IPAC2017 - List of Keywords (proton)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOOCA3	Amorphous Carbon Thin Film Coating of the SPS Beamline: Evaluation of the First Coating Implementation	vacuum, electron, cathode, operation	44
	M. Van Gompel, P. Chiggiato, P. Costa Pinto, P. Cruikshank, C. Pasquino, J. Perez Espinos, A. Sapountzis, M. Taborelli, W. Vollenberg CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	As part of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) project, the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) must be upgraded in order to inject in the LHC 25 ns bunch spaced beams of higher intensity. To mitigate the Electron Multipacting (EM) phenomenon in the SPS, CERN developed thin film carbon coatings with a low Secondary Electron Yield (SEY). The development went from coating small samples, up to coating of 6 m long vacuum chambers directly installed in the magnets. To deposit the low SEY amorphous carbon (aC) film on the vacuum chamber inner wall of SPS ring components, a modular hollow cathode train was designed. The minimization of the logistical impact requires a strategy combining in-situ and ex-situ coating, depending on the type of components. To validate the implementation strategy of the aC thin films and the in-situ coating process along the 7 km long SPS beamline, approximately 2 cells of B-type bending dipoles and 9 focussing quadrupoles are foreseen to be treated with the aC coating during the Extended Year End Technical Stop (EYETS) 2016-2017. We will discuss the coating technique and evaluate both the implementation process and the resulting coating performance.
	Slides MOOCA3 [71.421 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOOCA3
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MOPAB001	Status of the FCC-hh Collimation System	collimation, insertion, simulation, collider	64
	J. Molson, A. Faus-Golfe LAL, Orsay, France R. Bruce, M. Fiascaris, A.M. Krainer, S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant No 654305. The future circular hadron collider (FCC-hh) will have an unprecedented proton beam energy of 50 TeV, and total stored beam energy of 8.4 GJ. We discuss current developments in the collimation system design, and methods with which the challenges faced due to the high energies involved can be mitigated. Finally simulation results of new collimation system designs are presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB001
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MOPAB003	Energy Deposition in the Betatron Collimation Insertion of the 100 TeV Future Circular Collider	dipole, insertion, betatron, simulation	68
	M.I. Besana, C. Bahamonde Castro, A. Bertarelli, R. Bruce, F. Carra, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, M. Fiascaris, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The FCC proton beam is designed to carry a total energy of about 8500 MJ, a factor of 20 above the LHC. In this context, the collimation system has to deal with extremely tight requirements to prevent quenches and material damage. A first layout of the betatron cleaning insertion was conceived, adapting the present LHC collimation system to the FCC lattice. A crucial ingredient to assess its performance, in particular to estimate the robustness of the protection devices and the load on the downstream elements, is represented by the simulation of the particle shower generated at the collimators, allowing detailed energy deposition estimations. This paper presents the first results of the simulation chain starting from the proton losses generated with the Sixtrack-FLUKA coupling, as currently done for the present LHC and for its upgrade. Expectations in terms of total power, peak power density and integrated dose on the different accelerator components are presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB003
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MOPAB006	Design and Prototyping of New CERN Collimators in the Framework of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) Project and the High-Luminosity (HL-LHC) Project	impedance, collimation, dipole, vacuum	80
	F.-X. Nuiry, O. Aberle, M. Bergeret, A. Bertarelli, N. Biancacci, R. Bruce, M. Calviani, F. Carra, A. Dallocchio, L. Gentini, S.S. Gilardoni, R. Illan Fiastre, I. Lamas Garcia, A. Masi, A. Perillo-Marcone, S. Pianese, S. Redaelli, E. Rigutto, B. Salvant CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	In the framework of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Injectors Upgrade (LIU) and the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) Projects at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research, in Geneva, Switzerland), collimators in the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) to LHC transfer lines as well as ring collimators in the LHC will undergo important upgrades in the forthcoming years, mainly focused during the Long Shutdown 2 foreseen during 2019-2020. This contribution will detail the current design of the TCDIL collimators with a particular emphasis on the engineering developments performed on the collimator jaws, aiming at getting a stringent flatness while consid-ering also the integration of thermal shock resistant materials. The prototyping phase done at CERN will be also described. The activities ongoing to prepare the series production for other LHC collimator types (TCPPM, TCSPM, TCTPM, TCLD) will be presented, describing the role that each of these collimators play on the HL-LHC Project. A focus on the series production processes, the manufacturing and assembly technologies involved and the quality and performance assurance tests will be given.
