Cyclotrons2013 - List of Keywords (target)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MO1PB03	Current Status of the Superconducting Cyclotron Project at Kolkata	cyclotron, extraction, resonance, diagnostics	11
	J. Debnath, A. Chakrabarti, M.K. Dey VECC, Kolkata, India
	The commissioning of Kolkata superconducting cyclotron with internal ion beam had been reported in the last cyclotron conference. At that time, there was gradual beam loss due to poor vacuum. After installing a higher capacity liquid helium plant the cryo-panels were made functional leading to a substantial increase in the beam intensity. It was hoped that higher beam intensity would help in extraction of a measurable fraction of the beam, but that did not happen. Detailed investigation of beam behavior with the help of three beam probes, installed temporarily at three sectors, revealed that the beam goes highly off-centered while passing through the resonance zone. A plastic scintillator based phase probe was mounted on the radial probe and beam phase was measured accurately. It was quite clear that large amount of field imperfection was prohibiting the beam to be extracted. So magnetic field measurement has been started again and considerable amount of harmonic and average field errors have been found. In this paper we report the important developments since 2010.
	Slides MO1PB03 [13.028 MB]

MOPPT001	Status Report of the Cyclotrons C-30, CS-30 and RDS-111 at KFSHRC, Saudi Arabia	cyclotron, proton, radiation, controls	28
	F.M. Alrumayan, M.S. Shawoo, M. Vora King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
	Experience gained since the commissioning of the IBA C-30 Cyclotron at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC) in 2010, has shown this facility to be viable entity. In addition to the C-30 Cyclotron, the facility includes two other Cyclotrons namely; the RDS-111 and the CS30 Cyclotrons. The latter has dual responsibilities; while is kept as a backup for the other Cyclotrons for radioisotopes production, it’s used for proton therapy researches and Bragg Peak measurements at that particular energy. During the commission of the C30 cyclotron, 700 uA dual beam were measured. Facility operating history, usage and radiopharmaceuticals productions are described.

MOPPT004	Status and Further Development of the PSI High Intensity Proton Facility	cyclotron, proton, extraction, neutron	37
	J. Grillenberger, J.M. Humbel, A.C. Mezger, M. Seidel, W. Tron PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	The High Intensity Proton Accelerator Facility of the Paul Scherrer Institut is routinely operated at an average beam power of 1.3 MW. Since the last cyclotron conference several highlights have been achieved. The maximum current extracted from the 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron could be increased from 2.2 mA to 2.4 mA during several beam development shifts. Furthermore, the availability of the facility has reached its highest level to date, beyond 93%. The new neutron source UCN which utilizes the full proton beam in pulsed mode, has been commissioned. To ensure reliable operation in the years to come and to further increase the intensity, an upgrade and refurbishment program is under way. Important parts of this program are the replacement of two resonators in Injector II and the installation of new RF amplifiers.

MOPPT010	On-Going Operations with the Cyclotron C70 ARRONAX	cyclotron, proton, isotope-production, vacuum	49
	F. Poirier, S. Girault, X. Goiziou, F. Gomez, C. Huet, L. Lamouric, E. Mace, J. Orsonneau, L. Perrigaud, D. Poyac, H. Trichet, N. Varmenot Cyclotron ARRONAX, Saint-Herblain, France S. Girault, F. Poirier SUBATECH, Nantes, France C. Huet EMN, Nantes, France E. Mace INSERM, Nantes, France N. Varmenot ICO, Saint - Herblain, France
	The multi-particle cyclotron C70 ARRONAX, located at Nantes, France is used to accelerate non- concurrently four types of particles downstream several beamlines. The particle energy and intensity range of the cyclotron has allowed a wide variety of application including radiolysis, neutron and isotope productions, and physics experiments. Also regular operations are performed both with dual beam runs at 2x100 μA for isotope production and at 350 μA for neutron production using 70 MeV proton beams. At low intensity, 70 MeV alpha beam is one distinctive feature of the machine with the possibility to use pulsed beam with variable time between two consecutive bunches. The status of the machine is presented as well as the operational updates on the beamlines, including the alpha particle pulsing system, the newly installed alpha degrader and beam loss monitor being developed for high intensity runs.

MOPPT011	Variety of Beam Production at the INFN LNS Superconducting Cyclotron	cyclotron, ion, proton, extraction	52
	D. Rifuggiato, L. Calabretta, L. Cosentino, G. Cuttone INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
	The LNS Superconducting Cyclotron has been operating for almost 20 years. Several beams are currently accelerated and delivered, allowing for a wide variety of experimental activity to be carried out. In addition, clinical activity is regularly accomplished: over 11 years of protontherapy of the eye pathologies, around 300 patients have been treated. This has stimulated a growing number of interdisciplinary experiments in the field of radiobiology and dosimetry. On the side of nuclear physics, a significant achievement is the production of radioactive beams: several rare isotopes are produced mainly exploiting the in-flight fragmentation method. The development activity carried out on several components of the user oriented facility will be described.

MOPPT015	Plan of a 70 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron System for the ISOL Driver in the Rare Isotope Science Project	cyclotron, ISOL, injection, optics	64
	J.-W. Kim, Y. Choi, S. Hong, J.H. Kim IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
	A 70 MeV H⁻ cyclotron system has been planned for the rare isotope science project (RISP) in Korea mainly to be used as ISOL driver. The maximum beam current requested is 1 mA, and the beam will be used for the nuclear and neutron science programs. A commercial cyclotron with two extraction ports is to be installed for the facility, and the beam distribution lines have been designed with consideration of radiation shielding. The injection beam line has been also studied to produce pulsed beams in the range of 0.01-1 MHz for the users of neutron science to utilize the time of flight technique. A chopper and collimator system is thought as a feasible scheme, and beam optics calculation has been performed. The cyclotron is scheduled to produce a first beam for the RISP in 2007.

MOPPT031	SPES Project: A Neutron Rich ISOL Facility for Re-Accelerated RIBs	cyclotron, ion, ISOL, rfq	91
	A. Lombardi, A. Andrighetto, G. Bisoffi, M. Comunian, P. Favaron, F. Gramegna, M.M. Maggiore, L. AC. Piazza, G.P. Prete, D. Zafiropoulos INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
	SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is an INFN project with the aim to develop a Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility as an intermediate step toward EURISOL. The SPES Project is under realization at the INFN Legnaro National Laboratories site. The SPES Project main goal is to provide a production and accelerator system of exotic beams to perform forefront research in nuclear physics by studying nuclei far from stability. The SPES Project is concentrating on the production of neutron-rich radioactive nuclei with mass in the range 80-160. The final energy of the radioactive beams on target will range from few MeV/u up to 11 MeV/u for A=130[1]. The SPES facility acceleration system will be presented.

TUPPT006	The Development of Radial Probe for CYCIAE-100	cyclotron, vacuum, controls, injection	165
	F.P. Guan, Z.G. Li, C. Wang, L.P. Wen, H.D. Xie, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	In the design of CYCIAE-100 beam diagnostics system, three radial probes distribute on the mid plane. These radial probes can be used for beam centering measurement. By blocking beam on five finger target and one stopping block, the radial probe can measure the radial and axial envelope of H⁻ beam at the same time. During beam commissioning, the radial probe can also be used for beam intensity measurement. The changeable probe head design makes it possible to replace the damaged part and optimization of the structure.

