radial oscillation amplitude is estimated from the measurements. A differential probe was used to measure the turn separation and its modulation due to radial oscillation. With the help of magnetic field detuning method, the beam phase history was also measured.

WEPPT012	Beam Dynamics in Presence of Imperfection Fields Near the Extraction Zone of Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron	cyclotron, resonance, simulation, betatron	347
	J. Debnath, U. Bhunia, A. Chakrabarti, M.K. Dey, A. Dutta, Z.A. Naser, S. Paul, J. Pradhan, V. Singh VECC, Kolkata, India
	Funding: VECC, DAE The superconducting cyclotron at Kolkata has accelerated the ion beams up to the extraction radius producing neutrons via nuclear reactions. After that the beam extraction process has been tried exhaustively. But rigorous beam extraction trials indicate towards some kind of error field, which was not possible to balance with the trim coil operated in harmonic-coil mode. It is found that the beam is being off-centered by a large amount after crossing the resonance zone and it is not reaching the extraction radius in proper path. This paper will be emphasizing the effect of various kind of error field on the beam. However, the magnetic field is being measured again to know the exact distribution of the field.

WEPPT017	Beam Tracking Simulation for a 9 MeV Cyclotron	cyclotron, acceleration, ion, ion-source	356
	S.Y. Jung, J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, Y.S. Lee, H.S. Song, Y.H. Yeon SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Following the adoption of internal PIG ion source making cyclotron more compact, the delicate beam trajectory simulation is required. In this paper, the optimization of initial condition of H-beam for the stable and well-controlled beam until the extraction region is reported. To accommodate the beam, the electromagnetic field distribution was analyzed by OPERA-3D and its phase error was verified with CYCLONE v8.4. In each iterative design, the beam trajectory was calculated by own developed numerical code to estimate its performance. The beam characteristics including the beam orbit, centering, energy gain and RF acceptance for vertical and horizontal directions were evaluated.

WEPPT028	Proposal for High Power Cyclotrons Test Site in Catania	cyclotron, ion, proton, vacuum	378
	L. Calabretta, D. Campo, L. Celona, L. Cosentino, C. Cui, G. Gallo, D. Rifuggiato INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy J.R. Alonso, W.A. Barletta, A. Calanna, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA R.R. Johnson BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada L. AC. Piazza INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
	The IsoDAR and DAEδALUS experiments will use cyclotrons to deliver high intensity (10 mA peak current) proton beams to neutrino-producing targets. To achieve these very high currents, we plan to inject and accelerate molecular H²⁺ ions in the cyclotrons. To understand high intensity H²⁺ injection into the central region of a compact cyclotron, and to benchmark space-charge dominated simulation studies, central-region tests are being conducted. Building on the first experiments at Best Cyclotrons, Vancouver (Abstract 1261), a larger-scale test cyclotron will be built at INFN-LNS in Catania. This cyclotron will be designed for 7 MeV/n (Q/A = 0.5; H²⁺ or He⁺+). After the first year of operation dedicated at optimization of the central region for the injection of high intensity Q/A = 0.5 beams, the cyclotron will be modified to allow the acceleration of H⁻ up to an energy of 28 MeV. The main characteristics of the machine and the planned test stand will be presented.

WEPPT029	The Cyclotron Complex for the DAEδALUS Experiment	cyclotron, injection, acceleration, simulation	381
	A. Calanna, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA L. Calabretta INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy M. Haj Tahar, F. Méot BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	The cyclotron complex for the DAEδALUS CP-Violation neutrino experiment consists of a compact cyclotron able to accelerate high-current (5 electrical milliamp) H²⁺ beams up to an energy of 60 MeV/amu, cleanly extract this beam with a conventional septum arrangement, and transport it to a superconducting ring cyclotron able to accelerate the beam up to 800 MeV/amu. H²⁺ is dissociated with thin stripping foils for efficient extraction as protons for transport to a megawatt-class target for neutrino production. The injection cyclotron will be similar to the one proposed for the IsoDAR experiment (Paper WEPPT029). The Ring cyclotron is similar in size and engineering concept to the SRC at RIKEN. Space-charge dominated beam dynamics simulations using OPAL have been performed for an 8-sector geometry, and indicate acceptable transmission and low beam losses. Subsequent engineering magnet-design studies of Minervini et al. point to a 6-sector configuration as more practical. Recalculation of the beam dynamics for this new configuration will be performed in the coming year. Results of the studies conducted to date will be presented.

WEPPT030	High Intensity Compact Cyclotron for ISODAR Experiment	cyclotron, vacuum, injection, target	384
	D. Campo, J.R. Alonso, W.A. Barletta, L.M. Bartoszek, A. Calanna, J.M. Conrad, M. Toups MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA A. Adelmann PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland L. Calabretta, C. Cui, G. Gallo INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy R. Gutierrez-Martinez, L.A. Winslow UCLA, Los Angeles, USA M. Shaevitz Columbia University, New York, USA J.J. Yang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	IsoDAR is an experiment proposed to look for the existence of sterile neutrinos. These are additional neutrino states beyond the "standard" 3-nu paradigm, are predicted to exist to explain anomalies in several neutrino experiments. In IsoDAR (Isotope Decay At Rest), electron antineutrinos produced in a target ~15 meters from a kiloton-scale detector would oscillate into and out of the sterile state within the extent of the detector, producing a sinusoidal event rate as a function of distance from the target. The nu-e-bar flux arises from decay of 8Li, produced when a high-current beam of protons or deuterons strikes a beryllium target either directly, or via secondary neutrons that interact in a large, ultra-pure 7Li sleeve surrounding the target. A compact Q/A = 0.5 cyclotron with top energy of 60 MeV/amu will be installed underground close to KamLAND. This cyclotron is a prototype for the DAEδALUS cyclotron chain (Paper WEPPT030). With a central field of 1.075T, it will operate in the 4th harmonic. Preliminary designs will be described, as well as possible solutions for transport and assembly of the machine through the very constricted access apertures of the Kamioka mine.

WEPSH010	Proton Therapy at the Institut Curie – CPO: Operation of an IBA C235 Cyclotron Looking Forward Scanning Techniques	cyclotron, ion-source, ion, proton	403
	A. Patriarca, S.J. Meyroneinc Institut Curie - Centre de Protonthérapie d'Orsay, Orsay, France
	Since 1991, more than 6100 patients (mainly eye and head & neck tumours) were treated at the Institut Curie – Centre de Protonthèrapie d’Orsay using Double Scattering proton beam delivery technique. After 19 years of activity, a 200 MeV synchrocyclotron has been shut down and replaced by a 230 MeV C235 IBA proton cyclotron. This delivers beam to two passive fixed treatment rooms and to one universal nozzle equipped gantry. In the past two years of operation more than 95.5% of the scheduled patients (near 500/year) were treated. We have realised, according to IBA recommendations, preventive maintenance (i.e. RF final amplifier) and we have improved some diagnostic tools (i.e. Main Coil monitoring) allowing us to reduce the number of downtime events from 499 in 2011 to 351 in 2012. In order to improve cancer treatment capabilities we are now involved in the transition towards scanning particle therapy, requiring even more accurate quality assurance protocols. We describe here the main cyclotron issues (ion source, deflector) and what is needed to perform a proper scanning technique, the main goal being the enhancement of our reliability performances.