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MOPAB007	Status of Crystal Collimation Studies at the LHC	collimation, injection, beam-losses, ion	84
	R. Rossi, O. Aberle, O.O. Andreassen, M.E.J. Butcher, C.A. Dionisio Barreto, I. Lamas Garcia, A. Masi, D. Mirarchi, S. Montesano, S. Redaelli, A. Rijllart, W. Scandale, P. Serrano Galvez, G. Valentino CERN, Geneva, Switzerland F. Galluccio INFN-Napoli, Napoli, Italy
	Crystal collimation is a technique that relies on highly pure bent crystals to coherently deflect beam particles - through the channeling mechanisms - onto dedicated absorbers. Standard multi-stage collimation systems for hadron beams use amorphous materials as primary collimators and might be limited by nuclear interactions and ion fragmentation that are strongly suppressed in crystals. A crystal collimation setup was installed in the betatron cleaning insertion of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to demonstrate with LHC beams the feasibility of this concept and to compare its performance with that of the present system. Channeling was observed for the first time with 6.5 TeV beam and and plans for further crystal collimation beam tests at the LHC are discussed. Results of these first beam tests are presented.
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MOPAB009	Decomposition of Beam Losses at LHC	beam-losses, betatron, distributed, collimation	88
	B. Salvachua, D. Mirarchi, M. Pojer, S. Redaelli, R. Rossi, G. Valentino, M. Wyszynski CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The LHC collimation system provides betatron cleaning and off-momentum cleaning in two different locations of the LHC ring. In the betatron cleaning area, three primary collimators cut the primary halo in horizontal, vertical and skew planes. The beam loss monitors located downstream each of these collimators can be used to diagnose the main plane of loss. We present here a method to identify these beam losses at the LHC and decompose them as a linear combination of loss scenarios using singular value decomposition to calculate Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse of the scenario matrix. This matrix has been used to evaluate the type of beam losses in different stages of the LHC cycle.
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MOPAB010	Anomaly Detection for Beam Loss Maps in the Large Hadron Collider	collimation, alignment, flattop, collider	92
	G. Valentino University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta R. Bruce, S. Redaelli, R. Rossi, P. Theodoropoulos CERN, Geneva, Switzerland S. Jaster-Merz University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
	In the LHC, beam loss maps are used to validate collimator settings for cleaning and machine protection. This is done by monitoring the loss distribution in the ring during infrequent controlled loss map campaigns, as well as in standard operation. Due to the complexity of the system, consisting of more than 50 collimators per beam, it is difficult to identify small changes in the collimation hierarchy, which may be due to setting errors or beam orbit drifts with such methods. A technique based on Principal Component Analysis and Local Outlier Factor is presented to detect anomalies in the loss maps and therefore provide an automatic check of the collimation hierarchy.
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MOPAB011	Impact on the HL-LHC Triplet Region and Experiments From Asynchronous Beam Dumps on Tertiary Collimators	neutron, photon, optics, interface	96
	A. Tsinganis, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Lechner CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Accidental beam impacts on the tertiary collimators (TCTs) can lead to significant energy deposition in the triplet region and to leakage of the induced particle shower towards the experimental cavern. In this work, carried out in the context of the planned High Luminosity Upgrade of the LHC, severe impacts from asynchronous beam dumps on the horizontal tertiary collimators in cells 4 and 6 of the CMS insertion were studied, with half or a full proton bunch impacting on a collimator jaw. The choice of jaw material is shown to be of great importance, with over a factor of 10 increase in peak energy density values in the triplet coils moving from tungsten (Inermet) to molybdenum graphite jaws. Nevertheless, although the quench limit is exceeded in at least one or more triplet magnets in all the evaluated scenarios, values remain well below the damage limit. Energy spectra of particles leaking into the experimental cavern have also been estimated and are presented here.
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MOPAB012	Study of the 2015 Top Energy LHC Collimation Quench Tests Through an Advanced Simulation Chain	ion, simulation, collimation, heavy-ion	100
	E. Skordis, C.P. Welsch The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland C.P. Welsch Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	While the LHC has shown record-breaking perfor-mance during the 2016 run, our understanding of the behaviour of the machine must also reach new levels. The collimation system and especially the betatron cleaning insertion region (IR7), where most of the beam halo is intercepted to protect superconducting (SC) magnets from quenching, has so far met the expectations but could nonetheless pose a bottleneck for future operation at higher beam intensities for HL-LHC. A better under-standing of the collimation leakage to SC magnets is required in order to quantify potential limitations in terms of cleaning efficiency, ultimately optimising the collider capabilities. Particle tracking simulations com-bined with shower simulations represent a powerful tool for quantifying the power deposition in magnets next to the cleaning insertion. In this study, we benchmark the simulation models against beam loss monitor measure-ments from magnet quench tests (QT) with 6.5 TeV pro-ton and 6.37Z TeV Pb ion beams. In addition, we investi-gate the effect of possible imperfections on the collima-tion leakage and the power deposition in magnets.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB012
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MOPAB013	Recent Development and Results With the Merlin Tracking Code	collimation, simulation, collider, electron	104
	S.C. Tygier, R.B. Appleby, H. Rafique UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom R.J. Barlow, S. Rowan IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom J. Molson LAL, Orsay, France
	Funding: Work supported by High Luminosity LHC : UK (HL-LHC-UK), grant number ST/N001621/1 MERLIN is an high performance accelerator simulation code which is used for modelling the collimation system at the LHC. It is written in extensible object-oriented C++ so new physics processes can be easily added. In this article we present recent developments needed for the Hi-Lumi LHC and future high energy colliders including FCC, such as hollow electron lenses and composite materials. We also give an overview of recent simulation work, validation against LHC data from run 1 and 2, and loss maps for Hi-Lumi LHC.