TUPPT008	A Profile Analysis Method for High-Intensity DC Beams Using a Thermographic Camera	diagnostics, neutron, background, beam-transport	168
	K. Katagiri, S. Hojo, T. Honma, A. Noda, K. Noda NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
	A new analysis method for the digital-image processing apparatus has been developed to evaluate profiles of high-intensity DC beams from temperature images of irradiated-thin foils. Numerical calculations were performed to examine the reliability and the performance of the profile analysis method. To simulate the temperature images acquired by a thermographic camera, temperature distributions were numerically calculated for various beam parameters. The noises in the temperature images, which are added by the camera sensor, were also simulated to be taken its effect into account. By using the profile analysis method, the beam profiles were evaluated from the simulated-temperature images, and they were compared with the exact solution of the beam profiles. We found that the profile analysis method is adaptable over a wide beam current range of ~0.1 – 10 μA, even if a general-purpose thermographic camera with rather high noise (NETD ~ 0.3 K, NETD: Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference) is employed.

TUPSH009	Magnetic Field Mapping of the Best 70 MeV Cyclotron	cyclotron, alignment, controls, vacuum	239
	F.S. Grillet, B.F. Milton BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada D.T. Montgomery Cedarflat Precision Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
	As is well known, the mapping of a cyclotron magnet presents several key challenges including requirements for a high degree of accuracy and difficult space constraints in the region to be measured. Several novel solutions were used to create the mapper for the Best 70 MeV cyclotron, which is based on an earlier version used to map the Best 14 MeV cyclotron. Based on a temperature compensated 3-Axis hall probe that is continuously sampled while the probe travels along a radial arm a high degree of positional accuracy is achieved by simultaneously sampling optical encoders located with the probe. A novel implementation using air bearings and air jets provides axial rotation of the arm with almost no metal parts. The mapper has achieved a full 360 degree map in 1 degree theta steps, and 2.5mm radial steps in 2 hours and 40 minutes, with a relative radial accuracy of ±0.02mm and angular accuracy of ±0.001 degrees. This paper will describe how the simultaneous challenges of designing with no metal parts while achieving a high degree of rigidity and precision have been addressed.

TUPSH011	Developments of HTS Magnets at RCNP	dipole, neutron, cyclotron, ion	242
	K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Takemura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, K. Yokoyama, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan T. Kawaguchi KT Science Ltd., Akashi, Japan
	At RCNP, we have been developing magnets utilizing high temperature super conducting (HTS) wires for this decade. They are a cylindrical magnet, two dimensional scanning coils, a super ferric dipole magnet whose coils have a negative curvature. Recently we built a cylindrical magnet for a practical use. It is used to polarize ultra cold neutrons. The maximum field is higher than 3.5 T at the center. We are fabricating a switching magnet which is excited by pulse currents to realize a time sharing of beams in two target positions. In the paper, we report specifications and performances of these magnets.

TUPSH014	An Integrated Self-Supporting Mini-Beamline for PET Cyclotrons	cyclotron, focusing, controls, radiation	251
	M.P. Dehnel, D.E. Potkins, T.M. Stewart D-Pace, Nelson, British Columbia, Canada
	Funding: SR&ED A commercial fluorine-18 water-target can now handle 150 μA of 10-19 MeV proton current. The days of a few tens of micro-amperes bombarding a PET target with low residual activity on a self-shielded cyclotron are over. Now an integrated self-supporting mini-beamline is essential for safe, optimized and reliable operation of PET cyclotrons. The high levels of prompt/residual radiation are moved (~1 m) away from the cyclotron so that local-shielding can be placed around the target/selector assembly, which minimizes cyclotron component damage due to prompt neutrons/gammas, and ensures the high residual target radiation is attenuated, so maintenance personnel can work on the cyclotron in a “cool” environment. Beam diagnostic readbacks from baffles/collimators provide steering and focusing control of the beam. This "plug-n-play" beamline is an integrated self-supporting unit cantilevered from the cyclotron. The single aluminum sub-structure acts as mounting flange, support structure, beampipe, and magnet registration device. A diamond-shaped vacuum envelope through the compound quadrupole/steering magnets results in maximum beam throughput and optimization.

TU3PB03	R&D of Helium Gas Stripper for Intense Uranium Beams	ion, acceleration, electron, cyclotron	265
	H. Imao, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, H. Hasebe, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, H. Okuno, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, Y. Yano RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	Intensity upgrade of uranium beams is one of the main concerns at the RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF). The lifetime problem of carbon-foil strippers due to the high energy loss of uranium beams around 10~MeV/u was a principal bottleneck for the intensity upgrade in the acceleration scheme at the RIBF. We have developed a re-circulating He-gas stripper as an alternative to carbon foils for the acceleration of high-power uranium beams. The new stripping system was actually operated in user runs with U³⁵⁺ beams of more than 1 puA. Electron-stripped U⁶⁴⁺ beams were stably delivered to subsequent accelerators without serious deterioration of the system for six weeks. The new He-gas stripper, which removed the primary bottleneck in the high-intensity uranium acceleration, greatly contributed the tenfold increase of the average output intensity of the uranium beams from the previous year.
	Slides TU3PB03 [11.983 MB]

WE1PB01	The Houghton College Cyclotron: a Tool for Educating Undergraduates	cyclotron, vacuum, ion, resonance	286
	M.E. Yuly Houghton College, Houghton, New York, USA
	The cyclotron is an ideal undergraduate research project because its operation and use involve so many of the principles covered in the undergraduate physics curriculum – from resonant circuits to nuclear reactions. The physics program at Houghton College, as part of an emphasis on active learning, requires all majors to complete a multiyear research project culminating in an undergraduate thesis. Over the past ten years seven students have constructed a working 1.2 T tabletop cyclotron theoretically capable of producing approximately 400 keV protons. The construction and performance of the cyclotron will be discussed, as well as its use as an educational tool.
	Slides WE1PB01 [28.909 MB]

WE1PB05	The Cyclotron Kids' 2 MeV Proton Cyclotron	cyclotron, vacuum, ion-source, ion	302
	H. Baumgartner MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
	Two high school students (the "Cyclotron Kids") decided they wanted to build a small cyclotron by themselves in 2008. After researching and designing on their own, they looked for a way to fund their science project. After the students sent out tens of letters looking for sponsors, Jefferson Lab replied, offering funding and mentorship. Over several summers, the students worked at Jefferson Lab to take the cyclotron from the drawing board to near-completion. The cyclotron is now at Old Dominion University, where it will be used as an educational tool in the accelerator physics program.
	Slides WE1PB05 [4.545 MB]

WEPPT007	Getting Uniform Ion Density on Target in High-Energy Beam Line of Cyclotron U-400M with Two	ion, octupole, cyclotron, quadrupole	335
	I.A. Ivanenko, I.V. Kalagin, V.I. Kazacha, N.Yu. Kazarinov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	Formation by means of octupole magnets of a uniform ions distribution in the existing beam line of U400M cyclotron has been studied. The simulation was performed for Ar¹⁷⁺ ions with energy of 41.3 MeV/amu. The required level of beam non-uniformity on the target with diameter of 60 mm is ±7.5%. Two octupoles with static magnetic fields have been used to achieve the desired uniformity of the beam density in both coordinates simultaneously. The results of calculations are presented. This method of improving the uniformity of the beam will be implemented soon in Flerov laboratory of JINR.

