Cyclotrons2013 - List of Keywords (neutron)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOPPT002	Status of the HZB Cyclotron	proton, cyclotron, ion, high-voltage	31
	A. Denker, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, T. Fanselow, W. Hahn, G. Heidenreich, D. Hildebrand, U. Hiller, U. Muller, C. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich HZB, Berlin, Germany D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	For 15 years, eye tumours are treated in collaboration with the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. In 2012 we celebrated the 2000th patient. Our cyclotron is again served by 2 different injectors: a 6 MV Van-de-Graaff and a 2 MV tandetron. The tandetron was optimized especially for the requirements of therapy. Its advantages are easier handling, lower service requirements and a shorter injection beam line. Development of the source resulted in safe operation of more than 600 h and extremely stable beam current. The tandetron is in operation for therapy since 2011. The Van-de-Graaff was considered to be a temporary backup. New requests for beams with a very specific time structure occurred, which can be provided only with the Van-de-Graaff-cyclotron beam line. Pulse structures of high variability; from single pulses of 1 ns at a max. repetition rate of 75 kHz to pulse packets with a length up to 100 μs were tested. The latter was used for the production of pulsed neutron radiation for comprehensive testing of dosimeters. Although major breakdowns have a huge impact on the up-time due to the small number of beam time hours, breakdowns over the past years amounted to less than 5%.

MOPPT004	Status and Further Development of the PSI High Intensity Proton Facility	cyclotron, target, proton, extraction	37
	J. Grillenberger, J.M. Humbel, A.C. Mezger, M. Seidel, W. Tron PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	The High Intensity Proton Accelerator Facility of the Paul Scherrer Institut is routinely operated at an average beam power of 1.3 MW. Since the last cyclotron conference several highlights have been achieved. The maximum current extracted from the 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron could be increased from 2.2 mA to 2.4 mA during several beam development shifts. Furthermore, the availability of the facility has reached its highest level to date, beyond 93%. The new neutron source UCN which utilizes the full proton beam in pulsed mode, has been commissioned. To ensure reliable operation in the years to come and to further increase the intensity, an upgrade and refurbishment program is under way. Important parts of this program are the replacement of two resonators in Injector II and the installation of new RF amplifiers.

MOPPT005	Present Status of the RCNP Cyclotron Facility	cyclotron, ion, proton, heavy-ion	40
	K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	The RCNP cyclotron facility has been stably operated for these years. Demands for heavy ions have been increasing recently. Xe beams were accelerated by the AVF cyclotron for the first time. Developments on components and beam dynamics are presented.

MOPPT030	Past, Present and Future Activities for Radiation Effects Testing at JULIC/COSY	proton, radiation, simulation, ion	88
	S.K. Hoeffgen, S. Metzger FhG, Euskirchen, Germany R. Brings, O. Felden, R. Gebel, R. Maier, D. Prasuhn FZJ, Jülich, Germany M. Brugger, R. Garcia Alia CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The testing of radiation effects (displacement damage DD, single event effects SEE) with energetic protons for electronics used in space and accelerators is of growing importance. Setup and past experience of a dedicated test stand used by Fraunhofer INT at the JULIC cyclotron will be presented. For general DD testing and for testing SEE of the trapped protons in space, the energy of 35 MeV of the JULIC Cyclotron is usually sufficient. During solar proton events, as well as at high energy accelerators (CERN, FAIR), electronics are confronted with protons of much higher energy. Recent scientific studies have shown that for single event upsets* as well as destructive failures (e.g, single event latch-ups)** a cross section measured at energies in the tens oF one/two-hundred MeV range (e.g. PIF@PSI) can significantly underestimate the failure rate. To avoid unnecessary high safety margins there is a growing need for the opportunity to test electronics at several GeV, like the beam provided by the Cooler-Synchrotron COSY in Jülich. R. Garcia Alia et. al., accepted for publication, IEEE TNS (2013), DOI:10.1109/TNS.2013.2249096 *J. R. Schwank et al., IEEE TNS, vol. 52, pp2622 (2005)

TUPPT008	A Profile Analysis Method for High-Intensity DC Beams Using a Thermographic Camera	diagnostics, target, background, beam-transport	168
	K. Katagiri, S. Hojo, T. Honma, A. Noda, K. Noda NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
	A new analysis method for the digital-image processing apparatus has been developed to evaluate profiles of high-intensity DC beams from temperature images of irradiated-thin foils. Numerical calculations were performed to examine the reliability and the performance of the profile analysis method. To simulate the temperature images acquired by a thermographic camera, temperature distributions were numerically calculated for various beam parameters. The noises in the temperature images, which are added by the camera sensor, were also simulated to be taken its effect into account. By using the profile analysis method, the beam profiles were evaluated from the simulated-temperature images, and they were compared with the exact solution of the beam profiles. We found that the profile analysis method is adaptable over a wide beam current range of ~0.1 – 10 μA, even if a general-purpose thermographic camera with rather high noise (NETD ~ 0.3 K, NETD: Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference) is employed.