TH1PB01	Operational Experience at the Intensity Limit in Compact Cyclotrons	cyclotron, target, ion, ion-source	432
	G. Cojocaru, J.C. Lofvendahl TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Compact cyclotrons are a cost-efficient choice for medical radioisotope production since negative hydrogen ions can be used at energies well below 100MeV. The stripping extraction technique allows quite large circulating currents without the need for separated turns. Space charge limits are in the range of 1 to 2 mA, but operating for long periods at these levels is a challenge for many reasons, among them being the sputtering of metal surfaces where unaccepted beam is deposited. These limits and others observed during our 22 years of 24hours/365days of quasi continuous operation of TR30 cyclotrons will be explored.
	Slides TH1PB01 [8.602 MB]

TH1PB02	Tuning of the PSI 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron for Accepting and Accelerating a Rebunched 72 MeV Proton Beam	cyclotron, injection, proton, acceleration	437
	J.M. Humbel, C. Baumgarten, J. Grillenberger, W. Joho, H. Muller, H. Zhang PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	In the past year the production of a 1.42 MW proton beam at a relative loss level of 10^-4 at PSI’s proton facility became routine operation. In addition, the inaugurated buncher based beam injection into the 590 MeV Ringcyclotron made a remarkable step forward. In particular, an almost dispersion free setting of the beamline region around the 500 MHz rebuncher in the 72 MeV transfer line has been established and a perfect matching of the dispersion into the Ringcyclotron has been achieved. This buncher-operation optimized facility setting could be advanced up to the ordinary stable standard 2.2 mA production proton beam. With the buncher voltage turned on, at the moment the beam extracted from the Ringcyclotron is limited to below 1 mA due to raising losses, mainly generated by space charge induced distortions of the beam bunches. For a better understanding of these effects a substantial effort in modelling of the accelerated beam is under way. In particular, the influence of the trim coil fields is being implemented into the OPAL simulation code and the insertion of an additional time structure measurement probe in the Ringcyclotron is proposed.
	Slides TH1PB02 [9.281 MB]

FR1PB01	Operation Mode of AIC-144 Multipurpose Isochronous Cyclotron for Eye Melanoma Treatment	cyclotron, proton, acceleration, vacuum	461
	G.A. Karamysheva, I. Amirkhanov, I.N. Kiyan, N.A. Morozov, E. Samsonov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia K. Daniel, K. Gugula, J. Sulikowski IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland
	Computational and experimental results concerning acceleration and extraction of the 60-MeV proton beam at AIC-144 cyclotron of the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Kraków, Poland) are considered. A proton beam of the AIC-144 cyclotron is accelerated without large losses in the radial region of 12-62 cm and is extracted from the cyclotron with a pretty good overall efficiency of ~35%. The beam was used for successful treatment of 15 patients in 2011-2012.
	Slides FR1PB01 [3.828 MB]

Paper

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MO1PB01

Acceleration of Intense Heavy Ion Beams in RIBF Cascaded-Cyclotrons

ion, cyclotron, acceleration, heavy-ion

1

N. Fukunishi, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, T. Fujinawa, H. Hasebe, Y. Higurashi, E. Ikezawa, H. Imao, T. Kageyama, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, M. Kidera, M. Komiyama, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, M. Nagase, T. Nakagawa, M. Nakamura, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno, K. Ozeki, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, A. Uchiyama, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, H. Yamasawa
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

The RIBF cascaded-cyclotrons have obtained, as of December 2012, uranium ion beams with an intensity of as high as 15 pnA (1 kW of power). This was achieved owing to deployment of a 28 GHz ECRIS, a new injector linac, a gas stripper and a bending-power upgrade of RIKEN fixed-frequency Ring Cyclotron as well as improvement of transmission efficiencies through cyclotrons and stability, etc.

Slides MO1PB01 [12.793 MB]

MO1PB03

Current Status of the Superconducting Cyclotron Project at Kolkata

cyclotron, target, resonance, diagnostics

11

J. Debnath, A. Chakrabarti, M.K. Dey
VECC, Kolkata, India

The commissioning of Kolkata superconducting cyclotron with internal ion beam had been reported in the last cyclotron conference. At that time, there was gradual beam loss due to poor vacuum. After installing a higher capacity liquid helium plant the cryo-panels were made functional leading to a substantial increase in the beam intensity. It was hoped that higher beam intensity would help in extraction of a measurable fraction of the beam, but that did not happen. Detailed investigation of beam behavior with the help of three beam probes, installed temporarily at three sectors, revealed that the beam goes highly off-centered while passing through the resonance zone. A plastic scintillator based phase probe was mounted on the radial probe and beam phase was measured accurately. It was quite clear that large amount of field imperfection was prohibiting the beam to be extracted. So magnetic field measurement has been started again and considerable amount of harmonic and average field errors have been found. In this paper we report the important developments since 2010.

Slides MO1PB03 [13.028 MB]

MO2PB02

High Current Beam Extraction from the 88-Inch Cyclotron at LBNL

cyclotron, ion, beam-transport, ion-source

19

D.S. Todd, J.Y. Benitez, K.Y. Franzen, M. Kireeff Covo, C.M. Lyneis, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, M.M. Strohmeier
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

The low energy beam transport system and the inflector of the 88-Inch Cyclotron have been improved to provide more intense heavy-ion beams, especially for experiments requiring 48Ca beams. In addition to a new spiral inflector* and increased injection voltage, the injection line beam transport and beam orbit dynamics in the cyclotron have been analyzed, new diagnostics have been developed, and extensive measurements have been performed to improve the transmission efficiency. By coupling diagnostics, such as emittance scanners in the injection line and a radially-adjustable beam viewing scintillator within the cyclotron, with computer simulation we have been able to identify loss mechanisms. The diagnostics used and their findings will be presented. We will discuss the solutions we have employed to address losses, such as changing our approach to tuning VENUS and running the cyclotron's central trim coil asymmetrically.
*Ken Yoshiki Franzen, et al. "A center region upgrade of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron", these proceedings

Slides MO2PB02 [0.824 MB]

MOPPT004

Status and Further Development of the PSI High Intensity Proton Facility

cyclotron, target, proton, neutron

37

J. Grillenberger, J.M. Humbel, A.C. Mezger, M. Seidel, W. Tron
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The High Intensity Proton Accelerator Facility of the Paul Scherrer Institut is routinely operated at an average beam power of 1.3 MW. Since the last cyclotron conference several highlights have been achieved. The maximum current extracted from the 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron could be increased from 2.2 mA to 2.4 mA during several beam development shifts. Furthermore, the availability of the facility has reached its highest level to date, beyond 93%. The new neutron source UCN which utilizes the full proton beam in pulsed mode, has been commissioned. To ensure reliable operation in the years to come and to further increase the intensity, an upgrade and refurbishment program is under way. Important parts of this program are the replacement of two resonators in Injector II and the installation of new RF amplifiers.