WEPPT030	High Intensity Compact Cyclotron for ISODAR Experiment	cyclotron, vacuum, injection, extraction	384
	D. Campo, J.R. Alonso, W.A. Barletta, L.M. Bartoszek, A. Calanna, J.M. Conrad, M. Toups MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA A. Adelmann PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland L. Calabretta, C. Cui, G. Gallo INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy R. Gutierrez-Martinez, L.A. Winslow UCLA, Los Angeles, USA M. Shaevitz Columbia University, New York, USA J.J. Yang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	IsoDAR is an experiment proposed to look for the existence of sterile neutrinos. These are additional neutrino states beyond the "standard" 3-nu paradigm, are predicted to exist to explain anomalies in several neutrino experiments. In IsoDAR (Isotope Decay At Rest), electron antineutrinos produced in a target ~15 meters from a kiloton-scale detector would oscillate into and out of the sterile state within the extent of the detector, producing a sinusoidal event rate as a function of distance from the target. The nu-e-bar flux arises from decay of 8Li, produced when a high-current beam of protons or deuterons strikes a beryllium target either directly, or via secondary neutrons that interact in a large, ultra-pure 7Li sleeve surrounding the target. A compact Q/A = 0.5 cyclotron with top energy of 60 MeV/amu will be installed underground close to KamLAND. This cyclotron is a prototype for the DAEδALUS cyclotron chain (Paper WEPPT030). With a central field of 1.075T, it will operate in the 4th harmonic. Preliminary designs will be described, as well as possible solutions for transport and assembly of the machine through the very constricted access apertures of the Kamioka mine.

WEPSH006	⁶²Zn Radioisotope Production by Cyclotron	cyclotron, proton, ion, injection	393
	M. Ghergherehchi, J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea H. Afarideh AUT, Tehran, Iran
	Natural Cu target was irradiated with proton beam in the energy range of 15 to 30 MeV at a beam current of 100 μA for 15 min. In this irradiation radioisotope of ⁶²Zn produced as a generator and then decay to ⁶²Cu radioisotope. The ⁶²Cu is emitting β+ and known to PET radioisotope. Excitation function of ⁶²Cu via ^natCu (p, 2n) ⁶²Zn, ⁶²Cu and ⁶²Cu (d, 3n) ⁶²Zn reactions were calculated using Alice and Talys codes and then were compared with the reported measurement by experimental data and ENDF-2011 data. Production yield versus target thickness were evaluated with attention to reaction cross section data obtained from Alice and Talys codes, and stopping power and range of protons in target materials using SRIM code. The production yield also examined experimentally and found that the optimum irradiation yield achieved to be 5.9 mci/μAh at protons of 100 μA current and 30 MeV energy. A radiolabeling process also was performed using ⁶²ZnCl₂ and antitumor compound, bleomycin (BLM) as a possible tumor imaging.

WEPSH008	Characterization of the CS30 Cyclotron at KFSH&RC for Radiotherapy Applications	proton, cyclotron, ion, ion-source	400
	B.M. Moftah Belal Moftah, PhD, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia S. Aldelaijan, F.M. Alrumayan, F. Alzorkani, S. Devic, M. Shehadeh King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
	Funding: King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Grant No 11-BIO1428-20 The 26.5 MeV beam of the CS30 Cyclotron at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC) was characterized dosimetrically for the use in radiobiological experiments for pre-clinical and radiotherapy studies. Position of the beam’s Bragg peak was measured with a stack of 60 pieces of HDV2 model GAFCHROMICTM films (105 microns thick each). This film type was specifically designed for measurement of very high doses, ranging up to 1,000 Gy. Output of the proton beam was calibrated using IAEA TRS-398 reference dosimetry protocol with calibrated parallel plate chamber in water. The response of the film was calibrated in terms of dose to water by exposing calibration film pieces within a solid water phantom. The position of the Bragg peak was found to be at around 6 mm when 10 to 20 nA proton beam current was used. Pieces of radiochromic film were irradiated at 40, 70 and 100 cm from the primary collimator, where the Gaussian shaped beam profiles had values of 12, 26, 45 mm FWHM respectively. Proton beam characteristics in terms of the output and beam size appear to be acceptable for pre-clinical studies.

WEPSH043	Performance of IBA New Conical Shaped Niobium [¹⁸O] Water Targets	niobium, cyclotron, insertion, controls	406
	F.G. Devillet, J. Courtyn, J.-M. Geets, M. Ghyoot, E.K. Kral, O. Michaux, B. Nactergal, V. Nuttens IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium R. Mooij, L.R. Perk BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
	Background: Because of an ever increasing demand for Fluoride-18 (¹⁸F^-), efforts are made to increase the performance of the ¹⁸F-target systems. Moreover, given the particularly high cost of ¹⁸O enriched water, only a small volume of this target material is desired. Procedure: Four conical shaped targets* with different target chamber sizes (Conical 6 – 2.4ml; Conical 8 – 3.2ml; Conical 12 - 5ml; Conical 16 - 7ml) were tested using IBA Cyclone® 18 MeV cyclotrons. The targets were filled with different volumes of ¹⁸O water (enrichment >92%) and irradiated with 18 MeV protons on target with beam currents up to 145 μA for 30–150 minutes. Fluoride-18 saturation activity yields and pressure curves were completed. Radionuclidic impurities were measured, even if the new target is using the same principle of Niobium body with Havar® window. Conclusions: Reliable operation in a production environment has been observed at beam currents up to 145 μA using less ¹⁸O enriched water as compared to the currently available IBA target systems without affecting the yield. The new design with less Orings and direct insertion of flow line into the niobium chamber has proven its effectiveness. *Patent application: WO 2012/055970 A1
	Poster WEPSH043 [0.836 MB]

WE3PB04	Transmission of Heavy Ion Beams in the AGOR Cyclotron	ion, cyclotron, heavy-ion, closed-orbit	420
	A. Sen, S. Brandenburg, M.A. Hofstee KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands M.J. van Goethem UMCG, Groningen, The Netherlands
	During the acceleration of intense low energy heavy ion beams in the AGOR cyclotron feedback between beam intensity and pressure, driven by beam loss induced desorption, is observed. This feedback limits the attainable beam intensity. Calculations and measurements of the pressure dependent transmission for various beam agree reasonably well. Calculation of the trajectories of ions after a charge change shows that the desorption is mainly due to ions with near extraction energies, hitting the outer wall at a shallow angle of incidence. For heavy ions like ²⁰⁶Pb²⁷⁺ several charge exchanges are needed before the orbit becomes unstable. Our calculations indicate that these ions make thousands of turns before finally hitting the wall. They therefore are a large fraction of the circulating ions and may contribute to vacuum degradation through restgas ionization. Ion induced desorption for relevant ions and materials has been measured; it explains the observations in the cyclotron semi-quantitatively. This work has been financially supported by the Foundation FOM, the Dutch funding agency NWO and the EU-FP7, Grant Agreement n° 262010 - ENSAR.
	Slides WE3PB04 [5.272 MB]

TH1PB01	Operational Experience at the Intensity Limit in Compact Cyclotrons	cyclotron, extraction, ion, ion-source	432
	G. Cojocaru, J.C. Lofvendahl TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Compact cyclotrons are a cost-efficient choice for medical radioisotope production since negative hydrogen ions can be used at energies well below 100MeV. The stripping extraction technique allows quite large circulating currents without the need for separated turns. Space charge limits are in the range of 1 to 2 mA, but operating for long periods at these levels is a challenge for many reasons, among them being the sputtering of metal surfaces where unaccepted beam is deposited. These limits and others observed during our 22 years of 24hours/365days of quasi continuous operation of TR30 cyclotrons will be explored.
	Slides TH1PB01 [8.602 MB]