TUPSH011	Developments of HTS Magnets at RCNP	dipole, cyclotron, ion, target	242
	K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Takemura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, K. Yokoyama, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan T. Kawaguchi KT Science Ltd., Akashi, Japan
	At RCNP, we have been developing magnets utilizing high temperature super conducting (HTS) wires for this decade. They are a cylindrical magnet, two dimensional scanning coils, a super ferric dipole magnet whose coils have a negative curvature. Recently we built a cylindrical magnet for a practical use. It is used to polarize ultra cold neutrons. The maximum field is higher than 3.5 T at the center. We are fabricating a switching magnet which is excited by pulse currents to realize a time sharing of beams in two target positions. In the paper, we report specifications and performances of these magnets.

TH1PB03	Activation Analysis with Charged Particles: Theory, Practice and Potential	proton, target, cyclotron, monitoring	440
	M.A. Chaudhri Inst. of Biomaterials, Uni. of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
	Charged particle activation analysis (CPA) is an important application of cyclotrons. It is sensitive and can also activate lighter and other elements, such as Al, Si, Ti, Cd, Tl, Pb, Bi, etc., which cannot be conveniently or at all determined by slow neutron activation (NA). But, the heating of the target in CPA has to be overcome. Besides, it is necessary that the matrices of the sample and the “Standard” are identical or at least similar,which is not always convenient. However, with Chaudhri’s method, CPA is reduced to the simplicity of NA even when matrices of “Standard” and sample are widely different. By using CPA, the effect of French Atomic Tests Series of 1974 in the Pacific on the Australian East Coast was studied. The sensitivity for detecting any element/isotope with Z=20 to Z=90 in any matrix, activated with protons, deuterons and alphas of up to 35 MeV energy have been estimated and presented in graphical form. From these curves the sensitivity of detecting any element/isotope in the aforementioned range can be directly estimated in any given matrix. These curves would help in selecting the most suitable nuclear reaction for the measurement of a particular element. A.Chaudhri, N.Chaudhri. Methods of charged-particle activation analysis. Paper presented at the 20th Int. Conf. On Ion Beam Analysis, Itapema (Brazil) 10-15 April, 2011 to be published

TH2PB02	Parasitic Isotope Production with Cyclotron Beam Generated Neutrons	cyclotron, proton, isotope-production, target	451
	J.W. Engle, E.R. Birnbaum, M.E. Fassbender, K.D. John, F.M. Nortier LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	Funding: Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics Several LINAC and cyclotron facilities worldwide generate high intensity beams with primary beam energies in the range 66 MeV to 200 MeV for isotope production purposes. Many of these beams are almost fully subscribed due to the high demand for isotopes produced via proton induced reactions, leaving little beam time available for production of smaller quantities of research isotopes. Modeling and preliminary experimental measurement of the high power proton beam interaction with targets at the Isotope Production Facility at Los Alamos show a high potential for parasitic small scale production of isotopes utilizing the secondary neutron flux generated around the target. This can also be exploited by modern commercial 70 MeV cyclotrons with total beam currents approaching 1 mA and more.
	Slides TH2PB02 [5.799 MB]

TH2PB03	The University of Washington Clinical Cyclotron a Summary of Current Particles and Energies Used in Therapy, Isotope Production, and Clinical Research	cyclotron, proton, target, ion-source	454
	E.F. Dorman, R.C. Emery University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
	The University of Washington Clinical Cyclotron (UWCC) is a Scanditronix MC-50 compact cyclotron installed in 1983. The cyclotron has now been in operation for 30 years. The unique nature of the cyclotron is its variable frequency RF system, and dual ion source chimneys; it is also capable to produce other particles and energies. Our facility is now sharing beam time between multiple users: Fast Neutron radiotherapy. Development of a Precision Proton Radiotherapy Platform. In vivo verification of precision proton radiotherapy with positron emission tomography. Routine production of 211-At. Routine production of 117m-Sn. Cyclotron based 99m-Tc production. Cyclotron based 186-Re production. Proton beam extracted into air, demonstrating a visual Bragg peak. Neutron hardness for electronic subsystems. These multiple projects show the uniqueness of our facility and our commitment to therapy, radioisotope research and production, and clinical investigations. Currently Running Protons (H⁺) 50.5 MeV/75μA, 50 MeV/5-10pA, 35 MeV/3-5 pA 16, 18, 24, 28 MeV/30μA, Protons (H²⁺) 6.8 MeV/300nA, Deuterons (D⁺) 18, 20, 22, 24 MeV/30μA, Alphas (4He++) 29.0 MeV/50μA, 47.3 MeV/70μA.
	Slides TH2PB03 [11.400 MB]

