Cyclotrons2013 - List of Keywords (ion)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MO1PB01	Acceleration of Intense Heavy Ion Beams in RIBF Cascaded-Cyclotrons	cyclotron, acceleration, extraction, heavy-ion	1
	N. Fukunishi, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, T. Fujinawa, H. Hasebe, Y. Higurashi, E. Ikezawa, H. Imao, T. Kageyama, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, M. Kidera, M. Komiyama, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, M. Nagase, T. Nakagawa, M. Nakamura, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno, K. Ozeki, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, A. Uchiyama, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, H. Yamasawa RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	The RIBF cascaded-cyclotrons have obtained, as of December 2012, uranium ion beams with an intensity of as high as 15 pnA (1 kW of power). This was achieved owing to deployment of a 28 GHz ECRIS, a new injector linac, a gas stripper and a bending-power upgrade of RIKEN fixed-frequency Ring Cyclotron as well as improvement of transmission efficiencies through cyclotrons and stability, etc.
	Slides MO1PB01 [12.793 MB]

MO1PB02	New Developments and Capabilities at the Coupled Cyclotron Facility at Michigan State University	cyclotron, cryomodule, rfq, acceleration	7
	A. Stolz, G. Bollen, A. Lapierre, D. Leitner, D.J. Morrissey, S. Schwarz, C. Sumithrarachchi, W. Wittmer NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	A brief overview of the Coupled Cyclotron Facility will be presented with a focus on the newly commissioned stopped beam and reaccelerated radioactive ion beam capabilities. Commissioning results and operations experience of the combined system of Coupled Cyclotron Facility, A1900 fragment separator, gas stopper, EBIT charge-breeder and ReA linac will be presented.
	Slides MO1PB02 [42.670 MB]

MO2PB02	High Current Beam Extraction from the 88-Inch Cyclotron at LBNL	cyclotron, extraction, beam-transport, ion-source	19
	D.S. Todd, J.Y. Benitez, K.Y. Franzen, M. Kireeff Covo, C.M. Lyneis, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, M.M. Strohmeier LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	The low energy beam transport system and the inflector of the 88-Inch Cyclotron have been improved to provide more intense heavy-ion beams, especially for experiments requiring 48Ca beams. In addition to a new spiral inflector* and increased injection voltage, the injection line beam transport and beam orbit dynamics in the cyclotron have been analyzed, new diagnostics have been developed, and extensive measurements have been performed to improve the transmission efficiency. By coupling diagnostics, such as emittance scanners in the injection line and a radially-adjustable beam viewing scintillator within the cyclotron, with computer simulation we have been able to identify loss mechanisms. The diagnostics used and their findings will be presented. We will discuss the solutions we have employed to address losses, such as changing our approach to tuning VENUS and running the cyclotron's central trim coil asymmetrically. *Ken Yoshiki Franzen, et al. "A center region upgrade of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron", these proceedings
	Slides MO2PB02 [0.824 MB]

MO2PB03	Progress Toward the Facility Upgrade for Accelerated Radioactive Beams at Texas A&M	ECRIS, cyclotron, injection, heavy-ion	22
	D.P. May, B.T. Roeder, R.E. Tribble Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute, College Station, Texas, USA F.P. Abegglen, G. Chubaryan, H.L. Clark, G.J. Kim, G. Tabacaru Texas A&M University, Cyclotron Institute, College Station, Texas, USA J.E. Ärje JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
	Funding: U. S. Dept. of Energy Grant DE-FG02-93ER40773 The upgrade project at the Cyclotron Institute of Texas A&M University continues to make substantial progress toward the goal of providing radioactive beams accelerated to intermediate energies by the K500 Cyclotron. The K150, which will function as a driver, is now used extensively to deliver both light and heavy ion beams for experiments. The ion-guide cave for the production and charge-breeding of low-energy radioactive beams has been constructed, and the light-ion guide (LIG) has been commissioned with an internal radioactive source. The charge breeding electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (CB-ECRIS) has been commissioned with a source of stable 1+ ions, while the injection line leading to the K500 has been commissioned with the injection and acceleration of charge-bred beams. Despite the lack of good field maps, both light and heavy ions beams have been developed for the K150. Progress and plans, including those for the heavy-ion guide (HIG), are presented.
	Slides MO2PB03 [9.652 MB]

MO2PB04	Improving the Energy Efficiency, Reliability and Performance of AGOR	cyclotron, controls, cryogenics, heavy-ion	25
	M.A. Hofstee, S. Brandenburg, H. Post, R.A. Schellekens, J.E. de Jong KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	Over the past few years the nature of the experiments performed with AGOR has changed from long experiments, to sequences of short experiments, often using different beams. In addition the total demand for beamtime has gone down. This has required a change in operating procedures and scheduling. In view of the changing demands, we are continuing our efforts to improve the energy efficiency and reliability of the cyclotron, while at the same time trying to improve performance. While some of the solutions might be unique to our facility, many will have broader applicability. Some case studies will be presented and areas for future improvements identified.
	Slides MO2PB04 [2.578 MB]

MOPPT002	Status of the HZB Cyclotron	proton, cyclotron, high-voltage, neutron	31
	A. Denker, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, T. Fanselow, W. Hahn, G. Heidenreich, D. Hildebrand, U. Hiller, U. Muller, C. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich HZB, Berlin, Germany D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	For 15 years, eye tumours are treated in collaboration with the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. In 2012 we celebrated the 2000th patient. Our cyclotron is again served by 2 different injectors: a 6 MV Van-de-Graaff and a 2 MV tandetron. The tandetron was optimized especially for the requirements of therapy. Its advantages are easier handling, lower service requirements and a shorter injection beam line. Development of the source resulted in safe operation of more than 600 h and extremely stable beam current. The tandetron is in operation for therapy since 2011. The Van-de-Graaff was considered to be a temporary backup. New requests for beams with a very specific time structure occurred, which can be provided only with the Van-de-Graaff-cyclotron beam line. Pulse structures of high variability; from single pulses of 1 ns at a max. repetition rate of 75 kHz to pulse packets with a length up to 100 μs were tested. The latter was used for the production of pulsed neutron radiation for comprehensive testing of dosimeters. Although major breakdowns have a huge impact on the up-time due to the small number of beam time hours, breakdowns over the past years amounted to less than 5%.

MOPPT003	20 Years of JULIC Operation as COSY's Injector Cyclotron	cyclotron, septum, ion-source, synchrotron	34
	R. Gebel, R. Brings, O. Felden, R. Maier, S. Mey, D. Prasuhn FZJ, Jülich, Germany
	The accelerator facility COSY/Jülich is based upon availability and performance of the isochronous cyclotron JULIC as pre-accelerator of the 2.88 GeV cooler synchrotron. Since 1993 the cyclotron provides beams in 24/7 operation for more than 6500 hours/year on average. The cyclotron has been in operation since commissioning in 1968 and has reached in total 260000 hours of operation. JULIC provides routinely polarized and unpolarized negatively charged light ions for COSY experiments in the field of fundamental research in hadron, particle and nuclear physics. The ongoing program at the facility foresees increasing usage as a test facility for accelerator research and detector development for realization of FAIR, and other novel experiments on the road map of the Helmholtz Association and international collaborations. In parallel to the operation for COSY the cyclotron beam is used for irradiation and fundamental nuclide production for research purposes. A brief overview of activities at the Forschungszentrum Jülich, the cooler synchrotron COSY and its injector cyclotron JULIC, with focus on recent technical developments, will be presented.

MOPPT005	Present Status of the RCNP Cyclotron Facility	cyclotron, proton, neutron, heavy-ion	40
	K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	The RCNP cyclotron facility has been stably operated for these years. Demands for heavy ions have been increasing recently. Xe beams were accelerated by the AVF cyclotron for the first time. Developments on components and beam dynamics are presented.

MOPPT007	Recent Progress at the Jyväskylä Cyclotron Laboratory	cyclotron, emittance, ion-source, quadrupole	43
	P. M.T. Heikkinen JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
	The use of the K130 cyclotron during the past few years has been normal. The total use of the cyclotron in 2012 was 6441 hours out of which 4610 hours on target. Three quarters of the beam time was devoted to basic nuclear physics research and one quarter for industrial applications, the main industrial application being space electronics testing. Altogether over 20 different isotopes were accelerated in 2012. Beam cocktails for space electronics testing were the most commonly used beams (26 %). Since the first beam in 1992 the total run time for the K130 cyclotron at the end of 2012 was 124’138 hours, and altogether 32 elements (73 isotopes) from p to Au have been accelerated. The MCC30/15 cyclotron will deliver proton and deuteron beams for nuclear physics research and for isotope production. The experimental set-up has been mainly under construction and we have had only a couple of beam tests. Isotope production with the MCC30/15 cyclotron has suffered from severe administrative delays. Finally in December 2012 a preliminary budget study for a GMP laboratory for FDG production (18F) was done. Decisions on the radiopharmaceuticals production at JYFL will be done during 2013.

MOPPT008	Present Status of Cyclotrons (NIRS-930, HM-18) at NIRS	cyclotron, proton, radiation, injection	46
	S. Hojo, T. Honma, K. Katagiri, M. Nakao, A. Noda, K. Noda, A. Sugiura NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan A.K. Komiyama, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi AEC, Chiba, Japan
	The cyclotron facility at National Institute of Radiological Science (NIRS) consists of a NIRS-930 cyclotron (Thomson-CSF AVF-930, Kb=110 MeV and Kf=90 MeV) and a small cyclotron HM-18(Sumitomo- Heavy- Industry HM-18). The NIRS-930 has been used for production of short-lived radio-pharmaceuticals for PET, research of physics, developments of particle detectors in space, and so on. The orbit of a beam in the NIRS-930 cyclotron was simulated with integrated approach to modelling of the cyclotron, including calculation of electromagnetic fields of the structural elements. And some improvements such as installation of extracted beam probe, a beam attenuator and a beam viewer in an injection beam line, were performed in the NIRS-930. The HM-18 has been used for production of short-lived radio-pharmaceuticals for PET. It allows us to accelerate H-and D- ion at fixed energies of 18 and 9 MeV, respectively. In order to improve the isochronism, a phase probe has been newly installed in the HM-18. Above improvements and operational status of the cyclotron facility are to be presented in this report.

MOPPT011	Variety of Beam Production at the INFN LNS Superconducting Cyclotron	cyclotron, proton, target, extraction	52
	D. Rifuggiato, L. Calabretta, L. Cosentino, G. Cuttone INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
	The LNS Superconducting Cyclotron has been operating for almost 20 years. Several beams are currently accelerated and delivered, allowing for a wide variety of experimental activity to be carried out. In addition, clinical activity is regularly accomplished: over 11 years of protontherapy of the eye pathologies, around 300 patients have been treated. This has stimulated a growing number of interdisciplinary experiments in the field of radiobiology and dosimetry. On the side of nuclear physics, a significant achievement is the production of radioactive beams: several rare isotopes are produced mainly exploiting the in-flight fragmentation method. The development activity carried out on several components of the user oriented facility will be described.

MOPPT013	Status Report on the Gustav Werner Cyclotron at TSL, Uppsala	cyclotron, proton, vacuum, ECR	58
	D. van Rooyen, B. Gålnander, M.E. Lindberg, T. Lofnes, T. Peterson, M. Pettersson TSL, Uppsala, Sweden
	TSL has a long history of producing beams of accelerated particles. The laboratory was restructured in 2005/2006 with nuclear physics phased out, the CELSIUS ring dismantled and the WASA detector moved to Jülich. The focus of activities became thereby shifted towards, mainly, proton therapy and, in addition, radiation effects testing using protons and neutrons in a beam sharing mode. The increase in demand on (a) beam time and b) consequential faster changes between various set-ups necessitated some minor upgrades. Two of these will be presented. For the same reason our energy measuring system needed to be streamlined. As a consequence of the restructuring, night shifts have been phased out. Studies indicated that a substantial energy saving can be accomplished by switching off certain power supplies. Results of this energy saving programme will be presented. The future? In 2012 our ECR ion source has been “recalled to life”, the purpose being to investigate radiation of electronics and thin films (micropore industry). The results for three test runs with heavy ions will be mentioned. Will TSL be able to survive after the Skandion Clinic has taken over Cancer Therapy with protons?

MOPPT014	Installation and Test Progress for CYCIAE-100	vacuum, cyclotron, ion-source, extraction	61
	T.J. Zhang, Shizhong. An, F. Yang, H. Yi CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The 100 MeV high intensity compact cyclotron CYCIAE-100 being built at CIAE adopts an external ion source system, accelerates H⁻ ions up to 100 MeV and provides dual proton beams by stripping. The status at different stages, including the preliminary design, technical design and construction preparation, and progress*, was reported at previous conferences. The ground breaking ceremony for the building was conducted in April, 2011. Then in September of 2012, the major systems for the machine, including the 435-ton main magnet, two 46.8 kAT exciting main coils, 200-ton hydraulic elevating system with a precision of 0.02mm, high precision magnetic mapper, the 1.27m high vacuum chamber, two 100kW RF amplifiers, magnet power supplies etc., have been in place for installation. The paper will demonstrate the results of high precision machining and installation of large scale magnet, mapping and shimming with vacuum deformation, study on the multipacting effects and RF conditioning. The test results for the 18mA H⁻ ion source and injection line as well as the cryopanel and vacuum system will also be presented. The first beam is expected in the latter half of this year. ICCA, 2004, Tokyo, Japan ICCA, 2007, Giardini Naxos, Italy *ICCA, 2010, Lanzhou, China

MOPPT016	Configurable 1 MeV Test Stand Cyclotron for High Intensity Injection System Development	injection, cyclotron, ion-source, diagnostics	67
	F.S. Labrecque, F.S. Grillet, B.F. Milton, L. AC. Piazza, W. Stazyk, S.L. Tarrant BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada J.R. Alonso, D. Campo MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA L. Calabretta INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy M.M. Maggiore INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
	In order to study and optimize the ion source and injection system of our multiple cyclotron products, Best® Cyclotron Systems Inc. (BCSI) has assembled in its Vancouver office a 1 MeV cyclotron development platform. To accommodate different injection line configurations, the main magnet median plane is vertically oriented and rail mounted which also allows easy access to the inner components. In addition, the main magnet central region is equipped with interchangeable magnetic poles, RF elements, and inflector electrodes in order to replicate the features of the simulated cyclotrons. Multiple diagnostic devices are available to fully characterize the beam along the injection line and inside the cyclotron. This paper will describe the design of two system configurations: the 60 MeV H²⁺ for the DAEΔALUS experiment (MIT, BEST, INFN-LNS) and the BCSI 70 MeV H⁻ cyclotron.

MOPPT020	Study of a Superconducting Compact Cyclotron for Delivering 20 MeV High Current Proton Beam	cyclotron, extraction, proton, vacuum	76
	M.M. Maggiore INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy L. Bromberg, C.E. Miller, J.V. Minervini, A. Radovinsky MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
	Compact cyclotrons which accelerate high current of H⁻ ions in the range of 10-30MeV have been widely used over the last 25 years for medical isotope production and other applications. For a number of these, low weight, low power consumption, portability or low radiation background are key design requirements. We have evaluated the feasibility of a compact superconducting cyclotron that would provide proton beams up to 20 MeV by accelerating H⁻ ions and extracting them by the stripping process with current of 100uA. The study demonstrates that the survival of the H⁻ ion under high magnetic field environment could be large enough to guarantee low beam losses as long as the RF voltage is high. The compact cyclotron is energized by a set of superconducting coils providing the needed magnetic field, while the azimuthal varying field is done by four iron sectors. Additional superconducting coils are added to minimize the stray magnetic field, eliminating the need for a return yoke. The option of accelerating negative deuteron molecules has also been considered and is presented.

MOPPT022	Design of New Superconducting Ring Cyclotron for the RIBF	injection, extraction, cyclotron, ion-source	79
	J. Ohnishi, M. Nakamura, H. Okuno RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	At the RIBF, uranium beams are accelerated up to the energy of 345 MeV per nucleon with a RFQ linac, DTL, and four ring cyclotrons (RRC, fRC, IRC, SRC). However, the present beam current of the uranium is 10-15 pnA at the exit of the SRC, still low, because we have to use two charge strippers located upstream and downstream of the fRC to convert the U³⁵⁺ ions extraced from the 28 GHz ECR ion source to U⁶⁴⁺ and U⁸⁶⁺, respectively. Accordingly, in order to increase the beam current more than tenfold, we performed the design study of the new superconducting ring cyclotron with the K-value of 2200 which can accelerate the U³⁵⁺ ions from 11 MeV/u to 48 MeV/u without the first charge stripper. The number of sector magnets is four and the RF frequency is fixed. The maximum magnetic field strength on the beam orbit is 3.2 T, and the superconducting main coils of the dense winding of NbTi and the trim coils of normal-conducting Cu are used. The total weight of the iron yokes is approximately 4800 t. This paper also describes the beam injection and extraction system which includes one superconducting magnetic channel.