TH1PB03	Activation Analysis with Charged Particles: Theory, Practice and Potential	proton, neutron, cyclotron, monitoring	440
	M.A. Chaudhri Inst. of Biomaterials, Uni. of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
	Charged particle activation analysis (CPA) is an important application of cyclotrons. It is sensitive and can also activate lighter and other elements, such as Al, Si, Ti, Cd, Tl, Pb, Bi, etc., which cannot be conveniently or at all determined by slow neutron activation (NA). But, the heating of the target in CPA has to be overcome. Besides, it is necessary that the matrices of the sample and the “Standard” are identical or at least similar,which is not always convenient. However, with Chaudhri’s method, CPA is reduced to the simplicity of NA even when matrices of “Standard” and sample are widely different. By using CPA, the effect of French Atomic Tests Series of 1974 in the Pacific on the Australian East Coast was studied. The sensitivity for detecting any element/isotope with Z=20 to Z=90 in any matrix, activated with protons, deuterons and alphas of up to 35 MeV energy have been estimated and presented in graphical form. From these curves the sensitivity of detecting any element/isotope in the aforementioned range can be directly estimated in any given matrix. These curves would help in selecting the most suitable nuclear reaction for the measurement of a particular element. A.Chaudhri, N.Chaudhri. Methods of charged-particle activation analysis. Paper presented at the 20th Int. Conf. On Ion Beam Analysis, Itapema (Brazil) 10-15 April, 2011 to be published

TH1PB04	Fabrication of Hydrophobic Surfaces from Hydrophilic BeO by Alpha-Irradiation-Induced Nuclear Transmutation	controls, plasma, radiation, cyclotron	443
	E.J. Lee, M.G. Hur, J.H. Park KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea Y.B. Kong, Y.D. Park, J.M. Son, S.D. Yang Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
	Hydrophobic surfaces were simply fabricated by irradiating hydrophilic BeO surfaces with an alpha particle beam from a cyclotron. In this research, BeO disks were irradiated under conditions of ~25 MeV in alpha particle energy and ~1 μA in beam current with different irradiation time. After the alpha irradiation, the changes in the morphology and chemical composition of BeO surfaces were analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The wetting property of alpha-irradiated BeO surfaces is analyzed by measuring water contact angles (CAs). C and F atoms were created, and consequently, hydrophobic CFx functional groups were formed by the alpha irradiation of hydrophilic BeO. The amount of CFx functional groups on the surface increases as the irradiation time increases. In addition, the surface roughening, which also affects the surface wettability, was induced by the alpha irradiation. Accordingly, the CA of alpha-irradiated BeO surfaces gradually increases as the irradiation time increases. In conclusion, hydrophilic BeO surfaces could be easily converted to hydrophobic surfaces by the alpha irradiation.
	Slides TH1PB04 [5.545 MB]

TH2PB02	Parasitic Isotope Production with Cyclotron Beam Generated Neutrons	neutron, cyclotron, proton, isotope-production	451
	J.W. Engle, E.R. Birnbaum, M.E. Fassbender, K.D. John, F.M. Nortier LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	Funding: Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics Several LINAC and cyclotron facilities worldwide generate high intensity beams with primary beam energies in the range 66 MeV to 200 MeV for isotope production purposes. Many of these beams are almost fully subscribed due to the high demand for isotopes produced via proton induced reactions, leaving little beam time available for production of smaller quantities of research isotopes. Modeling and preliminary experimental measurement of the high power proton beam interaction with targets at the Isotope Production Facility at Los Alamos show a high potential for parasitic small scale production of isotopes utilizing the secondary neutron flux generated around the target. This can also be exploited by modern commercial 70 MeV cyclotrons with total beam currents approaching 1 mA and more.
	Slides TH2PB02 [5.799 MB]

TH2PB03	The University of Washington Clinical Cyclotron a Summary of Current Particles and Energies Used in Therapy, Isotope Production, and Clinical Research	cyclotron, proton, neutron, ion-source	454
	E.F. Dorman, R.C. Emery University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
	The University of Washington Clinical Cyclotron (UWCC) is a Scanditronix MC-50 compact cyclotron installed in 1983. The cyclotron has now been in operation for 30 years. The unique nature of the cyclotron is its variable frequency RF system, and dual ion source chimneys; it is also capable to produce other particles and energies. Our facility is now sharing beam time between multiple users: Fast Neutron radiotherapy. Development of a Precision Proton Radiotherapy Platform. In vivo verification of precision proton radiotherapy with positron emission tomography. Routine production of 211-At. Routine production of 117m-Sn. Cyclotron based 99m-Tc production. Cyclotron based 186-Re production. Proton beam extracted into air, demonstrating a visual Bragg peak. Neutron hardness for electronic subsystems. These multiple projects show the uniqueness of our facility and our commitment to therapy, radioisotope research and production, and clinical investigations. Currently Running Protons (H⁺) 50.5 MeV/75μA, 50 MeV/5-10pA, 35 MeV/3-5 pA 16, 18, 24, 28 MeV/30μA, Protons (H²⁺) 6.8 MeV/300nA, Deuterons (D⁺) 18, 20, 22, 24 MeV/30μA, Alphas (4He++) 29.0 MeV/50μA, 47.3 MeV/70μA.
	Slides TH2PB03 [11.400 MB]

FR1PB03	The Radio Frequency Fragment Separator: A Time-of-Flight Filter for Fast Fragmentation Beams	neutron, cyclotron, radio-frequency, proton	467
	T. Baumann, D. Bazin, T.N. Ginter, E. Kwan, J. Pereira, C. Sumithrarachchi NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants PHY02-16783, PHY-06-06007, and PHY-11-02511. Rare isotope beams produced by fragmentation of fast heavy ion beams are commonly separated using a combination of magnetic rigidity selection (mass to charge ratio) and energy-loss selection (largely dependent on proton number) using magnetic fragment separators. This method offers isotopic selection of the fragment of interest, however, the purity that can be achieved depends on the rigidity of the rare isotope with respect to more abundant fragments. This poses a problem specifically for neutron-deficient isotopes (towards the proton drip line) where much more abundant isotopes closer to stability can not be separated out. A separation by time-of-flight can further suppress such isotonic contaminants. The Radio Frequency Fragment Separator* deflects isotopes based on their phase relative to the cyclotron RF using a transverse electric RF field, effectively separating by time-of-flight. This method is in use for the production of neutron deficient rare isotope beams at NSCL. *D. Bazin et al., Nucl. Inst. and Meth. A 606 (2009) 314-319
	Slides FR1PB03 [4.324 MB]

FR1PB04	GANIL Operation Status and Upgrade of SPIRAL1	ion, ion-source, acceleration, cyclotron	470
	O. Kamalou, O. Bajeat, F. Chautard, P. Delahaye, M. Dubois, P. Jardin, L. Maunoury GANIL, Caen, France
	The GANIL facility (Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds) at Caen produces and accelerates stable ion beams since 1982 for nuclear physics, atomic physics, radiobiology and material irradiation. Nowadays, an intense exotic beam is produced by the Isotope Separation On-Line method at the SPIRAL1 facility. It is running since 2001, producing and post-accelerating radioactive ion beams of noble gas type mainly. The review of the operation from 2001 to 2013 is presented. Due to a large request of physicists, the facility will be enhanced within the frame of the project Upgrade SPIRAL1. The goal of the project is to broaden the range of post-accelerated exotic beams available especially to all the condensable light elements as P, Mg, Al, Cl etc The upgrade of SPIRAL1 is in progress and the new beams would be delivered for operation by the end of 2015.
	Slides FR1PB04 [1.514 MB]

FR2PB02	Cyclotron Production of Tc-99m	cyclotron, vacuum, TRIUMF, proton	482
	K.R. Buckley TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Concern over past and impending shortages of Tc-99m have led to renewed interest in the cyclotron production of Tc-99m - the most used radionuclide in Nuclear Medicine. TRIUMF has led a collaboration to implement the irradiation of Mo-100 solid targets on cyclotrons previously only used for the production of PET radionuclides. The technology and irradiation conditions that are critical parameters affecting the purity of the Tc-99m will be presented.
	Slides FR2PB02 [9.058 MB]

Paper

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MO1PB03

Current Status of the Superconducting Cyclotron Project at Kolkata

cyclotron, extraction, resonance, diagnostics

11

J. Debnath, A. Chakrabarti, M.K. Dey
VECC, Kolkata, India

The commissioning of Kolkata superconducting cyclotron with internal ion beam had been reported in the last cyclotron conference. At that time, there was gradual beam loss due to poor vacuum. After installing a higher capacity liquid helium plant the cryo-panels were made functional leading to a substantial increase in the beam intensity. It was hoped that higher beam intensity would help in extraction of a measurable fraction of the beam, but that did not happen. Detailed investigation of beam behavior with the help of three beam probes, installed temporarily at three sectors, revealed that the beam goes highly off-centered while passing through the resonance zone. A plastic scintillator based phase probe was mounted on the radial probe and beam phase was measured accurately. It was quite clear that large amount of field imperfection was prohibiting the beam to be extracted. So magnetic field measurement has been started again and considerable amount of harmonic and average field errors have been found. In this paper we report the important developments since 2010.