FR1PB03	The Radio Frequency Fragment Separator: A Time-of-Flight Filter for Fast Fragmentation Beams	cyclotron, radio-frequency, proton, target	467
	T. Baumann, D. Bazin, T.N. Ginter, E. Kwan, J. Pereira, C. Sumithrarachchi NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants PHY02-16783, PHY-06-06007, and PHY-11-02511. Rare isotope beams produced by fragmentation of fast heavy ion beams are commonly separated using a combination of magnetic rigidity selection (mass to charge ratio) and energy-loss selection (largely dependent on proton number) using magnetic fragment separators. This method offers isotopic selection of the fragment of interest, however, the purity that can be achieved depends on the rigidity of the rare isotope with respect to more abundant fragments. This poses a problem specifically for neutron-deficient isotopes (towards the proton drip line) where much more abundant isotopes closer to stability can not be separated out. A separation by time-of-flight can further suppress such isotonic contaminants. The Radio Frequency Fragment Separator* deflects isotopes based on their phase relative to the cyclotron RF using a transverse electric RF field, effectively separating by time-of-flight. This method is in use for the production of neutron deficient rare isotope beams at NSCL. *D. Bazin et al., Nucl. Inst. and Meth. A 606 (2009) 314-319
	Slides FR1PB03 [4.324 MB]

FR1PB05	In Memoriam: Henry G. Blosser	cyclotron, electron, superconductivity, proton	473
	M.K. Craddock UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada S.M. Austin, F. Marti NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Tribute to Henry Blosser
	Slides FR1PB05 [24.459 MB]

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOPPT002

Status of the HZB Cyclotron

proton, cyclotron, ion, high-voltage

31

A. Denker, J. Bundesmann, T. Damerow, T. Fanselow, W. Hahn, G. Heidenreich, D. Hildebrand, U. Hiller, U. Muller, C. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich
HZB, Berlin, Germany
D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

For 15 years, eye tumours are treated in collaboration with the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin. In 2012 we celebrated the 2000th patient. Our cyclotron is again served by 2 different injectors: a 6 MV Van-de-Graaff and a 2 MV tandetron. The tandetron was optimized especially for the requirements of therapy. Its advantages are easier handling, lower service requirements and a shorter injection beam line. Development of the source resulted in safe operation of more than 600 h and extremely stable beam current. The tandetron is in operation for therapy since 2011. The Van-de-Graaff was considered to be a temporary backup. New requests for beams with a very specific time structure occurred, which can be provided only with the Van-de-Graaff-cyclotron beam line. Pulse structures of high variability; from single pulses of 1 ns at a max. repetition rate of 75 kHz to pulse packets with a length up to 100 μs were tested. The latter was used for the production of pulsed neutron radiation for comprehensive testing of dosimeters. Although major breakdowns have a huge impact on the up-time due to the small number of beam time hours, breakdowns over the past years amounted to less than 5%.

MOPPT004

Status and Further Development of the PSI High Intensity Proton Facility

cyclotron, target, proton, extraction

37

J. Grillenberger, J.M. Humbel, A.C. Mezger, M. Seidel, W. Tron
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The High Intensity Proton Accelerator Facility of the Paul Scherrer Institut is routinely operated at an average beam power of 1.3 MW. Since the last cyclotron conference several highlights have been achieved. The maximum current extracted from the 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron could be increased from 2.2 mA to 2.4 mA during several beam development shifts. Furthermore, the availability of the facility has reached its highest level to date, beyond 93%. The new neutron source UCN which utilizes the full proton beam in pulsed mode, has been commissioned. To ensure reliable operation in the years to come and to further increase the intensity, an upgrade and refurbishment program is under way. Important parts of this program are the replacement of two resonators in Injector II and the installation of new RF amplifiers.