MOPPT030	Past, Present and Future Activities for Radiation Effects Testing at JULIC/COSY	proton, radiation, simulation, neutron	88
	S.K. Hoeffgen, S. Metzger FhG, Euskirchen, Germany R. Brings, O. Felden, R. Gebel, R. Maier, D. Prasuhn FZJ, Jülich, Germany M. Brugger, R. Garcia Alia CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The testing of radiation effects (displacement damage DD, single event effects SEE) with energetic protons for electronics used in space and accelerators is of growing importance. Setup and past experience of a dedicated test stand used by Fraunhofer INT at the JULIC cyclotron will be presented. For general DD testing and for testing SEE of the trapped protons in space, the energy of 35 MeV of the JULIC Cyclotron is usually sufficient. During solar proton events, as well as at high energy accelerators (CERN, FAIR), electronics are confronted with protons of much higher energy. Recent scientific studies have shown that for single event upsets* as well as destructive failures (e.g, single event latch-ups)** a cross section measured at energies in the tens oF one/two-hundred MeV range (e.g. PIF@PSI) can significantly underestimate the failure rate. To avoid unnecessary high safety margins there is a growing need for the opportunity to test electronics at several GeV, like the beam provided by the Cooler-Synchrotron COSY in Jülich. R. Garcia Alia et. al., accepted for publication, IEEE TNS (2013), DOI:10.1109/TNS.2013.2249096 *J. R. Schwank et al., IEEE TNS, vol. 52, pp2622 (2005)

MOPPT031	SPES Project: A Neutron Rich ISOL Facility for Re-Accelerated RIBs	cyclotron, target, ISOL, rfq	91
	A. Lombardi, A. Andrighetto, G. Bisoffi, M. Comunian, P. Favaron, F. Gramegna, M.M. Maggiore, L. AC. Piazza, G.P. Prete, D. Zafiropoulos INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
	SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is an INFN project with the aim to develop a Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility as an intermediate step toward EURISOL. The SPES Project is under realization at the INFN Legnaro National Laboratories site. The SPES Project main goal is to provide a production and accelerator system of exotic beams to perform forefront research in nuclear physics by studying nuclei far from stability. The SPES Project is concentrating on the production of neutron-rich radioactive nuclei with mass in the range 80-160. The final energy of the radioactive beams on target will range from few MeV/u up to 11 MeV/u for A=130[1]. The SPES facility acceleration system will be presented.

MOPPT032	Status Report and New Developments at iThemba LABS	cyclotron, controls, diagnostics, ion-source	94
	J.L. Conradie, L.S. Anthony, R.A. Bark, J.C. Cornell, J.G. De Villiers, H. Du Plessis, J.S. Du Toit, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, M.E. Hogan, I.H. Kohler, C. Lussi, R.H. McAlister, H.W. Mostert, J.V. Pilcher, P.F. Rohwer, M. Sakildien, N. Stodart, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk, P.A. van Schalkwyk iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa
	iThemba LABS is a multidisciplinary research facility in the fields of nuclear physics research, neutron therapy, proton therapy and radionuclide production. Three long running projects, the construction of a new ECR ion source, a beam phase measuring system for the separated-sector cyclotron comprising 21 fixed probes and an RF amplitude and phase monitoring system for the 16 RF systems have been completed. The first results will be reported. The status of the newly developed low-level RF control system will be discussed and an interactive magnetic field calculation method for an injector cyclotron, making use of a data base developed from calculations with the computer program TOSCA, will be presented. Plans to save on the power consumption of the accelerators will be reported on. The beam statistics and the progress with the planning of a radioactive ion beam facility will be discussed.

MO3PB04	Comparison of Superconducting 230 MeV/u Synchro- and Isochronous Cyclotron Designs for Therapy with Cyclinacs	cyclotron, injection, linac, acceleration	108
	A. Garonna CERN, Geneva, Switzerland U. Amaldi, A. Laisné TERA, Novara, Italy L. Calabretta, D. Campo INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
	Funding: This work was funded by the TERA Foundation (Novara, Italy). This work presents new superconducting compact cyclotron designs for injection in CABOTO, a linac developed by the TERA Foundation delivering C⁶⁺/H²⁺ beams up to 400 MeV/u for ion beam therapy. Two designs are compared in an industrial perspective under the same design constraints and methods: a synchrocyclotron and an isochronous cyclotron, both at the highest possible magnetic field and with an output energy of 230 MeV/u. This energy allows us to use the cyclotron as a stand-alone accelerator for proton therapy. The synchrocyclotron design features a central magnetic field of 5 T and an axisymmetric pole and a constant field index. The beam is injected axially with a spiral inflector. Resonant extraction allows beam ejection with moderate beam losses. The RF system operates in first harmonic (180° Dee), with modulation provided by a large rotating capacitor. The isochronous cyclotron design features a 3.2 T central magnetic field, four sectors and elliptical pole gaps in the hills and in the valleys. Spiraling is minimized and beam ejection is achieved with a single electrostatic deflector placed inside an empty valley. The two RF cavities operate in fourth harmonic.
	Slides MO3PB04 [4.314 MB]

MO4PB02	The IBA Superconducting Synchrocyclotron Project S2C2	extraction, cyclotron, ion-source, focusing	115
	W.J.G.M. Kleeven, M. Abs, E. Forton, S. Henrotin, Y. Jongen, V. Nuttens, Y. Paradis, E.E. Pearson, S. Quets, P. Verbruggen, S. Zaremba, J. van de Walle IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium M. Conjat, J. Mandrillon, P. Mandrillon AIMA, Nice, France
	In 2009 IBA decided to start the development of a compact superconducting synchrocyclotron as a proton-source for the small footprint proton therapy system called Proteus One ®. The cyclotron has been completely designed and constructed and is currently under commissioning at the IBA factory. Its design and commissioning results will be presented.
	Slides MO4PB02 [21.175 MB]

TU1PB01	High Intensity Operation for Heavy Ion Cyclotron of Highly Charged ECR Ion Sources	ECRIS, cyclotron, ion-source, ECR	125
	L.T. Sun IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Modern advanced ECR ion source can provide stable and reliable high charge state ion beams for the routine operation of a cyclotron, which has made it irreplaceable, particularly with regard to the performance and efficiency that a cyclotron complex could achieve with the ion source. The 3rd generation ECR ion sources that can produce higher charge state and more intense ion beams have been developed and put into cyclotron operation since early 21st century. They have provided the privilege for the cyclotron performance improvement that has never been met before, especially in term of the delivered beam intensity and energy, which has greatly promoted the experimental research in nuclear physics. This paper will have a brief review about the development of modern high performance high charge state ECR ion sources. Typical advanced high charge state ECR ion sources with fully superconducting magnet, such as SERSE, VENUS, SECRAL, SuSI and RIKEN SC-ECRIS will be presented, and their high intensity operation status for cyclotrons will be introduced as well.
	Slides TU1PB01 [20.645 MB]

TU1PB02	Electron Cyclotron Resonance Source Development	ECRIS, plasma, ECR, ion-source	130
	T. Thuillier LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Trends in ECR ion source development and perspectives for performance improvement.
	Slides TU1PB02 [8.635 MB]

TU1PB03	PIC Simulations of Ion Dynamics in ECR Ion Sources	plasma, extraction, ECR, ECRIS	134
	V. Mironov, J.P.M. Beijers KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	To better understand the physical processes in ECRIS plasmas, we developed a Particle-in-Cell code that follows the ionization and diffusion dynamics of ions. The basic features of the numerical model are given elsewhere. Electron temperature is a free parameter and we found that its value should be about 1 keV to reproduce the experimentally observed performance of our 14 GHz ECR source. We assume that a pre-sheath is located outside the ECR zone, in which ion acceleration toward the walls occurs. Electric fields inside the ECR zone are assumed to be zero. The ion production is modelled assuming ion confinement by a ponderomotive barrier formed at the boundary of the ECR zone. The barrier height is defined by the RF radiation density at the electron resonance layer and is taken as an adjustable parameter. With these assumptions, we are able to reproduce the main features of ECRIS performance, such as saturation and decrease of highest charge state currents with increasing gas pressure, as well as reaction to an increase of injected RF power. Study of the source response to variations of the source parameters is possible. V. Mironov and J. P. M. Beijers, “Three-dimensional simulations of ion dynamics in the plasma of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source”, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 073501 (2009).
	Slides TU1PB03 [18.160 MB]

TU1PB04	Status of the RIKEN 28-GHz SC-ECRIS	ion-source, emittance, ECR, heavy-ion	139
	Y. Higurashi, M. Kidera, T. Nakagawa, J. Ohnishi, K. Ozeki RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	Since we obtained first beam from RIKEN 28GHz SC-ECRIS in 2009, we tried to increase the beam intensity using various methods. Recently, we observed that the use of Al chamber strongly enhanced the beam intensity of highly charged U ion beam. Using this method, we obtained ~180e μA of U³⁵⁺ and ~230e μA of U³³⁺ at the injected RF power of ~3kW with sputtering method. Advantage of this method is that we can insert the large amount of material into the plasma chamber, therefore, we can produce the beam for long term without break. Actually, we already produced intense U beams for the RIBF experiments longer than month without break. For the long term operation, we observed that the consumption rate of the U metal was ~4mg/h. In this spring, we also produced U beam with high temperature oven and two frequencies injection. In these test experiments, we observed that the beam intensity of highly charged U ions is strongly enhanced. In this contribution, we report the various results of the test experiments for production of highly charged U ion beam. We also report the experience of the long term production of the U ion beam for RIKEN RIBF experiments.
	Slides TU1PB04 [6.949 MB]

TU2PB03	Heat Transfer Study and Cooling of 10 MeV Cyclotron Cavity	cavity, cyclotron, simulation, factory	150
	S. Saboonchi, H. Afarideh AUT, Tehran, Iran M.R. Asadi PPRC, Tehran, Iran J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	The most important problem in mechanical design of RF cavity of cyclotron is generated heat by RF power loss. An optimized cooling system for cavity is necessary to prevent Dee damaging and minimizing error function of cyclotron created by displacements. Also optimization of water circuit and water flow is essential because it affects unwanted vibrations and manufacturing. In this paper an attempt has been done to design an optimized cooling system for the cavity of a 10 MeV cyclotron with frequency of 69 MHz and 50 KW RF power using ANSYS and CST software.

TUPPT009	Development of Rapid Emittance Measurement System	emittance, ion-source, controls, cyclotron	171
	K. Kamakura, M. Fukuda, N. Hamatani, K. Hatanaka, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, H. Yamamoto, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	We have developed a new system to measure the beam emittance. With our conventional emittance measurement system, it takes about 30 minutes to get emittances in both the horizontal and vertical plane. For quick measurements, we have developed a new system consisting of a fast moving slit with a fixed width and a BPM83 (rotating wire beam profile monitor). BPM83 uses a rotating helical wire made of tungsten, the speed is 18 rps. Fast moving slit consists of a shielding plate with two slits, and is inserted into the beam path at an angle of 45 degrees. The slit is driven by PLC controlled stepping motor, and it takes 70 seconds to move the full stroke of 290 mm. While moving the slit, the output from BPM83 and the voltage of potentiometer that corresponds to the slit position are recorded simultaneously. We are using CAMAC for data acquisition. Trigger signals are generated by BPM83 and NIM modules. Data analysis takes about 1 second. With this system we can get the horizontal and vertical emittance plots within 75 seconds. This system will definitely make it easier to optimize parameters of ion sources and the beam transport system.

TUPPT013	Simulation of Sufficient Spindle Cusp Magnetic Field for 28 GHz ECRIS	plasma, ECRIS, ECR, electron	180
	M.H. Rashid, A. Chakrabarti VECC, Kolkata, India
	A cusp magnetic field (CMF) configuration is proposed for achieving more plasma confinement. It is an improved version of CMF compared to the classical one used earlier to design arbitrarily ECR ion source (ECRIS) of low frequency. The CMF has been reconfigured here adopting a simple, novel and cost-effective technique to shrink the loss area and to achieve denser plasma than in traditional ECRIS. The strength of the electron (plasma) confinement is demonstrated through electron simulations. It consists of a mid-iron disk, two end-plugs and a pair of superconducting magnet coils cooled by cryo-coolers. It is designed for high-B mode operation of the cusp ECRIS of as high as 28 GHz RF frequency for producing an intense beam of highly charged heavy ions. The electric current in the coil at the extraction end can be manipulated to optimize the operation to achieve high extracted beam current of highly charged ions.

TUPPT014	Characterization of the Versatile Ion Source (VIS) for the Production of Monocharged Light Ion Beams	plasma, electron, proton, ion-source	183
	L. Celona, L. Calabretta, G. Castro, G. Ciavola, S. Gammino, D. Mascali, L. Neri, G. Torrisi INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy G. Castro Universita Degli Studi Di Catania, Catania, Italy F. Di Bartolo INFN & Messina University, S. Agata, Messina, Italy
	Funding: The support of the 5th National Committee of INFN is gratefully acknowledged. The Versatile Ion Source (VIS) is an off-resonance Microwave Discharge Ion Source which produces a slightly overdense plasma at 2.45 GHz of pumping frequency. In the measurements carried out at INFN-LNS in the last two years, VIS was able to produce more than 50 mA of proton beams and He⁺ beams at 65 kV, while for H²⁺ a current of 15 mA was obtained. The know-how obtained with the VIS source has been useful for the design of the proton source of the European Spallation Source, to be built in Lund, Sweden, and it will be used also for other facilities. In particular, the design modifications of the VIS source under study at INFN-LNS, in order to use the new source as the injector of H²⁺ at the ISODAR facility, will be also presented.

TUPPT015	A Center Region Upgrade of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron	cyclotron, injection, ion-source, focusing	186
	K. Yoshiki Franzen, J.Y. Benitez, M.K. Covo, A. Hodgkinson, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, M.M. Strohmeier, D.S. Todd LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA D. Leitner NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	This paper describes the design and results of an upgraded cyclotron center region in which a mirror field type inflector was replaced by a spiral inflector. The main goals of the design were a) to facilitate injection at higher energies in order to improve transmission efficiency and b) to reduce down-time due to the need of replacing mirror inflector wires which rapidly break when exposed to high beam currents. The design was based on a detailed model of the spiral inflector and matching center region electrodes using AMaze, a 3D finite element suite of codes. Tests showed promising results indicating that the 88-Inch cyclotron will be able to provide a 2.0 pμA beam of 250 MeV 48Ca ions.

TUPPT016	Developments of Ion Source Complex for Highly Intense Beam at RCNP	extraction, ECR, emittance, plasma	189
	T. Yorita, M. Fukuda, K. Hatanaka, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, A. Tamii, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	Several developments of Ion Source Complex at RCNP has been carried for the purpose of increasing beam intensity. For an 18 GHz superconducting ECRIS, studies for its beam extraction and transportation have been done. The parameters of extraction systems and electrostatic lens are optimized taking account with magnetic field leakage from AVF Cyclotron. HIP-ECR the 2.45GHz permanent magnet ECR has also been developed for highly intense proton beam.

TUPPT018	Critical Analysis of Negative Hydrogen Ion Sources for Cyclotrons	ion-source, plasma, cyclotron, electron	192
	S. Korenev Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging, Knoxville, TN, USA
	The ion sources for cyclotrons based on negative hydrogen ions found applications as basic injectors for cyclotrons. The main important questions of negative hydrogen ion sources are following: i) method of production for negative hydrogen ions, ii) the extraction of ions and iii) separation of negative ions from electrons. Among of ion internal and external ion sources the common question is efficiency for production of negative hydrogen ions and increasing of kinetic energy of these ions. The critical analysis of different ions sources (PIG, Multicusps, etc.) is given. The comparison of these ion sources regarding applications for industrial cyclotrons for production of medical isotopes is presented in the paper.
	Poster TUPPT018 [0.231 MB]

TUPPT019	Development Study of Penning Ion Source for Compact 9 MeV Cyclotron	electron, cathode, ion-source, plasma	195
	Y.H. Yeon, J.-S. Chai, T.V. Cong, Kh.M. Gad, M. Ghergherehchi, S.Y. Jung, H.S. Kim, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, S.H. Lee, Y.S. Lee, X.J. Mu, S.Y. Oh, S. Shin SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This research was supported by WCU (World Class University) program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (R31-2008-10029). Penning Ion Gauge(PIG) have been used in internal source for cyclotron. PIG source for internal source of 9 MeV cyclotron produces H⁻ ion. This source consists of cold cathode which discharges electrons for producing H⁻ ion and anode for making plasma wall. Cold cathode material tantalum was used for emitting electrons and tungsten copper alloy was used for anode. The size of PIG source is related to size of cyclotron magnet. Optimization of cathode and anode location and sizing were needed for simplifying this source for reducing the size of compact cyclotron. Transportation of electrons and number of secondary electrons has been calculated by CST particle studio. Motion of H2 gas has been calculated by ANSYS. Calculation of PIG source in 9 MeV cyclotron has been performed by using various chimneys with different size of expansion gap between the plasma boundary and the chimney wall. In this paper design process and experiment result is reported.

TUPPT022	A 20 mA H⁻ Ion Source with Accel-Accel-Decel Extraction System at TRIUMF	extraction, ion-source, emittance, TRIUMF	198
	K. Jayamanna, I. Aguilar, I.V. Bylinskii, G. Cojocaru, R.L. Dube, R.K. Laplante, W. L. Louie, M. Lovera, M. Minato, M. Mouat, S. Saminathan, T.M. Tateyama, E. Tikhomolov TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	During the last three decades, TRIUMF has developed H⁻ cusp ion sources for the 500 MeV, TR30, TR13 cyclotrons, as well as many other machines. These ion sources can be categorized as high current versions, producing up to 20mA of CW H⁻ beam within a normalized emittance (4RMS) of 0.6 π-mm-mrad. A new accel-accel-decel extraction system is being developed in order to run the source at optimum source extraction voltage for a large range of beam energies with minimal impact on beam properties. With this extraction system, beam energy can be as low as ~1keV and as high as 60keV while source extraction voltage can be at its optimum within 90kV. The source performances, as well as relevant emittance measurements, are discussed.

TUPPT029	Design Study of a 83.2 MHz RF Cavity for the 9 MeV Compact Cyclotron	cavity, cyclotron, simulation, impedance	215
	S. Shin, J.-S. Chai, J.C. Lee SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea B.N. Lee KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010-0025953) A compact cyclotron accelerating H⁻ ion for producing a radioactive isotope FDG (FluoroDeoxyGlucose) for PET (Positron Emission Tomography) has been designed at Sungkyunkwan University. The H⁻ ion which generated from the PIG (Panning Ion Gauge) ion source will be accelerated at the normal conducting RF cavity which uses 83.2 MHz of resonance frequency and extracted at the carbon foil striper at the energy of 9 MeV. This cyclotron has to be small to install local hospital while FDG production needs more than 9 MeV of proton beam energy. Chasing two hare at once, deep valley type of magnet has been selected for high energy and compact cyclotron. Due to the small size of valley space where RF cavities will be installed, lots of difficulties have been introduced. Despite of those difficulties at the designing process, we could achieve resonance frequency of 83.2 MHz and Q-factor of 4500 with very compact size of RF cavity.