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MOPAB023	ESS Emittance Measurements at INFN CATANIA	emittance, ion, ion-source, simulation	123
	O. Tuske, P. Daniel-Thomas, J.F. Denis, Y. Gauthier, T.J. Joannem, N. Misiara, V. Nadot, G. Perreu, F. Senée, V. Silva CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France L. Celona, L. Neri INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy B. Cheymol, T.J. Shea ESS, Lund, Sweden I. Chu, M. Monteremand CEA LITEN, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France Ø. Midttun University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway T.V. Vacher CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
	Beam characteristics at low energy are an absolute necessity for an acceptable injection in the next stage of a linear accelerator, and are also necessary to reduce beam loss and radiation inside the machine. CEA is taking part of ESS linac construction, by designing Emittance Measurement Units (EMU) for the Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT). The EMU are designed to qualify the proton beam produced by the INFN Catania ion source. This measurement has been decided to be time resolved, allowing to follow the beam emittance reduction, during the pulse length. A 1Mhz acquisition board controlled by EPICS save raw datas to an archiver in order to be able to post process the measurements for time resolution. The design corresponds to an Allison's scanner, using entrance and exit slits, electrostatic plates and a faraday cup. The beamstopper protects the device and can be removable to fit to beam power. It has been manufactured by the CEA/LITEN with copper tungsten HIP technique. This article report the first measurements on the ESS injector at INFN CATANIA.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPAB023
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MOPAB069	Measurement of Transverse Multipole Moments of the Proton Beam in the J-PARC MR	quadrupole, multipole, simulation, vacuum	274
	T. Toyama J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan A. Ichikawa, A. Minamino, K.G. Nakamura, Y. Nakanishi, T. Nakaya, W. Uno Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan T. Koseki, H. Kuboki, M. Okada KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
	Funding: This work was partially supported by MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 25105002 and 16H06288. Transverse multipole moments (quadrupole and more) of the beam may give important informations of the beam such as beam sizes, nonlinear resonances and so on. However higher moments are difficult to measure because signal-to-noise-ratio becomes smaller proportional to the n-th order of the beam-radius-to-vacuum-duct-radius ratio. In order to increase the SNR and to extend the multipole order, we developed and installed a 16 electrode beam monitor in the J-PARC MR, which consists of guard-potential-separated 16 striplines. The calibration method, beam test results will be presented.
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MOPAB070	Beam Position Measurement During Multi-Turn Painting Injection at the J-PARC RCS	injection, linac, operation, synchrotron	277
	N. Hayashi, A. Miura, P.K. Saha, M. Yoshimoto JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
	Multi-turn painting injection scheme is important for high intensity proton accelerators. At the J-PARC RCS, a transverse painting scheme was adapted by adding vertical painting magnets to the beam transport line before the injection point, with horizontal painting being performed by a set of dedicated pulse magnets in the ring. To establish a transverse painting condition, it is usual to base on the pulse magnet current pattern. However, it is more desirable to directly measure the beam orbit time variation for evaluation. A linac beam was chopped to match the ring RF bucket. We thought that it would be difficult to measure the position for each pulse; however, the average position could be extracted by introducing a particular device. For the beam injected into the ring, because the linac RF frequency component was diminished due to debunching quickly, one could determine its position in the beginning of the injection period. However, due to rebunching effect the position determination becomes difficult. This problem needs to be resolved.
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MOPAB076	2D Beam Profile Monitors at CPHS of Tsinghua University	target, ion, radiation, electronics	298
	W. Wang, X. Guan, W.-H. Huang, Y. Lei, X.W. Wang, Q.Z. Xing, S.X. Zheng TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China L. Du CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France M.T. Qiu, Z.M. Wang State Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation and Effect, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Shannxi, People's Republic of China
	Beam profile is a key parameter for high current proton linac. Compact Pulsed Hadron Source(CPHS) has two type of detectors to monitor beam 2D beam profile: scintillator screen and rotatable multi-wire scanner. A retractable chromium-doped alumina (Chromox) screen is used as scintillator, emitted lights when impacted by proton are captured by a 12 bit CCD camera. Nineteen carbon fibre wires with a diameter of 30 'm, 3 mm separated from each other, are used to measure beam 1D distribution. Projection can be measured at different direction by rotating the multi-wire scanner about beam direction. 2D beam distribution is reconstructed from multiple projections with the help of CT. Different CT algorithms, Algebra Reconstruct Technique (ART) and Maximum Entropy algorithm (MENT), are applied to achieve accurate or quick reconstruction. The preliminary experimental results show the two profile monitors working consistently with each other.
