Cyclotrons2013 - List of Keywords (controls)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MO2PB04	Improving the Energy Efficiency, Reliability and Performance of AGOR	cyclotron, ion, cryogenics, heavy-ion	25
	M.A. Hofstee, S. Brandenburg, H. Post, R.A. Schellekens, J.E. de Jong KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	Over the past few years the nature of the experiments performed with AGOR has changed from long experiments, to sequences of short experiments, often using different beams. In addition the total demand for beamtime has gone down. This has required a change in operating procedures and scheduling. In view of the changing demands, we are continuing our efforts to improve the energy efficiency and reliability of the cyclotron, while at the same time trying to improve performance. While some of the solutions might be unique to our facility, many will have broader applicability. Some case studies will be presented and areas for future improvements identified.
	Slides MO2PB04 [2.578 MB]

MOPPT001	Status Report of the Cyclotrons C-30, CS-30 and RDS-111 at KFSHRC, Saudi Arabia	cyclotron, target, proton, radiation	28
	F.M. Alrumayan, M.S. Shawoo, M. Vora King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
	Experience gained since the commissioning of the IBA C-30 Cyclotron at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC) in 2010, has shown this facility to be viable entity. In addition to the C-30 Cyclotron, the facility includes two other Cyclotrons namely; the RDS-111 and the CS30 Cyclotrons. The latter has dual responsibilities; while is kept as a backup for the other Cyclotrons for radioisotopes production, it’s used for proton therapy researches and Bragg Peak measurements at that particular energy. During the commission of the C30 cyclotron, 700 uA dual beam were measured. Facility operating history, usage and radiopharmaceuticals productions are described.

MOPPT032	Status Report and New Developments at iThemba LABS	cyclotron, ion, diagnostics, ion-source	94
	J.L. Conradie, L.S. Anthony, R.A. Bark, J.C. Cornell, J.G. De Villiers, H. Du Plessis, J.S. Du Toit, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, M.E. Hogan, I.H. Kohler, C. Lussi, R.H. McAlister, H.W. Mostert, J.V. Pilcher, P.F. Rohwer, M. Sakildien, N. Stodart, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk, P.A. van Schalkwyk iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa
	iThemba LABS is a multidisciplinary research facility in the fields of nuclear physics research, neutron therapy, proton therapy and radionuclide production. Three long running projects, the construction of a new ECR ion source, a beam phase measuring system for the separated-sector cyclotron comprising 21 fixed probes and an RF amplitude and phase monitoring system for the 16 RF systems have been completed. The first results will be reported. The status of the newly developed low-level RF control system will be discussed and an interactive magnetic field calculation method for an injector cyclotron, making use of a data base developed from calculations with the computer program TOSCA, will be presented. Plans to save on the power consumption of the accelerators will be reported on. The beam statistics and the progress with the planning of a radioactive ion beam facility will be discussed.

TU2PB02	The New Axial Buncher at INFN-LNS	cyclotron, impedance, vacuum, ion-source	147
	A.C. Caruso, G. Gallo, A. Longhitano INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy F. Consoli Associazione Euratom-ENEA sulla Fusione, Frascati (Rome), Italy P.Z. Li CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China J. Sura Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
	A new axial buncher for the K-800 superconducting cyclotron is under construction at LNS. This new device will replace the present buncher installed along the vertical beam line, inside the yoke of the cyclotron at about half a metre from the medium plane. Maintenance and technical inspection are very difficult to carry out in this situation. The new buncher will still be placed along the axial beam line, just before the bottom side of the cyclotron yoke. It consists of a drift tube driven by a sinusoidal RF signal in the range of 15-50 MHz, a matching box, an amplifier, and an electronic control system. A more accurate mechanical design of the beam line portion will allow for the direct electric connection of the matching box to the ceramic feed-through and drift tube. This particular design will minimize, or totally avoid, any connection through coaxial transmission line. It will reduce the entire geometry, the total RF power and the maintenance. In brief, the new axial buncher will be a compact system including beam line portion, drift tube, ceramic feed-through, matching box, amplifier and control system interface in a single structure.
	Slides TU2PB02 [7.623 MB]

TU2PB04	Resonator System for the BEST 70 MeV Cyclotron	cyclotron, LLRF, cavity, simulation	153
	V. Sabaiduc, G. Gold, B.A. Versteeg BCSI, Vancouver, Canada J. Panama Best Theratronics Ltd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
	Best Cyclotron Systems Inc. is presently developing a 70 MeV cyclotron for radioisotope production and research purpose. The RF system comprises two separated resonators driven by independent amplifiers to allow for the phase and amplitude modulation technique to be applied for beam intensity modulation. The resonators are presently in the commissioning phase consisting of cold test measurements followed by high power commissioning in the cyclotron. Preliminary simulation results have been reported and are: 56MHz operation (fourth harmonic, half-wave resonator design), 60 to 70kV dee voltage, quality factor 8000 with the estimated dissipated power of 17kW per resonator. The electromagnetic modeling has been done with CST Microwave Studio. All simulation results showed a very conservative design with typical parameters for the energy and size of the resonators. The paper will present the measurement results on a cold test set-up configuration as well as the commissioning with high power in the cyclotron.
	Slides TU2PB04 [4.920 MB]

TUPPT001	Control System of 10 MeV Baby Cyclotron	cyclotron, LabView, vacuum, interlocks	156
	A. Abdorrahman, H. Afarideh, G.R. Aslani, S. Malakzade AUT, Tehran, Iran A. Afshar Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	For controlling all the equipment and services required for operating the 10 MeV baby cyclotron and optimizing various parameters, an extensive control system is used. Most of the control systems are located in the control room which is situated outside the biological shield. The control console in the control room has switches for all the power supplies like main magnet, radio frequency system, vacuum system, ion-source, deflector, etc. Several Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC's) which are located near the equipment control the whole system. A technique of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is presented to monitor, control, and log actions of the PLC's on a PC through use of I/O communication interface coupled with an Open Process Control/Object Linking and Embedding [OLE] for Process Control (OPC) Server/Client architecture. In order to monitor and control different part of system, OPC data is then linked to a National Instruments (NI) LabVIEW. In this paper, details of the architecture and insight into applicability to other systems are presented.