MOPPT011

Variety of Beam Production at the INFN LNS Superconducting Cyclotron

cyclotron, ion, proton, target

52

D. Rifuggiato, L. Calabretta, L. Cosentino, G. Cuttone
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

The LNS Superconducting Cyclotron has been operating for almost 20 years. Several beams are currently accelerated and delivered, allowing for a wide variety of experimental activity to be carried out. In addition, clinical activity is regularly accomplished: over 11 years of protontherapy of the eye pathologies, around 300 patients have been treated. This has stimulated a growing number of interdisciplinary experiments in the field of radiobiology and dosimetry. On the side of nuclear physics, a significant achievement is the production of radioactive beams: several rare isotopes are produced mainly exploiting the in-flight fragmentation method. The development activity carried out on several components of the user oriented facility will be described.

MOPPT012

Progress at Varian's Superconducting Cyclotrons: A Base for the ProBeam™ Platform

cyclotron, factory, proton, site

55

H. Röcken, M. Abdel-Bary, E.M. Akcöltekin, P. Budz, M. Grewe, F. Klarner, A. Roth, T. Stephani, P. vom Stein
VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany

During the last 9 years, Varian’s superconducting isochronous ProBeam™ medical proton cyclotrons proved their maturity when they accumulated more than 20 operational years at factory testing and patient treatment without any unscheduled down time caused by quenches or failures of the cryogenic supply systems. Their reliable superconductive technology features a fast initial cool-down and low operating costs. Besides the two machines which are in clinical operation in Switzerland and Germany, one more ProBeam™ cyclotron is already fully commissioned and delivering a 250MeV proton beam at Scripps Proton Therapy Center in San Diego, USA. Several other ProBeam™ cyclotrons are under fabrication or in the phase of factory beam acceptance tests. We report on fast cool-down and time-to-beam-extraction achievements as well as on the latest status and operational experience with Varian’s ProBeam™ cyclotrons. Additionally, we give an insight in new developments for further reduction of commissioning time and improvement of reliability.

MOPPT014

Installation and Test Progress for CYCIAE-100

vacuum, ion, cyclotron, ion-source

61

T.J. Zhang, Shizhong. An, F. Yang, H. Yi
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The 100 MeV high intensity compact cyclotron CYCIAE-100 being built at CIAE adopts an external ion source system, accelerates H⁻ ions up to 100 MeV and provides dual proton beams by stripping. The status at different stages, including the preliminary design*, technical design and construction preparation**, and progress***, was reported at previous conferences. The ground breaking ceremony for the building was conducted in April, 2011. Then in September of 2012, the major systems for the machine, including the 435-ton main magnet, two 46.8 kAT exciting main coils, 200-ton hydraulic elevating system with a precision of 0.02mm, high precision magnetic mapper, the 1.27m high vacuum chamber, two 100kW RF amplifiers, magnet power supplies etc., have been in place for installation. The paper will demonstrate the results of high precision machining and installation of large scale magnet, mapping and shimming with vacuum deformation, study on the multipacting effects and RF conditioning. The test results for the 18mA H⁻ ion source and injection line as well as the cryopanel and vacuum system will also be presented. The first beam is expected in the latter half of this year.
*ICCA, 2004, Tokyo, Japan
**ICCA, 2007, Giardini Naxos, Italy
***ICCA, 2010, Lanzhou, China

MOPPT018

End-to-End 6-D Tracking Using EMMA On-Line Model

injection, kicker, septum, acceleration

70

F. Méot
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
D.J. Kelliher, S. Machida
STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
B.J.A. Shepherd
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Numerical simulation of 6-dimensional, end-to-end beam transport in the prototype EMMA linear FFAG is presented and discussed. The simulation uses the 3-D OPERA field maps of the 42 cells, including the specific injection and extraction cells. It starts from upstream of the injection septum, and ends downstream of the extraction septum after 10-turn "serpentine" acceleration from 10 to 20 MeV. It includes the time function of the septa and injection and extraction pairs of kickers, and possible stray fields.

MOPPT019

A Compact, GeV, High-Intensity (CW) Racetrack FFAG

cyclotron, acceleration, focusing, synchrotron

73

C. Johnstone
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
M. Berz, K. Makino
MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
P. Snopok
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA

High-intensity and energy compact proton accelerators, especially those requiring milliamp currents, imply both CW operation and high acceleration gradients to mitigate losses. Above a few hundred MeV, losses must be under a per cent to avoid massive shielding and unmanageable activation. As relativistic energies are approached, the orbit separation on consecutive acceleration turns decreases for isochronous performance and to achieve higher acceleration gradients and orbit separation, RF modules must be employed rather than Dees, resulting in the larger separated-sector cyclotron footprint. However, the addition of strong focusing – with reversed gradients to capture both transverse planes – to conventional cyclotron fields promote inclusion of long synchrotron-like straight sections and implementation of high-gradient RF, even SCRF. The nsFFAG design has evolved into a a recirculating linear accelerator form with FFAG arcs. An ultra-compact, 0.2 – 1 GeV RLA FFAG design will be discussed (with a 3m x 5-6m footprint) that uses SC RF cryomodules achieving complete orbit separation at extraction and CW operation.

MOPPT020

Study of a Superconducting Compact Cyclotron for Delivering 20 MeV High Current Proton Beam

cyclotron, ion, proton, vacuum

76

M.M. Maggiore
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
L. Bromberg, C.E. Miller, J.V. Minervini, A. Radovinsky
MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Compact cyclotrons which accelerate high current of H⁻ ions in the range of 10-30MeV have been widely used over the last 25 years for medical isotope production and other applications. For a number of these, low weight, low power consumption, portability or low radiation background are key design requirements. We have evaluated the feasibility of a compact superconducting cyclotron that would provide proton beams up to 20 MeV by accelerating H⁻ ions and extracting them by the stripping process with current of 100uA. The study demonstrates that the survival of the H⁻ ion under high magnetic field environment could be large enough to guarantee low beam losses as long as the RF voltage is high. The compact cyclotron is energized by a set of superconducting coils providing the needed magnetic field, while the azimuthal varying field is done by four iron sectors. Additional superconducting coils are added to minimize the stray magnetic field, eliminating the need for a return yoke. The option of accelerating negative deuteron molecules has also been considered and is presented.