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MOPAB109	Operational Experience with Luminosity Scans for Beam Size Estimation in 2016 LHC Proton Physics Operation	emittance, luminosity, operation, simulation	374
	M. Hostettler LHEP, Bern, Switzerland K. Fuchsberger, G. Papotti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Luminosity scans were regularly performed at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) as of 2015 as a complementary method for measuring the beam size. The CMS experiment provides bunch-by-bunch luminosities at sufficient rates to allow evaluation of bunch-by-bunch beam sizes, and the scans are performed in the horizontal and vertical plane separately. Closed orbit differences between bunches can also be derived by this analysis. During 2016 LHC operation, these scans were also done in an automated manner on a regular basis, and the analysis was improved to significantly reduce the systematic uncertainty, especially in the crossing plane. This contribution first highlights the recent improvements to the analysis and elaborates on their impact. The measured beam sizes during 2016 proton physics operation are then shown and compared to measurements from synchrotron light telescopes and estimates based on the absolute luminosities of the LHC experiments.
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MOPAB119	Beam Instrumentation Developments for the Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN	electron, plasma, laser, electronics	404
	S. Mazzoni, M. Barros Marin, B. Biskup, A. Boccardi, T.B. Bogey, S. Burger, F.S. Domingues Sousa, E. Effinger, J. Emery, A. Goldblatt, I. Gorgisyan, E. Gschwendtner, A. Guerrero, L.K. Jensen, T. Lefèvre, D. Medina, B. Moser, G. Schneider, L. Søby, M. Turner, M. Vicente Romero, M. Wendt CERN, Geneva, Switzerland B. Biskup Czech Technical University, Prague 6, Czech Republic M. Turner TUG/ITP, Graz, Austria V.A. Verzilov TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment (AWAKE) at CERN aims to develop a proof-of-principle electron accelerator based on proton driven plasma wake-field acceleration. The core of AWAKE is a 10 metre long plasma cell filled with Rubidium vapour in which single, 400 GeV, proton bunches extracted from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) generate a strong plasma wakefield. The plasma is seeded using a femtosecond pulsed Ti:Sapphire laser. The aim of the experiment is to inject low energy electrons onto the plasma wake and accelerate them over this short distance to an energy of several GeV. To achieve its commissioning goals, AWAKE requires the precise measurement of the position and transverse profile of the laser, proton and electron beams as well as their temporal synchronisation. This contribution will present the beam instrumentation systems designed for AWAKE and their performance during the 2016 proton beam commissioning period.
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MOPAB120	Beam Instrumentation for the CERN LINAC4 and PSB Half Sector Test	linac, instrumentation, laser, emittance	408
	F. Roncarolo, J.C. Allica Santamaria, M. Bozzolan, C. Bracco, S. Burger, G.J. Focker, G. Guidoboni, L.K. Jensen, B. Mikulec, A. Navarro Fernandez, U. Raich, J.B. Ruiz, L. Søby, J. Tan, W. Viganò, C. Vuitton, C. Zamantzas CERN, Geneva, Switzerland T. Hofmann Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
	The construction, installation and initial commissioning of CERN's LINAC4 was completed in 2016 with H⁻ ions successfully accelerated to its top energy of 160 MeV. The accelerator is equipped with a large number of beam diagnostic systems that are essential to monitor, control and optimize the beam parameters. A general overview of the installed systems and their functional specifications will be followed by a summary of the most relevant results. This includes transverse profile monitors (wire scanners, wire grids and a laser profile monitor), beam position and phase monitors (whose ToF measurements were essential for adjusting RF cavity parameters), beam loss monitors, beam current transformers and longitudinal beam shape monitors. This contribution will also cover the beam instrumentation for the so-called PSB Half Sector Test, which has been temporarily installed in the LINAC4 transfer line to study H⁻ stripping efficiency. At this facility it was possible to test the new H⁰/H⁻ beam current monitor, designed to monitor the stripping efficiency and an essential element of the beam interlock system when the LINAC4 is connected to the PSB in 2019.
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MOPAB122	Fast Bunch by Bunch Tune Measurements at the CERN PS	injection, betatron, synchrotron, operation	415
	P. Zisopoulos, M. Gąsior, M. Serluca, G. Sterbini CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The CERN Proton Synchrotron (PS) is a crucial component of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) injector complex. The PS role is to provide beams of high brightness and with the required time structure. In this paper, we present the results of bunch-by-bunch tune measurements by using turn-by-turn transverse beam position monitors (BPMs). The data from different BPMs are combined together to allow fast and accurate tune measurements for each bunch. The obtained results are compared with the present PS tune-meter system and the specific advantages and limits of this technique are commented and exemplified.