TUPPT004	The Development of Control System for 9 MeV Cyclotron	cyclotron, vacuum, status, rf-amplifier	159
	Y.S. Lee, J.-S. Chai, S.Y. Jung, H.S. Kim, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, J.C. Lee, S.H. Lee, J.K. Park, S. Shin, H.S. Song, Y.H. Yeon SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea K.-H. Park PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
	The Sungkyunkwan University has developed the 9 MeV cyclotron for producing radio isotopes. In order to operate the cyclotron stably, all sub-systems in the cyclotron are controlled and monitored consistently. Therefore, each sub-system includes control devices, which is developed based on PLC, or DSP chip and the sub control modules interface with main control system in real time. As main control system, we choose the CompactRIO system from NI (National Instrument) to take into account the latency and robust control. The control system has high-performance processor running real-time OS, so that the system can control the cyclotron fast and exactly. In addition, the system can be remotely accessed over the network to monitor the status of cyclotron easily. The configuration of control system for 9 MeV cyclotron and performance test result will be described in this paper.

TUPPT005	Temperature Stability of the TRIUMF Cyclotron RF Controls	feedback, cyclotron, TRIUMF, monitoring	162
	M.P. Laverty, K. Fong, Q. Zheng TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Factors which contribute to ambient temperature sensitivity in the TRIUMF cyclotron RF control system are examined and characterized. Seasonal temperature variations together with air conditioning system limitations can give rise to unwanted temperature variations in the rack space housing the control system. If these are large enough, they can cause excursions in the cyclotron accelerating voltage. The critical components responsible are characterized and some possible remedies outlined.

TUPPT006	The Development of Radial Probe for CYCIAE-100	target, cyclotron, vacuum, injection	165
	F.P. Guan, Z.G. Li, C. Wang, L.P. Wen, H.D. Xie, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	In the design of CYCIAE-100 beam diagnostics system, three radial probes distribute on the mid plane. These radial probes can be used for beam centering measurement. By blocking beam on five finger target and one stopping block, the radial probe can measure the radial and axial envelope of H⁻ beam at the same time. During beam commissioning, the radial probe can also be used for beam intensity measurement. The changeable probe head design makes it possible to replace the damaged part and optimization of the structure.

TUPPT009	Development of Rapid Emittance Measurement System	emittance, ion, ion-source, cyclotron	171
	K. Kamakura, M. Fukuda, N. Hamatani, K. Hatanaka, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, H. Yamamoto, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	We have developed a new system to measure the beam emittance. With our conventional emittance measurement system, it takes about 30 minutes to get emittances in both the horizontal and vertical plane. For quick measurements, we have developed a new system consisting of a fast moving slit with a fixed width and a BPM83 (rotating wire beam profile monitor). BPM83 uses a rotating helical wire made of tungsten, the speed is 18 rps. Fast moving slit consists of a shielding plate with two slits, and is inserted into the beam path at an angle of 45 degrees. The slit is driven by PLC controlled stepping motor, and it takes 70 seconds to move the full stroke of 290 mm. While moving the slit, the output from BPM83 and the voltage of potentiometer that corresponds to the slit position are recorded simultaneously. We are using CAMAC for data acquisition. Trigger signals are generated by BPM83 and NIM modules. Data analysis takes about 1 second. With this system we can get the horizontal and vertical emittance plots within 75 seconds. This system will definitely make it easier to optimize parameters of ion sources and the beam transport system.

TUPPT024	Design of a Digital Low-Level RF System for BEST Medical Cyclotrons	cyclotron, LLRF, cavity, monitoring	203
	G. Gold, V. Sabaiduc BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada
	A versatile digital low-level RF system has been designed for the range of cyclotrons being developed by Best Cyclotron Systems Inc. (BCSI). Primary design considerations are given to robustness, low cost and the flexibility to be used on all BCSI resonator designs. As such, the system allows for operating frequency selection from 49 to 80 MHz and is compatible with single or double resonator configurations through the use of local oscillator synchronization and high-speed command exchange. An IQ demodulation/modulation scheme is employed allowing for frequency and amplitude control. High-speed phase control of separated resonators allows for beam intensity modulation techniques to be applied. This paper discusses the overall system design as well as integration results on both a single and double resonator cyclotron.

TUPPT025	Resonator System for the BCSI Test Stand Cyclotron	cyclotron, cavity, simulation, LLRF	206
	G. Gold, V. Sabaiduc, J. Zhu BCSI, Vancouver, Canada J. Panama Best Theratronics Ltd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada L. AC. Piazza INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
	Best Cyclotron Systems Inc. is presently developing a test facility for beam injection into a center region cyclotron operating at maximum 1MeV. The test stand cyclotron will operate at various fixed frequencies that will cover the entire range from 49MHz to 80MHz as estimated for the current cyclotron models under development at BCSI. The resonator was designed with a variable coaxial section allowing for the frequency to be continuously adjusted as required for the particular model in study. Having interchangeable dee tip geometries presented various thermal management challenges which have been addressed. Three operational frequencies, 49MHz, 56MHz and 73MHz have been simulated with CST Microwave Studio. The paper will report the theoretical parameters of the cavity, mechanical design considerations and resonator commissioning on the first operational frequency of 49MHz.