Slides MO1PB03 [13.028 MB]

MOPPT001

Status Report of the Cyclotrons C-30, CS-30 and RDS-111 at KFSHRC, Saudi Arabia

cyclotron, proton, radiation, controls

28

F.M. Alrumayan, M.S. Shawoo, M. Vora
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Experience gained since the commissioning of the IBA C-30 Cyclotron at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC) in 2010, has shown this facility to be viable entity. In addition to the C-30 Cyclotron, the facility includes two other Cyclotrons namely; the RDS-111 and the CS30 Cyclotrons. The latter has dual responsibilities; while is kept as a backup for the other Cyclotrons for radioisotopes production, it’s used for proton therapy researches and Bragg Peak measurements at that particular energy. During the commission of the C30 cyclotron, 700 uA dual beam were measured. Facility operating history, usage and radiopharmaceuticals productions are described.

MOPPT004

Status and Further Development of the PSI High Intensity Proton Facility

cyclotron, proton, extraction, neutron

37

J. Grillenberger, J.M. Humbel, A.C. Mezger, M. Seidel, W. Tron
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

The High Intensity Proton Accelerator Facility of the Paul Scherrer Institut is routinely operated at an average beam power of 1.3 MW. Since the last cyclotron conference several highlights have been achieved. The maximum current extracted from the 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron could be increased from 2.2 mA to 2.4 mA during several beam development shifts. Furthermore, the availability of the facility has reached its highest level to date, beyond 93%. The new neutron source UCN which utilizes the full proton beam in pulsed mode, has been commissioned. To ensure reliable operation in the years to come and to further increase the intensity, an upgrade and refurbishment program is under way. Important parts of this program are the replacement of two resonators in Injector II and the installation of new RF amplifiers.

MOPPT010

On-Going Operations with the Cyclotron C70 ARRONAX

cyclotron, proton, isotope-production, vacuum

49

F. Poirier, S. Girault, X. Goiziou, F. Gomez, C. Huet, L. Lamouric, E. Mace, J. Orsonneau, L. Perrigaud, D. Poyac, H. Trichet, N. Varmenot
Cyclotron ARRONAX, Saint-Herblain, France
S. Girault, F. Poirier
SUBATECH, Nantes, France
C. Huet
EMN, Nantes, France
E. Mace
INSERM, Nantes, France
N. Varmenot
ICO, Saint - Herblain, France

The multi-particle cyclotron C70 ARRONAX, located at Nantes, France is used to accelerate non- concurrently four types of particles downstream several beamlines. The particle energy and intensity range of the cyclotron has allowed a wide variety of application including radiolysis, neutron and isotope productions, and physics experiments. Also regular operations are performed both with dual beam runs at 2x100 μA for isotope production and at 350 μA for neutron production using 70 MeV proton beams. At low intensity, 70 MeV alpha beam is one distinctive feature of the machine with the possibility to use pulsed beam with variable time between two consecutive bunches. The status of the machine is presented as well as the operational updates on the beamlines, including the alpha particle pulsing system, the newly installed alpha degrader and beam loss monitor being developed for high intensity runs.

MOPPT011

Variety of Beam Production at the INFN LNS Superconducting Cyclotron

cyclotron, ion, proton, extraction

52

D. Rifuggiato, L. Calabretta, L. Cosentino, G. Cuttone
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

The LNS Superconducting Cyclotron has been operating for almost 20 years. Several beams are currently accelerated and delivered, allowing for a wide variety of experimental activity to be carried out. In addition, clinical activity is regularly accomplished: over 11 years of protontherapy of the eye pathologies, around 300 patients have been treated. This has stimulated a growing number of interdisciplinary experiments in the field of radiobiology and dosimetry. On the side of nuclear physics, a significant achievement is the production of radioactive beams: several rare isotopes are produced mainly exploiting the in-flight fragmentation method. The development activity carried out on several components of the user oriented facility will be described.

MOPPT015

Plan of a 70 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron System for the ISOL Driver in the Rare Isotope Science Project

cyclotron, ISOL, injection, optics

64

J.-W. Kim, Y. Choi, S. Hong, J.H. Kim
IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

A 70 MeV H⁻ cyclotron system has been planned for the rare isotope science project (RISP) in Korea mainly to be used as ISOL driver. The maximum beam current requested is 1 mA, and the beam will be used for the nuclear and neutron science programs. A commercial cyclotron with two extraction ports is to be installed for the facility, and the beam distribution lines have been designed with consideration of radiation shielding. The injection beam line has been also studied to produce pulsed beams in the range of 0.01-1 MHz for the users of neutron science to utilize the time of flight technique. A chopper and collimator system is thought as a feasible scheme, and beam optics calculation has been performed. The cyclotron is scheduled to produce a first beam for the RISP in 2007.

MOPPT031

SPES Project: A Neutron Rich ISOL Facility for Re-Accelerated RIBs

cyclotron, ion, ISOL, rfq

91

A. Lombardi, A. Andrighetto, G. Bisoffi, M. Comunian, P. Favaron, F. Gramegna, M.M. Maggiore, L. AC. Piazza, G.P. Prete, D. Zafiropoulos
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy

SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is an INFN project with the aim to develop a Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility as an intermediate step toward EURISOL. The SPES Project is under realization at the INFN Legnaro National Laboratories site. The SPES Project main goal is to provide a production and accelerator system of exotic beams to perform forefront research in nuclear physics by studying nuclei far from stability. The SPES Project is concentrating on the production of neutron-rich radioactive nuclei with mass in the range 80-160. The final energy of the radioactive beams on target will range from few MeV/u up to 11 MeV/u for A=130[1]. The SPES facility acceleration system will be presented.

TUPPT006

The Development of Radial Probe for CYCIAE-100

cyclotron, vacuum, controls, injection

165

F.P. Guan, Z.G. Li, C. Wang, L.P. Wen, H.D. Xie, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

In the design of CYCIAE-100 beam diagnostics system, three radial probes distribute on the mid plane. These radial probes can be used for beam centering measurement. By blocking beam on five finger target and one stopping block, the radial probe can measure the radial and axial envelope of H⁻ beam at the same time. During beam commissioning, the radial probe can also be used for beam intensity measurement. The changeable probe head design makes it possible to replace the damaged part and optimization of the structure.