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MOPAB130	Cross-Calibration of the LHC Transverse Beam-Profile Monitors	emittance, optics, luminosity, experiment	437
	R. Alemany-Fernández, F. Alessio, A. Alexopoulos, C. Barschel, F.S. Carlier, J.M. Coello de Portugal, M. Ferro-Luzzi, A. Garcia-Tabares, M. Hostettler, O. Karacheban, E.H. Maclean, R. Matev, T. Persson, P.K. Skowroński, R. Tomás, G. Trad, S. Vlachos, B. Würkner CERN, Geneva, Switzerland G.R. Coombs EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland T.B. Hadavizadeh Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom M. Hofer TU Vienna, Wien, Austria L. van Riesen-Haupt University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
	Calibration of a transverse beam profile monitor is of fundamental importance to guarantee the best possible accuracy and reliability of the instrument over time. In LHC the calibration standard for transverse-profile measurements are the wire scanners. Other profile monitors such as beam synchrotron light telescopes and interferometers are calibrated with respect to them. Additional information about single-bunch sizes can be obtained from beam-gas imaging in the LHCb vertex detector, from the transverse convolved beam sizes extracted from luminosity scans at the collision points, and from the evolution of the luminous-region parameters as reconstructed by ATLAS and CMS inner tracker detectors during such scans. For the first time in LHC, a dedicated cross-calibration of all the above-mentioned systems was carried out with beam in 2016. Additionally, dedicated optics measurements were also performed in order to determine with the highest possible accuracy the amplitude function at the interaction points and at the position of the profile monitors. Results of these measurements are presented in this paper.
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MOPAB140	Phase-Space Analysis Using Tomography for the Muon g-2 Experiment at Fermilab	experiment, target, storage-ring, quadrupole	462
	D. Stratakis Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. De-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy. In the next decade the Fermilab Muon Campus will host two world class experiments dedicated to the search for signals of new physics. The Muon g-2 experiment will determine with unprecedented precision the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. The Mu2e experiment will improve by four orders of magnitude the sensitivity on the search for the as-yet unobserved Charged Lepton Flavor Violation process of a neutrinoless conversion of a muon to an electron. Maintaining and preserving a high density of particles in phase-space is an important requirement for both experiments. This paper presents a new experimental method for mapping the transverse phase space of a particle beam based on tomographic principles. We simulate our technique using the tracking code GEANT4, to ascertain accuracy of the reconstruction. Then we apply the technique to a series of proof-of-principle simulation tests to study injection, transport and extraction of muon and proton beams for the Fermilab g-2 and Mu2e Experiments.
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MOPAB144	Residual-Gas Beam Profile Monitors for Intense Beams in Transfer Lines	electron, ion, synchrotron, detector	469
	R.J. Abrams, M.A. Cummings, V.G. Dudnikov, R.P. Johnson Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA M. Popovic Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Muons, Inc. proposes to develop a Residual-Gas Beam Profile Monitor for Transfer Lines with pulse-to-pulse precision of better than 0.1 mm in position and size that will operate over a wide range of proton beam intensities including those needed for multi-MW beams of future facilities. Traditional solid-based beam intercepting instrumentation produces unallowable levels of radiation at high powers. Our alternative approach is to use a low mass residual-gas profile monitor, where ionization electrons are collected along extended magnetic field lines and the gas composition and pressure in the beam pipe are locally controlled to minimize unwanted radiation and to improve resolution. Beam Induced Fluorescence profile monitor with mirascope light collection is proposed.
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MOPAB154	Measurement of Proton Transverse Emittance in the Brookhaven AGS	emittance, dipole, injection, flattop	494
	H. Huang, L. Ahrens, C.W. Dawson, C.E. Harper, C. Liu, F. Méot, M.G. Minty, V. Schoefer, S. Tepikian, K. Zeno BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. High luminosity and high polarization in RHIC require good control and measurement of emittance in its injector, the Brookhaven AGS. In the past, the AGS emittance has been measured by using an ion collecting IPM during the whole cycle. The beam profiles from this IPM are distorted by space charge forces at higher energy, which makes the emittance determination very hard. The effect has been measured with IPM measurement at different energies with RF off to mitigate the space charge effect. In addition, helical snake magnets and near integer vertical tune for polarized proton operation distort the lattice in the AGS and introduce large beta beating. For more precise measurements of the emittance, we need turn-by-turn (TBT) measurements near injection and beta function measurements at the IPM. The AGS has also been modeled to get the beta functions at the locations of IPM. A new type of electron collecting IPM has been installed and tested in the AGS with proton beam. The vertical beta functions at the IPM locations have been measured with a local corrector near the IPM. This paper summarizes our current understanding of AGS emittances and plans for the further improvements.