TUPSH005	Investigation of Cyclotron Carbon Foil Lifetime in Relation to its Thickness	electron, proton, cyclotron, radiation	227
	J.-W. Kim, S. Hong, J.H. Kim IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea Y. Choi Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea Y.-S. Kim Energy & Environmental System, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
	For extracting positive hydrogen atoms from accelerated negative ones, a thin carbon foil is usually used to stripe two electrons from negative atoms, which consists of one proton and two electrons traveling together up to 70MeV proton. The kinetic energy of electron is 38.13keV at the moment of stripping. The energy loss of protons and electrons in carbon foil could be estimated by the multiplication of stopping power (dE/dz) and the foil thickness where passing through. The stopping powers were estimated with 8.5 and 7.25 MeV/(g/cm²) for the proton and electron, respectively. In cyclotron the stripper is located in a strong magnetic field of ~Tesla, which makes electrons circular motion around the foil depositing all their kinetic energies into it. In this study, three different carbon foil thicknesses (200, 400, and 800 ug/cm²) were employed to investigate the correlation of foil temperature and their lifetime for the case of 1mA proton extraction. We are aiming the lifetime of a stripper foil to be as long as 2 weeks for irradiating protons onto an ISOL target. An effective lifetime of foils will be discussed as a function of a foil peak temperature.

TUPSH011	Developments of HTS Magnets at RCNP	dipole, neutron, cyclotron, target	242
	K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Takemura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, K. Yokoyama, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan T. Kawaguchi KT Science Ltd., Akashi, Japan
	At RCNP, we have been developing magnets utilizing high temperature super conducting (HTS) wires for this decade. They are a cylindrical magnet, two dimensional scanning coils, a super ferric dipole magnet whose coils have a negative curvature. Recently we built a cylindrical magnet for a practical use. It is used to polarize ultra cold neutrons. The maximum field is higher than 3.5 T at the center. We are fabricating a switching magnet which is excited by pulse currents to realize a time sharing of beams in two target positions. In the paper, we report specifications and performances of these magnets.

TUPSH016	Trim Coil Unbalance of the 88-Inch Cyclotron	cyclotron, power-supply, injection, radiation	254
	M. Kireeff Covo, B. Bingham, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, A. Ratti, M.M. Strohmeier, D.S. Todd LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA K.Y. Franzen Mevion, Littleton, Massachusetts, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Physics Division of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. The 88-inch cyclotron Dee probe shows large losses inside the radius of 20 cm and suggests problems in the ion beam injection. The current of the top and bottom innermost trim coil 1 is unbalanced to study effects of the axial injection displacement. A new beam profile monitor images the ion beam bunches, turn by turn, and the beam center of mass position is measured. The technique allows increasing the beam transmission through the cyclotron.

TU3PB02	Development of a Scintillator Probe Based on Fiber Optics for Radial Beam Diagnostics of the Ion Beam of the 88-Inch Cyclotron	cyclotron, diagnostics, extraction, controls	262
	M.M. Strohmeier, J.Y. Benitez, M.K. Covo, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, D.S. Todd LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA K.Y. Franzen Mevion, Littleton, Massachusetts, USA
	Operators at the 88-Inch Cyclotron have many tuning parameters to optimize transmission from injection through extraction. However, the only diagnostics they have had were a Faraday Cup at the exit of the machine and a so called "Dee-Probe" which gives a current-vs-radius (IvR) measurement. Motivated by low transmission of the Cyclotron and to address how tuning can affect the beam, we have developed an optical beam viewer whose radial position within the cyclotron can be adjusted remotely. This viewer allows us to image the beam cross section and its axial position with very high spatial resolution as a function of radius. In this paper, we describe the mechanical development of the device which consists of a Kbr scintillator crystal, a fiber bundle and a digital camera and we present data from its initial commissioning.
	Slides TU3PB02 [4.936 MB]

TU3PB03	R&D of Helium Gas Stripper for Intense Uranium Beams	target, acceleration, electron, cyclotron	265
	H. Imao, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, H. Hasebe, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, H. Okuno, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, Y. Yano RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	Intensity upgrade of uranium beams is one of the main concerns at the RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF). The lifetime problem of carbon-foil strippers due to the high energy loss of uranium beams around 10~MeV/u was a principal bottleneck for the intensity upgrade in the acceleration scheme at the RIBF. We have developed a re-circulating He-gas stripper as an alternative to carbon foils for the acceleration of high-power uranium beams. The new stripping system was actually operated in user runs with U³⁵⁺ beams of more than 1 puA. Electron-stripped U⁶⁴⁺ beams were stably delivered to subsequent accelerators without serious deterioration of the system for six weeks. The new He-gas stripper, which removed the primary bottleneck in the high-intensity uranium acceleration, greatly contributed the tenfold increase of the average output intensity of the uranium beams from the previous year.
	Slides TU3PB03 [11.983 MB]

WE1PB01	The Houghton College Cyclotron: a Tool for Educating Undergraduates	cyclotron, target, vacuum, resonance	286
	M.E. Yuly Houghton College, Houghton, New York, USA
	The cyclotron is an ideal undergraduate research project because its operation and use involve so many of the principles covered in the undergraduate physics curriculum – from resonant circuits to nuclear reactions. The physics program at Houghton College, as part of an emphasis on active learning, requires all majors to complete a multiyear research project culminating in an undergraduate thesis. Over the past ten years seven students have constructed a working 1.2 T tabletop cyclotron theoretically capable of producing approximately 400 keV protons. The construction and performance of the cyclotron will be discussed, as well as its use as an educational tool.
	Slides WE1PB01 [28.909 MB]

WE1PB02	The Rutgers Cyclotron: Placing Student's Careers on Target	cyclotron, focusing, simulation, proton	291
	K.J. Ruisard Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA G.A. Hine, T.W. Koeth UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA A.J. Rosenberg Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
	The Rutgers 12” Cyclotron is an educational tool used to introduce students to the multifaceted field of accelerator physics. Since its inception, the cyclotron has been under continuous development and is currently incorporated into the modern physics lab course at Rutgers University, as a semester-long mentored project. Students who participate in the cyclotron project receive an introduction to topics such as beam physics, high voltage power, RF systems, vacuum systems and magnet operation. Student projects have led to three different focusing pole geometries, including, most recently, a spiral edged azimuthally varying field (AVF) configuration. The Rutgers Cyclotron is often a student’s first encounter with an accelerator, and has inspired careers in accelerator physics.
	Slides WE1PB02 [14.090 MB]

WE1PB03	COLUMBUS - A Small Cyclotron for School and Teaching Purposes	cyclotron, vacuum, ion-source, impedance	296
	C.R. Wolf FZJ, Jülich, Germany M. J. Frank, E. Held Ernes, Coburg, Germany
	A small cyclotron has been constructed for school- and teaching purposes. The cyclotron uses a water-cooled magnet with adjustable pole-pieces. The magnet provides a field up to 0,7 T. Between the two poles the vacuum chamber is positioned. The vacuum chamber provides ports for the different subsystems, measuring tools and some viewports. A turbo molecular pump backed up by a dry compressor vacuum pump is used to evacuate the chamber to a pressure of 10^-5 mbar. The ions will be accelerated between two brass RF electrodes, called dee and dummy-dee. In the center of the chamber there is a thermionic ion source. A massflow controller fills it with hydrogen gas ionized by electrons from a cathode. The required 5,63 MHz RF power is supplied by a RF transceiver. A matchingbox adjusts the output impedance of the transceiver to the input impedance of the cyclotron. The expected final energies of the protons are 24 keV after 12 revolutions. At these energies there is no radiation outside the chamber. In addition to the design of this cyclotron it is the purpose of this dissertation to use standard devices to realize a low-cost solution.
	Slides WE1PB03 [6.246 MB]

WE1PB04	A Novel Optical Method for Measuring Beam Phase and Width in the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron	cyclotron, simulation, focusing, proton	299
	J.L. Gonski, S. Burcher, T.W. Koeth, J.E. Krutzler, S. Lazarov Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA J. Beaudoin UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA
	We present an experimental longitudinal measurement of beam and phase slippage as a function of magnetic field deviation in a weak focusing field, using proton acceleration data from the Rutgers 12-inch cyclotron. A gated camera was used to determine beam arrival time from the radiation emitted by a fast ZnO:Ga doped phosphor target when struck by accelerated protons. Images integrated light emitted in 9 degree increments over a full 360-degree RF cycle. Analysis of relative image brightness allowed for the successful acquisition of relative phase shift and azimuthal beam width over several magnetic field strengths. Theoretical predictions and simulation via Poisson Superfish and SIMION software show good agreement with data, validating the optical method for qualitative measurements. This new method is independent of dee voltage and allows for measurements to be taken in the central region of the cyclotron, where other electrically based methods of measurement are challenging due to high RF electric fields. Such characteristics validate the use of gated camera imaging for cyclotron research, and motivate future refinement of this technique for a variety of studies.
	Slides WE1PB04 [3.662 MB]

WE1PB05	The Cyclotron Kids' 2 MeV Proton Cyclotron	cyclotron, vacuum, ion-source, target	302
	H. Baumgartner MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
	Two high school students (the "Cyclotron Kids") decided they wanted to build a small cyclotron by themselves in 2008. After researching and designing on their own, they looked for a way to fund their science project. After the students sent out tens of letters looking for sponsors, Jefferson Lab replied, offering funding and mentorship. Over several summers, the students worked at Jefferson Lab to take the cyclotron from the drawing board to near-completion. The cyclotron is now at Old Dominion University, where it will be used as an educational tool in the accelerator physics program.
	Slides WE1PB05 [4.545 MB]

WEPPT003	Beam Optical Simulation in a Proposed Magnetic Einzel Lens	solenoid, beam-transport, optics, electron	323
	M.H. Rashid, A. Chakrabarti VECC, Kolkata, India
	Magnetic scalar potential and field distributions along the central axis of a magnetic einzel lens consisting of a pair of axisymmetric iron yoked anti-solenoids have been evaluated using a simple closed form of analytical expressions. The magnetic field distribution is used to track single charged particles as well as ion beam through lens segmentation method. The method facilitates in evaluation of optical properties as well as aberration coefficients of the lens. Application of such doublet solenoid lens in transporting low energy ion beam introduces minimal rotation of the beam as well as least entangling between transverse phase spaces of the beam.

WEPPT006	Design of Achromatic Bends for the High Energy Beam Transport System of HCI at IUAC Delhi	DTL, quadrupole, beam-transport, optics	332
	A. Mandal, D. Kanjilal, S. Kumar, G.O. Rodrigues IUAC, New Delhi, India
	The high energy beam transport system of the High Current Injector (HCI) being currently developed at IUAC will transport beam of maximum energy ~ 1.8 MeV/u with mass to charge ratio (A/q) equal to 6 from drift tube linac (DTL) to the superconducting LINAC in the zero degree beam line of the existing 15UD Pelletron. The whole transport path (~40 m) consists of four 90 degree bends. Since the beams coming from DTL are expected to have an energy spread of 0.5 %, the magnetic bends have to be achromatic. The transport system is designed to meet the restrictions imposed by the existing beam hall and the other space constraints. The first three 90 degree achromats have the configuration of Q1Q2Q3MQ4MQ3Q2Q1 and the fourth one has configuration of Q1Q2MQ3Q4Q4Q3MQ2Q1 where Q stands for magnetic quadrupole and M stands for 45 degree bending magnets. Each achromat has been designed so that its total length is restricted to 7 m to fit into the available space. The maximum dispersion occurs at the middle of Q4. Standard beam dynamics codes like GICOSY* and TRACE 3D** have been used to design the achromats and details of optics will be presented. H. Weick, GICOSY homepage, http://www.linux.gsi.de/~weick/gicosy *K.R. Crandall, TRACE 3-D Documentation, Report LA-11054-MS, Los Alamos, 1987

WEPPT007	Getting Uniform Ion Density on Target in High-Energy Beam Line of Cyclotron U-400M with Two	octupole, target, cyclotron, quadrupole	335
	I.A. Ivanenko, I.V. Kalagin, V.I. Kazacha, N.Yu. Kazarinov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	Formation by means of octupole magnets of a uniform ions distribution in the existing beam line of U400M cyclotron has been studied. The simulation was performed for Ar¹⁷⁺ ions with energy of 41.3 MeV/amu. The required level of beam non-uniformity on the target with diameter of 60 mm is ±7.5%. Two octupoles with static magnetic fields have been used to achieve the desired uniformity of the beam density in both coordinates simultaneously. The results of calculations are presented. This method of improving the uniformity of the beam will be implemented soon in Flerov laboratory of JINR.

WEPPT008	Correction of Vertical Shifting of Extracted Beam at the Test Operation of DC-110 Cyclotron	cyclotron, extraction, heavy-ion, betatron	338
	I.A. Ivanenko, B. Gikal, I.V. Kalagin, N.Yu. Kazarinov, V.I. Mironov, E. Samsonov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	The specialized heavy ion cyclotron DC-110 has been designed and created by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research for scientifically industrial complex “BETA” placed in Dubna (Russia). DC-110 cyclotron is intended for accelerating the intense Ar, Kr, Xe ion beams with fixed energy of 2.5 MeV/nucleon. The commissioning of DC-110 cyclotron has been carried out at the end of 2012. The project parameters of the ion beams have been achieved. During commissioning of cyclotron the vertical displacement of the beam at the last orbits and at the extraction channel was revealed. The calculations and experiments have shown that the reason of this displacement is the radial component of magnetic field at the median plane of the cyclotron, which appears because of asymmetry of the magnetic yoke. Correction of the vertical displacement of the beam has been achieved by creating an asymmetry of current distribution in the main coils of the electromagnet.

WEPPT009	Transverse Phase-Space Distributions of Low Energy Ion Beams Extracted from an ECR Ion Source	ion-source, emittance, simulation, extraction	341
	S. Saminathan TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada J.P.M. Beijers, S. Brandenburg, H.R. Kremers, V. Mironov KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	Transverse phase-space distributions of low-energy ion beams extracted from ECR ion sources often show higher-order effects caused by ion-optical aberrations. Understanding these effects is mandatory to keep emittance growth and the resulting beam losses in low-energy beam transport lines under control. We present the results of an experimental and theoretical study of beam extraction and transport in the AGOR injection line at KVI. Particle tracking simulations have been performed of a multi-component neon ion beam extracted from an ECR ion source to calculate 4D phase-space distributions at various positions along the beamline. The simulations compare well with beam profile and emittance measurements.

WEPPT014	Analysis of Phase Bunching in the Central Region of the JAEA AVF Cyclotron	acceleration, bunching, cyclotron, simulation	350
	N. Miyawaki, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, S. Okumura JAEA/TARRI, Gunma-ken, Japan M. Fukuda RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	Phase bunching generated in the central region of an AVF cyclotron was estimated by a simplified geometric trajectory analysis model for particles traveling from the first to the second acceleration gap. In principle, a rising slope of a dee-voltage at the first acceleration gap is more or less effective for production of the phase bunching. The phase difference between particles at the second acceleration gap depends on combination of four parameters: the acceleration harmonic number (h), a span angle of the dee electrode, a span angle from the first to the second acceleration gap, a ratio between a peak dee-voltage and an extraction voltage of an ion source. In the case of the JAEA AVF cyclotron, the effective phase bunching was realized for h = 2 and 3, and the geometric condition of phase bunching was unrealistic for h = 1. An orbit simulation for the JAEA AVF cyclotron indicated that the initial beam phase width of 40 RF degrees for h = 2 was compressed to 11 RF degrees. The phase bunching evaluation based on the simplified geometric trajectory analysis was consistent with the orbit simulation result, and practical phase bunching was verified by beam phase width measurement.

WEPPT017	Beam Tracking Simulation for a 9 MeV Cyclotron	cyclotron, acceleration, extraction, ion-source	356
	S.Y. Jung, J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, Y.S. Lee, H.S. Song, Y.H. Yeon SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Following the adoption of internal PIG ion source making cyclotron more compact, the delicate beam trajectory simulation is required. In this paper, the optimization of initial condition of H-beam for the stable and well-controlled beam until the extraction region is reported. To accommodate the beam, the electromagnetic field distribution was analyzed by OPERA-3D and its phase error was verified with CYCLONE v8.4. In each iterative design, the beam trajectory was calculated by own developed numerical code to estimate its performance. The beam characteristics including the beam orbit, centering, energy gain and RF acceptance for vertical and horizontal directions were evaluated.

WEPPT021	Columbus - A Simple Ion Source	ion-source, cyclotron, proton, electron	364
	M. J. Frank, E. Held, C.R. Wolf Ernes, Coburg, Germany
	An ion source provides a cyclotron with charged particles which can be accelerated by an electric field. The simpelst possibility is a thermionic ion-source. Electrons emitted from a white-hot tungsten filament, placed in a ceramic block of macor, are accelerated by a dc voltage of 100 - 150 V and constraint to a spiral path by the homogenous magnetic field of the cyclotron. They collide with hydrogen atoms and ionisize them. The ceramic block is covered by tube made of copper in which the ions raise up. They enter the gap between the dees through a small aperture in tube. The ion source is mounted under the dummy-dee, so its position can be changed to find the best place. The hydrogen gas is stored in a Hydro-stick, a small tube which contains 10 l of Hydrogen under a pressure of 10 bar. From here it enters the ion source by a mass-flow controller which enables accurate dosing.
	Poster WEPPT021 [1.640 MB]

WEPPT024	Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron: Dedicated to Training Through Research and Development	cyclotron, cathode, ion-source, proton	366
	T.W. Koeth, J.E. Krutzler, T.S. Ponter, A.J. Rosenberg, W.S. Schneider Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA D.E. Hoffman PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
	The Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron is a 1.2 MeV proton accelerator dedicated to beam physics instruction.[1] The 12-inch cyclotron project began as a personal pursuit for two Rutgers undergraduate students in 1995 and was incorporated into the Modern Physics Teaching Lab in 2001.[2] Since then, student projects have been contributing to the cyclotron’s evolution through development of accelerator components. Most of the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron components have been designed and built in house, thus giving its students a research and development introduction to the field of accelerator physics and associated hardware. [1] www.physics.rutgers.edu/cyclotron [2] T. Feder, “Building a Cyclotron on a Shoe String,” Physics Today, 30-31 (November 2004)

WEPPT025	Beam Physics Demonstrations with the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron	cyclotron, betatron, focusing, resonance	369
	T.W. Koeth UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA
	The Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron is a research grade accelerator dedicated to undergraduate education.[1] From its inception, it has been intended for instruction and has been designed to demonstrate classic beam physics phenomena. The machine is easily reconfigured, allowing experiments to be designed and performed within one academic semester. Our cyclotron gives students a hands-on opportunity to operate an accelerator and directly observe many fundamental beam physics concepts, including axial and radial betatron motion, destructive resonances, weak and azimuthally varying field (AVF) focusing schemes, DEE voltage effects, and more.