TUPPT026	The Design and Testing of an Automatic RF Conditioning System for the Compact Medical Cyclotron	multipactoring, cyclotron, feedback, vacuum	209
	Y. Lei, B. Ji, P.Z. Li, C. Wang, J.Y. Wei, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The multipacting phenomenon for a compact medical cyclotron is induced by the fringing magnet field inside the accelerating structure. And it will become more interesting, when the vacuum system is equipped with diffusion pump. A method used for CYCIAE-14 cavity conditioning is reported together with the testing results of an automatic conditioning circuit designed on such basis. Apart from traditional Low Level RF control, in which close-loop regulation plays an important role, the automatic conditioning system emphasizes on the cavity startup process. It takes advantage of the modern digital signal processing technique, combined with the direct digital synthesizer to accurately limit the reflection, will condition the cavity by means of sweeping frequency, using the low RF driven power, in continuous wave mode. The electronics are designed and tested first; it will be used later in the RF system commissioning of other compact medical cyclotrons built by BRIF division of CIAE.

TUPSH009	Magnetic Field Mapping of the Best 70 MeV Cyclotron	cyclotron, alignment, target, vacuum	239
	F.S. Grillet, B.F. Milton BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada D.T. Montgomery Cedarflat Precision Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
	As is well known, the mapping of a cyclotron magnet presents several key challenges including requirements for a high degree of accuracy and difficult space constraints in the region to be measured. Several novel solutions were used to create the mapper for the Best 70 MeV cyclotron, which is based on an earlier version used to map the Best 14 MeV cyclotron. Based on a temperature compensated 3-Axis hall probe that is continuously sampled while the probe travels along a radial arm a high degree of positional accuracy is achieved by simultaneously sampling optical encoders located with the probe. A novel implementation using air bearings and air jets provides axial rotation of the arm with almost no metal parts. The mapper has achieved a full 360 degree map in 1 degree theta steps, and 2.5mm radial steps in 2 hours and 40 minutes, with a relative radial accuracy of ±0.02mm and angular accuracy of ±0.001 degrees. This paper will describe how the simultaneous challenges of designing with no metal parts while achieving a high degree of rigidity and precision have been addressed.

TUPSH012	The Development of High Stability Magnet Power Supply	power-supply, EPICS, feedback, high-voltage	245
	K.-H. Park, H.S. Han, Y.-G. Jung, D.E. Kim, S.-C. Kim, H.-G. Lee, H.S. Suh PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea J.-S. Chai, Y.S. Lee SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	This paper presents the magnet power supply (MPS) for the beam correction magnet. The required current to energize the magnet was ±20 A. The MPS has been implemented using the digital signal processing technology and shows the high stability and other good responses. The stability of the MPS was about ~10 ppm in short and long term, respectively. Various experimental results such as stability, bandwidth and simulation are given in this paper

TUPSH014	An Integrated Self-Supporting Mini-Beamline for PET Cyclotrons	cyclotron, target, focusing, radiation	251
	M.P. Dehnel, D.E. Potkins, T.M. Stewart D-Pace, Nelson, British Columbia, Canada
	Funding: SR&ED A commercial fluorine-18 water-target can now handle 150 μA of 10-19 MeV proton current. The days of a few tens of micro-amperes bombarding a PET target with low residual activity on a self-shielded cyclotron are over. Now an integrated self-supporting mini-beamline is essential for safe, optimized and reliable operation of PET cyclotrons. The high levels of prompt/residual radiation are moved (~1 m) away from the cyclotron so that local-shielding can be placed around the target/selector assembly, which minimizes cyclotron component damage due to prompt neutrons/gammas, and ensures the high residual target radiation is attenuated, so maintenance personnel can work on the cyclotron in a “cool” environment. Beam diagnostic readbacks from baffles/collimators provide steering and focusing control of the beam. This "plug-n-play" beamline is an integrated self-supporting unit cantilevered from the cyclotron. The single aluminum sub-structure acts as mounting flange, support structure, beampipe, and magnet registration device. A diamond-shaped vacuum envelope through the compound quadrupole/steering magnets results in maximum beam throughput and optimization.

TU3PB02	Development of a Scintillator Probe Based on Fiber Optics for Radial Beam Diagnostics of the Ion Beam of the 88-Inch Cyclotron	cyclotron, ion, diagnostics, extraction	262
	M.M. Strohmeier, J.Y. Benitez, M.K. Covo, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, D.S. Todd LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA K.Y. Franzen Mevion, Littleton, Massachusetts, USA
	Operators at the 88-Inch Cyclotron have many tuning parameters to optimize transmission from injection through extraction. However, the only diagnostics they have had were a Faraday Cup at the exit of the machine and a so called "Dee-Probe" which gives a current-vs-radius (IvR) measurement. Motivated by low transmission of the Cyclotron and to address how tuning can affect the beam, we have developed an optical beam viewer whose radial position within the cyclotron can be adjusted remotely. This viewer allows us to image the beam cross section and its axial position with very high spatial resolution as a function of radius. In this paper, we describe the mechanical development of the device which consists of a Kbr scintillator crystal, a fiber bundle and a digital camera and we present data from its initial commissioning.
	Slides TU3PB02 [4.936 MB]