TUPPT008

A Profile Analysis Method for High-Intensity DC Beams Using a Thermographic Camera

diagnostics, neutron, background, beam-transport

168

K. Katagiri, S. Hojo, T. Honma, A. Noda, K. Noda
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan

A new analysis method for the digital-image processing apparatus has been developed to evaluate profiles of high-intensity DC beams from temperature images of irradiated-thin foils. Numerical calculations were performed to examine the reliability and the performance of the profile analysis method. To simulate the temperature images acquired by a thermographic camera, temperature distributions were numerically calculated for various beam parameters. The noises in the temperature images, which are added by the camera sensor, were also simulated to be taken its effect into account. By using the profile analysis method, the beam profiles were evaluated from the simulated-temperature images, and they were compared with the exact solution of the beam profiles. We found that the profile analysis method is adaptable over a wide beam current range of ~0.1 – 10 μA, even if a general-purpose thermographic camera with rather high noise (NETD ~ 0.3 K, NETD: Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference) is employed.

TUPSH009

Magnetic Field Mapping of the Best 70 MeV Cyclotron

cyclotron, alignment, controls, vacuum

239

F.S. Grillet, B.F. Milton
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada
D.T. Montgomery
Cedarflat Precision Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada

As is well known, the mapping of a cyclotron magnet presents several key challenges including requirements for a high degree of accuracy and difficult space constraints in the region to be measured. Several novel solutions were used to create the mapper for the Best 70 MeV cyclotron, which is based on an earlier version used to map the Best 14 MeV cyclotron. Based on a temperature compensated 3-Axis hall probe that is continuously sampled while the probe travels along a radial arm a high degree of positional accuracy is achieved by simultaneously sampling optical encoders located with the probe. A novel implementation using air bearings and air jets provides axial rotation of the arm with almost no metal parts. The mapper has achieved a full 360 degree map in 1 degree theta steps, and 2.5mm radial steps in 2 hours and 40 minutes, with a relative radial accuracy of ±0.02mm and angular accuracy of ±0.001 degrees. This paper will describe how the simultaneous challenges of designing with no metal parts while achieving a high degree of rigidity and precision have been addressed.

TUPSH011

Developments of HTS Magnets at RCNP

dipole, neutron, cyclotron, ion

242

K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, K. Kamakura, S. Takemura, H. Ueda, Y. Yasuda, K. Yokoyama, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan
T. Kawaguchi
KT Science Ltd., Akashi, Japan

At RCNP, we have been developing magnets utilizing high temperature super conducting (HTS) wires for this decade. They are a cylindrical magnet, two dimensional scanning coils, a super ferric dipole magnet whose coils have a negative curvature. Recently we built a cylindrical magnet for a practical use. It is used to polarize ultra cold neutrons. The maximum field is higher than 3.5 T at the center. We are fabricating a switching magnet which is excited by pulse currents to realize a time sharing of beams in two target positions. In the paper, we report specifications and performances of these magnets.

TUPSH014

An Integrated Self-Supporting Mini-Beamline for PET Cyclotrons

cyclotron, focusing, controls, radiation

251

M.P. Dehnel, D.E. Potkins, T.M. Stewart
D-Pace, Nelson, British Columbia, Canada

Funding: SR&ED
A commercial fluorine-18 water-target can now handle 150 μA of 10-19 MeV proton current. The days of a few tens of micro-amperes bombarding a PET target with low residual activity on a self-shielded cyclotron are over. Now an integrated self-supporting mini-beamline is essential for safe, optimized and reliable operation of PET cyclotrons. The high levels of prompt/residual radiation are moved (~1 m) away from the cyclotron so that local-shielding can be placed around the target/selector assembly, which minimizes cyclotron component damage due to prompt neutrons/gammas, and ensures the high residual target radiation is attenuated, so maintenance personnel can work on the cyclotron in a “cool” environment. Beam diagnostic readbacks from baffles/collimators provide steering and focusing control of the beam. This "plug-n-play" beamline is an integrated self-supporting unit cantilevered from the cyclotron. The single aluminum sub-structure acts as mounting flange, support structure, beampipe, and magnet registration device. A diamond-shaped vacuum envelope through the compound quadrupole/steering magnets results in maximum beam throughput and optimization.

TU3PB03

R&D of Helium Gas Stripper for Intense Uranium Beams

ion, acceleration, electron, cyclotron

265

H. Imao, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, H. Hasebe, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, H. Okuno, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, Y. Yano
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

Intensity upgrade of uranium beams is one of the main concerns at the RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF). The lifetime problem of carbon-foil strippers due to the high energy loss of uranium beams around 10~MeV/u was a principal bottleneck for the intensity upgrade in the acceleration scheme at the RIBF. We have developed a re-circulating He-gas stripper as an alternative to carbon foils for the acceleration of high-power uranium beams. The new stripping system was actually operated in user runs with U³⁵⁺ beams of more than 1 puA. Electron-stripped U⁶⁴⁺ beams were stably delivered to subsequent accelerators without serious deterioration of the system for six weeks. The new He-gas stripper, which removed the primary bottleneck in the high-intensity uranium acceleration, greatly contributed the tenfold increase of the average output intensity of the uranium beams from the previous year.

Slides TU3PB03 [11.983 MB]

WE1PB01

The Houghton College Cyclotron: a Tool for Educating Undergraduates

cyclotron, vacuum, ion, resonance

286

M.E. Yuly
Houghton College, Houghton, New York, USA

The cyclotron is an ideal undergraduate research project because its operation and use involve so many of the principles covered in the undergraduate physics curriculum – from resonant circuits to nuclear reactions. The physics program at Houghton College, as part of an emphasis on active learning, requires all majors to complete a multiyear research project culminating in an undergraduate thesis. Over the past ten years seven students have constructed a working 1.2 T tabletop cyclotron theoretically capable of producing approximately 400 keV protons. The construction and performance of the cyclotron will be discussed, as well as its use as an educational tool.

Slides WE1PB01 [28.909 MB]

WE1PB05

The Cyclotron Kids' 2 MeV Proton Cyclotron

cyclotron, vacuum, ion-source, ion

302

H. Baumgartner
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Two high school students (the "Cyclotron Kids") decided they wanted to build a small cyclotron by themselves in 2008. After researching and designing on their own, they looked for a way to fund their science project. After the students sent out tens of letters looking for sponsors, Jefferson Lab replied, offering funding and mentorship. Over several summers, the students worked at Jefferson Lab to take the cyclotron from the drawing board to near-completion. The cyclotron is now at Old Dominion University, where it will be used as an educational tool in the accelerator physics program.

Slides WE1PB05 [4.545 MB]

WEPPT007

Getting Uniform Ion Density on Target in High-Energy Beam Line of Cyclotron U-400M with Two

ion, octupole, cyclotron, quadrupole

335

I.A. Ivanenko, I.V. Kalagin, V.I. Kazacha, N.Yu. Kazarinov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

Formation by means of octupole magnets of a uniform ions distribution in the existing beam line of U400M cyclotron has been studied. The simulation was performed for Ar¹⁷⁺ ions with energy of 41.3 MeV/amu. The required level of beam non-uniformity on the target with diameter of 60 mm is ±7.5%. Two octupoles with static magnetic fields have been used to achieve the desired uniformity of the beam density in both coordinates simultaneously. The results of calculations are presented. This method of improving the uniformity of the beam will be implemented soon in Flerov laboratory of JINR.