WEPPT028	Proposal for High Power Cyclotrons Test Site in Catania	cyclotron, proton, vacuum, extraction	378
	L. Calabretta, D. Campo, L. Celona, L. Cosentino, C. Cui, G. Gallo, D. Rifuggiato INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy J.R. Alonso, W.A. Barletta, A. Calanna, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA R.R. Johnson BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada L. AC. Piazza INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
	The IsoDAR and DAEδALUS experiments will use cyclotrons to deliver high intensity (10 mA peak current) proton beams to neutrino-producing targets. To achieve these very high currents, we plan to inject and accelerate molecular H²⁺ ions in the cyclotrons. To understand high intensity H²⁺ injection into the central region of a compact cyclotron, and to benchmark space-charge dominated simulation studies, central-region tests are being conducted. Building on the first experiments at Best Cyclotrons, Vancouver (Abstract 1261), a larger-scale test cyclotron will be built at INFN-LNS in Catania. This cyclotron will be designed for 7 MeV/n (Q/A = 0.5; H²⁺ or He⁺+). After the first year of operation dedicated at optimization of the central region for the injection of high intensity Q/A = 0.5 beams, the cyclotron will be modified to allow the acceleration of H⁻ up to an energy of 28 MeV. The main characteristics of the machine and the planned test stand will be presented.

WEPSH003	Development of New Combined System for Production of FDG and NaF Radiopharmaceuticals	controls, monitoring, LabView, vacuum	390
	F. Dehghan, H. Afarideh, S. Jaloo AUT, Tehran, Iran M. Akhlaghi Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran, Iran J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	In this work, we present a new combined system which produces FDG and NaF in separate runs. The needed for synthesis this radiopharmaceuticals are obtained by bombardment of highly enriched water with proton. The aim is development of routine systems to use with baby cyclotrons. In this study, the various chemical steps and required reagents as well as different reagent delivery methods has been investigated. This evaluation has been done with purpose of optimizing the performance of a conceptually simple device integrated into a fully automated synthesis procedure for radiosynthesis of FDG and NaF. In this system, we have used AVR microcontroller to control the process and LabVIEW software for monitoring the operation of system. Furthermore, Geiger Muller counters have been used to determine the activity to insure the accuracy of the systems operation.

WEPSH006	⁶²Zn Radioisotope Production by Cyclotron	target, cyclotron, proton, injection	393
	M. Ghergherehchi, J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea H. Afarideh AUT, Tehran, Iran
	Natural Cu target was irradiated with proton beam in the energy range of 15 to 30 MeV at a beam current of 100 μA for 15 min. In this irradiation radioisotope of ⁶²Zn produced as a generator and then decay to ⁶²Cu radioisotope. The ⁶²Cu is emitting β+ and known to PET radioisotope. Excitation function of ⁶²Cu via ^natCu (p, 2n) ⁶²Zn, ⁶²Cu and ⁶²Cu (d, 3n) ⁶²Zn reactions were calculated using Alice and Talys codes and then were compared with the reported measurement by experimental data and ENDF-2011 data. Production yield versus target thickness were evaluated with attention to reaction cross section data obtained from Alice and Talys codes, and stopping power and range of protons in target materials using SRIM code. The production yield also examined experimentally and found that the optimum irradiation yield achieved to be 5.9 mci/μAh at protons of 100 μA current and 30 MeV energy. A radiolabeling process also was performed using ⁶²ZnCl₂ and antitumor compound, bleomycin (BLM) as a possible tumor imaging.

WEPSH007	Radiochromic Film as a Dosimetric Tool for Low Energy Proton Beams	proton, photon, cyclotron, radiation	397
	S. Devic, S. Aldelaijan, F.M. Alrumayan, F. Alzorkani, B.M. Moftah, M. Shehadeh King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
	Funding: King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Grant No 11-BIO1428-20 EBT3 and HDV2 GAFCHROMICTM films were tested for dose measurements at a 26.5 MeV and 6 mm Bragg peak proton beam. Beam output was calibrated using IAEA TRS-398 reference dosimetry protocol with calibrated chamber in water. Films were calibrated in terms of dose to water by exposing calibration film pieces within a solid water phantom at depth of 3 mm. EBT3 films were irradiated to doses of up to 10 Gy with both 4 MV photon and 26.5 MeV proton beams, while pieces of the HDV2 radiochromic films were irradiated to doses of up to 128 Gy proton beam. Irradiated pieces of the EBT3 films were tested for activation using Germanium detector. Their energy spectra were measured over a period of 40 minutes. EBT3 film model response was 3 times higher for protons than photons. When irradiated in proton beam the EBT3 was 24 times more sensitive than HDV2 films. For the EBT3 film model, few proton-activated processes were identified resulting in short-lived radioisotopes. EBT3 film can be used for measurements for doses of up to 10 Gy using a green color channel of the scanned images, while the red color channel of the HDV2 scanned film images can be used for measurements of much higher doses.

WEPSH008	Characterization of the CS30 Cyclotron at KFSH&RC for Radiotherapy Applications	proton, cyclotron, target, ion-source	400
	B.M. Moftah Belal Moftah, PhD, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia S. Aldelaijan, F.M. Alrumayan, F. Alzorkani, S. Devic, M. Shehadeh King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
	Funding: King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Grant No 11-BIO1428-20 The 26.5 MeV beam of the CS30 Cyclotron at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC) was characterized dosimetrically for the use in radiobiological experiments for pre-clinical and radiotherapy studies. Position of the beam’s Bragg peak was measured with a stack of 60 pieces of HDV2 model GAFCHROMICTM films (105 microns thick each). This film type was specifically designed for measurement of very high doses, ranging up to 1,000 Gy. Output of the proton beam was calibrated using IAEA TRS-398 reference dosimetry protocol with calibrated parallel plate chamber in water. The response of the film was calibrated in terms of dose to water by exposing calibration film pieces within a solid water phantom. The position of the Bragg peak was found to be at around 6 mm when 10 to 20 nA proton beam current was used. Pieces of radiochromic film were irradiated at 40, 70 and 100 cm from the primary collimator, where the Gaussian shaped beam profiles had values of 12, 26, 45 mm FWHM respectively. Proton beam characteristics in terms of the output and beam size appear to be acceptable for pre-clinical studies.

WEPSH010	Proton Therapy at the Institut Curie – CPO: Operation of an IBA C235 Cyclotron Looking Forward Scanning Techniques	cyclotron, ion-source, proton, extraction	403
	A. Patriarca, S.J. Meyroneinc Institut Curie - Centre de Protonthérapie d'Orsay, Orsay, France
	Since 1991, more than 6100 patients (mainly eye and head & neck tumours) were treated at the Institut Curie – Centre de Protonthèrapie d’Orsay using Double Scattering proton beam delivery technique. After 19 years of activity, a 200 MeV synchrocyclotron has been shut down and replaced by a 230 MeV C235 IBA proton cyclotron. This delivers beam to two passive fixed treatment rooms and to one universal nozzle equipped gantry. In the past two years of operation more than 95.5% of the scheduled patients (near 500/year) were treated. We have realised, according to IBA recommendations, preventive maintenance (i.e. RF final amplifier) and we have improved some diagnostic tools (i.e. Main Coil monitoring) allowing us to reduce the number of downtime events from 499 in 2011 to 351 in 2012. In order to improve cancer treatment capabilities we are now involved in the transition towards scanning particle therapy, requiring even more accurate quality assurance protocols. We describe here the main cyclotron issues (ion source, deflector) and what is needed to perform a proper scanning technique, the main goal being the enhancement of our reliability performances.

WE3PB01	Experimental Study of Resonance Crossing with a Paul Trap	resonance, emittance, simulation, plasma	409
	H. Sugimoto KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	The effect of resonance crossing on beam stability is studied systematically by employing a novel tabletop experimental tool and a multiparticle simulation code. A large number of ions are confined in a compact linear Paul trap to reproduce the collective beam behavior. We can prove that the ion plasma in the trap is physically equivalent to a charged-particle beam propagating through a strong focusing channel. The plasma confinement force is quickly ramped such that the trap operating point traverses linear and nonlinear resonance stop bands as in cyclotrons and FFAGs.
	Slides WE3PB01 [9.757 MB]

WE3PB03	Space Charge Compensation Measurements in the Injector Beam Lines of the NSCL Coupled Cyclotron Facility	electron, space-charge, ECRIS, cyclotron	417
	D. Winklehner, D.G. Cole, D. Leitner, G. Machicoane, L. Tobos NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Space charge compensation is a well-known phenomenon for high current injector beam lines. For beam lines using mostly magnetic focusing elements and for pressures above 10^-6 mbar, compensation (neutralization) up to 98% has been observed. However, due to the low pressures required for the efficient transport of high charge state ions, ion beams in ECR injector lines are typically only partly neutralized and space charge effects are present. With the dramatic performance increase of the next generation Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRIS) it is possible to extract tens of mA of beams from ECR plasmas. Realistic beam transport simulations are important to meet the acceptance criteria of subsequent accelerator systems and have to include non-linear effects from space charge, but also space charge compensation. In this contribution we report on measurements of space charge compensation in the ECRIS low energy beam lines of the Coupled Cyclotron Facility at NSCL using a retarding field analyzer. Results are discussed and compared to simulations.
	Slides WE3PB03 [8.833 MB]

WE3PB04	Transmission of Heavy Ion Beams in the AGOR Cyclotron	cyclotron, heavy-ion, target, closed-orbit	420
	A. Sen, S. Brandenburg, M.A. Hofstee KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands M.J. van Goethem UMCG, Groningen, The Netherlands
	During the acceleration of intense low energy heavy ion beams in the AGOR cyclotron feedback between beam intensity and pressure, driven by beam loss induced desorption, is observed. This feedback limits the attainable beam intensity. Calculations and measurements of the pressure dependent transmission for various beam agree reasonably well. Calculation of the trajectories of ions after a charge change shows that the desorption is mainly due to ions with near extraction energies, hitting the outer wall at a shallow angle of incidence. For heavy ions like ²⁰⁶Pb²⁷⁺ several charge exchanges are needed before the orbit becomes unstable. Our calculations indicate that these ions make thousands of turns before finally hitting the wall. They therefore are a large fraction of the circulating ions and may contribute to vacuum degradation through restgas ionization. Ion induced desorption for relevant ions and materials has been measured; it explains the observations in the cyclotron semi-quantitatively. This work has been financially supported by the Foundation FOM, the Dutch funding agency NWO and the EU-FP7, Grant Agreement n° 262010 - ENSAR.
	Slides WE3PB04 [5.272 MB]

WE4PB03	Optimizing the Radioisotope Production with a Weak Focusing Compact Cyclotron	cyclotron, ion-source, focusing, vacuum	429
	C. Oliver, P. Abramian, B. Ahedo, P. Arce, J.M. Barcala, J. Calero, E. Calvo, L. García-Tabarés, D. Gavela, A. Guirao, J.L. Gutiérrez, J.I. Lagares, L.M. Martinez Fresno, T. Martínez de Alvaro, E. Molina Marinas, J. Munilla, D. Obradors-Campos, F.J. Olivert, J.M. Perez Morales, I. Podadera, E. Rodriguez, L. Sanchez, F. Sansaloni, F. Toral, C. Vázquez CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
	A classical weak focusing cyclotron can result in a simple and compact design for the radioisotope production for medical applications. Two main drawbacks arise from this type of machine. The energy limit imposed by the non RF-particle isochronism requires a careful design of the acceleration process, resulting in challenging requirements for the RF system. On the other hand, the weak focusing forces produced by the slightly decreasing magnetic field make essential to model the central region of the machine to improve the electric focalization with a reasonable phase acceptance. A complete analysis of the different beam losses, including vacuum stripping, has been performed. The main cyclotron parameters have been obtained by balancing the maximum energy we can obtain and the maximum beam transmission, resulting in an optimum radioisotope production.
	Slides WE4PB03 [2.904 MB]

TH1PB01	Operational Experience at the Intensity Limit in Compact Cyclotrons	cyclotron, target, extraction, ion-source	432
	G. Cojocaru, J.C. Lofvendahl TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Compact cyclotrons are a cost-efficient choice for medical radioisotope production since negative hydrogen ions can be used at energies well below 100MeV. The stripping extraction technique allows quite large circulating currents without the need for separated turns. Space charge limits are in the range of 1 to 2 mA, but operating for long periods at these levels is a challenge for many reasons, among them being the sputtering of metal surfaces where unaccepted beam is deposited. These limits and others observed during our 22 years of 24hours/365days of quasi continuous operation of TR30 cyclotrons will be explored.
	Slides TH1PB01 [8.602 MB]

TH2PB01	Design of Ultra-Light Superconducting Proton Cyclotron for Production of Isotopes for Medical Applications	cyclotron, shielding, proton, vacuum	446
	M.K. Dey, A. Chakrabarti, A. Dutta Gupta VECC, Kolkata, India
	A new design has been explored for a superconducting-coil-based compact cyclotron, which has many practical benefits over conventional superconducting cyclotrons. The iron yoke and poles in conventional superconducting cyclotrons have been avoided in this design. The azimuthally varying field is generated by superconducting sector-coils. The superconducting sector-coils and the circular main-coils have been housed in a single cryostat. It has resulted in an ultra-light 25 MeV proton cyclotron weighing about 2000 kg. Further, the sector coils and the main coils are fed by independent power supplies, which allow flexibility of operation through on-line magnetic field trimming. Here, we present design calculations and the engineering considerations, focused on making the cyclotron ideally suited for the production of radioisotopes for medical applications.
	Slides TH2PB01 [9.625 MB]

TH2PB04	A Multi-Leaf Faraday Cup Especially for Proton Therapy of Ocular Tumors	proton, radiation, cyclotron, simulation	458
	C.S.G. Kunert, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, A. Denker HZB, Berlin, Germany A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	The Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) provides together with the University Hospital Charité in Berlin a treatment of eye tumors with a proton beam. The 68 MeV proton beam is delivered by an isochronous cyclotron as main accelerator. In tumor irradiation treatment the positioning of the radiation field is very important. In eye tumor treatment it is even more important, due to the small and sensitive structures in the eye. Hence, due to the well defined Bragg peak, a proton beam is a good choice to achieve rather small fields of dose delivery. Again, due to the small structures in the eye, one needs to know the proton beam energy and the proton beam range with a high accuracy. One possible solution for a quick and high precision measurement of the range of such proton beams is a Multi-Leaf Faraday Cup (MLFC). This work has the task to develop such a MLFC concerning the special requirements of the eye tumor therapy. In this presentation an overview of the progress of this work will be given, regarding the MLFC principles and issues such as the first technical realization.
	Slides TH2PB04 [5.358 MB]

FR1PB02	Secondary Particle Dose and RBE Measurements Using High-Energy Proton Beams	proton, radiation, factory, background	464
	M. Ghergherehchi, J.-S. Chai SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea D.H. Shin NCC, Goyang, Kyeonggi, Republic of Korea
	High- and intermediate-energy protons are not able to directly form a track in a CR-39 etch detector (TED). Such detectors, however, can be used for the detection and dosimetry of the beams of these particles through the registration of secondary charged particles with sufficiently high values of linear energy transfer (LET). The studied were realized in a clinical proton beam of the NCC Korea, with primary energy of 72 to 220 MeV (1.1 to 0.4 KeV/ μm). The contribution of the secondary particle dose and the value of RBE both increase with decreasing proton energy. A strong agreement between experimentally obtained results and the predicted total cross sections was verified by the Alice code. Stimulation of the secondary particle dose by the Geant4 code also predicted results in agreement by experimental results. It is clear that higher cross sectional values lead to an increased production of secondary particles. This secondary particle dose is highly important for applications such as radiotherapy, radiobiology, and radiation protection.
	Slides FR1PB02 [2.955 MB]

FR1PB04	GANIL Operation Status and Upgrade of SPIRAL1	ion-source, target, acceleration, cyclotron	470
	O. Kamalou, O. Bajeat, F. Chautard, P. Delahaye, M. Dubois, P. Jardin, L. Maunoury GANIL, Caen, France
	The GANIL facility (Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds) at Caen produces and accelerates stable ion beams since 1982 for nuclear physics, atomic physics, radiobiology and material irradiation. Nowadays, an intense exotic beam is produced by the Isotope Separation On-Line method at the SPIRAL1 facility. It is running since 2001, producing and post-accelerating radioactive ion beams of noble gas type mainly. The review of the operation from 2001 to 2013 is presented. Due to a large request of physicists, the facility will be enhanced within the frame of the project Upgrade SPIRAL1. The goal of the project is to broaden the range of post-accelerated exotic beams available especially to all the condensable light elements as P, Mg, Al, Cl etc The upgrade of SPIRAL1 is in progress and the new beams would be delivered for operation by the end of 2015.
	Slides FR1PB04 [1.514 MB]

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MO1PB01

Acceleration of Intense Heavy Ion Beams in RIBF Cascaded-Cyclotrons

cyclotron, acceleration, extraction, heavy-ion

1

N. Fukunishi, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, T. Fujinawa, H. Hasebe, Y. Higurashi, E. Ikezawa, H. Imao, T. Kageyama, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, M. Kidera, M. Komiyama, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, M. Nagase, T. Nakagawa, M. Nakamura, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno, K. Ozeki, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, A. Uchiyama, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, H. Yamasawa
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

The RIBF cascaded-cyclotrons have obtained, as of December 2012, uranium ion beams with an intensity of as high as 15 pnA (1 kW of power). This was achieved owing to deployment of a 28 GHz ECRIS, a new injector linac, a gas stripper and a bending-power upgrade of RIKEN fixed-frequency Ring Cyclotron as well as improvement of transmission efficiencies through cyclotrons and stability, etc.