MOPPT022

Design of New Superconducting Ring Cyclotron for the RIBF

injection, cyclotron, ion, ion-source

79

J. Ohnishi, M. Nakamura, H. Okuno
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

At the RIBF, uranium beams are accelerated up to the energy of 345 MeV per nucleon with a RFQ linac, DTL, and four ring cyclotrons (RRC, fRC, IRC, SRC). However, the present beam current of the uranium is 10-15 pnA at the exit of the SRC, still low, because we have to use two charge strippers located upstream and downstream of the fRC to convert the U³⁵⁺ ions extraced from the 28 GHz ECR ion source to U⁶⁴⁺ and U⁸⁶⁺, respectively. Accordingly, in order to increase the beam current more than tenfold, we performed the design study of the new superconducting ring cyclotron with the K-value of 2200 which can accelerate the U³⁵⁺ ions from 11 MeV/u to 48 MeV/u without the first charge stripper. The number of sector magnets is four and the RF frequency is fixed. The maximum magnetic field strength on the beam orbit is 3.2 T, and the superconducting main coils of the dense winding of NbTi and the trim coils of normal-conducting Cu are used. The total weight of the iron yokes is approximately 4800 t. This paper also describes the beam injection and extraction system which includes one superconducting magnetic channel.

MOPPT025

Optimum Serpentine Acceleration in Scaling FFAG

acceleration, linac, lattice, radio-frequency

85

S.R. Koscielniak
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Serpentine acceleration is typified by fixed radio frequency, fixed magnetic field and a near (but not) isochronous lattice, radial motion of the orbit, and two or more reversals of the motion in RF phase. This was discovered in 2003 for linear non-scaling FFAGs in the relativistic regime. In 2013, Kyoto University School of Engineering pointed out that serpentine acceleration is possible also in scaling FFAGs and may span the non-relativistic to relativistic regime. As a function of two key parameters, field index and synchronous energy, this paper shows how to optimize the extraction energy and the voltage per turn for the scaling case. Optimization is difficult, and typically leads to poor performance: either extreme voltage or small acceleration range. Nevertheless, designs with credible acceleration parameters can be obtained; and indicative examples are presented herein.

MO3PB01

An Inverse Cyclotron for Muon Cooling

cyclotron, focusing, injection, simulation

97

T.L. Hart, D.J. Summers
UMiss, University, Mississippi, USA

The production of intense high energy muon beams for muon colliders is an active area of interest due to the muon's large mass and pointlike structure. The muon production and the subsequent preparation into a beam are challenging due to the large emittance of the initial beam and the short muon lifetime. Most muon cooling channels being developed are single-pass structures due to the difficulty of injecting large emittance beams into a circular device. Inverse cyclotrons can potentially solve the injection problem using single turn energy loss injection and also reduce the muon beam emittance by a large factor. An end-to-end simulation of an inverse cyclotron for muon cooling is presented performed with G4Beamline, a GEANT-based particle tracking simulation program. Muons are collected in a central trap and then all ejected together.

Slides MO3PB01 [1.747 MB]

MO3PB02

Design Study of a Superconducting AVF Cyclotron for Proton Therapy

cyclotron, proton, cavity, resonance

102

H. Tsutsui, A. Hashimoto, Y. Mikami, H. Mitsubori, T. Mitsumoto, Y. Touchi, T. Ueda, K. Uno, K. Watazawa, S. Yajima, J.Y. Yoshida, K.U. Yumoto
SHI, Tokyo, Japan

Since a cyclotron has better beam quality than that of a synchrocyclotron, we have designed a 4 Tesla superconducting AVF cyclotron for proton therapy. Its weight is less than 60 tons, which is about one fourth of our normal conducting 230 MeV cyclotron. In order to reduce the size and the weight without deteriorating the beam stability, the hill gap around the outer pole radius is made small. Calculated extraction efficiency is higher than 60%, by arranging the extraction elements properly. The low temperature superconducting coil using NbTi wire is conduction-cooled by 4K GM cryocooler. Three dimensional electromagnetic finite element codes have been used during all phases of basic design.

Slides MO3PB02 [13.506 MB]

MO3PB03

High Gradient Superconducting Cavity Development for FFAG

cavity, proton, simulation, injection

105

S.V. Kutsaev, Z.A. Conway, P.N. Ostroumov
ANL, Argonne, USA
R.D. Ford, C. Johnstone
PAC, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357
Like the cyclotron, the Fixed Field Alternating Gradient machine (FFAG) is a compact accelerator with variety of applications in industry and medicine. High intensity, fixed-field compact accelerators require enhanced orbit separation to minimize beam losses especially at extraction. In medium energy and compact FFAGs, this requires a total voltage of ~20 MV per turn with continuous wave accelerating gradients of ~10MV/m, which can only be achieved using superconducting accelerating cavities. This high voltage can be generated using 4 superconducting (SC) cavities operating at higher harmonics of the beam revolution, equal to approximately 200 MHz. The cavities and cryomodule are inserted into a 2m straight section of a racetrack-shaped FFAG. However, as with cyclotrons, the FFAG has a large horizontal acceleration aperture presenting a challenging problem for SCRF cavity design. In this work, we present SC cavity design with 50 cm x 1 cm beam apertures, their electrodynamics optimization, and multiphysics analysis. To achieve a 1 mA average beam current, each cavity is powered by two 100 kW RF couplers.

Slides MO3PB03 [2.819 MB]

MO4PB02

The IBA Superconducting Synchrocyclotron Project S2C2

cyclotron, ion-source, ion, focusing

115

W.J.G.M. Kleeven, M. Abs, E. Forton, S. Henrotin, Y. Jongen, V. Nuttens, Y. Paradis, E.E. Pearson, S. Quets, P. Verbruggen, S. Zaremba, J. van de Walle
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
M. Conjat, J. Mandrillon, P. Mandrillon
AIMA, Nice, France

In 2009 IBA decided to start the development of a compact superconducting synchrocyclotron as a proton-source for the small footprint proton therapy system called Proteus One ®. The cyclotron has been completely designed and constructed and is currently under commissioning at the IBA factory. Its design and commissioning results will be presented.