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MOPIK028	Simulation Study of Halo Collimation in the TRIUMF Ariel Proton Beam Line	collimation, scattering, cyclotron, simulation	557
	F.W. Jones, R.A. Baartman, I.V. Bylinskii, Y.-N. Rao TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	Funding: Funded under a contribution agreement with NRC (National Research Council of Canada). Capital funding from CFI (Canada Foundation for Innovation). The TRIUMF 500 MeV H⁻ cyclotron uses stripping foil extraction to drive several proton beam lines serving different experimental programs. As part of TRIUMF's Ariel facility now under construction, a new proton beam line 4-North will be installed to transport up to 100 microamps of 480 MeV protons to an ISOL target station for rare isotope beam production. This beam line has been designed for low-loss (< 1nA/m) operation and provides space for a collimator to remove the beam halo produced by large-angle scattering in the cyclotron extraction foil. We have studied proton loss patterns and collimation efficiency using simulation codes: the older REVMOC program and a fully 3D simulation based on Geant4, with all particle interactions in matter included. Scattering in the foil is treated by a separate iterated single-scatter model. Using these tools we arrive at a prototype design for an effective collimator.
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MOPIK029	Energy Deposition and Activation Studies of the ESSnuSB Horn Station	target, hadron, neutron, linac	561
	E. Bouquerel, E. Baussan, M. Dracos IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France N. Vassilopoulos IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Funding: This project is now supported by the COST Action CA15139 Combining forces for a novel European facility for neutrino-antineutrino symmetry-violation discovery (EuroNuNet). The ESS'SB project foresees the production of a very intense neutrino beam to enable the discovery of leptonic CP violation. In addition to the neutrinos, a copious number of muons that could be used by a future Neutrino Factory and a muon collider will also be produced at the same time. This facility will use the world's most intense pulsed spallation neutron source, the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund. Its LINAC is expected to be operational by 2023, producing 2 GeV protons with a power of 5 MW. The primary proton beam line completing the linear accelerator will consist of one or several accumulator rings and a proton beam switchyard. The secondary beam line producing neutrinos and muons will consist of a four-horn target station, a decay tunnel and a beam dump. To detect the produced neutrinos a far megaton scale Water Cherenkov detector will be placed at a baseline of about 500 km in one of the existing active mines in Sweden. The estimation of the energy deposited and the activation within this secondary beam line are discussed in this paper.
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MOPIK030	Design of a Beamline From a TR24 Cyclotron for Biological Tissues Irradiation	emittance, cyclotron, quadrupole, dipole	564
	E. Bouquerel, T. Adam, G. Heitz, C. Maazouzi, C. Matthieu, M. Pellicioli, M. Rousseau, C. Ruescas, J. Schuler, E.K. Traykov IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
	Funding: The PRECy project is supported by the Contrat de Projet Etat-Région (CPER) Alsace Champagne-Ardenne Lorraine. The PRECy project foresees the use of a 16-25 MeV energy proton beam produced by the recently installed TR24 cyclotron, CYRCé, at the Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC) of Strasbourg for biological tissues irradiation. One of the exit ports of the cyclotron will be used for this application along with a combination magnet. The platform will consist of up to 3 or 5 experimental stations linked to beamlines in a dedicated area next to the cyclotron vault. One of the beamlines will receive proton beams of a few cm diameter at intensities up to 100 nA. The status of the design of this first beam line is presented.
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MOPIK031	COSY Extraction Line Characterization and Modeling	quadrupole, extraction, optics, storage-ring	567
	B. Lorentz, M. Bai, Y. Dutheil, R. Tölle, C. Weidemann FZJ, Jülich, Germany
	COSY is a versatile racetrack-type synchrotron accelerating protons and deuterons in a range of rigidity between 1 T m and 11 T m. Circulating beam can be slowly extracted on a third order resonance and channeled towards different users. New users of the COSY beam have presented new challenges with specific requests, most notably in term of beam shape. This in turn drove a strong interest to develop and improve characterization and modeling methods in the COSY extraction beam line. In this contribution we will present the different beam characterization methods used and their limitations. We will then discuss the modeling of the line and the importance of an accurate and reliable model of the extraction line. Some of the latest beam measurements are presented and compared to modeled results.
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MOPIK035	New Injection Scheme of J-PARC Rapid Cycling Synchrotron	injection, operation, synchrotron, shielding	579
	K. Yamamoto, H. Harada, H. Hotchi, J. Kamiya, P.K. Saha, T. Takayanagi, M. Yoshimoto JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan N. Miki, O. Takeda Nippon Advanced Technology Co., Ltd., Tokai, Japan
	The 3-GeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) of Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) aims to deliver 1-MW proton beam to the neutron target and Main Ring synchrotron (MR). Present beam power of RCS is up to 500-kW and the higher radiation doses were concentrated in the injection area. These activations were caused by the interaction between the foil and the beam. To reduce the worker dose near the injection point, we have studied new design of the injection scheme to secure enough space for radiation shielding and bellows. In the new system, two of four injection pulse bump magnets are replaced and we are able to ensure the additional 500 mm space at the injection foil .