Slides MO1PB01 [12.793 MB]

MO1PB02

New Developments and Capabilities at the Coupled Cyclotron Facility at Michigan State University

cyclotron, cryomodule, rfq, acceleration

7

A. Stolz, G. Bollen, A. Lapierre, D. Leitner, D.J. Morrissey, S. Schwarz, C. Sumithrarachchi, W. Wittmer
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

A brief overview of the Coupled Cyclotron Facility will be presented with a focus on the newly commissioned stopped beam and reaccelerated radioactive ion beam capabilities. Commissioning results and operations experience of the combined system of Coupled Cyclotron Facility, A1900 fragment separator, gas stopper, EBIT charge-breeder and ReA linac will be presented.

Slides MO1PB02 [42.670 MB]

MO2PB02

High Current Beam Extraction from the 88-Inch Cyclotron at LBNL

cyclotron, extraction, beam-transport, ion-source

19

D.S. Todd, J.Y. Benitez, K.Y. Franzen, M. Kireeff Covo, C.M. Lyneis, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, M.M. Strohmeier
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

The low energy beam transport system and the inflector of the 88-Inch Cyclotron have been improved to provide more intense heavy-ion beams, especially for experiments requiring 48Ca beams. In addition to a new spiral inflector* and increased injection voltage, the injection line beam transport and beam orbit dynamics in the cyclotron have been analyzed, new diagnostics have been developed, and extensive measurements have been performed to improve the transmission efficiency. By coupling diagnostics, such as emittance scanners in the injection line and a radially-adjustable beam viewing scintillator within the cyclotron, with computer simulation we have been able to identify loss mechanisms. The diagnostics used and their findings will be presented. We will discuss the solutions we have employed to address losses, such as changing our approach to tuning VENUS and running the cyclotron's central trim coil asymmetrically.
*Ken Yoshiki Franzen, et al. "A center region upgrade of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron", these proceedings

Slides MO2PB02 [0.824 MB]

MO2PB03

Progress Toward the Facility Upgrade for Accelerated Radioactive Beams at Texas A&M

ECRIS, cyclotron, injection, heavy-ion

22

D.P. May, B.T. Roeder, R.E. Tribble
Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute, College Station, Texas, USA
F.P. Abegglen, G. Chubaryan, H.L. Clark, G.J. Kim, G. Tabacaru
Texas A&M University, Cyclotron Institute, College Station, Texas, USA
J.E. Ärje
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland

Funding: U. S. Dept. of Energy Grant DE-FG02-93ER40773
The upgrade project at the Cyclotron Institute of Texas A&M University continues to make substantial progress toward the goal of providing radioactive beams accelerated to intermediate energies by the K500 Cyclotron. The K150, which will function as a driver, is now used extensively to deliver both light and heavy ion beams for experiments. The ion-guide cave for the production and charge-breeding of low-energy radioactive beams has been constructed, and the light-ion guide (LIG) has been commissioned with an internal radioactive source. The charge breeding electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (CB-ECRIS) has been commissioned with a source of stable 1+ ions, while the injection line leading to the K500 has been commissioned with the injection and acceleration of charge-bred beams. Despite the lack of good field maps, both light and heavy ions beams have been developed for the K150. Progress and plans, including those for the heavy-ion guide (HIG), are presented.

Slides MO2PB03 [9.652 MB]

MO2PB04

Improving the Energy Efficiency, Reliability and Performance of AGOR

cyclotron, controls, cryogenics, heavy-ion

25

M.A. Hofstee, S. Brandenburg, H. Post, R.A. Schellekens, J.E. de Jong
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

Over the past few years the nature of the experiments performed with AGOR has changed from long experiments, to sequences of short experiments, often using different beams. In addition the total demand for beamtime has gone down. This has required a change in operating procedures and scheduling. In view of the changing demands, we are continuing our efforts to improve the energy efficiency and reliability of the cyclotron, while at the same time trying to improve performance. While some of the solutions might be unique to our facility, many will have broader applicability. Some case studies will be presented and areas for future improvements identified.

Slides MO2PB04 [2.578 MB]

MOPPT002

Status of the HZB Cyclotron

proton, cyclotron, high-voltage, neutron

31

A. Denker, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, T. Fanselow, W. Hahn, G. Heidenreich, D. Hildebrand, U. Hiller, U. Muller, C. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich
HZB, Berlin, Germany
D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

For 15 years, eye tumours are treated in collaboration with the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. In 2012 we celebrated the 2000th patient. Our cyclotron is again served by 2 different injectors: a 6 MV Van-de-Graaff and a 2 MV tandetron. The tandetron was optimized especially for the requirements of therapy. Its advantages are easier handling, lower service requirements and a shorter injection beam line. Development of the source resulted in safe operation of more than 600 h and extremely stable beam current. The tandetron is in operation for therapy since 2011. The Van-de-Graaff was considered to be a temporary backup. New requests for beams with a very specific time structure occurred, which can be provided only with the Van-de-Graaff-cyclotron beam line. Pulse structures of high variability; from single pulses of 1 ns at a max. repetition rate of 75 kHz to pulse packets with a length up to 100 μs were tested. The latter was used for the production of pulsed neutron radiation for comprehensive testing of dosimeters. Although major breakdowns have a huge impact on the up-time due to the small number of beam time hours, breakdowns over the past years amounted to less than 5%.

MOPPT003

20 Years of JULIC Operation as COSY's Injector Cyclotron

cyclotron, septum, ion-source, synchrotron

34

R. Gebel, R. Brings, O. Felden, R. Maier, S. Mey, D. Prasuhn
FZJ, Jülich, Germany

The accelerator facility COSY/Jülich is based upon availability and performance of the isochronous cyclotron JULIC as pre-accelerator of the 2.88 GeV cooler synchrotron. Since 1993 the cyclotron provides beams in 24/7 operation for more than 6500 hours/year on average. The cyclotron has been in operation since commissioning in 1968 and has reached in total 260000 hours of operation. JULIC provides routinely polarized and unpolarized negatively charged light ions for COSY experiments in the field of fundamental research in hadron, particle and nuclear physics. The ongoing program at the facility foresees increasing usage as a test facility for accelerator research and detector development for realization of FAIR, and other novel experiments on the road map of the Helmholtz Association and international collaborations. In parallel to the operation for COSY the cyclotron beam is used for irradiation and fundamental nuclide production for research purposes. A brief overview of activities at the Forschungszentrum Jülich, the cooler synchrotron COSY and its injector cyclotron JULIC, with focus on recent technical developments, will be presented.

MOPPT005

Present Status of the RCNP Cyclotron Facility

cyclotron, proton, neutron, heavy-ion

40

K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

The RCNP cyclotron facility has been stably operated for these years. Demands for heavy ions have been increasing recently. Xe beams were accelerated by the AVF cyclotron for the first time. Developments on components and beam dynamics are presented.

MOPPT007

Recent Progress at the Jyväskylä Cyclotron Laboratory

cyclotron, emittance, ion-source, quadrupole

43

P. M.T. Heikkinen
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland

The use of the K130 cyclotron during the past few years has been normal. The total use of the cyclotron in 2012 was 6441 hours out of which 4610 hours on target. Three quarters of the beam time was devoted to basic nuclear physics research and one quarter for industrial applications, the main industrial application being space electronics testing. Altogether over 20 different isotopes were accelerated in 2012. Beam cocktails for space electronics testing were the most commonly used beams (26 %). Since the first beam in 1992 the total run time for the K130 cyclotron at the end of 2012 was 124’138 hours, and altogether 32 elements (73 isotopes) from p to Au have been accelerated. The MCC30/15 cyclotron will deliver proton and deuteron beams for nuclear physics research and for isotope production. The experimental set-up has been mainly under construction and we have had only a couple of beam tests. Isotope production with the MCC30/15 cyclotron has suffered from severe administrative delays. Finally in December 2012 a preliminary budget study for a GMP laboratory for FDG production (18F) was done. Decisions on the radiopharmaceuticals production at JYFL will be done during 2013.

MOPPT008

Present Status of Cyclotrons (NIRS-930, HM-18) at NIRS

cyclotron, proton, radiation, injection

46

S. Hojo, T. Honma, K. Katagiri, M. Nakao, A. Noda, K. Noda, A. Sugiura
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
A.K. Komiyama, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi
AEC, Chiba, Japan

The cyclotron facility at National Institute of Radiological Science (NIRS) consists of a NIRS-930 cyclotron (Thomson-CSF AVF-930, Kb=110 MeV and Kf=90 MeV) and a small cyclotron HM-18(Sumitomo- Heavy- Industry HM-18). The NIRS-930 has been used for production of short-lived radio-pharmaceuticals for PET, research of physics, developments of particle detectors in space, and so on. The orbit of a beam in the NIRS-930 cyclotron was simulated with integrated approach to modelling of the cyclotron, including calculation of electromagnetic fields of the structural elements. And some improvements such as installation of extracted beam probe, a beam attenuator and a beam viewer in an injection beam line, were performed in the NIRS-930. The HM-18 has been used for production of short-lived radio-pharmaceuticals for PET. It allows us to accelerate H-and D- ion at fixed energies of 18 and 9 MeV, respectively. In order to improve the isochronism, a phase probe has been newly installed in the HM-18. Above improvements and operational status of the cyclotron facility are to be presented in this report.

MOPPT011

Variety of Beam Production at the INFN LNS Superconducting Cyclotron

cyclotron, proton, target, extraction

52

D. Rifuggiato, L. Calabretta, L. Cosentino, G. Cuttone
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

The LNS Superconducting Cyclotron has been operating for almost 20 years. Several beams are currently accelerated and delivered, allowing for a wide variety of experimental activity to be carried out. In addition, clinical activity is regularly accomplished: over 11 years of protontherapy of the eye pathologies, around 300 patients have been treated. This has stimulated a growing number of interdisciplinary experiments in the field of radiobiology and dosimetry. On the side of nuclear physics, a significant achievement is the production of radioactive beams: several rare isotopes are produced mainly exploiting the in-flight fragmentation method. The development activity carried out on several components of the user oriented facility will be described.

MOPPT013

Status Report on the Gustav Werner Cyclotron at TSL, Uppsala

cyclotron, proton, vacuum, ECR

58

D. van Rooyen, B. Gålnander, M.E. Lindberg, T. Lofnes, T. Peterson, M. Pettersson
TSL, Uppsala, Sweden

TSL has a long history of producing beams of accelerated particles. The laboratory was restructured in 2005/2006 with nuclear physics phased out, the CELSIUS ring dismantled and the WASA detector moved to Jülich. The focus of activities became thereby shifted towards, mainly, proton therapy and, in addition, radiation effects testing using protons and neutrons in a beam sharing mode. The increase in demand on (a) beam time and b) consequential faster changes between various set-ups necessitated some minor upgrades. Two of these will be presented. For the same reason our energy measuring system needed to be streamlined. As a consequence of the restructuring, night shifts have been phased out. Studies indicated that a substantial energy saving can be accomplished by switching off certain power supplies. Results of this energy saving programme will be presented. The future? In 2012 our ECR ion source has been “recalled to life”, the purpose being to investigate radiation of electronics and thin films (micropore industry). The results for three test runs with heavy ions will be mentioned. Will TSL be able to survive after the Skandion Clinic has taken over Cancer Therapy with protons?

MOPPT014

Installation and Test Progress for CYCIAE-100

vacuum, cyclotron, ion-source, extraction

61

T.J. Zhang, Shizhong. An, F. Yang, H. Yi
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The 100 MeV high intensity compact cyclotron CYCIAE-100 being built at CIAE adopts an external ion source system, accelerates H⁻ ions up to 100 MeV and provides dual proton beams by stripping. The status at different stages, including the preliminary design*, technical design and construction preparation**, and progress***, was reported at previous conferences. The ground breaking ceremony for the building was conducted in April, 2011. Then in September of 2012, the major systems for the machine, including the 435-ton main magnet, two 46.8 kAT exciting main coils, 200-ton hydraulic elevating system with a precision of 0.02mm, high precision magnetic mapper, the 1.27m high vacuum chamber, two 100kW RF amplifiers, magnet power supplies etc., have been in place for installation. The paper will demonstrate the results of high precision machining and installation of large scale magnet, mapping and shimming with vacuum deformation, study on the multipacting effects and RF conditioning. The test results for the 18mA H⁻ ion source and injection line as well as the cryopanel and vacuum system will also be presented. The first beam is expected in the latter half of this year.
*ICCA, 2004, Tokyo, Japan
**ICCA, 2007, Giardini Naxos, Italy
***ICCA, 2010, Lanzhou, China

MOPPT016

Configurable 1 MeV Test Stand Cyclotron for High Intensity Injection System Development

injection, cyclotron, ion-source, diagnostics

67

F.S. Labrecque, F.S. Grillet, B.F. Milton, L. AC. Piazza, W. Stazyk, S.L. Tarrant
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada
J.R. Alonso, D. Campo
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
L. Calabretta
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
M.M. Maggiore
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy

In order to study and optimize the ion source and injection system of our multiple cyclotron products, Best® Cyclotron Systems Inc. (BCSI) has assembled in its Vancouver office a 1 MeV cyclotron development platform. To accommodate different injection line configurations, the main magnet median plane is vertically oriented and rail mounted which also allows easy access to the inner components. In addition, the main magnet central region is equipped with interchangeable magnetic poles, RF elements, and inflector electrodes in order to replicate the features of the simulated cyclotrons. Multiple diagnostic devices are available to fully characterize the beam along the injection line and inside the cyclotron. This paper will describe the design of two system configurations: the 60 MeV H²⁺ for the DAEΔALUS experiment (MIT, BEST, INFN-LNS) and the BCSI 70 MeV H⁻ cyclotron.

MOPPT020

Study of a Superconducting Compact Cyclotron for Delivering 20 MeV High Current Proton Beam

cyclotron, extraction, proton, vacuum

76

M.M. Maggiore
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
L. Bromberg, C.E. Miller, J.V. Minervini, A. Radovinsky
MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Compact cyclotrons which accelerate high current of H⁻ ions in the range of 10-30MeV have been widely used over the last 25 years for medical isotope production and other applications. For a number of these, low weight, low power consumption, portability or low radiation background are key design requirements. We have evaluated the feasibility of a compact superconducting cyclotron that would provide proton beams up to 20 MeV by accelerating H⁻ ions and extracting them by the stripping process with current of 100uA. The study demonstrates that the survival of the H⁻ ion under high magnetic field environment could be large enough to guarantee low beam losses as long as the RF voltage is high. The compact cyclotron is energized by a set of superconducting coils providing the needed magnetic field, while the azimuthal varying field is done by four iron sectors. Additional superconducting coils are added to minimize the stray magnetic field, eliminating the need for a return yoke. The option of accelerating negative deuteron molecules has also been considered and is presented.

MOPPT022

Design of New Superconducting Ring Cyclotron for the RIBF

injection, extraction, cyclotron, ion-source

79

J. Ohnishi, M. Nakamura, H. Okuno
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

At the RIBF, uranium beams are accelerated up to the energy of 345 MeV per nucleon with a RFQ linac, DTL, and four ring cyclotrons (RRC, fRC, IRC, SRC). However, the present beam current of the uranium is 10-15 pnA at the exit of the SRC, still low, because we have to use two charge strippers located upstream and downstream of the fRC to convert the U³⁵⁺ ions extraced from the 28 GHz ECR ion source to U⁶⁴⁺ and U⁸⁶⁺, respectively. Accordingly, in order to increase the beam current more than tenfold, we performed the design study of the new superconducting ring cyclotron with the K-value of 2200 which can accelerate the U³⁵⁺ ions from 11 MeV/u to 48 MeV/u without the first charge stripper. The number of sector magnets is four and the RF frequency is fixed. The maximum magnetic field strength on the beam orbit is 3.2 T, and the superconducting main coils of the dense winding of NbTi and the trim coils of normal-conducting Cu are used. The total weight of the iron yokes is approximately 4800 t. This paper also describes the beam injection and extraction system which includes one superconducting magnetic channel.