TU4PB02	Structural and Magnetic Properties of Cast Iron for Cyclotrons	cyclotron, electron, induction, polarization	275
	E. Forton, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium E. Ferrara, F. Fiorillo, L. Martino, E. Olivetti, L. Rocchino INRIM, Turin, Italy
	At IBA, the steels used to build the magnets of the Cyclone 230 are cast on demand, using very strict criteria, casting procedure, requirements and quality control. Among the various steps performed at the foundry, a thermal annealing is made. In this work, we assess the usefulness of such thermal treatment. In this communication, samples of pure iron cast ingots (maximum concentration of C = 31 ppm, N = 94 ppm, O = 31 ppm, S = 65 ppm) have been magnetically and structurally characterized. Progressive magnetic softening was observed upon successive annealing steps. These changes of the magnetic properties were ascribed to the relief of internal stresses. Various results, obtained by means of X-ray diffraction, electron microscope and precise determination of magnetization curve and hysteresis loop, will be presented and commented.
	Slides TU4PB02 [3.139 MB]

TU4PB04	Methods of Increasing Accuracy in Precision Magnetic Field Measurements of Cyclotron Magnets	cyclotron, HOM, LabView, alignment	283
	N.V. Avreline, W. Gyles, R.L. Watt ACSI, Richmond, B.C., Canada
	A new magnetic field mapper was designed and built to provide increased accuracy of cyclotron magnetic field measurements. This mapper was designed for mapping the magnetic fields of TR-19, TR-24, and TR-30 cyclotron magnets manufactured by Advanced Cyclotron Systems Inc. A Group3 MPT-141 Hall Probe (HP) with measurement range from 2 G to 21 kG was used in the mapper’s design. The analogue monitor output was used to allow fast reading of the Hall voltage. Use of a fast ADC NI9239 module and error reduction algorithms, based on a polynomial regression method, allowed the reduction of noise to 0.2 G. The HP arm was made as a carbon fibre foam sandwich. This rigid structure kept the HP arm in a flat plane within 0.1 mm. In order to measure the high gradient field, the design of this mapper provided high resolution of HP arm angle within 0.0005° and of radial position within 25 μm. A set of National Instrument interfaces connected through a network to a desktop computer were used as a base of control and data acquisition systems. The mapper was successfully used to map TR-19 and TR-24 cyclotron magnets.
	Slides TU4PB04 [4.572 MB]

WEPSH003	Development of New Combined System for Production of FDG and NaF Radiopharmaceuticals	monitoring, LabView, vacuum, ion	390
	F. Dehghan, H. Afarideh, S. Jaloo AUT, Tehran, Iran M. Akhlaghi Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran, Iran J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	In this work, we present a new combined system which produces FDG and NaF in separate runs. The needed for synthesis this radiopharmaceuticals are obtained by bombardment of highly enriched water with proton. The aim is development of routine systems to use with baby cyclotrons. In this study, the various chemical steps and required reagents as well as different reagent delivery methods has been investigated. This evaluation has been done with purpose of optimizing the performance of a conceptually simple device integrated into a fully automated synthesis procedure for radiosynthesis of FDG and NaF. In this system, we have used AVR microcontroller to control the process and LabVIEW software for monitoring the operation of system. Furthermore, Geiger Muller counters have been used to determine the activity to insure the accuracy of the systems operation.

WEPSH043	Performance of IBA New Conical Shaped Niobium [¹⁸O] Water Targets	target, niobium, cyclotron, insertion	406
	F.G. Devillet, J. Courtyn, J.-M. Geets, M. Ghyoot, E.K. Kral, O. Michaux, B. Nactergal, V. Nuttens IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium R. Mooij, L.R. Perk BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
	Background: Because of an ever increasing demand for Fluoride-18 (¹⁸F^-), efforts are made to increase the performance of the ¹⁸F-target systems. Moreover, given the particularly high cost of ¹⁸O enriched water, only a small volume of this target material is desired. Procedure: Four conical shaped targets* with different target chamber sizes (Conical 6 – 2.4ml; Conical 8 – 3.2ml; Conical 12 - 5ml; Conical 16 - 7ml) were tested using IBA Cyclone® 18 MeV cyclotrons. The targets were filled with different volumes of ¹⁸O water (enrichment >92%) and irradiated with 18 MeV protons on target with beam currents up to 145 μA for 30–150 minutes. Fluoride-18 saturation activity yields and pressure curves were completed. Radionuclidic impurities were measured, even if the new target is using the same principle of Niobium body with Havar® window. Conclusions: Reliable operation in a production environment has been observed at beam currents up to 145 μA using less ¹⁸O enriched water as compared to the currently available IBA target systems without affecting the yield. The new design with less Orings and direct insertion of flow line into the niobium chamber has proven its effectiveness. *Patent application: WO 2012/055970 A1
	Poster WEPSH043 [0.836 MB]

TH1PB04	Fabrication of Hydrophobic Surfaces from Hydrophilic BeO by Alpha-Irradiation-Induced Nuclear Transmutation	plasma, radiation, cyclotron, target	443
	E.J. Lee, M.G. Hur, J.H. Park KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea Y.B. Kong, Y.D. Park, J.M. Son, S.D. Yang Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
	Hydrophobic surfaces were simply fabricated by irradiating hydrophilic BeO surfaces with an alpha particle beam from a cyclotron. In this research, BeO disks were irradiated under conditions of ~25 MeV in alpha particle energy and ~1 μA in beam current with different irradiation time. After the alpha irradiation, the changes in the morphology and chemical composition of BeO surfaces were analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The wetting property of alpha-irradiated BeO surfaces is analyzed by measuring water contact angles (CAs). C and F atoms were created, and consequently, hydrophobic CFx functional groups were formed by the alpha irradiation of hydrophilic BeO. The amount of CFx functional groups on the surface increases as the irradiation time increases. In addition, the surface roughening, which also affects the surface wettability, was induced by the alpha irradiation. Accordingly, the CA of alpha-irradiated BeO surfaces gradually increases as the irradiation time increases. In conclusion, hydrophilic BeO surfaces could be easily converted to hydrophobic surfaces by the alpha irradiation.
	Slides TH1PB04 [5.545 MB]

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MO2PB04

Improving the Energy Efficiency, Reliability and Performance of AGOR

cyclotron, ion, cryogenics, heavy-ion

25

M.A. Hofstee, S. Brandenburg, H. Post, R.A. Schellekens, J.E. de Jong
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

Over the past few years the nature of the experiments performed with AGOR has changed from long experiments, to sequences of short experiments, often using different beams. In addition the total demand for beamtime has gone down. This has required a change in operating procedures and scheduling. In view of the changing demands, we are continuing our efforts to improve the energy efficiency and reliability of the cyclotron, while at the same time trying to improve performance. While some of the solutions might be unique to our facility, many will have broader applicability. Some case studies will be presented and areas for future improvements identified.