WEPPT030

High Intensity Compact Cyclotron for ISODAR Experiment

cyclotron, vacuum, injection, extraction

384

D. Campo, J.R. Alonso, W.A. Barletta, L.M. Bartoszek, A. Calanna, J.M. Conrad, M. Toups
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
A. Adelmann
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
L. Calabretta, C. Cui, G. Gallo
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
R. Gutierrez-Martinez, L.A. Winslow
UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
M. Shaevitz
Columbia University, New York, USA
J.J. Yang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

IsoDAR is an experiment proposed to look for the existence of sterile neutrinos. These are additional neutrino states beyond the "standard" 3-nu paradigm, are predicted to exist to explain anomalies in several neutrino experiments. In IsoDAR (Isotope Decay At Rest), electron antineutrinos produced in a target ~15 meters from a kiloton-scale detector would oscillate into and out of the sterile state within the extent of the detector, producing a sinusoidal event rate as a function of distance from the target. The nu-e-bar flux arises from decay of 8Li, produced when a high-current beam of protons or deuterons strikes a beryllium target either directly, or via secondary neutrons that interact in a large, ultra-pure 7Li sleeve surrounding the target. A compact Q/A = 0.5 cyclotron with top energy of 60 MeV/amu will be installed underground close to KamLAND. This cyclotron is a prototype for the DAEδALUS cyclotron chain (Paper WEPPT030). With a central field of 1.075T, it will operate in the 4th harmonic. Preliminary designs will be described, as well as possible solutions for transport and assembly of the machine through the very constricted access apertures of the Kamioka mine.

WEPSH006

⁶²Zn Radioisotope Production by Cyclotron

cyclotron, proton, ion, injection

393

M. Ghergherehchi, J.-S. Chai, J.-S. Chai
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
H. Afarideh
AUT, Tehran, Iran

Natural Cu target was irradiated with proton beam in the energy range of 15 to 30 MeV at a beam current of 100 μA for 15 min. In this irradiation radioisotope of ⁶²Zn produced as a generator and then decay to ⁶²Cu radioisotope. The ⁶²Cu is emitting β+ and known to PET radioisotope. Excitation function of ⁶²Cu via ^natCu (p, 2n) ⁶²Zn, ⁶²Cu and ⁶²Cu (d, 3n) ⁶²Zn reactions were calculated using Alice and Talys codes and then were compared with the reported measurement by experimental data and ENDF-2011 data. Production yield versus target thickness were evaluated with attention to reaction cross section data obtained from Alice and Talys codes, and stopping power and range of protons in target materials using SRIM code. The production yield also examined experimentally and found that the optimum irradiation yield achieved to be 5.9 mci/μAh at protons of 100 μA current and 30 MeV energy. A radiolabeling process also was performed using ⁶²ZnCl₂ and antitumor compound, bleomycin (BLM) as a possible tumor imaging.

WEPSH008

Characterization of the CS30 Cyclotron at KFSH&RC for Radiotherapy Applications

proton, cyclotron, ion, ion-source

400

B.M. Moftah
Belal Moftah, PhD, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
S. Aldelaijan, F.M. Alrumayan, F. Alzorkani, S. Devic, M. Shehadeh
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Funding: King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Grant No 11-BIO1428-20
The 26.5 MeV beam of the CS30 Cyclotron at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC) was characterized dosimetrically for the use in radiobiological experiments for pre-clinical and radiotherapy studies. Position of the beam’s Bragg peak was measured with a stack of 60 pieces of HDV2 model GAFCHROMICTM films (105 microns thick each). This film type was specifically designed for measurement of very high doses, ranging up to 1,000 Gy. Output of the proton beam was calibrated using IAEA TRS-398 reference dosimetry protocol with calibrated parallel plate chamber in water. The response of the film was calibrated in terms of dose to water by exposing calibration film pieces within a solid water phantom. The position of the Bragg peak was found to be at around 6 mm when 10 to 20 nA proton beam current was used. Pieces of radiochromic film were irradiated at 40, 70 and 100 cm from the primary collimator, where the Gaussian shaped beam profiles had values of 12, 26, 45 mm FWHM respectively. Proton beam characteristics in terms of the output and beam size appear to be acceptable for pre-clinical studies.

WEPSH043

Performance of IBA New Conical Shaped Niobium [¹⁸O] Water Targets

niobium, cyclotron, insertion, controls

406

F.G. Devillet, J. Courtyn, J.-M. Geets, M. Ghyoot, E.K. Kral, O. Michaux, B. Nactergal, V. Nuttens
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
R. Mooij, L.R. Perk
BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Background: Because of an ever increasing demand for Fluoride-18 (¹⁸F^-), efforts are made to increase the performance of the ¹⁸F-target systems. Moreover, given the particularly high cost of ¹⁸O enriched water, only a small volume of this target material is desired. Procedure: Four conical shaped targets* with different target chamber sizes (Conical 6 – 2.4ml; Conical 8 – 3.2ml; Conical 12 - 5ml; Conical 16 - 7ml) were tested using IBA Cyclone® 18 MeV cyclotrons. The targets were filled with different volumes of ¹⁸O water (enrichment >92%) and irradiated with 18 MeV protons on target with beam currents up to 145 μA for 30–150 minutes. Fluoride-18 saturation activity yields and pressure curves were completed. Radionuclidic impurities were measured, even if the new target is using the same principle of Niobium body with Havar® window. Conclusions: Reliable operation in a production environment has been observed at beam currents up to 145 μA using less ¹⁸O enriched water as compared to the currently available IBA target systems without affecting the yield. The new design with less Orings and direct insertion of flow line into the niobium chamber has proven its effectiveness.
*Patent application: WO 2012/055970 A1

Poster WEPSH043 [0.836 MB]

WE3PB04

Transmission of Heavy Ion Beams in the AGOR Cyclotron

ion, cyclotron, heavy-ion, closed-orbit

420

A. Sen, S. Brandenburg, M.A. Hofstee
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
M.J. van Goethem
UMCG, Groningen, The Netherlands

During the acceleration of intense low energy heavy ion beams in the AGOR cyclotron feedback between beam intensity and pressure, driven by beam loss induced desorption, is observed. This feedback limits the attainable beam intensity. Calculations and measurements of the pressure dependent transmission for various beam agree reasonably well. Calculation of the trajectories of ions after a charge change shows that the desorption is mainly due to ions with near extraction energies, hitting the outer wall at a shallow angle of incidence. For heavy ions like ²⁰⁶Pb²⁷⁺ several charge exchanges are needed before the orbit becomes unstable. Our calculations indicate that these ions make thousands of turns before finally hitting the wall. They therefore are a large fraction of the circulating ions and may contribute to vacuum degradation through restgas ionization. Ion induced desorption for relevant ions and materials has been measured; it explains the observations in the cyclotron semi-quantitatively.
This work has been financially supported by the Foundation FOM, the Dutch funding agency NWO and the EU-FP7, Grant Agreement n° 262010 - ENSAR.

Slides WE3PB04 [5.272 MB]

TH1PB01

Operational Experience at the Intensity Limit in Compact Cyclotrons

cyclotron, extraction, ion, ion-source

432

G. Cojocaru, J.C. Lofvendahl
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Compact cyclotrons are a cost-efficient choice for medical radioisotope production since negative hydrogen ions can be used at energies well below 100MeV. The stripping extraction technique allows quite large circulating currents without the need for separated turns. Space charge limits are in the range of 1 to 2 mA, but operating for long periods at these levels is a challenge for many reasons, among them being the sputtering of metal surfaces where unaccepted beam is deposited. These limits and others observed during our 22 years of 24hours/365days of quasi continuous operation of TR30 cyclotrons will be explored.