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MOPIK038	Initial Operation of the Low-Flux Proton Beamline at the KOMAC 100 MeV Linac	target, octupole, vacuum, operation	585
	S.P. Yun, C.R. Kim, D.I. Kim, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, S.G. Lee, Y.G. Song Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning of the Korean Government Korea multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC) has been operating 20 MeV and 100 MeV proton beamlines to provide proton beams to users since 2013. The new beamline and target irradiation facility, which is proposed applicable to development of the detector and simulation of the space radiation, have being constructed for low-flux proton utilization at this year. The new beam lines have the 100 MeV of maximum beam energy and 10 nA of maximum beam current. The new beam line was designed to operate with maximum duty 8%, the flux density of proton beam can be reduced to the 1/10,000 by the graphite collimator. The extracted proton beam energy can be adjustable by the double wedge type energy degrader and also, the beam energy can be selected by dipole magnet. In addition to the two sets of the octupole magnets were prepared for uniform beam irradiation with the ± 5% uniformity. In this paper, the initial operation results of the constructed new beam line is be described.
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MOPIK040	Value Engineering of an Accelerator Design During Construction	linac, cavity, cryomodule, neutron	592
	E. Bargalló, M. Eshraqi, M. Lindroos, S. Molloy, D.C. Plostinar, A. Sunesson ESS, Lund, Sweden F. Gerigk CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Value engineering is an important part of the process of designing and realising large-scale installations such as high power accelerators. This typically occurs during the later part of the design stage of the system, however such exercises may also be requested by funding bodies at later stages in order to manage project contingency. Naturally, the later this is done, the more challenging it becomes. In this paper we report on a recently concluded Value Engineering effort at the European Spallation Source. The challenges presented by the initiation of such an exercise during the construction phase are discussed. In addition, we present and discuss the various options that we examined, and indicate the philosophy and figures of merit used to narrow down these options. The final conclusion will be presented.
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MOPIK042	Beam-Based Kicker Waveform Measurements Using Long Bunches	kicker, flattop, emittance, injection	599
	V. Forte, W. Bartmann, J.C.C.M. Borburgh, M.A. Fraser, L. Sermeus CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The increased bunch length demanded by the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project to mitigate emittance growth from space-charge on the PS injection plateau puts strong constraints on the rise-times of the recombination kickers in the transfer lines between the CERN Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) and the Proton Synchrotron (PS). A beam-based technique has been developed to validate the waveforms of the recombination kickers. In this paper high-resolution measurements are presented by extracting the intra-bunch deflection along bunches with lengths comparable to or longer than the rise-time of the kicker being probed. The methodology has been successfully applied to the three vertical recombination kickers named BT1. KFA10, BT4. KFA10 and BT2. KFA20, and benchmarked with direct measurements of the kicker field made using a magnetic field probe. This paper describes the beam-based technique, summarises the main characteristics of the measured waveforms, such as rise-time and flat-top ripple, and estimates their impact on beam brightness.
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MOPIK044	The Use of a Passive Scatterer for SPS Slow Extraction Beam Loss Reduction	scattering, extraction, septum, simulation	607
	B. Goddard, B. Balhan, J.C.C.M. Borburgh, M.A. Fraser, L.S. Stoel, F.M. Velotti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	A significant reduction in the fraction of protons lost on the SPS electrostatic septum ES during resonant slow extraction is highly desirable for present Fixed-Target beam operation, and will become mandatory for the proposed SHiP experiment, which is now being studied in the framework of CERN's Physics Beyond Colliders program. In this paper the possible use of a passive scattering device (diffuser) is investigated. The physics processes underlying the use of a diffuser are described, and the dependence on the diffuser geometry, material and location of the potential loss reduction on the electrostatic septum (ES) wires is investigated with a semi-analytical approach. Numerical simulations to quantify the expected performance gain for the optimum configuration are presented, and the results discussed in view of the feasibility of a potential realisation in the SPS.
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MOPIK045	SPS Slow Extraction Losses and Activation: Challenges and Possibilities for Improvement	extraction, radioactivity, target, simulation	611
	M.A. Fraser, B. Balhan, H. Bartosik, C. Bertone, D. Björkman, J.C.C.M. Borburgh, N. Conan, K. Cornelis, R. Garcia Alia, L. Gatignon, B. Goddard, Y. Kadi, V. Kain, A. Mereghetti, F. Roncarolo, P.M. Schicho, J. Spanggaard, O. Stein, L.S. Stoel, F.M. Velotti, H. Vincke CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	In 2015 the highest integrated number of protons in the history of the North Area was slow extracted from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) for the Fixed Target physics programme. At well over 1.10¹⁹ protons on target (POT), this represented the highest annual figure at SPS for almost two decades, since the West Area Neutrino Facility was operational some 20 years ago. The high intensity POT requests have continued into 2016-17 and look set to do so for the foreseeable future, especially in view of the proposed SPS Beam Dump Facility and experiments, e.g. SHiP, which are requesting up to 4·10¹⁹ POT per year. Without significant improvements, the attainable annual POT will be limited to well below the total the SPS machine could deliver, due to activation of accelerator equipment and associated personnel dose limitations. In this contribution, the issues arising from the recent high activation levels are discussed along with the steps taken to understand, manage and mitigate these issues. The research avenues being actively pursued to improve the slow extraction related beam loss for present operation and future requests are outlined, and their relative merits discussed. A. Golutvin et al., ‘‘A Facility to Search for Hidden Particles (SHiP) at the CERN SPS'', CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, Rep. CERN-SPSC-2015-016 (SPSC-P-350), Apr. 2015.