Slides MO4PB02 [21.175 MB]

TU1PB03

PIC Simulations of Ion Dynamics in ECR Ion Sources

ion, plasma, ECR, ECRIS

134

V. Mironov, J.P.M. Beijers
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

To better understand the physical processes in ECRIS plasmas, we developed a Particle-in-Cell code that follows the ionization and diffusion dynamics of ions. The basic features of the numerical model are given elsewhere*. Electron temperature is a free parameter and we found that its value should be about 1 keV to reproduce the experimentally observed performance of our 14 GHz ECR source. We assume that a pre-sheath is located outside the ECR zone, in which ion acceleration toward the walls occurs. Electric fields inside the ECR zone are assumed to be zero. The ion production is modelled assuming ion confinement by a ponderomotive barrier formed at the boundary of the ECR zone. The barrier height is defined by the RF radiation density at the electron resonance layer and is taken as an adjustable parameter. With these assumptions, we are able to reproduce the main features of ECRIS performance, such as saturation and decrease of highest charge state currents with increasing gas pressure, as well as reaction to an increase of injected RF power. Study of the source response to variations of the source parameters is possible.
*V. Mironov and J. P. M. Beijers, “Three-dimensional simulations of ion dynamics in the plasma of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source”, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 073501 (2009).

Slides TU1PB03 [18.160 MB]

TUPPT011

Measurement of Turn Structure in the Central Region of TRIUMF Cyclotron

resonance, cyclotron, TRIUMF, feedback

177

T. Planche, R.A. Baartman, Y.-N. Rao
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

To get the most out of the existing beam diagnostics in the TRIUMF cyclotron, we started in 2011 to developed new data processing and visualization tools. The main advantage of these Matlab-based tools, compared to old VMS-based tools, is that they can benefit from a much larger library of modern data processing and visualization algorithms. This effort has already shown itself very useful to highlight essential features of the beam dynamics which remained unnoticed before. In this paper we present measurements results displaying beam dynamics process, and in particular space charge related process, happening in the central region of the TRIUMF cyclotron.

Poster TUPPT011 [32.212 MB]

TUPPT016

Developments of Ion Source Complex for Highly Intense Beam at RCNP

ion, ECR, emittance, plasma

189

T. Yorita, M. Fukuda, K. Hatanaka, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, A. Tamii, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

Several developments of Ion Source Complex at RCNP has been carried for the purpose of increasing beam intensity. For an 18 GHz superconducting ECRIS, studies for its beam extraction and transportation have been done. The parameters of extraction systems and electrostatic lens are optimized taking account with magnetic field leakage from AVF Cyclotron. HIP-ECR the 2.45GHz permanent magnet ECR has also been developed for highly intense proton beam.

TUPPT022

A 20 mA H⁻ Ion Source with Accel-Accel-Decel Extraction System at TRIUMF

ion-source, ion, emittance, TRIUMF

198

K. Jayamanna, I. Aguilar, I.V. Bylinskii, G. Cojocaru, R.L. Dube, R.K. Laplante, W. L. Louie, M. Lovera, M. Minato, M. Mouat, S. Saminathan, T.M. Tateyama, E. Tikhomolov
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

During the last three decades, TRIUMF has developed H⁻ cusp ion sources for the 500 MeV, TR30, TR13 cyclotrons, as well as many other machines. These ion sources can be categorized as high current versions, producing up to 20mA of CW H⁻ beam within a normalized emittance (4RMS) of 0.6 π-mm-mrad. A new accel-accel-decel extraction system is being developed in order to run the source at optimum source extraction voltage for a large range of beam energies with minimal impact on beam properties. With this extraction system, beam energy can be as low as ~1keV and as high as 60keV while source extraction voltage can be at its optimum within 90kV. The source performances, as well as relevant emittance measurements, are discussed.

TUPSH002

Design and Construction of Combination Magnet for CYCIAE-100

simulation, proton, cyclotron, status

221

S.M. Wei, Shizhong. An, M. Li, C. Wang, M. Yin, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The high intensity compact cyclotron CYCIAE-100 being constructed at China Institue of Atomic Energy (CIAE) is designed to extract proton beam from 75MeV to 100MeV in two opposite directions by stripping foil. Two combination magnets have been designed to bend the proton beams with different energies into one common beam line. The combination magnets have been designed into the return yoke of the main magnet of CYCIAE-100 for the dynamic reason. 2 D and 3D simulation of these combination magnets has been finished, the machining of them has also been finished. The magnetic field of the combination magnets has been measured and the results show that the measurements are very closed to the calculation, indicating these two magnets can be used in the BRIF project.

TUPSH003

Conceptual Design of a 100 MeV Injector Cyclotron

cyclotron, resonance, proton, cavity

224

M. Li, J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang, J.Q. Zhong
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Accelerator driven system (ADS) is advanced clean nuclear energy system based on a high power accelerator, which has been proposed worldwide in recent years. Referring to the experiences from the existing PSI high power proton facility, an 800 MeV cyclotron is under design at CIAE (China Institute of Atomic Energy) as a candidate of high power proton driver. Given the extremely high beam power to be extracted, a tiny beam loss can lead to disastrous result for the cyclotron. Especially, the beam loss during extraction is the critical issue with respect to the feasibility and reliability of the design, which needs to be investigated in great detail from the very beginning. In this paper, the extraction scheme and beamline elements design are presented, and the detailed beam loss distribution during extraction will be calculated by numerical simulation with the large-scale parallel code OPAL-CYCL.

TUPSH006

Development of a New Active-Type Gradient Corrector for an AVF Cyclotron

cyclotron, optics, proton, quadrupole

230

M. Fukuda, N. Hamatani, K. Hatanaka, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

A new gradient corrector with active coils has been developed for beam focusing and bending in the extraction region of the RCNP AVF cyclotron. The gradient corrector is a quadrupole type consisting of a pair of a C-type iron yoke. A sixteen-turn hollow conductor was coiled around each side yoke, and the two iron dipoles generate a linear field gradient independently. A field gradient up to 9 T/m is available for focusing a heavy ion beam with magnetic rigidity up to 1.6 T-m. The position of the gradient corrector is manually changeable within ±20 mm from a beam extraction base line. A field measurement was carried out with a Hall-element and we confirmed generation of the designed field gradient under excitation of the main coil. We have succeeded in focusing an extracted beam at an object point of the beam transport optics by a combination of the gradient corrector and a triplet quadrupole magnet following the gradient corrector. Correction of an extracted beam orbit was also demonstrated by optimizing the coil current and position of the gradient corrector. We will report the design and performance of the new gradient corrector.