Slides MO2PB04 [2.578 MB]

MOPPT001

Status Report of the Cyclotrons C-30, CS-30 and RDS-111 at KFSHRC, Saudi Arabia

cyclotron, target, proton, radiation

28

F.M. Alrumayan, M.S. Shawoo, M. Vora
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Experience gained since the commissioning of the IBA C-30 Cyclotron at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC) in 2010, has shown this facility to be viable entity. In addition to the C-30 Cyclotron, the facility includes two other Cyclotrons namely; the RDS-111 and the CS30 Cyclotrons. The latter has dual responsibilities; while is kept as a backup for the other Cyclotrons for radioisotopes production, it’s used for proton therapy researches and Bragg Peak measurements at that particular energy. During the commission of the C30 cyclotron, 700 uA dual beam were measured. Facility operating history, usage and radiopharmaceuticals productions are described.

MOPPT032

Status Report and New Developments at iThemba LABS

cyclotron, ion, diagnostics, ion-source

94

J.L. Conradie, L.S. Anthony, R.A. Bark, J.C. Cornell, J.G. De Villiers, H. Du Plessis, J.S. Du Toit, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, M.E. Hogan, I.H. Kohler, C. Lussi, R.H. McAlister, H.W. Mostert, J.V. Pilcher, P.F. Rohwer, M. Sakildien, N. Stodart, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk, P.A. van Schalkwyk
iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa

iThemba LABS is a multidisciplinary research facility in the fields of nuclear physics research, neutron therapy, proton therapy and radionuclide production. Three long running projects, the construction of a new ECR ion source, a beam phase measuring system for the separated-sector cyclotron comprising 21 fixed probes and an RF amplitude and phase monitoring system for the 16 RF systems have been completed. The first results will be reported. The status of the newly developed low-level RF control system will be discussed and an interactive magnetic field calculation method for an injector cyclotron, making use of a data base developed from calculations with the computer program TOSCA, will be presented. Plans to save on the power consumption of the accelerators will be reported on. The beam statistics and the progress with the planning of a radioactive ion beam facility will be discussed.

TU2PB02

The New Axial Buncher at INFN-LNS

cyclotron, impedance, vacuum, ion-source

147

A.C. Caruso, G. Gallo, A. Longhitano
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
F. Consoli
Associazione Euratom-ENEA sulla Fusione, Frascati (Rome), Italy
P.Z. Li
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
J. Sura
Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland

A new axial buncher for the K-800 superconducting cyclotron is under construction at LNS. This new device will replace the present buncher installed along the vertical beam line, inside the yoke of the cyclotron at about half a metre from the medium plane. Maintenance and technical inspection are very difficult to carry out in this situation. The new buncher will still be placed along the axial beam line, just before the bottom side of the cyclotron yoke. It consists of a drift tube driven by a sinusoidal RF signal in the range of 15-50 MHz, a matching box, an amplifier, and an electronic control system. A more accurate mechanical design of the beam line portion will allow for the direct electric connection of the matching box to the ceramic feed-through and drift tube. This particular design will minimize, or totally avoid, any connection through coaxial transmission line. It will reduce the entire geometry, the total RF power and the maintenance. In brief, the new axial buncher will be a compact system including beam line portion, drift tube, ceramic feed-through, matching box, amplifier and control system interface in a single structure.

Slides TU2PB02 [7.623 MB]

TU2PB04

Resonator System for the BEST 70 MeV Cyclotron

cyclotron, LLRF, cavity, simulation

153

V. Sabaiduc, G. Gold, B.A. Versteeg
BCSI, Vancouver, Canada
J. Panama
Best Theratronics Ltd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Best Cyclotron Systems Inc. is presently developing a 70 MeV cyclotron for radioisotope production and research purpose. The RF system comprises two separated resonators driven by independent amplifiers to allow for the phase and amplitude modulation technique to be applied for beam intensity modulation. The resonators are presently in the commissioning phase consisting of cold test measurements followed by high power commissioning in the cyclotron. Preliminary simulation results have been reported and are: 56MHz operation (fourth harmonic, half-wave resonator design), 60 to 70kV dee voltage, quality factor 8000 with the estimated dissipated power of 17kW per resonator. The electromagnetic modeling has been done with CST Microwave Studio. All simulation results showed a very conservative design with typical parameters for the energy and size of the resonators. The paper will present the measurement results on a cold test set-up configuration as well as the commissioning with high power in the cyclotron.

Slides TU2PB04 [4.920 MB]

TUPPT001

Control System of 10 MeV Baby Cyclotron

cyclotron, LabView, vacuum, interlocks

156

A. Abdorrahman, H. Afarideh, G.R. Aslani, S. Malakzade
AUT, Tehran, Iran
A. Afshar
Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

For controlling all the equipment and services required for operating the 10 MeV baby cyclotron and optimizing various parameters, an extensive control system is used. Most of the control systems are located in the control room which is situated outside the biological shield. The control console in the control room has switches for all the power supplies like main magnet, radio frequency system, vacuum system, ion-source, deflector, etc. Several Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC's) which are located near the equipment control the whole system. A technique of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is presented to monitor, control, and log actions of the PLC's on a PC through use of I/O communication interface coupled with an Open Process Control/Object Linking and Embedding [OLE] for Process Control (OPC) Server/Client architecture. In order to monitor and control different part of system, OPC data is then linked to a National Instruments (NI) LabVIEW. In this paper, details of the architecture and insight into applicability to other systems are presented.