MOPPT005

Present Status of the RCNP Cyclotron Facility

cyclotron, ion, proton, heavy-ion

40

K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Morinobu, T. Saito, H. Tamura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

The RCNP cyclotron facility has been stably operated for these years. Demands for heavy ions have been increasing recently. Xe beams were accelerated by the AVF cyclotron for the first time. Developments on components and beam dynamics are presented.

MOPPT030

Past, Present and Future Activities for Radiation Effects Testing at JULIC/COSY

proton, radiation, simulation, ion

88

S.K. Hoeffgen, S. Metzger
FhG, Euskirchen, Germany
R. Brings, O. Felden, R. Gebel, R. Maier, D. Prasuhn
FZJ, Jülich, Germany
M. Brugger, R. Garcia Alia
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The testing of radiation effects (displacement damage DD, single event effects SEE) with energetic protons for electronics used in space and accelerators is of growing importance. Setup and past experience of a dedicated test stand used by Fraunhofer INT at the JULIC cyclotron will be presented. For general DD testing and for testing SEE of the trapped protons in space, the energy of 35 MeV of the JULIC Cyclotron is usually sufficient. During solar proton events, as well as at high energy accelerators (CERN, FAIR), electronics are confronted with protons of much higher energy. Recent scientific studies have shown that for single event upsets* as well as destructive failures (e.g, single event latch-ups)** a cross section measured at energies in the tens oF one/two-hundred MeV range (e.g. PIF@PSI) can significantly underestimate the failure rate. To avoid unnecessary high safety margins there is a growing need for the opportunity to test electronics at several GeV, like the beam provided by the Cooler-Synchrotron COSY in Jülich.
*R. Garcia Alia et. al., accepted for publication, IEEE TNS (2013), DOI:10.1109/TNS.2013.2249096
**J. R. Schwank et al., IEEE TNS, vol. 52, pp2622 (2005)

TUPPT008

A Profile Analysis Method for High-Intensity DC Beams Using a Thermographic Camera

diagnostics, target, background, beam-transport

168

K. Katagiri, S. Hojo, T. Honma, A. Noda, K. Noda
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan

A new analysis method for the digital-image processing apparatus has been developed to evaluate profiles of high-intensity DC beams from temperature images of irradiated-thin foils. Numerical calculations were performed to examine the reliability and the performance of the profile analysis method. To simulate the temperature images acquired by a thermographic camera, temperature distributions were numerically calculated for various beam parameters. The noises in the temperature images, which are added by the camera sensor, were also simulated to be taken its effect into account. By using the profile analysis method, the beam profiles were evaluated from the simulated-temperature images, and they were compared with the exact solution of the beam profiles. We found that the profile analysis method is adaptable over a wide beam current range of ~0.1 – 10 μA, even if a general-purpose thermographic camera with rather high noise (NETD ~ 0.3 K, NETD: Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference) is employed.

TUPSH011

Developments of HTS Magnets at RCNP

dipole, cyclotron, ion, target

242

K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Takemura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, K. Yokoyama, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan
T. Kawaguchi
KT Science Ltd., Akashi, Japan

At RCNP, we have been developing magnets utilizing high temperature super conducting (HTS) wires for this decade. They are a cylindrical magnet, two dimensional scanning coils, a super ferric dipole magnet whose coils have a negative curvature. Recently we built a cylindrical magnet for a practical use. It is used to polarize ultra cold neutrons. The maximum field is higher than 3.5 T at the center. We are fabricating a switching magnet which is excited by pulse currents to realize a time sharing of beams in two target positions. In the paper, we report specifications and performances of these magnets.

TH1PB03

Activation Analysis with Charged Particles: Theory, Practice and Potential

proton, target, cyclotron, monitoring

440

M.A. Chaudhri
Inst. of Biomaterials, Uni. of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany

Charged particle activation analysis (CPA) is an important application of cyclotrons. It is sensitive and can also activate lighter and other elements, such as Al, Si, Ti, Cd, Tl, Pb, Bi, etc., which cannot be conveniently or at all determined by slow neutron activation (NA). But, the heating of the target in CPA has to be overcome. Besides, it is necessary that the matrices of the sample and the “Standard” are identical or at least similar,which is not always convenient. However, with Chaudhri’s method*, CPA is reduced to the simplicity of NA even when matrices of “Standard” and sample are widely different. By using CPA, the effect of French Atomic Tests Series of 1974 in the Pacific on the Australian East Coast was studied. The sensitivity for detecting any element/isotope with Z=20 to Z=90 in any matrix, activated with protons, deuterons and alphas of up to 35 MeV energy have been estimated and presented in graphical form. From these curves the sensitivity of detecting any element/isotope in the aforementioned range can be directly estimated in any given matrix. These curves would help in selecting the most suitable nuclear reaction for the measurement of a particular element.
*A.Chaudhri, N.Chaudhri. Methods of charged-particle activation analysis. Paper presented at the 20th Int. Conf. On Ion Beam Analysis, Itapema (Brazil) 10-15 April, 2011 to be published