TUPSH008

Conceptual Design of the 100 MeV Separated Sector Cyclotron

cyclotron, simulation, resonance, magnet-design

236

B. Mahdian, H. Afarideh, R. Solhju
AUT, Tehran, Iran
J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

The 100 MeV separated sector cyclotron was designed at Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), which was aimed for various applications including radioactive ion-beam (RIB) production and proton therapy. It has four separated sector magnets. The cyclotron magnet design was based on an iterative process starting from a simple model that requires the vision of the complete cyclotron and the possibility of integration of all subsystems. By computer simulation with the 3D (CST) and 2D (POSSION) codes, principle parameters of the cyclotron magnet system were estimated (pole radius 180 cm, outer diameter 640 cm, height 300 cm). The results showed that the isochronous deviations between simulated values and the calculation one are smaller than 5 Gauss at most radii and therefore fulfilled the requirements. This work has been done with high accuracy which is proved by particle trajectories and considered mesh range. It has been concluded that it can be possible to design and develop this high energy cyclotron by introducing simple model without using trim and harmonic coils.

TUPSH013

Design Study of 10 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron Magnet

cyclotron, simulation, magnet-design, radio-frequency

248

H.S. Kim, J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, S.H. Lee
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work has been supported by National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2010-0025952).
For the past decades, PET (positron emission tomography) has been remarkable growth in market. PET using 18F is widely provided for cancer screening and expected to be installed at small and medium hospital for convenience of patients. At Sungkyunkwan University, 10 MeV H⁻ cyclotron, which produces 18F is being developed. In this paper, we demonstrated main magnet design and whole design procedure was explained. The result of design is verified by orbit analysis and single particle tracking. The description of the obtained result is presented in this paper.

TU3PB02

Development of a Scintillator Probe Based on Fiber Optics for Radial Beam Diagnostics of the Ion Beam of the 88-Inch Cyclotron

cyclotron, ion, diagnostics, controls

262

M.M. Strohmeier, J.Y. Benitez, M.K. Covo, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, D.S. Todd
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
K.Y. Franzen
Mevion, Littleton, Massachusetts, USA

Operators at the 88-Inch Cyclotron have many tuning parameters to optimize transmission from injection through extraction. However, the only diagnostics they have had were a Faraday Cup at the exit of the machine and a so called "Dee-Probe" which gives a current-vs-radius (IvR) measurement. Motivated by low transmission of the Cyclotron and to address how tuning can affect the beam, we have developed an optical beam viewer whose radial position within the cyclotron can be adjusted remotely. This viewer allows us to image the beam cross section and its axial position with very high spatial resolution as a function of radius. In this paper, we describe the mechanical development of the device which consists of a Kbr scintillator crystal, a fiber bundle and a digital camera and we present data from its initial commissioning.

Slides TU3PB02 [4.936 MB]

TU3PB04

TRIUMF Extraction Foil Developments and Contamination Reduction

electron, scattering, simulation, TRIUMF

269

Y.-N. Rao, R.A. Baartman, I.V. Bylinskii, V.A. Verzilov
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
J.M. Schippers
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Funding: TRIUMF receives funding via a contribution agreement through the National Research Council of Canada.
We made important developments on the extraction probes and stripping foils at TRIUMF. One of the issues we had was the ⁷Be contamination being observed near the 1A stripper, and relatedly, stripping foils warped or even broke during use. This was deemed due to over-heating in the foil and the frame. Another issue was related to the beam spills. Beam spills are primarily caused by the large angle scattering from the stripping foil. It was thus suggested that thinner foils be used to minimize the scattering. In view of these 2 issues, improvements were made such that (1) highly-orientated pyrolytic graphite foils, of thickness around 2 mg/cm², are now used; (2) Tantalum frame is now used in place of the previous stainless steel. These changes, plus additional heat relief features introduced, have resulted in 4 times longer lifetime with the foil, and 5 to 10 times reduction to the tank contamination level around the extraction probe. Also, these improvements have led to significantly reduced amount of beam spill monitor trips. This paper presents these developments and outcomes, including the simulations and calculations performed.

Slides TU3PB04 [4.798 MB]

TU4PB01

Mapping of the New IBA Superconducting Synchrocyclotron (S2C2) for Proton Therapy

proton, resonance, synchro-cyclotron, cyclotron

272

J. van de Walle, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, C. L'Abbate, V. Nuttens, Y. Paradis
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
M. Conjat, J. Mandrillon, P. Mandrillon
AIMA, Nice, France

The magnetic field in the Superconducting Synchrocyclotron (S2C2) has been measured with a newly developed mapping system during the commissioning of the machine at IBA. The major difference with other mapping systems at IBA is the usage of a search coil, which provides high linearity over a large magnetic field range and the possibility to measure in a more time economic way. The first mapping results of the S2C2 were compared with OPERA3D calculations. The average field, the tune functions and the first harmonic were the main quantities which were compared and showed good agreement with the model. For example, the average field was within 0.3% of the calculation over the entire machine. In order to assess the efficiency of the regenerative extraction mechanism, protons were tracked in the measured map up to extraction. The horizontal position of the main coil was found to be a crucial parameter for the optimization of the extraction. A dedicated linear mapping system consisting of 7 Hall probes was positioned in the extraction channel of the S2C2. The field values from this linear mapping system were used to assess the optics of the beam exiting the S2C2.

Slides TU4PB01 [2.357 MB]

WE2PB01

Space Charge Limit in Separated Turn Cyclotrons

space-charge, cyclotron, emittance, TRIUMF

305

R.A. Baartman
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

A review will be given of the intensity limits of cyclotrons due to space charge, both longitudinal and transverse.

Slides WE2PB01 [1.513 MB]

WEPPT002

Optimizing the Operational Parameters of the SFC by Using PSO Algorithm

proton, injection, cyclotron, heavy-ion

320

L.T. Shi, H. Hao, P. Jiang
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

HIRFL-SFC is a Sector-Focused Cyclotron, which plays an important role in scientific experiments in IMP. In order to orbit correction and single turn extraction, there are 4 groups of harmonic coils in SFC. But we did not have a program to calculate the current of harmonic coils for different ions. In view of this situation, we developed a program (Orbit-PSO) to calculate it. By using the method of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the code of orbit calculation, we get the parameters for different beam through comparing with the orbit of 7MeV ¹²C⁴⁺. At the same time, we get the injection energy and voltage of Dee for different ions.

WEPPT005

Emittance Measurements at the Strasbourg TR24 Cyclotron for the Addition of a 65 MeV Linac Booster

cyclotron, linac, proton, emittance

329

A. Degiovanni, U. Amaldi, S. Benedetti, D. Bergesio, A. Garonna, G. Molinari
TERA, Novara, Italy
S. Braccini, E.V. Kirillova
LHEP, Bern, Switzerland
D. Brasse, M. Pellicioli, M. Rousseau, J. Schuler
IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
R.L. Watt, E. van Lier
ACSI, Richmond, B.C., Canada

The long term plans of IPHC foresee the installation of a linac that will boost the energy of the protons of the Strasbourg TR24 from 24 MeV to 65 MeV. The 3 GHz Cell Coupled Linac, designed by the TERA Foundation, will be 5 meters long and will be powered by two 10 MW klystrons running at 100 Hz. Advanced Cyclotron Systems will modify the cyclotron source, so that the extracted 300 μA beam will be chopped in 4 μs long pulses. To compute the transverse acceptances of the linac, the horizontal and vertical emittances of the extracted proton beam have been measured with the secondary emission detector BISE (Beam Imaging with Secondary Electrons) built by TERA and previously calibrated at the Bern 18 MeV IBA cyclotron. In this detector a thin 5 cm diameter foil is placed at 45° with respect to the beam direction and an electrostatic lens images the secondary electrons -extracted by the protons- on a phosphor, which is viewed by a CCD camera. The results of the measurements of the transverse emittances will be reported together with the description of the linac structure and the calculation of the expected output current based on the dynamics of the accelerated proton beam.