TUPPT004

The Development of Control System for 9 MeV Cyclotron

cyclotron, vacuum, status, rf-amplifier

159

Y.S. Lee, J.-S. Chai, S.Y. Jung, H.S. Kim, H.W. Kim, S.H. Kim, J.C. Lee, S.H. Lee, J.K. Park, S. Shin, H.S. Song, Y.H. Yeon
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
K.-H. Park
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea

The Sungkyunkwan University has developed the 9 MeV cyclotron for producing radio isotopes. In order to operate the cyclotron stably, all sub-systems in the cyclotron are controlled and monitored consistently. Therefore, each sub-system includes control devices, which is developed based on PLC, or DSP chip and the sub control modules interface with main control system in real time. As main control system, we choose the CompactRIO system from NI (National Instrument) to take into account the latency and robust control. The control system has high-performance processor running real-time OS, so that the system can control the cyclotron fast and exactly. In addition, the system can be remotely accessed over the network to monitor the status of cyclotron easily. The configuration of control system for 9 MeV cyclotron and performance test result will be described in this paper.

TUPPT005

Temperature Stability of the TRIUMF Cyclotron RF Controls

feedback, cyclotron, TRIUMF, monitoring

162

M.P. Laverty, K. Fong, Q. Zheng
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Factors which contribute to ambient temperature sensitivity in the TRIUMF cyclotron RF control system are examined and characterized. Seasonal temperature variations together with air conditioning system limitations can give rise to unwanted temperature variations in the rack space housing the control system. If these are large enough, they can cause excursions in the cyclotron accelerating voltage. The critical components responsible are characterized and some possible remedies outlined.

TUPPT006

The Development of Radial Probe for CYCIAE-100

target, cyclotron, vacuum, injection

165

F.P. Guan, Z.G. Li, C. Wang, L.P. Wen, H.D. Xie, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

In the design of CYCIAE-100 beam diagnostics system, three radial probes distribute on the mid plane. These radial probes can be used for beam centering measurement. By blocking beam on five finger target and one stopping block, the radial probe can measure the radial and axial envelope of H⁻ beam at the same time. During beam commissioning, the radial probe can also be used for beam intensity measurement. The changeable probe head design makes it possible to replace the damaged part and optimization of the structure.

TUPPT009

Development of Rapid Emittance Measurement System

emittance, ion, ion-source, cyclotron

171

K. Kamakura, M. Fukuda, N. Hamatani, K. Hatanaka, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, H. Yamamoto, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

We have developed a new system to measure the beam emittance. With our conventional emittance measurement system, it takes about 30 minutes to get emittances in both the horizontal and vertical plane. For quick measurements, we have developed a new system consisting of a fast moving slit with a fixed width and a BPM83 (rotating wire beam profile monitor). BPM83 uses a rotating helical wire made of tungsten, the speed is 18 rps. Fast moving slit consists of a shielding plate with two slits, and is inserted into the beam path at an angle of 45 degrees. The slit is driven by PLC controlled stepping motor, and it takes 70 seconds to move the full stroke of 290 mm. While moving the slit, the output from BPM83 and the voltage of potentiometer that corresponds to the slit position are recorded simultaneously. We are using CAMAC for data acquisition. Trigger signals are generated by BPM83 and NIM modules. Data analysis takes about 1 second. With this system we can get the horizontal and vertical emittance plots within 75 seconds. This system will definitely make it easier to optimize parameters of ion sources and the beam transport system.

TUPPT024

Design of a Digital Low-Level RF System for BEST Medical Cyclotrons

cyclotron, LLRF, cavity, monitoring

203

G. Gold, V. Sabaiduc
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada

A versatile digital low-level RF system has been designed for the range of cyclotrons being developed by Best Cyclotron Systems Inc. (BCSI). Primary design considerations are given to robustness, low cost and the flexibility to be used on all BCSI resonator designs. As such, the system allows for operating frequency selection from 49 to 80 MHz and is compatible with single or double resonator configurations through the use of local oscillator synchronization and high-speed command exchange. An IQ demodulation/modulation scheme is employed allowing for frequency and amplitude control. High-speed phase control of separated resonators allows for beam intensity modulation techniques to be applied. This paper discusses the overall system design as well as integration results on both a single and double resonator cyclotron.

TUPPT025

Resonator System for the BCSI Test Stand Cyclotron

cyclotron, cavity, simulation, LLRF

206

G. Gold, V. Sabaiduc, J. Zhu
BCSI, Vancouver, Canada
J. Panama
Best Theratronics Ltd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
L. AC. Piazza
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy

Best Cyclotron Systems Inc. is presently developing a test facility for beam injection into a center region cyclotron operating at maximum 1MeV. The test stand cyclotron will operate at various fixed frequencies that will cover the entire range from 49MHz to 80MHz as estimated for the current cyclotron models under development at BCSI. The resonator was designed with a variable coaxial section allowing for the frequency to be continuously adjusted as required for the particular model in study. Having interchangeable dee tip geometries presented various thermal management challenges which have been addressed. Three operational frequencies, 49MHz, 56MHz and 73MHz have been simulated with CST Microwave Studio. The paper will report the theoretical parameters of the cavity, mechanical design considerations and resonator commissioning on the first operational frequency of 49MHz.