TH2PB02

Parasitic Isotope Production with Cyclotron Beam Generated Neutrons

cyclotron, proton, isotope-production, target

451

J.W. Engle, E.R. Birnbaum, M.E. Fassbender, K.D. John, F.M. Nortier
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics
Several LINAC and cyclotron facilities worldwide generate high intensity beams with primary beam energies in the range 66 MeV to 200 MeV for isotope production purposes. Many of these beams are almost fully subscribed due to the high demand for isotopes produced via proton induced reactions, leaving little beam time available for production of smaller quantities of research isotopes. Modeling and preliminary experimental measurement of the high power proton beam interaction with targets at the Isotope Production Facility at Los Alamos show a high potential for parasitic small scale production of isotopes utilizing the secondary neutron flux generated around the target. This can also be exploited by modern commercial 70 MeV cyclotrons with total beam currents approaching 1 mA and more.

Slides TH2PB02 [5.799 MB]

TH2PB03

The University of Washington Clinical Cyclotron a Summary of Current Particles and Energies Used in Therapy, Isotope Production, and Clinical Research

cyclotron, proton, target, ion-source

454

E.F. Dorman, R.C. Emery
University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

The University of Washington Clinical Cyclotron (UWCC) is a Scanditronix MC-50 compact cyclotron installed in 1983. The cyclotron has now been in operation for 30 years. The unique nature of the cyclotron is its variable frequency RF system, and dual ion source chimneys; it is also capable to produce other particles and energies. Our facility is now sharing beam time between multiple users: Fast Neutron radiotherapy. Development of a Precision Proton Radiotherapy Platform. In vivo verification of precision proton radiotherapy with positron emission tomography. Routine production of 211-At. Routine production of 117m-Sn. Cyclotron based 99m-Tc production. Cyclotron based 186-Re production. Proton beam extracted into air, demonstrating a visual Bragg peak. Neutron hardness for electronic subsystems. These multiple projects show the uniqueness of our facility and our commitment to therapy, radioisotope research and production, and clinical investigations. Currently Running Protons (H⁺) 50.5 MeV/75μA, 50 MeV/5-10pA, 35 MeV/3-5 pA 16, 18, 24, 28 MeV/30μA, Protons (H²⁺) 6.8 MeV/300nA, Deuterons (D⁺) 18, 20, 22, 24 MeV/30μA, Alphas (4He++) 29.0 MeV/50μA, 47.3 MeV/70μA.

Slides TH2PB03 [11.400 MB]

FR1PB03

The Radio Frequency Fragment Separator: A Time-of-Flight Filter for Fast Fragmentation Beams

cyclotron, radio-frequency, proton, target

467

T. Baumann, D. Bazin, T.N. Ginter, E. Kwan, J. Pereira, C. Sumithrarachchi
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants PHY02-16783, PHY-06-06007, and PHY-11-02511.
Rare isotope beams produced by fragmentation of fast heavy ion beams are commonly separated using a combination of magnetic rigidity selection (mass to charge ratio) and energy-loss selection (largely dependent on proton number) using magnetic fragment separators. This method offers isotopic selection of the fragment of interest, however, the purity that can be achieved depends on the rigidity of the rare isotope with respect to more abundant fragments. This poses a problem specifically for neutron-deficient isotopes (towards the proton drip line) where much more abundant isotopes closer to stability can not be separated out. A separation by time-of-flight can further suppress such isotonic contaminants. The Radio Frequency Fragment Separator* deflects isotopes based on their phase relative to the cyclotron RF using a transverse electric RF field, effectively separating by time-of-flight. This method is in use for the production of neutron deficient rare isotope beams at NSCL.
*D. Bazin et al., Nucl. Inst. and Meth. A 606 (2009) 314-319

Slides FR1PB03 [4.324 MB]

FR1PB05

In Memoriam: Henry G. Blosser

cyclotron, electron, superconductivity, proton

473

M.K. Craddock
UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
S.M. Austin, F. Marti
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Tribute to Henry Blosser

Slides FR1PB05 [24.459 MB]