WEPPT008

Correction of Vertical Shifting of Extracted Beam at the Test Operation of DC-110 Cyclotron

cyclotron, ion, heavy-ion, betatron

338

I.A. Ivanenko, B. Gikal, I.V. Kalagin, N.Yu. Kazarinov, V.I. Mironov, E. Samsonov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

The specialized heavy ion cyclotron DC-110 has been designed and created by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research for scientifically industrial complex “BETA” placed in Dubna (Russia). DC-110 cyclotron is intended for accelerating the intense Ar, Kr, Xe ion beams with fixed energy of 2.5 MeV/nucleon. The commissioning of DC-110 cyclotron has been carried out at the end of 2012. The project parameters of the ion beams have been achieved. During commissioning of cyclotron the vertical displacement of the beam at the last orbits and at the extraction channel was revealed. The calculations and experiments have shown that the reason of this displacement is the radial component of magnetic field at the median plane of the cyclotron, which appears because of asymmetry of the magnetic yoke. Correction of the vertical displacement of the beam has been achieved by creating an asymmetry of current distribution in the main coils of the electromagnet.

WEPPT009

Transverse Phase-Space Distributions of Low Energy Ion Beams Extracted from an ECR Ion Source

ion, ion-source, emittance, simulation

341

S. Saminathan
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
J.P.M. Beijers, S. Brandenburg, H.R. Kremers, V. Mironov
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

Transverse phase-space distributions of low-energy ion beams extracted from ECR ion sources often show higher-order effects caused by ion-optical aberrations. Understanding these effects is mandatory to keep emittance growth and the resulting beam losses in low-energy beam transport lines under control. We present the results of an experimental and theoretical study of beam extraction and transport in the AGOR injection line at KVI. Particle tracking simulations have been performed of a multi-component neon ion beam extracted from an ECR ion source to calculate 4D phase-space distributions at various positions along the beamline. The simulations compare well with beam profile and emittance measurements.

WEPPT011

Measurement of Radial Oscillation and Phase of Accelerating Beam in Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron

cyclotron, acceleration, resonance, betatron

344

J. Pradhan, A. Agarwal, U. Bhunia, A. Chakrabarti, J. Debnath, M.K. Dey, A. Dutta, Z.A. Naser, S. Paul, V. Singh
VECC, Kolkata, India

This paper describes various measurements performed on the beam behavior with the help of the main probe and the differential probe to have a clear insight of the accelerating beam and the difficulties of beam -extraction process in the K500 superconducting cyclotron at Kolkata. Beam shadow measurements with three probes at three sectors were done to get the information of beam-centering and radial oscillations. The radial oscillation amplitude is estimated from the measurements. A differential probe was used to measure the turn separation and its modulation due to radial oscillation. With the help of magnetic field detuning method, the beam phase history was also measured.

WEPPT012

Beam Dynamics in Presence of Imperfection Fields Near the Extraction Zone of Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron

cyclotron, resonance, simulation, betatron

347

J. Debnath, U. Bhunia, A. Chakrabarti, M.K. Dey, A. Dutta, Z.A. Naser, S. Paul, J. Pradhan, V. Singh
VECC, Kolkata, India

Funding: VECC, DAE
The superconducting cyclotron at Kolkata has accelerated the ion beams up to the extraction radius producing neutrons via nuclear reactions. After that the beam extraction process has been tried exhaustively. But rigorous beam extraction trials indicate towards some kind of error field, which was not possible to balance with the trim coil operated in harmonic-coil mode. It is found that the beam is being off-centered by a large amount after crossing the resonance zone and it is not reaching the extraction radius in proper path. This paper will be emphasizing the effect of various kind of error field on the beam. However, the magnetic field is being measured again to know the exact distribution of the field.

WEPPT017

Beam Tracking Simulation for a 9 MeV Cyclotron

cyclotron, acceleration, ion, ion-source

356

S.Y. Jung, J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, Y.S. Lee, H.S. Song, Y.H. Yeon
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Following the adoption of internal PIG ion source making cyclotron more compact, the delicate beam trajectory simulation is required. In this paper, the optimization of initial condition of H-beam for the stable and well-controlled beam until the extraction region is reported. To accommodate the beam, the electromagnetic field distribution was analyzed by OPERA-3D and its phase error was verified with CYCLONE v8.4. In each iterative design, the beam trajectory was calculated by own developed numerical code to estimate its performance. The beam characteristics including the beam orbit, centering, energy gain and RF acceptance for vertical and horizontal directions were evaluated.

WEPPT028

Proposal for High Power Cyclotrons Test Site in Catania

cyclotron, ion, proton, vacuum

378

L. Calabretta, D. Campo, L. Celona, L. Cosentino, C. Cui, G. Gallo, D. Rifuggiato
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
J.R. Alonso, W.A. Barletta, A. Calanna, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
R.R. Johnson
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada
L. AC. Piazza
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy

The IsoDAR and DAEδALUS experiments will use cyclotrons to deliver high intensity (10 mA peak current) proton beams to neutrino-producing targets. To achieve these very high currents, we plan to inject and accelerate molecular H²⁺ ions in the cyclotrons. To understand high intensity H²⁺ injection into the central region of a compact cyclotron, and to benchmark space-charge dominated simulation studies, central-region tests are being conducted. Building on the first experiments at Best Cyclotrons, Vancouver (Abstract 1261), a larger-scale test cyclotron will be built at INFN-LNS in Catania. This cyclotron will be designed for 7 MeV/n (Q/A = 0.5; H²⁺ or He⁺+). After the first year of operation dedicated at optimization of the central region for the injection of high intensity Q/A = 0.5 beams, the cyclotron will be modified to allow the acceleration of H⁻ up to an energy of 28 MeV. The main characteristics of the machine and the planned test stand will be presented.