MOPPT030

Past, Present and Future Activities for Radiation Effects Testing at JULIC/COSY

proton, radiation, simulation, neutron

88

S.K. Hoeffgen, S. Metzger
FhG, Euskirchen, Germany
R. Brings, O. Felden, R. Gebel, R. Maier, D. Prasuhn
FZJ, Jülich, Germany
M. Brugger, R. Garcia Alia
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The testing of radiation effects (displacement damage DD, single event effects SEE) with energetic protons for electronics used in space and accelerators is of growing importance. Setup and past experience of a dedicated test stand used by Fraunhofer INT at the JULIC cyclotron will be presented. For general DD testing and for testing SEE of the trapped protons in space, the energy of 35 MeV of the JULIC Cyclotron is usually sufficient. During solar proton events, as well as at high energy accelerators (CERN, FAIR), electronics are confronted with protons of much higher energy. Recent scientific studies have shown that for single event upsets* as well as destructive failures (e.g, single event latch-ups)** a cross section measured at energies in the tens oF one/two-hundred MeV range (e.g. PIF@PSI) can significantly underestimate the failure rate. To avoid unnecessary high safety margins there is a growing need for the opportunity to test electronics at several GeV, like the beam provided by the Cooler-Synchrotron COSY in Jülich.
*R. Garcia Alia et. al., accepted for publication, IEEE TNS (2013), DOI:10.1109/TNS.2013.2249096
**J. R. Schwank et al., IEEE TNS, vol. 52, pp2622 (2005)

MOPPT031

SPES Project: A Neutron Rich ISOL Facility for Re-Accelerated RIBs

cyclotron, target, ISOL, rfq

91

A. Lombardi, A. Andrighetto, G. Bisoffi, M. Comunian, P. Favaron, F. Gramegna, M.M. Maggiore, L. AC. Piazza, G.P. Prete, D. Zafiropoulos
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy

SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is an INFN project with the aim to develop a Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility as an intermediate step toward EURISOL. The SPES Project is under realization at the INFN Legnaro National Laboratories site. The SPES Project main goal is to provide a production and accelerator system of exotic beams to perform forefront research in nuclear physics by studying nuclei far from stability. The SPES Project is concentrating on the production of neutron-rich radioactive nuclei with mass in the range 80-160. The final energy of the radioactive beams on target will range from few MeV/u up to 11 MeV/u for A=130[1]. The SPES facility acceleration system will be presented.

MOPPT032

Status Report and New Developments at iThemba LABS

cyclotron, controls, diagnostics, ion-source

94

J.L. Conradie, L.S. Anthony, R.A. Bark, J.C. Cornell, J.G. De Villiers, H. Du Plessis, J.S. Du Toit, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, M.E. Hogan, I.H. Kohler, C. Lussi, R.H. McAlister, H.W. Mostert, J.V. Pilcher, P.F. Rohwer, M. Sakildien, N. Stodart, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk, P.A. van Schalkwyk
iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa

iThemba LABS is a multidisciplinary research facility in the fields of nuclear physics research, neutron therapy, proton therapy and radionuclide production. Three long running projects, the construction of a new ECR ion source, a beam phase measuring system for the separated-sector cyclotron comprising 21 fixed probes and an RF amplitude and phase monitoring system for the 16 RF systems have been completed. The first results will be reported. The status of the newly developed low-level RF control system will be discussed and an interactive magnetic field calculation method for an injector cyclotron, making use of a data base developed from calculations with the computer program TOSCA, will be presented. Plans to save on the power consumption of the accelerators will be reported on. The beam statistics and the progress with the planning of a radioactive ion beam facility will be discussed.

MO3PB04

Comparison of Superconducting 230 MeV/u Synchro- and Isochronous Cyclotron Designs for Therapy with Cyclinacs

cyclotron, injection, linac, acceleration

108

A. Garonna
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
U. Amaldi, A. Laisné
TERA, Novara, Italy
L. Calabretta, D. Campo
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

Funding: This work was funded by the TERA Foundation (Novara, Italy).
This work presents new superconducting compact cyclotron designs for injection in CABOTO, a linac developed by the TERA Foundation delivering C⁶⁺/H²⁺ beams up to 400 MeV/u for ion beam therapy. Two designs are compared in an industrial perspective under the same design constraints and methods: a synchrocyclotron and an isochronous cyclotron, both at the highest possible magnetic field and with an output energy of 230 MeV/u. This energy allows us to use the cyclotron as a stand-alone accelerator for proton therapy. The synchrocyclotron design features a central magnetic field of 5 T and an axisymmetric pole and a constant field index. The beam is injected axially with a spiral inflector. Resonant extraction allows beam ejection with moderate beam losses. The RF system operates in first harmonic (180° Dee), with modulation provided by a large rotating capacitor. The isochronous cyclotron design features a 3.2 T central magnetic field, four sectors and elliptical pole gaps in the hills and in the valleys. Spiraling is minimized and beam ejection is achieved with a single electrostatic deflector placed inside an empty valley. The two RF cavities operate in fourth harmonic.

Slides MO3PB04 [4.314 MB]

MO4PB02

The IBA Superconducting Synchrocyclotron Project S2C2

extraction, cyclotron, ion-source, focusing

115

W.J.G.M. Kleeven, M. Abs, E. Forton, S. Henrotin, Y. Jongen, V. Nuttens, Y. Paradis, E.E. Pearson, S. Quets, P. Verbruggen, S. Zaremba, J. van de Walle
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
M. Conjat, J. Mandrillon, P. Mandrillon
AIMA, Nice, France

In 2009 IBA decided to start the development of a compact superconducting synchrocyclotron as a proton-source for the small footprint proton therapy system called Proteus One ®. The cyclotron has been completely designed and constructed and is currently under commissioning at the IBA factory. Its design and commissioning results will be presented.

Slides MO4PB02 [21.175 MB]

TU1PB01

High Intensity Operation for Heavy Ion Cyclotron of Highly Charged ECR Ion Sources

ECRIS, cyclotron, ion-source, ECR

125

L.T. Sun
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Modern advanced ECR ion source can provide stable and reliable high charge state ion beams for the routine operation of a cyclotron, which has made it irreplaceable, particularly with regard to the performance and efficiency that a cyclotron complex could achieve with the ion source. The 3rd generation ECR ion sources that can produce higher charge state and more intense ion beams have been developed and put into cyclotron operation since early 21st century. They have provided the privilege for the cyclotron performance improvement that has never been met before, especially in term of the delivered beam intensity and energy, which has greatly promoted the experimental research in nuclear physics. This paper will have a brief review about the development of modern high performance high charge state ECR ion sources. Typical advanced high charge state ECR ion sources with fully superconducting magnet, such as SERSE, VENUS, SECRAL, SuSI and RIKEN SC-ECRIS will be presented, and their high intensity operation status for cyclotrons will be introduced as well.

Slides TU1PB01 [20.645 MB]

TU1PB02

Electron Cyclotron Resonance Source Development

ECRIS, plasma, ECR, ion-source

130

T. Thuillier
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

Trends in ECR ion source development and perspectives for performance improvement.

Slides TU1PB02 [8.635 MB]

TU1PB03

PIC Simulations of Ion Dynamics in ECR Ion Sources

plasma, extraction, ECR, ECRIS

134

V. Mironov, J.P.M. Beijers
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

To better understand the physical processes in ECRIS plasmas, we developed a Particle-in-Cell code that follows the ionization and diffusion dynamics of ions. The basic features of the numerical model are given elsewhere*. Electron temperature is a free parameter and we found that its value should be about 1 keV to reproduce the experimentally observed performance of our 14 GHz ECR source. We assume that a pre-sheath is located outside the ECR zone, in which ion acceleration toward the walls occurs. Electric fields inside the ECR zone are assumed to be zero. The ion production is modelled assuming ion confinement by a ponderomotive barrier formed at the boundary of the ECR zone. The barrier height is defined by the RF radiation density at the electron resonance layer and is taken as an adjustable parameter. With these assumptions, we are able to reproduce the main features of ECRIS performance, such as saturation and decrease of highest charge state currents with increasing gas pressure, as well as reaction to an increase of injected RF power. Study of the source response to variations of the source parameters is possible.
*V. Mironov and J. P. M. Beijers, “Three-dimensional simulations of ion dynamics in the plasma of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source”, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 073501 (2009).

Slides TU1PB03 [18.160 MB]

TU1PB04

Status of the RIKEN 28-GHz SC-ECRIS

ion-source, emittance, ECR, heavy-ion

139

Y. Higurashi, M. Kidera, T. Nakagawa, J. Ohnishi, K. Ozeki
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

Since we obtained first beam from RIKEN 28GHz SC-ECRIS in 2009, we tried to increase the beam intensity using various methods. Recently, we observed that the use of Al chamber strongly enhanced the beam intensity of highly charged U ion beam. Using this method, we obtained ~180e μA of U³⁵⁺ and ~230e μA of U³³⁺ at the injected RF power of ~3kW with sputtering method. Advantage of this method is that we can insert the large amount of material into the plasma chamber, therefore, we can produce the beam for long term without break. Actually, we already produced intense U beams for the RIBF experiments longer than month without break. For the long term operation, we observed that the consumption rate of the U metal was ~4mg/h. In this spring, we also produced U beam with high temperature oven and two frequencies injection. In these test experiments, we observed that the beam intensity of highly charged U ions is strongly enhanced. In this contribution, we report the various results of the test experiments for production of highly charged U ion beam. We also report the experience of the long term production of the U ion beam for RIKEN RIBF experiments.

Slides TU1PB04 [6.949 MB]

TU2PB03

Heat Transfer Study and Cooling of 10 MeV Cyclotron Cavity

cavity, cyclotron, simulation, factory

150

S. Saboonchi, H. Afarideh
AUT, Tehran, Iran
M.R. Asadi
PPRC, Tehran, Iran
J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

The most important problem in mechanical design of RF cavity of cyclotron is generated heat by RF power loss. An optimized cooling system for cavity is necessary to prevent Dee damaging and minimizing error function of cyclotron created by displacements. Also optimization of water circuit and water flow is essential because it affects unwanted vibrations and manufacturing. In this paper an attempt has been done to design an optimized cooling system for the cavity of a 10 MeV cyclotron with frequency of 69 MHz and 50 KW RF power using ANSYS and CST software.

TUPPT009

Development of Rapid Emittance Measurement System

emittance, ion-source, controls, cyclotron

171

K. Kamakura, M. Fukuda, N. Hamatani, K. Hatanaka, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, H. Yamamoto, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

We have developed a new system to measure the beam emittance. With our conventional emittance measurement system, it takes about 30 minutes to get emittances in both the horizontal and vertical plane. For quick measurements, we have developed a new system consisting of a fast moving slit with a fixed width and a BPM83 (rotating wire beam profile monitor). BPM83 uses a rotating helical wire made of tungsten, the speed is 18 rps. Fast moving slit consists of a shielding plate with two slits, and is inserted into the beam path at an angle of 45 degrees. The slit is driven by PLC controlled stepping motor, and it takes 70 seconds to move the full stroke of 290 mm. While moving the slit, the output from BPM83 and the voltage of potentiometer that corresponds to the slit position are recorded simultaneously. We are using CAMAC for data acquisition. Trigger signals are generated by BPM83 and NIM modules. Data analysis takes about 1 second. With this system we can get the horizontal and vertical emittance plots within 75 seconds. This system will definitely make it easier to optimize parameters of ion sources and the beam transport system.

TUPPT013

Simulation of Sufficient Spindle Cusp Magnetic Field for 28 GHz ECRIS

plasma, ECRIS, ECR, electron

180

M.H. Rashid, A. Chakrabarti
VECC, Kolkata, India

A cusp magnetic field (CMF) configuration is proposed for achieving more plasma confinement. It is an improved version of CMF compared to the classical one used earlier to design arbitrarily ECR ion source (ECRIS) of low frequency. The CMF has been reconfigured here adopting a simple, novel and cost-effective technique to shrink the loss area and to achieve denser plasma than in traditional ECRIS. The strength of the electron (plasma) confinement is demonstrated through electron simulations. It consists of a mid-iron disk, two end-plugs and a pair of superconducting magnet coils cooled by cryo-coolers. It is designed for high-B mode operation of the cusp ECRIS of as high as 28 GHz RF frequency for producing an intense beam of highly charged heavy ions. The electric current in the coil at the extraction end can be manipulated to optimize the operation to achieve high extracted beam current of highly charged ions.

TUPPT014

Characterization of the Versatile Ion Source (VIS) for the Production of Monocharged Light Ion Beams

plasma, electron, proton, ion-source

183

L. Celona, L. Calabretta, G. Castro, G. Ciavola, S. Gammino, D. Mascali, L. Neri, G. Torrisi
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
G. Castro
Universita Degli Studi Di Catania, Catania, Italy
F. Di Bartolo
INFN & Messina University, S. Agata, Messina, Italy

Funding: The support of the 5th National Committee of INFN is gratefully acknowledged.
The Versatile Ion Source (VIS) is an off-resonance Microwave Discharge Ion Source which produces a slightly overdense plasma at 2.45 GHz of pumping frequency. In the measurements carried out at INFN-LNS in the last two years, VIS was able to produce more than 50 mA of proton beams and He⁺ beams at 65 kV, while for H²⁺ a current of 15 mA was obtained. The know-how obtained with the VIS source has been useful for the design of the proton source of the European Spallation Source, to be built in Lund, Sweden, and it will be used also for other facilities. In particular, the design modifications of the VIS source under study at INFN-LNS, in order to use the new source as the injector of H²⁺ at the ISODAR facility, will be also presented.

TUPPT015

A Center Region Upgrade of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron

cyclotron, injection, ion-source, focusing

186

K. Yoshiki Franzen, J.Y. Benitez, M.K. Covo, A. Hodgkinson, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, M.M. Strohmeier, D.S. Todd
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
D. Leitner
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

This paper describes the design and results of an upgraded cyclotron center region in which a mirror field type inflector was replaced by a spiral inflector. The main goals of the design were a) to facilitate injection at higher energies in order to improve transmission efficiency and b) to reduce down-time due to the need of replacing mirror inflector wires which rapidly break when exposed to high beam currents. The design was based on a detailed model of the spiral inflector and matching center region electrodes using AMaze, a 3D finite element suite of codes. Tests showed promising results indicating that the 88-Inch cyclotron will be able to provide a 2.0 pμA beam of 250 MeV 48Ca ions.

TUPPT016

Developments of Ion Source Complex for Highly Intense Beam at RCNP

extraction, ECR, emittance, plasma

189

T. Yorita, M. Fukuda, K. Hatanaka, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, A. Tamii, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

Several developments of Ion Source Complex at RCNP has been carried for the purpose of increasing beam intensity. For an 18 GHz superconducting ECRIS, studies for its beam extraction and transportation have been done. The parameters of extraction systems and electrostatic lens are optimized taking account with magnetic field leakage from AVF Cyclotron. HIP-ECR the 2.45GHz permanent magnet ECR has also been developed for highly intense proton beam.

TUPPT018

Critical Analysis of Negative Hydrogen Ion Sources for Cyclotrons

ion-source, plasma, cyclotron, electron

192

S. Korenev
Siemens Medical Solutions Molecular Imaging, Knoxville, TN, USA

The ion sources for cyclotrons based on negative hydrogen ions found applications as basic injectors for cyclotrons. The main important questions of negative hydrogen ion sources are following: i) method of production for negative hydrogen ions, ii) the extraction of ions and iii) separation of negative ions from electrons. Among of ion internal and external ion sources the common question is efficiency for production of negative hydrogen ions and increasing of kinetic energy of these ions. The critical analysis of different ions sources (PIG, Multicusps, etc.) is given. The comparison of these ion sources regarding applications for industrial cyclotrons for production of medical isotopes is presented in the paper.

Poster TUPPT018 [0.231 MB]

TUPPT019

Development Study of Penning Ion Source for Compact 9 MeV Cyclotron

electron, cathode, ion-source, plasma

195

Y.H. Yeon, J.-S. Chai, T.V. Cong, Kh.M. Gad, M. Ghergherehchi, S.Y. Jung, H.S. Kim, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, S.H. Lee, Y.S. Lee, X.J. Mu, S.Y. Oh, S. Shin
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: This research was supported by WCU (World Class University) program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (R31-2008-10029).
Penning Ion Gauge(PIG) have been used in internal source for cyclotron. PIG source for internal source of 9 MeV cyclotron produces H⁻ ion. This source consists of cold cathode which discharges electrons for producing H⁻ ion and anode for making plasma wall. Cold cathode material tantalum was used for emitting electrons and tungsten copper alloy was used for anode. The size of PIG source is related to size of cyclotron magnet. Optimization of cathode and anode location and sizing were needed for simplifying this source for reducing the size of compact cyclotron. Transportation of electrons and number of secondary electrons has been calculated by CST particle studio. Motion of H2 gas has been calculated by ANSYS. Calculation of PIG source in 9 MeV cyclotron has been performed by using various chimneys with different size of expansion gap between the plasma boundary and the chimney wall. In this paper design process and experiment result is reported.

TUPPT022

A 20 mA H⁻ Ion Source with Accel-Accel-Decel Extraction System at TRIUMF

extraction, ion-source, emittance, TRIUMF

198

K. Jayamanna, I. Aguilar, I.V. Bylinskii, G. Cojocaru, R.L. Dube, R.K. Laplante, W. L. Louie, M. Lovera, M. Minato, M. Mouat, S. Saminathan, T.M. Tateyama, E. Tikhomolov
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

During the last three decades, TRIUMF has developed H⁻ cusp ion sources for the 500 MeV, TR30, TR13 cyclotrons, as well as many other machines. These ion sources can be categorized as high current versions, producing up to 20mA of CW H⁻ beam within a normalized emittance (4RMS) of 0.6 π-mm-mrad. A new accel-accel-decel extraction system is being developed in order to run the source at optimum source extraction voltage for a large range of beam energies with minimal impact on beam properties. With this extraction system, beam energy can be as low as ~1keV and as high as 60keV while source extraction voltage can be at its optimum within 90kV. The source performances, as well as relevant emittance measurements, are discussed.

TUPPT029

Design Study of a 83.2 MHz RF Cavity for the 9 MeV Compact Cyclotron

cavity, cyclotron, simulation, impedance

215

S. Shin, J.-S. Chai, J.C. Lee
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
B.N. Lee
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

Funding: National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010-0025953)
A compact cyclotron accelerating H⁻ ion for producing a radioactive isotope FDG (FluoroDeoxyGlucose) for PET (Positron Emission Tomography) has been designed at Sungkyunkwan University. The H⁻ ion which generated from the PIG (Panning Ion Gauge) ion source will be accelerated at the normal conducting RF cavity which uses 83.2 MHz of resonance frequency and extracted at the carbon foil striper at the energy of 9 MeV. This cyclotron has to be small to install local hospital while FDG production needs more than 9 MeV of proton beam energy. Chasing two hare at once, deep valley type of magnet has been selected for high energy and compact cyclotron. Due to the small size of valley space where RF cavities will be installed, lots of difficulties have been introduced. Despite of those difficulties at the designing process, we could achieve resonance frequency of 83.2 MHz and Q-factor of 4500 with very compact size of RF cavity.