TUPPT026

The Design and Testing of an Automatic RF Conditioning System for the Compact Medical Cyclotron

multipactoring, cyclotron, feedback, vacuum

209

Y. Lei, B. Ji, P.Z. Li, C. Wang, J.Y. Wei, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The multipacting phenomenon for a compact medical cyclotron is induced by the fringing magnet field inside the accelerating structure. And it will become more interesting, when the vacuum system is equipped with diffusion pump. A method used for CYCIAE-14 cavity conditioning is reported together with the testing results of an automatic conditioning circuit designed on such basis. Apart from traditional Low Level RF control, in which close-loop regulation plays an important role, the automatic conditioning system emphasizes on the cavity startup process. It takes advantage of the modern digital signal processing technique, combined with the direct digital synthesizer to accurately limit the reflection, will condition the cavity by means of sweeping frequency, using the low RF driven power, in continuous wave mode. The electronics are designed and tested first; it will be used later in the RF system commissioning of other compact medical cyclotrons built by BRIF division of CIAE.

TUPSH009

Magnetic Field Mapping of the Best 70 MeV Cyclotron

cyclotron, alignment, target, vacuum

239

F.S. Grillet, B.F. Milton
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada
D.T. Montgomery
Cedarflat Precision Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada

As is well known, the mapping of a cyclotron magnet presents several key challenges including requirements for a high degree of accuracy and difficult space constraints in the region to be measured. Several novel solutions were used to create the mapper for the Best 70 MeV cyclotron, which is based on an earlier version used to map the Best 14 MeV cyclotron. Based on a temperature compensated 3-Axis hall probe that is continuously sampled while the probe travels along a radial arm a high degree of positional accuracy is achieved by simultaneously sampling optical encoders located with the probe. A novel implementation using air bearings and air jets provides axial rotation of the arm with almost no metal parts. The mapper has achieved a full 360 degree map in 1 degree theta steps, and 2.5mm radial steps in 2 hours and 40 minutes, with a relative radial accuracy of ±0.02mm and angular accuracy of ±0.001 degrees. This paper will describe how the simultaneous challenges of designing with no metal parts while achieving a high degree of rigidity and precision have been addressed.

TUPSH012

The Development of High Stability Magnet Power Supply

power-supply, EPICS, feedback, high-voltage

245

K.-H. Park, H.S. Han, Y.-G. Jung, D.E. Kim, S.-C. Kim, H.-G. Lee, H.S. Suh
PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
J.-S. Chai, Y.S. Lee
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

This paper presents the magnet power supply (MPS) for the beam correction magnet. The required current to energize the magnet was ±20 A. The MPS has been implemented using the digital signal processing technology and shows the high stability and other good responses. The stability of the MPS was about ~10 ppm in short and long term, respectively. Various experimental results such as stability, bandwidth and simulation are given in this paper

TUPSH014

An Integrated Self-Supporting Mini-Beamline for PET Cyclotrons

cyclotron, target, focusing, radiation

251

M.P. Dehnel, D.E. Potkins, T.M. Stewart
D-Pace, Nelson, British Columbia, Canada

Funding: SR&ED
A commercial fluorine-18 water-target can now handle 150 μA of 10-19 MeV proton current. The days of a few tens of micro-amperes bombarding a PET target with low residual activity on a self-shielded cyclotron are over. Now an integrated self-supporting mini-beamline is essential for safe, optimized and reliable operation of PET cyclotrons. The high levels of prompt/residual radiation are moved (~1 m) away from the cyclotron so that local-shielding can be placed around the target/selector assembly, which minimizes cyclotron component damage due to prompt neutrons/gammas, and ensures the high residual target radiation is attenuated, so maintenance personnel can work on the cyclotron in a “cool” environment. Beam diagnostic readbacks from baffles/collimators provide steering and focusing control of the beam. This "plug-n-play" beamline is an integrated self-supporting unit cantilevered from the cyclotron. The single aluminum sub-structure acts as mounting flange, support structure, beampipe, and magnet registration device. A diamond-shaped vacuum envelope through the compound quadrupole/steering magnets results in maximum beam throughput and optimization.

TU3PB02

Development of a Scintillator Probe Based on Fiber Optics for Radial Beam Diagnostics of the Ion Beam of the 88-Inch Cyclotron

cyclotron, ion, diagnostics, extraction

262

M.M. Strohmeier, J.Y. Benitez, M.K. Covo, C.M. Lyneis, B. Ninemire, L. Phair, P. Pipersky, D.S. Todd
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
K.Y. Franzen
Mevion, Littleton, Massachusetts, USA

Operators at the 88-Inch Cyclotron have many tuning parameters to optimize transmission from injection through extraction. However, the only diagnostics they have had were a Faraday Cup at the exit of the machine and a so called "Dee-Probe" which gives a current-vs-radius (IvR) measurement. Motivated by low transmission of the Cyclotron and to address how tuning can affect the beam, we have developed an optical beam viewer whose radial position within the cyclotron can be adjusted remotely. This viewer allows us to image the beam cross section and its axial position with very high spatial resolution as a function of radius. In this paper, we describe the mechanical development of the device which consists of a Kbr scintillator crystal, a fiber bundle and a digital camera and we present data from its initial commissioning.

Slides TU3PB02 [4.936 MB]

TU4PB02

Structural and Magnetic Properties of Cast Iron for Cyclotrons

cyclotron, electron, induction, polarization

275

E. Forton, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
E. Ferrara, F. Fiorillo, L. Martino, E. Olivetti, L. Rocchino
INRIM, Turin, Italy

At IBA, the steels used to build the magnets of the Cyclone 230 are cast on demand, using very strict criteria, casting procedure, requirements and quality control. Among the various steps performed at the foundry, a thermal annealing is made. In this work, we assess the usefulness of such thermal treatment. In this communication, samples of pure iron cast ingots (maximum concentration of C = 31 ppm, N = 94 ppm, O = 31 ppm, S = 65 ppm) have been magnetically and structurally characterized. Progressive magnetic softening was observed upon successive annealing steps. These changes of the magnetic properties were ascribed to the relief of internal stresses. Various results, obtained by means of X-ray diffraction, electron microscope and precise determination of magnetization curve and hysteresis loop, will be presented and commented.