Slides TH1PB01 [8.602 MB]

TH1PB03

Activation Analysis with Charged Particles: Theory, Practice and Potential

proton, neutron, cyclotron, monitoring

440

M.A. Chaudhri
Inst. of Biomaterials, Uni. of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany

Charged particle activation analysis (CPA) is an important application of cyclotrons. It is sensitive and can also activate lighter and other elements, such as Al, Si, Ti, Cd, Tl, Pb, Bi, etc., which cannot be conveniently or at all determined by slow neutron activation (NA). But, the heating of the target in CPA has to be overcome. Besides, it is necessary that the matrices of the sample and the “Standard” are identical or at least similar,which is not always convenient. However, with Chaudhri’s method*, CPA is reduced to the simplicity of NA even when matrices of “Standard” and sample are widely different. By using CPA, the effect of French Atomic Tests Series of 1974 in the Pacific on the Australian East Coast was studied. The sensitivity for detecting any element/isotope with Z=20 to Z=90 in any matrix, activated with protons, deuterons and alphas of up to 35 MeV energy have been estimated and presented in graphical form. From these curves the sensitivity of detecting any element/isotope in the aforementioned range can be directly estimated in any given matrix. These curves would help in selecting the most suitable nuclear reaction for the measurement of a particular element.
*A.Chaudhri, N.Chaudhri. Methods of charged-particle activation analysis. Paper presented at the 20th Int. Conf. On Ion Beam Analysis, Itapema (Brazil) 10-15 April, 2011 to be published

TH1PB04

Fabrication of Hydrophobic Surfaces from Hydrophilic BeO by Alpha-Irradiation-Induced Nuclear Transmutation

controls, plasma, radiation, cyclotron

443

E.J. Lee, M.G. Hur, J.H. Park
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
Y.B. Kong, Y.D. Park, J.M. Son, S.D. Yang
Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea

Hydrophobic surfaces were simply fabricated by irradiating hydrophilic BeO surfaces with an alpha particle beam from a cyclotron. In this research, BeO disks were irradiated under conditions of ~25 MeV in alpha particle energy and ~1 μA in beam current with different irradiation time. After the alpha irradiation, the changes in the morphology and chemical composition of BeO surfaces were analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The wetting property of alpha-irradiated BeO surfaces is analyzed by measuring water contact angles (CAs). C and F atoms were created, and consequently, hydrophobic CFx functional groups were formed by the alpha irradiation of hydrophilic BeO. The amount of CFx functional groups on the surface increases as the irradiation time increases. In addition, the surface roughening, which also affects the surface wettability, was induced by the alpha irradiation. Accordingly, the CA of alpha-irradiated BeO surfaces gradually increases as the irradiation time increases. In conclusion, hydrophilic BeO surfaces could be easily converted to hydrophobic surfaces by the alpha irradiation.

Slides TH1PB04 [5.545 MB]

TH2PB02

Parasitic Isotope Production with Cyclotron Beam Generated Neutrons

neutron, cyclotron, proton, isotope-production

451

J.W. Engle, E.R. Birnbaum, M.E. Fassbender, K.D. John, F.M. Nortier
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics
Several LINAC and cyclotron facilities worldwide generate high intensity beams with primary beam energies in the range 66 MeV to 200 MeV for isotope production purposes. Many of these beams are almost fully subscribed due to the high demand for isotopes produced via proton induced reactions, leaving little beam time available for production of smaller quantities of research isotopes. Modeling and preliminary experimental measurement of the high power proton beam interaction with targets at the Isotope Production Facility at Los Alamos show a high potential for parasitic small scale production of isotopes utilizing the secondary neutron flux generated around the target. This can also be exploited by modern commercial 70 MeV cyclotrons with total beam currents approaching 1 mA and more.

Slides TH2PB02 [5.799 MB]

TH2PB03

The University of Washington Clinical Cyclotron a Summary of Current Particles and Energies Used in Therapy, Isotope Production, and Clinical Research

cyclotron, proton, neutron, ion-source

454

E.F. Dorman, R.C. Emery
University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

The University of Washington Clinical Cyclotron (UWCC) is a Scanditronix MC-50 compact cyclotron installed in 1983. The cyclotron has now been in operation for 30 years. The unique nature of the cyclotron is its variable frequency RF system, and dual ion source chimneys; it is also capable to produce other particles and energies. Our facility is now sharing beam time between multiple users: Fast Neutron radiotherapy. Development of a Precision Proton Radiotherapy Platform. In vivo verification of precision proton radiotherapy with positron emission tomography. Routine production of 211-At. Routine production of 117m-Sn. Cyclotron based 99m-Tc production. Cyclotron based 186-Re production. Proton beam extracted into air, demonstrating a visual Bragg peak. Neutron hardness for electronic subsystems. These multiple projects show the uniqueness of our facility and our commitment to therapy, radioisotope research and production, and clinical investigations. Currently Running Protons (H⁺) 50.5 MeV/75μA, 50 MeV/5-10pA, 35 MeV/3-5 pA 16, 18, 24, 28 MeV/30μA, Protons (H²⁺) 6.8 MeV/300nA, Deuterons (D⁺) 18, 20, 22, 24 MeV/30μA, Alphas (4He++) 29.0 MeV/50μA, 47.3 MeV/70μA.

Slides TH2PB03 [11.400 MB]

FR1PB03

The Radio Frequency Fragment Separator: A Time-of-Flight Filter for Fast Fragmentation Beams

neutron, cyclotron, radio-frequency, proton

467

T. Baumann, D. Bazin, T.N. Ginter, E. Kwan, J. Pereira, C. Sumithrarachchi
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants PHY02-16783, PHY-06-06007, and PHY-11-02511.
Rare isotope beams produced by fragmentation of fast heavy ion beams are commonly separated using a combination of magnetic rigidity selection (mass to charge ratio) and energy-loss selection (largely dependent on proton number) using magnetic fragment separators. This method offers isotopic selection of the fragment of interest, however, the purity that can be achieved depends on the rigidity of the rare isotope with respect to more abundant fragments. This poses a problem specifically for neutron-deficient isotopes (towards the proton drip line) where much more abundant isotopes closer to stability can not be separated out. A separation by time-of-flight can further suppress such isotonic contaminants. The Radio Frequency Fragment Separator* deflects isotopes based on their phase relative to the cyclotron RF using a transverse electric RF field, effectively separating by time-of-flight. This method is in use for the production of neutron deficient rare isotope beams at NSCL.
*D. Bazin et al., Nucl. Inst. and Meth. A 606 (2009) 314-319

Slides FR1PB03 [4.324 MB]

FR1PB04

GANIL Operation Status and Upgrade of SPIRAL1

ion, ion-source, acceleration, cyclotron

470

O. Kamalou, O. Bajeat, F. Chautard, P. Delahaye, M. Dubois, P. Jardin, L. Maunoury
GANIL, Caen, France

The GANIL facility (Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds) at Caen produces and accelerates stable ion beams since 1982 for nuclear physics, atomic physics, radiobiology and material irradiation. Nowadays, an intense exotic beam is produced by the Isotope Separation On-Line method at the SPIRAL1 facility. It is running since 2001, producing and post-accelerating radioactive ion beams of noble gas type mainly. The review of the operation from 2001 to 2013 is presented. Due to a large request of physicists, the facility will be enhanced within the frame of the project Upgrade SPIRAL1. The goal of the project is to broaden the range of post-accelerated exotic beams available especially to all the condensable light elements as P, Mg, Al, Cl etc The upgrade of SPIRAL1 is in progress and the new beams would be delivered for operation by the end of 2015.

Slides FR1PB04 [1.514 MB]

FR2PB02

Cyclotron Production of Tc-99m

cyclotron, vacuum, TRIUMF, proton

482

K.R. Buckley
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Concern over past and impending shortages of Tc-99m have led to renewed interest in the cyclotron production of Tc-99m - the most used radionuclide in Nuclear Medicine. TRIUMF has led a collaboration to implement the irradiation of Mo-100 solid targets on cyclotrons previously only used for the production of PET radionuclides. The technology and irradiation conditions that are critical parameters affecting the purity of the Tc-99m will be presented.

Slides FR2PB02 [9.058 MB]