TUPSH005

Investigation of Cyclotron Carbon Foil Lifetime in Relation to its Thickness

electron, proton, cyclotron, radiation

227

J.-W. Kim, S. Hong, J.H. Kim
IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Y. Choi
Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
Y.-S. Kim
Energy & Environmental System, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea

For extracting positive hydrogen atoms from accelerated negative ones, a thin carbon foil is usually used to stripe two electrons from negative atoms, which consists of one proton and two electrons traveling together up to 70MeV proton. The kinetic energy of electron is 38.13keV at the moment of stripping. The energy loss of protons and electrons in carbon foil could be estimated by the multiplication of stopping power (dE/dz) and the foil thickness where passing through. The stopping powers were estimated with 8.5 and 7.25 MeV/(g/cm²) for the proton and electron, respectively. In cyclotron the stripper is located in a strong magnetic field of ~Tesla, which makes electrons circular motion around the foil depositing all their kinetic energies into it. In this study, three different carbon foil thicknesses (200, 400, and 800 ug/cm²) were employed to investigate the correlation of foil temperature and their lifetime for the case of 1mA proton extraction. We are aiming the lifetime of a stripper foil to be as long as 2 weeks for irradiating protons onto an ISOL target. An effective lifetime of foils will be discussed as a function of a foil peak temperature.

TUPSH011

Developments of HTS Magnets at RCNP

dipole, neutron, cyclotron, target

242

K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Takemura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, K. Yokoyama, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan
T. Kawaguchi
KT Science Ltd., Akashi, Japan

At RCNP, we have been developing magnets utilizing high temperature super conducting (HTS) wires for this decade. They are a cylindrical magnet, two dimensional scanning coils, a super ferric dipole magnet whose coils have a negative curvature. Recently we built a cylindrical magnet for a practical use. It is used to polarize ultra cold neutrons. The maximum field is higher than 3.5 T at the center. We are fabricating a switching magnet which is excited by pulse currents to realize a time sharing of beams in two target positions. In the paper, we report specifications and performances of these magnets.

TUPSH016

Trim Coil Unbalance of the 88-Inch Cyclotron

cyclotron, power-supply, injection, radiation

254

M. Kireeff Covo, B. Bingham, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, A. Ratti, M.M. Strohmeier, D.S. Todd
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
K.Y. Franzen
Mevion, Littleton, Massachusetts, USA

Funding: Work supported by the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Physics Division of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231.
The 88-inch cyclotron Dee probe shows large losses inside the radius of 20 cm and suggests problems in the ion beam injection. The current of the top and bottom innermost trim coil 1 is unbalanced to study effects of the axial injection displacement. A new beam profile monitor images the ion beam bunches, turn by turn, and the beam center of mass position is measured. The technique allows increasing the beam transmission through the cyclotron.

TU3PB02

Development of a Scintillator Probe Based on Fiber Optics for Radial Beam Diagnostics of the Ion Beam of the 88-Inch Cyclotron

cyclotron, diagnostics, extraction, controls

262

M.M. Strohmeier, J.Y. Benitez, M.K. Covo, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, D.S. Todd
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
K.Y. Franzen
Mevion, Littleton, Massachusetts, USA

Operators at the 88-Inch Cyclotron have many tuning parameters to optimize transmission from injection through extraction. However, the only diagnostics they have had were a Faraday Cup at the exit of the machine and a so called "Dee-Probe" which gives a current-vs-radius (IvR) measurement. Motivated by low transmission of the Cyclotron and to address how tuning can affect the beam, we have developed an optical beam viewer whose radial position within the cyclotron can be adjusted remotely. This viewer allows us to image the beam cross section and its axial position with very high spatial resolution as a function of radius. In this paper, we describe the mechanical development of the device which consists of a Kbr scintillator crystal, a fiber bundle and a digital camera and we present data from its initial commissioning.

Slides TU3PB02 [4.936 MB]

TU3PB03

R&D of Helium Gas Stripper for Intense Uranium Beams

target, acceleration, electron, cyclotron

265

H. Imao, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, H. Hasebe, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, H. Okuno, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, Y. Yano
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

Intensity upgrade of uranium beams is one of the main concerns at the RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF). The lifetime problem of carbon-foil strippers due to the high energy loss of uranium beams around 10~MeV/u was a principal bottleneck for the intensity upgrade in the acceleration scheme at the RIBF. We have developed a re-circulating He-gas stripper as an alternative to carbon foils for the acceleration of high-power uranium beams. The new stripping system was actually operated in user runs with U³⁵⁺ beams of more than 1 puA. Electron-stripped U⁶⁴⁺ beams were stably delivered to subsequent accelerators without serious deterioration of the system for six weeks. The new He-gas stripper, which removed the primary bottleneck in the high-intensity uranium acceleration, greatly contributed the tenfold increase of the average output intensity of the uranium beams from the previous year.

Slides TU3PB03 [11.983 MB]

WE1PB01

The Houghton College Cyclotron: a Tool for Educating Undergraduates

cyclotron, target, vacuum, resonance

286

M.E. Yuly
Houghton College, Houghton, New York, USA

The cyclotron is an ideal undergraduate research project because its operation and use involve so many of the principles covered in the undergraduate physics curriculum – from resonant circuits to nuclear reactions. The physics program at Houghton College, as part of an emphasis on active learning, requires all majors to complete a multiyear research project culminating in an undergraduate thesis. Over the past ten years seven students have constructed a working 1.2 T tabletop cyclotron theoretically capable of producing approximately 400 keV protons. The construction and performance of the cyclotron will be discussed, as well as its use as an educational tool.

Slides WE1PB01 [28.909 MB]

WE1PB02

The Rutgers Cyclotron: Placing Student's Careers on Target

cyclotron, focusing, simulation, proton

291

K.J. Ruisard
Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
G.A. Hine, T.W. Koeth
UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA
A.J. Rosenberg
Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

The Rutgers 12” Cyclotron is an educational tool used to introduce students to the multifaceted field of accelerator physics. Since its inception, the cyclotron has been under continuous development and is currently incorporated into the modern physics lab course at Rutgers University, as a semester-long mentored project. Students who participate in the cyclotron project receive an introduction to topics such as beam physics, high voltage power, RF systems, vacuum systems and magnet operation. Student projects have led to three different focusing pole geometries, including, most recently, a spiral edged azimuthally varying field (AVF) configuration. The Rutgers Cyclotron is often a student’s first encounter with an accelerator, and has inspired careers in accelerator physics.

Slides WE1PB02 [14.090 MB]

WE1PB03

COLUMBUS - A Small Cyclotron for School and Teaching Purposes

cyclotron, vacuum, ion-source, impedance

296

C.R. Wolf
FZJ, Jülich, Germany
M. J. Frank, E. Held
Ernes, Coburg, Germany

A small cyclotron has been constructed for school- and teaching purposes. The cyclotron uses a water-cooled magnet with adjustable pole-pieces. The magnet provides a field up to 0,7 T. Between the two poles the vacuum chamber is positioned. The vacuum chamber provides ports for the different subsystems, measuring tools and some viewports. A turbo molecular pump backed up by a dry compressor vacuum pump is used to evacuate the chamber to a pressure of 10^-5 mbar. The ions will be accelerated between two brass RF electrodes, called dee and dummy-dee. In the center of the chamber there is a thermionic ion source. A massflow controller fills it with hydrogen gas ionized by electrons from a cathode. The required 5,63 MHz RF power is supplied by a RF transceiver. A matchingbox adjusts the output impedance of the transceiver to the input impedance of the cyclotron. The expected final energies of the protons are 24 keV after 12 revolutions. At these energies there is no radiation outside the chamber. In addition to the design of this cyclotron it is the purpose of this dissertation to use standard devices to realize a low-cost solution.

Slides WE1PB03 [6.246 MB]

WE1PB04

A Novel Optical Method for Measuring Beam Phase and Width in the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron

cyclotron, simulation, focusing, proton

299

J.L. Gonski, S. Burcher, T.W. Koeth, J.E. Krutzler, S. Lazarov
Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
J. Beaudoin
UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA

We present an experimental longitudinal measurement of beam and phase slippage as a function of magnetic field deviation in a weak focusing field, using proton acceleration data from the Rutgers 12-inch cyclotron. A gated camera was used to determine beam arrival time from the radiation emitted by a fast ZnO:Ga doped phosphor target when struck by accelerated protons. Images integrated light emitted in 9 degree increments over a full 360-degree RF cycle. Analysis of relative image brightness allowed for the successful acquisition of relative phase shift and azimuthal beam width over several magnetic field strengths. Theoretical predictions and simulation via Poisson Superfish and SIMION software show good agreement with data, validating the optical method for qualitative measurements. This new method is independent of dee voltage and allows for measurements to be taken in the central region of the cyclotron, where other electrically based methods of measurement are challenging due to high RF electric fields. Such characteristics validate the use of gated camera imaging for cyclotron research, and motivate future refinement of this technique for a variety of studies.

Slides WE1PB04 [3.662 MB]

WE1PB05

The Cyclotron Kids' 2 MeV Proton Cyclotron

cyclotron, vacuum, ion-source, target

302

H. Baumgartner
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Two high school students (the "Cyclotron Kids") decided they wanted to build a small cyclotron by themselves in 2008. After researching and designing on their own, they looked for a way to fund their science project. After the students sent out tens of letters looking for sponsors, Jefferson Lab replied, offering funding and mentorship. Over several summers, the students worked at Jefferson Lab to take the cyclotron from the drawing board to near-completion. The cyclotron is now at Old Dominion University, where it will be used as an educational tool in the accelerator physics program.

Slides WE1PB05 [4.545 MB]

WEPPT003

Beam Optical Simulation in a Proposed Magnetic Einzel Lens

solenoid, beam-transport, optics, electron

323

M.H. Rashid, A. Chakrabarti
VECC, Kolkata, India

Magnetic scalar potential and field distributions along the central axis of a magnetic einzel lens consisting of a pair of axisymmetric iron yoked anti-solenoids have been evaluated using a simple closed form of analytical expressions. The magnetic field distribution is used to track single charged particles as well as ion beam through lens segmentation method. The method facilitates in evaluation of optical properties as well as aberration coefficients of the lens. Application of such doublet solenoid lens in transporting low energy ion beam introduces minimal rotation of the beam as well as least entangling between transverse phase spaces of the beam.

WEPPT006

Design of Achromatic Bends for the High Energy Beam Transport System of HCI at IUAC Delhi

DTL, quadrupole, beam-transport, optics

332

A. Mandal, D. Kanjilal, S. Kumar, G.O. Rodrigues
IUAC, New Delhi, India

The high energy beam transport system of the High Current Injector (HCI) being currently developed at IUAC will transport beam of maximum energy ~ 1.8 MeV/u with mass to charge ratio (A/q) equal to 6 from drift tube linac (DTL) to the superconducting LINAC in the zero degree beam line of the existing 15UD Pelletron. The whole transport path (~40 m) consists of four 90 degree bends. Since the beams coming from DTL are expected to have an energy spread of 0.5 %, the magnetic bends have to be achromatic. The transport system is designed to meet the restrictions imposed by the existing beam hall and the other space constraints. The first three 90 degree achromats have the configuration of Q1Q2Q3MQ4MQ3Q2Q1 and the fourth one has configuration of Q1Q2MQ3Q4Q4Q3MQ2Q1 where Q stands for magnetic quadrupole and M stands for 45 degree bending magnets. Each achromat has been designed so that its total length is restricted to 7 m to fit into the available space. The maximum dispersion occurs at the middle of Q4. Standard beam dynamics codes like GICOSY* and TRACE 3D** have been used to design the achromats and details of optics will be presented.
*H. Weick, GICOSY homepage, http://www.linux.gsi.de/~weick/gicosy
**K.R. Crandall, TRACE 3-D Documentation, Report LA-11054-MS, Los Alamos, 1987

WEPPT007

Getting Uniform Ion Density on Target in High-Energy Beam Line of Cyclotron U-400M with Two

octupole, target, cyclotron, quadrupole

335

I.A. Ivanenko, I.V. Kalagin, V.I. Kazacha, N.Yu. Kazarinov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

Formation by means of octupole magnets of a uniform ions distribution in the existing beam line of U400M cyclotron has been studied. The simulation was performed for Ar¹⁷⁺ ions with energy of 41.3 MeV/amu. The required level of beam non-uniformity on the target with diameter of 60 mm is ±7.5%. Two octupoles with static magnetic fields have been used to achieve the desired uniformity of the beam density in both coordinates simultaneously. The results of calculations are presented. This method of improving the uniformity of the beam will be implemented soon in Flerov laboratory of JINR.

WEPPT008

Correction of Vertical Shifting of Extracted Beam at the Test Operation of DC-110 Cyclotron

cyclotron, extraction, heavy-ion, betatron

338

I.A. Ivanenko, B. Gikal, I.V. Kalagin, N.Yu. Kazarinov, V.I. Mironov, E. Samsonov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

The specialized heavy ion cyclotron DC-110 has been designed and created by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research for scientifically industrial complex “BETA” placed in Dubna (Russia). DC-110 cyclotron is intended for accelerating the intense Ar, Kr, Xe ion beams with fixed energy of 2.5 MeV/nucleon. The commissioning of DC-110 cyclotron has been carried out at the end of 2012. The project parameters of the ion beams have been achieved. During commissioning of cyclotron the vertical displacement of the beam at the last orbits and at the extraction channel was revealed. The calculations and experiments have shown that the reason of this displacement is the radial component of magnetic field at the median plane of the cyclotron, which appears because of asymmetry of the magnetic yoke. Correction of the vertical displacement of the beam has been achieved by creating an asymmetry of current distribution in the main coils of the electromagnet.

WEPPT009

Transverse Phase-Space Distributions of Low Energy Ion Beams Extracted from an ECR Ion Source

ion-source, emittance, simulation, extraction

341

S. Saminathan
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
J.P.M. Beijers, S. Brandenburg, H.R. Kremers, V. Mironov
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

Transverse phase-space distributions of low-energy ion beams extracted from ECR ion sources often show higher-order effects caused by ion-optical aberrations. Understanding these effects is mandatory to keep emittance growth and the resulting beam losses in low-energy beam transport lines under control. We present the results of an experimental and theoretical study of beam extraction and transport in the AGOR injection line at KVI. Particle tracking simulations have been performed of a multi-component neon ion beam extracted from an ECR ion source to calculate 4D phase-space distributions at various positions along the beamline. The simulations compare well with beam profile and emittance measurements.

WEPPT014

Analysis of Phase Bunching in the Central Region of the JAEA AVF Cyclotron

acceleration, bunching, cyclotron, simulation

350

N. Miyawaki, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, S. Okumura
JAEA/TARRI, Gunma-ken, Japan
M. Fukuda
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

Phase bunching generated in the central region of an AVF cyclotron was estimated by a simplified geometric trajectory analysis model for particles traveling from the first to the second acceleration gap. In principle, a rising slope of a dee-voltage at the first acceleration gap is more or less effective for production of the phase bunching. The phase difference between particles at the second acceleration gap depends on combination of four parameters: the acceleration harmonic number (h), a span angle of the dee electrode, a span angle from the first to the second acceleration gap, a ratio between a peak dee-voltage and an extraction voltage of an ion source. In the case of the JAEA AVF cyclotron, the effective phase bunching was realized for h = 2 and 3, and the geometric condition of phase bunching was unrealistic for h = 1. An orbit simulation for the JAEA AVF cyclotron indicated that the initial beam phase width of 40 RF degrees for h = 2 was compressed to 11 RF degrees. The phase bunching evaluation based on the simplified geometric trajectory analysis was consistent with the orbit simulation result, and practical phase bunching was verified by beam phase width measurement.

WEPPT017

Beam Tracking Simulation for a 9 MeV Cyclotron

cyclotron, acceleration, extraction, ion-source

356

S.Y. Jung, J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, Y.S. Lee, H.S. Song, Y.H. Yeon
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Following the adoption of internal PIG ion source making cyclotron more compact, the delicate beam trajectory simulation is required. In this paper, the optimization of initial condition of H-beam for the stable and well-controlled beam until the extraction region is reported. To accommodate the beam, the electromagnetic field distribution was analyzed by OPERA-3D and its phase error was verified with CYCLONE v8.4. In each iterative design, the beam trajectory was calculated by own developed numerical code to estimate its performance. The beam characteristics including the beam orbit, centering, energy gain and RF acceptance for vertical and horizontal directions were evaluated.

WEPPT021

Columbus - A Simple Ion Source

ion-source, cyclotron, proton, electron

364

M. J. Frank, E. Held, C.R. Wolf
Ernes, Coburg, Germany

An ion source provides a cyclotron with charged particles which can be accelerated by an electric field. The simpelst possibility is a thermionic ion-source. Electrons emitted from a white-hot tungsten filament, placed in a ceramic block of macor, are accelerated by a dc voltage of 100 - 150 V and constraint to a spiral path by the homogenous magnetic field of the cyclotron. They collide with hydrogen atoms and ionisize them. The ceramic block is covered by tube made of copper in which the ions raise up. They enter the gap between the dees through a small aperture in tube. The ion source is mounted under the dummy-dee, so its position can be changed to find the best place. The hydrogen gas is stored in a Hydro-stick, a small tube which contains 10 l of Hydrogen under a pressure of 10 bar. From here it enters the ion source by a mass-flow controller which enables accurate dosing.