Slides TU4PB02 [3.139 MB]

TU4PB04

Methods of Increasing Accuracy in Precision Magnetic Field Measurements of Cyclotron Magnets

cyclotron, HOM, LabView, alignment

283

N.V. Avreline, W. Gyles, R.L. Watt
ACSI, Richmond, B.C., Canada

A new magnetic field mapper was designed and built to provide increased accuracy of cyclotron magnetic field measurements. This mapper was designed for mapping the magnetic fields of TR-19, TR-24, and TR-30 cyclotron magnets manufactured by Advanced Cyclotron Systems Inc. A Group3 MPT-141 Hall Probe (HP) with measurement range from 2 G to 21 kG was used in the mapper’s design. The analogue monitor output was used to allow fast reading of the Hall voltage. Use of a fast ADC NI9239 module and error reduction algorithms, based on a polynomial regression method, allowed the reduction of noise to 0.2 G. The HP arm was made as a carbon fibre foam sandwich. This rigid structure kept the HP arm in a flat plane within 0.1 mm. In order to measure the high gradient field, the design of this mapper provided high resolution of HP arm angle within 0.0005° and of radial position within 25 μm. A set of National Instrument interfaces connected through a network to a desktop computer were used as a base of control and data acquisition systems. The mapper was successfully used to map TR-19 and TR-24 cyclotron magnets.

Slides TU4PB04 [4.572 MB]

WEPSH003

Development of New Combined System for Production of FDG and NaF Radiopharmaceuticals

monitoring, LabView, vacuum, ion

390

F. Dehghan, H. Afarideh, S. Jaloo
AUT, Tehran, Iran
M. Akhlaghi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran, Iran
J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai, M. Ghergherehchi
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

In this work, we present a new combined system which produces FDG and NaF in separate runs. The needed for synthesis this radiopharmaceuticals are obtained by bombardment of highly enriched water with proton. The aim is development of routine systems to use with baby cyclotrons. In this study, the various chemical steps and required reagents as well as different reagent delivery methods has been investigated. This evaluation has been done with purpose of optimizing the performance of a conceptually simple device integrated into a fully automated synthesis procedure for radiosynthesis of FDG and NaF. In this system, we have used AVR microcontroller to control the process and LabVIEW software for monitoring the operation of system. Furthermore, Geiger Muller counters have been used to determine the activity to insure the accuracy of the systems operation.

WEPSH043

Performance of IBA New Conical Shaped Niobium [¹⁸O] Water Targets

target, niobium, cyclotron, insertion

406

F.G. Devillet, J. Courtyn, J.-M. Geets, M. Ghyoot, E.K. Kral, O. Michaux, B. Nactergal, V. Nuttens
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
R. Mooij, L.R. Perk
BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Background: Because of an ever increasing demand for Fluoride-18 (¹⁸F^-), efforts are made to increase the performance of the ¹⁸F-target systems. Moreover, given the particularly high cost of ¹⁸O enriched water, only a small volume of this target material is desired. Procedure: Four conical shaped targets* with different target chamber sizes (Conical 6 – 2.4ml; Conical 8 – 3.2ml; Conical 12 - 5ml; Conical 16 - 7ml) were tested using IBA Cyclone® 18 MeV cyclotrons. The targets were filled with different volumes of ¹⁸O water (enrichment >92%) and irradiated with 18 MeV protons on target with beam currents up to 145 μA for 30–150 minutes. Fluoride-18 saturation activity yields and pressure curves were completed. Radionuclidic impurities were measured, even if the new target is using the same principle of Niobium body with Havar® window. Conclusions: Reliable operation in a production environment has been observed at beam currents up to 145 μA using less ¹⁸O enriched water as compared to the currently available IBA target systems without affecting the yield. The new design with less Orings and direct insertion of flow line into the niobium chamber has proven its effectiveness.
*Patent application: WO 2012/055970 A1

Poster WEPSH043 [0.836 MB]

TH1PB04

Fabrication of Hydrophobic Surfaces from Hydrophilic BeO by Alpha-Irradiation-Induced Nuclear Transmutation

plasma, radiation, cyclotron, target

443

E.J. Lee, M.G. Hur, J.H. Park
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
Y.B. Kong, Y.D. Park, J.M. Son, S.D. Yang
Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea

Hydrophobic surfaces were simply fabricated by irradiating hydrophilic BeO surfaces with an alpha particle beam from a cyclotron. In this research, BeO disks were irradiated under conditions of ~25 MeV in alpha particle energy and ~1 μA in beam current with different irradiation time. After the alpha irradiation, the changes in the morphology and chemical composition of BeO surfaces were analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The wetting property of alpha-irradiated BeO surfaces is analyzed by measuring water contact angles (CAs). C and F atoms were created, and consequently, hydrophobic CFx functional groups were formed by the alpha irradiation of hydrophilic BeO. The amount of CFx functional groups on the surface increases as the irradiation time increases. In addition, the surface roughening, which also affects the surface wettability, was induced by the alpha irradiation. Accordingly, the CA of alpha-irradiated BeO surfaces gradually increases as the irradiation time increases. In conclusion, hydrophilic BeO surfaces could be easily converted to hydrophobic surfaces by the alpha irradiation.

Slides TH1PB04 [5.545 MB]