WEPPT029

The Cyclotron Complex for the DAEδALUS Experiment

cyclotron, injection, acceleration, simulation

381

A. Calanna, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
L. Calabretta
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
M. Haj Tahar, F. Méot
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

The cyclotron complex for the DAEδALUS CP-Violation neutrino experiment consists of a compact cyclotron able to accelerate high-current (5 electrical milliamp) H²⁺ beams up to an energy of 60 MeV/amu, cleanly extract this beam with a conventional septum arrangement, and transport it to a superconducting ring cyclotron able to accelerate the beam up to 800 MeV/amu. H²⁺ is dissociated with thin stripping foils for efficient extraction as protons for transport to a megawatt-class target for neutrino production. The injection cyclotron will be similar to the one proposed for the IsoDAR experiment (Paper WEPPT029). The Ring cyclotron is similar in size and engineering concept to the SRC at RIKEN. Space-charge dominated beam dynamics simulations using OPAL have been performed for an 8-sector geometry, and indicate acceptable transmission and low beam losses. Subsequent engineering magnet-design studies of Minervini et al. point to a 6-sector configuration as more practical. Recalculation of the beam dynamics for this new configuration will be performed in the coming year. Results of the studies conducted to date will be presented.

WEPPT030

High Intensity Compact Cyclotron for ISODAR Experiment

cyclotron, vacuum, injection, target

384

D. Campo, J.R. Alonso, W.A. Barletta, L.M. Bartoszek, A. Calanna, J.M. Conrad, M. Toups
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
A. Adelmann
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
L. Calabretta, C. Cui, G. Gallo
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
R. Gutierrez-Martinez, L.A. Winslow
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
M. Shaevitz
Columbia University, New York, USA
J.J. Yang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

IsoDAR is an experiment proposed to look for the existence of sterile neutrinos. These are additional neutrino states beyond the "standard" 3-nu paradigm, are predicted to exist to explain anomalies in several neutrino experiments. In IsoDAR (Isotope Decay At Rest), electron antineutrinos produced in a target ~15 meters from a kiloton-scale detector would oscillate into and out of the sterile state within the extent of the detector, producing a sinusoidal event rate as a function of distance from the target. The nu-e-bar flux arises from decay of 8Li, produced when a high-current beam of protons or deuterons strikes a beryllium target either directly, or via secondary neutrons that interact in a large, ultra-pure 7Li sleeve surrounding the target. A compact Q/A = 0.5 cyclotron with top energy of 60 MeV/amu will be installed underground close to KamLAND. This cyclotron is a prototype for the DAEδALUS cyclotron chain (Paper WEPPT030). With a central field of 1.075T, it will operate in the 4th harmonic. Preliminary designs will be described, as well as possible solutions for transport and assembly of the machine through the very constricted access apertures of the Kamioka mine.

WEPSH010

Proton Therapy at the Institut Curie – CPO: Operation of an IBA C235 Cyclotron Looking Forward Scanning Techniques

cyclotron, ion-source, ion, proton

403

A. Patriarca, S.J. Meyroneinc
Institut Curie - Centre de Protonthérapie d'Orsay, Orsay, France

Since 1991, more than 6100 patients (mainly eye and head & neck tumours) were treated at the Institut Curie – Centre de Protonthèrapie d’Orsay using Double Scattering proton beam delivery technique. After 19 years of activity, a 200 MeV synchrocyclotron has been shut down and replaced by a 230 MeV C235 IBA proton cyclotron. This delivers beam to two passive fixed treatment rooms and to one universal nozzle equipped gantry. In the past two years of operation more than 95.5% of the scheduled patients (near 500/year) were treated. We have realised, according to IBA recommendations, preventive maintenance (i.e. RF final amplifier) and we have improved some diagnostic tools (i.e. Main Coil monitoring) allowing us to reduce the number of downtime events from 499 in 2011 to 351 in 2012. In order to improve cancer treatment capabilities we are now involved in the transition towards scanning particle therapy, requiring even more accurate quality assurance protocols. We describe here the main cyclotron issues (ion source, deflector) and what is needed to perform a proper scanning technique, the main goal being the enhancement of our reliability performances.

TH1PB01

Operational Experience at the Intensity Limit in Compact Cyclotrons

cyclotron, target, ion, ion-source

432

G. Cojocaru, J.C. Lofvendahl
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Compact cyclotrons are a cost-efficient choice for medical radioisotope production since negative hydrogen ions can be used at energies well below 100MeV. The stripping extraction technique allows quite large circulating currents without the need for separated turns. Space charge limits are in the range of 1 to 2 mA, but operating for long periods at these levels is a challenge for many reasons, among them being the sputtering of metal surfaces where unaccepted beam is deposited. These limits and others observed during our 22 years of 24hours/365days of quasi continuous operation of TR30 cyclotrons will be explored.

Slides TH1PB01 [8.602 MB]

TH1PB02

Tuning of the PSI 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron for Accepting and Accelerating a Rebunched 72 MeV Proton Beam

cyclotron, injection, proton, acceleration

437

J.M. Humbel, C. Baumgarten, J. Grillenberger, W. Joho, H. Muller, H. Zhang
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

In the past year the production of a 1.42 MW proton beam at a relative loss level of 10^-4 at PSI’s proton facility became routine operation. In addition, the inaugurated buncher based beam injection into the 590 MeV Ringcyclotron made a remarkable step forward. In particular, an almost dispersion free setting of the beamline region around the 500 MHz rebuncher in the 72 MeV transfer line has been established and a perfect matching of the dispersion into the Ringcyclotron has been achieved. This buncher-operation optimized facility setting could be advanced up to the ordinary stable standard 2.2 mA production proton beam. With the buncher voltage turned on, at the moment the beam extracted from the Ringcyclotron is limited to below 1 mA due to raising losses, mainly generated by space charge induced distortions of the beam bunches. For a better understanding of these effects a substantial effort in modelling of the accelerated beam is under way. In particular, the influence of the trim coil fields is being implemented into the OPAL simulation code and the insertion of an additional time structure measurement probe in the Ringcyclotron is proposed.

Slides TH1PB02 [9.281 MB]

FR1PB01

Operation Mode of AIC-144 Multipurpose Isochronous Cyclotron for Eye Melanoma Treatment

cyclotron, proton, acceleration, vacuum

461

G.A. Karamysheva, I. Amirkhanov, I.N. Kiyan, N.A. Morozov, E. Samsonov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
K. Daniel, K. Gugula, J. Sulikowski
IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland

Computational and experimental results concerning acceleration and extraction of the 60-MeV proton beam at AIC-144 cyclotron of the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Kraków, Poland) are considered. A proton beam of the AIC-144 cyclotron is accelerated without large losses in the radial region of 12-62 cm and is extracted from the cyclotron with a pretty good overall efficiency of ~35%. The beam was used for successful treatment of 15 patients in 2011-2012.

Slides FR1PB01 [3.828 MB]