Poster WEPPT021 [1.640 MB]

WEPPT024

Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron: Dedicated to Training Through Research and Development

cyclotron, cathode, ion-source, proton

366

T.W. Koeth, J.E. Krutzler, T.S. Ponter, A.J. Rosenberg, W.S. Schneider
Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
D.E. Hoffman
PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

The Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron is a 1.2 MeV proton accelerator dedicated to beam physics instruction.[1] The 12-inch cyclotron project began as a personal pursuit for two Rutgers undergraduate students in 1995 and was incorporated into the Modern Physics Teaching Lab in 2001.[2] Since then, student projects have been contributing to the cyclotron’s evolution through development of accelerator components. Most of the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron components have been designed and built in house, thus giving its students a research and development introduction to the field of accelerator physics and associated hardware.
[1] www.physics.rutgers.edu/cyclotron
[2] T. Feder, “Building a Cyclotron on a Shoe String,” Physics Today, 30-31 (November 2004)

WEPPT025

Beam Physics Demonstrations with the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron

cyclotron, betatron, focusing, resonance

369

T.W. Koeth
UMD, College Park, Maryland, USA

The Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron is a research grade accelerator dedicated to undergraduate education.[1] From its inception, it has been intended for instruction and has been designed to demonstrate classic beam physics phenomena. The machine is easily reconfigured, allowing experiments to be designed and performed within one academic semester. Our cyclotron gives students a hands-on opportunity to operate an accelerator and directly observe many fundamental beam physics concepts, including axial and radial betatron motion, destructive resonances, weak and azimuthally varying field (AVF) focusing schemes, DEE voltage effects, and more.

WEPPT028

Proposal for High Power Cyclotrons Test Site in Catania

cyclotron, proton, vacuum, extraction

378

L. Calabretta, D. Campo, L. Celona, L. Cosentino, C. Cui, G. Gallo, D. Rifuggiato
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
J.R. Alonso, W.A. Barletta, A. Calanna, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
R.R. Johnson
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada
L. AC. Piazza
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy

The IsoDAR and DAEδALUS experiments will use cyclotrons to deliver high intensity (10 mA peak current) proton beams to neutrino-producing targets. To achieve these very high currents, we plan to inject and accelerate molecular H²⁺ ions in the cyclotrons. To understand high intensity H²⁺ injection into the central region of a compact cyclotron, and to benchmark space-charge dominated simulation studies, central-region tests are being conducted. Building on the first experiments at Best Cyclotrons, Vancouver (Abstract 1261), a larger-scale test cyclotron will be built at INFN-LNS in Catania. This cyclotron will be designed for 7 MeV/n (Q/A = 0.5; H²⁺ or He⁺+). After the first year of operation dedicated at optimization of the central region for the injection of high intensity Q/A = 0.5 beams, the cyclotron will be modified to allow the acceleration of H⁻ up to an energy of 28 MeV. The main characteristics of the machine and the planned test stand will be presented.

WEPSH003

Development of New Combined System for Production of FDG and NaF Radiopharmaceuticals

controls, monitoring, LabView, vacuum

390

F. Dehghan, H. Afarideh, S. Jaloo
AUT, Tehran, Iran
M. Akhlaghi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran, Iran
J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

In this work, we present a new combined system which produces FDG and NaF in separate runs. The needed for synthesis this radiopharmaceuticals are obtained by bombardment of highly enriched water with proton. The aim is development of routine systems to use with baby cyclotrons. In this study, the various chemical steps and required reagents as well as different reagent delivery methods has been investigated. This evaluation has been done with purpose of optimizing the performance of a conceptually simple device integrated into a fully automated synthesis procedure for radiosynthesis of FDG and NaF. In this system, we have used AVR microcontroller to control the process and LabVIEW software for monitoring the operation of system. Furthermore, Geiger Muller counters have been used to determine the activity to insure the accuracy of the systems operation.

WEPSH006

⁶²Zn Radioisotope Production by Cyclotron

target, cyclotron, proton, injection

393

M. Ghergherehchi, J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
H. Afarideh
AUT, Tehran, Iran

Natural Cu target was irradiated with proton beam in the energy range of 15 to 30 MeV at a beam current of 100 μA for 15 min. In this irradiation radioisotope of ⁶²Zn produced as a generator and then decay to ⁶²Cu radioisotope. The ⁶²Cu is emitting β+ and known to PET radioisotope. Excitation function of ⁶²Cu via ^natCu (p, 2n) ⁶²Zn, ⁶²Cu and ⁶²Cu (d, 3n) ⁶²Zn reactions were calculated using Alice and Talys codes and then were compared with the reported measurement by experimental data and ENDF-2011 data. Production yield versus target thickness were evaluated with attention to reaction cross section data obtained from Alice and Talys codes, and stopping power and range of protons in target materials using SRIM code. The production yield also examined experimentally and found that the optimum irradiation yield achieved to be 5.9 mci/μAh at protons of 100 μA current and 30 MeV energy. A radiolabeling process also was performed using ⁶²ZnCl₂ and antitumor compound, bleomycin (BLM) as a possible tumor imaging.

WEPSH007

Radiochromic Film as a Dosimetric Tool for Low Energy Proton Beams

proton, photon, cyclotron, radiation

397

S. Devic, S. Aldelaijan, F.M. Alrumayan, F. Alzorkani, B.M. Moftah, M. Shehadeh
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Funding: King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Grant No 11-BIO1428-20
EBT3 and HDV2 GAFCHROMICTM films were tested for dose measurements at a 26.5 MeV and 6 mm Bragg peak proton beam. Beam output was calibrated using IAEA TRS-398 reference dosimetry protocol with calibrated chamber in water. Films were calibrated in terms of dose to water by exposing calibration film pieces within a solid water phantom at depth of 3 mm. EBT3 films were irradiated to doses of up to 10 Gy with both 4 MV photon and 26.5 MeV proton beams, while pieces of the HDV2 radiochromic films were irradiated to doses of up to 128 Gy proton beam. Irradiated pieces of the EBT3 films were tested for activation using Germanium detector. Their energy spectra were measured over a period of 40 minutes. EBT3 film model response was 3 times higher for protons than photons. When irradiated in proton beam the EBT3 was 24 times more sensitive than HDV2 films. For the EBT3 film model, few proton-activated processes were identified resulting in short-lived radioisotopes. EBT3 film can be used for measurements for doses of up to 10 Gy using a green color channel of the scanned images, while the red color channel of the HDV2 scanned film images can be used for measurements of much higher doses.

WEPSH008

Characterization of the CS30 Cyclotron at KFSH&RC for Radiotherapy Applications

proton, cyclotron, target, ion-source

400

B.M. Moftah
Belal Moftah, PhD, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
S. Aldelaijan, F.M. Alrumayan, F. Alzorkani, S. Devic, M. Shehadeh
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Funding: King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Grant No 11-BIO1428-20
The 26.5 MeV beam of the CS30 Cyclotron at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC) was characterized dosimetrically for the use in radiobiological experiments for pre-clinical and radiotherapy studies. Position of the beam’s Bragg peak was measured with a stack of 60 pieces of HDV2 model GAFCHROMICTM films (105 microns thick each). This film type was specifically designed for measurement of very high doses, ranging up to 1,000 Gy. Output of the proton beam was calibrated using IAEA TRS-398 reference dosimetry protocol with calibrated parallel plate chamber in water. The response of the film was calibrated in terms of dose to water by exposing calibration film pieces within a solid water phantom. The position of the Bragg peak was found to be at around 6 mm when 10 to 20 nA proton beam current was used. Pieces of radiochromic film were irradiated at 40, 70 and 100 cm from the primary collimator, where the Gaussian shaped beam profiles had values of 12, 26, 45 mm FWHM respectively. Proton beam characteristics in terms of the output and beam size appear to be acceptable for pre-clinical studies.

WEPSH010

Proton Therapy at the Institut Curie – CPO: Operation of an IBA C235 Cyclotron Looking Forward Scanning Techniques

cyclotron, ion-source, proton, extraction

403

A. Patriarca, S.J. Meyroneinc
Institut Curie - Centre de Protonthérapie d'Orsay, Orsay, France

Since 1991, more than 6100 patients (mainly eye and head & neck tumours) were treated at the Institut Curie – Centre de Protonthèrapie d’Orsay using Double Scattering proton beam delivery technique. After 19 years of activity, a 200 MeV synchrocyclotron has been shut down and replaced by a 230 MeV C235 IBA proton cyclotron. This delivers beam to two passive fixed treatment rooms and to one universal nozzle equipped gantry. In the past two years of operation more than 95.5% of the scheduled patients (near 500/year) were treated. We have realised, according to IBA recommendations, preventive maintenance (i.e. RF final amplifier) and we have improved some diagnostic tools (i.e. Main Coil monitoring) allowing us to reduce the number of downtime events from 499 in 2011 to 351 in 2012. In order to improve cancer treatment capabilities we are now involved in the transition towards scanning particle therapy, requiring even more accurate quality assurance protocols. We describe here the main cyclotron issues (ion source, deflector) and what is needed to perform a proper scanning technique, the main goal being the enhancement of our reliability performances.

WE3PB01

Experimental Study of Resonance Crossing with a Paul Trap

resonance, emittance, simulation, plasma

409

H. Sugimoto
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

The effect of resonance crossing on beam stability is studied systematically by employing a novel tabletop experimental tool and a multiparticle simulation code. A large number of ions are confined in a compact linear Paul trap to reproduce the collective beam behavior. We can prove that the ion plasma in the trap is physically equivalent to a charged-particle beam propagating through a strong focusing channel. The plasma confinement force is quickly ramped such that the trap operating point traverses linear and nonlinear resonance stop bands as in cyclotrons and FFAGs.

Slides WE3PB01 [9.757 MB]

WE3PB03

Space Charge Compensation Measurements in the Injector Beam Lines of the NSCL Coupled Cyclotron Facility

electron, space-charge, ECRIS, cyclotron

417

D. Winklehner, D.G. Cole, D. Leitner, G. Machicoane, L. Tobos
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Space charge compensation is a well-known phenomenon for high current injector beam lines. For beam lines using mostly magnetic focusing elements and for pressures above 10^-6 mbar, compensation (neutralization) up to 98% has been observed. However, due to the low pressures required for the efficient transport of high charge state ions, ion beams in ECR injector lines are typically only partly neutralized and space charge effects are present. With the dramatic performance increase of the next generation Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRIS) it is possible to extract tens of mA of beams from ECR plasmas. Realistic beam transport simulations are important to meet the acceptance criteria of subsequent accelerator systems and have to include non-linear effects from space charge, but also space charge compensation. In this contribution we report on measurements of space charge compensation in the ECRIS low energy beam lines of the Coupled Cyclotron Facility at NSCL using a retarding field analyzer. Results are discussed and compared to simulations.

Slides WE3PB03 [8.833 MB]

WE3PB04

Transmission of Heavy Ion Beams in the AGOR Cyclotron

cyclotron, heavy-ion, target, closed-orbit

420

A. Sen, S. Brandenburg, M.A. Hofstee
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
M.J. van Goethem
UMCG, Groningen, The Netherlands

During the acceleration of intense low energy heavy ion beams in the AGOR cyclotron feedback between beam intensity and pressure, driven by beam loss induced desorption, is observed. This feedback limits the attainable beam intensity. Calculations and measurements of the pressure dependent transmission for various beam agree reasonably well. Calculation of the trajectories of ions after a charge change shows that the desorption is mainly due to ions with near extraction energies, hitting the outer wall at a shallow angle of incidence. For heavy ions like ²⁰⁶Pb²⁷⁺ several charge exchanges are needed before the orbit becomes unstable. Our calculations indicate that these ions make thousands of turns before finally hitting the wall. They therefore are a large fraction of the circulating ions and may contribute to vacuum degradation through restgas ionization. Ion induced desorption for relevant ions and materials has been measured; it explains the observations in the cyclotron semi-quantitatively.
This work has been financially supported by the Foundation FOM, the Dutch funding agency NWO and the EU-FP7, Grant Agreement n° 262010 - ENSAR.

Slides WE3PB04 [5.272 MB]

WE4PB03

Optimizing the Radioisotope Production with a Weak Focusing Compact Cyclotron

cyclotron, ion-source, focusing, vacuum

429

C. Oliver, P. Abramian, B. Ahedo, P. Arce, J.M. Barcala, J. Calero, E. Calvo, L. García-Tabarés, D. Gavela, A. Guirao, J.L. Gutiérrez, J.I. Lagares, L.M. Martinez Fresno, T. Martínez de Alvaro, E. Molina Marinas, J. Munilla, D. Obradors-Campos, F.J. Olivert, J.M. Perez Morales, I. Podadera, E. Rodriguez, L. Sanchez, F. Sansaloni, F. Toral, C. Vázquez
CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain

A classical weak focusing cyclotron can result in a simple and compact design for the radioisotope production for medical applications. Two main drawbacks arise from this type of machine. The energy limit imposed by the non RF-particle isochronism requires a careful design of the acceleration process, resulting in challenging requirements for the RF system. On the other hand, the weak focusing forces produced by the slightly decreasing magnetic field make essential to model the central region of the machine to improve the electric focalization with a reasonable phase acceptance. A complete analysis of the different beam losses, including vacuum stripping, has been performed. The main cyclotron parameters have been obtained by balancing the maximum energy we can obtain and the maximum beam transmission, resulting in an optimum radioisotope production.

Slides WE4PB03 [2.904 MB]

TH1PB01

Operational Experience at the Intensity Limit in Compact Cyclotrons

cyclotron, target, extraction, ion-source

432

G. Cojocaru, J.C. Lofvendahl
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Compact cyclotrons are a cost-efficient choice for medical radioisotope production since negative hydrogen ions can be used at energies well below 100MeV. The stripping extraction technique allows quite large circulating currents without the need for separated turns. Space charge limits are in the range of 1 to 2 mA, but operating for long periods at these levels is a challenge for many reasons, among them being the sputtering of metal surfaces where unaccepted beam is deposited. These limits and others observed during our 22 years of 24hours/365days of quasi continuous operation of TR30 cyclotrons will be explored.

Slides TH1PB01 [8.602 MB]

TH2PB01

Design of Ultra-Light Superconducting Proton Cyclotron for Production of Isotopes for Medical Applications

cyclotron, shielding, proton, vacuum

446

M.K. Dey, A. Chakrabarti, A. Dutta Gupta
VECC, Kolkata, India

A new design has been explored for a superconducting-coil-based compact cyclotron, which has many practical benefits over conventional superconducting cyclotrons. The iron yoke and poles in conventional superconducting cyclotrons have been avoided in this design. The azimuthally varying field is generated by superconducting sector-coils. The superconducting sector-coils and the circular main-coils have been housed in a single cryostat. It has resulted in an ultra-light 25 MeV proton cyclotron weighing about 2000 kg. Further, the sector coils and the main coils are fed by independent power supplies, which allow flexibility of operation through on-line magnetic field trimming. Here, we present design calculations and the engineering considerations, focused on making the cyclotron ideally suited for the production of radioisotopes for medical applications.

Slides TH2PB01 [9.625 MB]

TH2PB04

A Multi-Leaf Faraday Cup Especially for Proton Therapy of Ocular Tumors

proton, radiation, cyclotron, simulation

458

C.S.G. Kunert, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, A. Denker
HZB, Berlin, Germany
A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

The Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) provides together with the University Hospital Charité in Berlin a treatment of eye tumors with a proton beam. The 68 MeV proton beam is delivered by an isochronous cyclotron as main accelerator. In tumor irradiation treatment the positioning of the radiation field is very important. In eye tumor treatment it is even more important, due to the small and sensitive structures in the eye. Hence, due to the well defined Bragg peak, a proton beam is a good choice to achieve rather small fields of dose delivery. Again, due to the small structures in the eye, one needs to know the proton beam energy and the proton beam range with a high accuracy. One possible solution for a quick and high precision measurement of the range of such proton beams is a Multi-Leaf Faraday Cup (MLFC). This work has the task to develop such a MLFC concerning the special requirements of the eye tumor therapy. In this presentation an overview of the progress of this work will be given, regarding the MLFC principles and issues such as the first technical realization.

Slides TH2PB04 [5.358 MB]

FR1PB02

Secondary Particle Dose and RBE Measurements Using High-Energy Proton Beams

proton, radiation, factory, background

464

M. Ghergherehchi, J.-S. Chai
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
D.H. Shin
NCC, Goyang, Kyeonggi, Republic of Korea

High- and intermediate-energy protons are not able to directly form a track in a CR-39 etch detector (TED). Such detectors, however, can be used for the detection and dosimetry of the beams of these particles through the registration of secondary charged particles with sufficiently high values of linear energy transfer (LET). The studied were realized in a clinical proton beam of the NCC Korea, with primary energy of 72 to 220 MeV (1.1 to 0.4 KeV/ μm). The contribution of the secondary particle dose and the value of RBE both increase with decreasing proton energy. A strong agreement between experimentally obtained results and the predicted total cross sections was verified by the Alice code. Stimulation of the secondary particle dose by the Geant4 code also predicted results in agreement by experimental results. It is clear that higher cross sectional values lead to an increased production of secondary particles. This secondary particle dose is highly important for applications such as radiotherapy, radiobiology, and radiation protection.

Slides FR1PB02 [2.955 MB]

FR1PB04

GANIL Operation Status and Upgrade of SPIRAL1

ion-source, target, acceleration, cyclotron

470

O. Kamalou, O. Bajeat, F. Chautard, P. Delahaye, M. Dubois, P. Jardin, L. Maunoury
GANIL, Caen, France

The GANIL facility (Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds) at Caen produces and accelerates stable ion beams since 1982 for nuclear physics, atomic physics, radiobiology and material irradiation. Nowadays, an intense exotic beam is produced by the Isotope Separation On-Line method at the SPIRAL1 facility. It is running since 2001, producing and post-accelerating radioactive ion beams of noble gas type mainly. The review of the operation from 2001 to 2013 is presented. Due to a large request of physicists, the facility will be enhanced within the frame of the project Upgrade SPIRAL1. The goal of the project is to broaden the range of post-accelerated exotic beams available especially to all the condensable light elements as P, Mg, Al, Cl etc The upgrade of SPIRAL1 is in progress and the new beams would be delivered for operation by the end of 2015.

Slides FR1PB04 [1.514 MB]