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MOPIK046	Phase Space Folding Studies for Beam Loss Reduction During Resonant Slow Extraction at the CERN SPS	extraction, multipole, sextupole, simulation	615
	L.S. Stoel, M. Benedikt, K. Cornelis, M.A. Fraser, B. Goddard, V. Kain, F.M. Velotti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The requested number of protons slow-extracted from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) for Fixed Target (FT) physics is expected to continue increasing in the coming years, especially if the proposed SPS Beam Dump Facility is realised. Limits on the extracted intensity are already being considered to mitigate the dose to personnel during interventions required to maintain the extraction equipment, especially the electrostatic extraction septum. In addition to other on-going studies and technical developments, a reduction of the beam loss per extracted proton will play a crucial role in the future performance reach of the FT experimental programme at the SPS. In this paper a concept is investigated to reduce the fraction of beam impacting the extraction septum by folding the arm of the phase space separatrix. Beam dynamics simulations for the concept are presented and compared to the phase space acceptance of the extraction channel. The performance potential of the concept at SPS is evaluated and discussed alongside the necessary changes to the non-linear optical elements in the machine.
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MOPIK047	Commissioning and Results of the Half-Sector Test Installation with 160 MeV H⁻ beam from Linac4	injection, linac, operation, vacuum	619
	B. Mikulec, D. Aguglia, J.C. Allica Santamaria, C. Baud, C. Bracco, S. Burger, G. Guidoboni, L.O. Jorat, C. Martin, A. Navarro Fernandez, R. Noulibos, F. Roncarolo, J.L. Sanchez Alvarez, J. Tan, T. Todorcevic, P. Van Trappen, W.J.M. Weterings, C. Zamantzas CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	During the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) at CERN in 2019/20, the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) will undergo a profound upgrade in the framework of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) project involving also the connection to the new Linac4 injector. The 160 MeV Linac4 H' injection entails a complete replacement of the PSB injection section, including a stripping foil system, injection chicane, an H⁰/H' dump and novel beam instrumentation. The equivalent of half of this new injection chicane was temporarily installed in the Linac4 transfer line to evaluate the performance of the equipment and prepare controls, interlocks and applications for the connection. Outcomes of this so-called Half-Sector Test (HST) are presented in this paper.
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MOPIK048	Experimental Results of Crystal-Assisted Slow Extraction at the SPS	extraction, detector, experiment, collimation	623
	M.A. Fraser, S.S. Gilardoni, B. Goddard, V. Kain, D. Mirarchi, S. Montesano, S. Petrucci, S. Redaelli, R. Rossi, W. Scandale, L.S. Stoel, F.M. Velotti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland F.M. Addesa, G. Cavoto, F. Iacoangeli INFN-Roma, Roma, Italy F. Galluccio INFN-Napoli, Napoli, Italy F. Murtas INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy
	The possibility of extracting highly energetic particles from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) by means of silicon bent crystals has been explored since the 1990's. The channelling effect of a bent crystal can be used to strongly deflect primary protons and eject them from the synchrotron. Many studies and experiments have been carried out to investigate crystal channelling effects. The extraction of 120 and 270 GeV proton beams has already been demonstrated in the SPS with dedicated experiments located in the ring. Presently in the SPS, the UA9 experiment is performing studies to evaluate the possibility to use bent silicon crystals to steer particle beams in high energy accelerators. Recent studies on the feasibility of extraction from the SPS have been made using the UA9 infrastructure with a longer-term view of using crystals to help mitigate slow extraction induced activation of the SPS. In this paper, the possibility to eject particles into the extraction channel in LSS2 using the bent crystals already installed in the SPS is presented. Details of the concept, simulations and measurements carried out with beam are presented, before the outlook for the future is discussed.
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MOPIK050	Reduction of Resonant Slow Extraction Losses with Shadowing of Septum Wires by a Bent Crystal	extraction, simulation, collimation, septum	631
	F.M. Velotti, M.A. Fraser, B. Goddard, V. Kain, W. Scandale, L.S. Stoel CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	A new experiment, SHiP, is being studied at CERN to investigate the existence of three Heavy Neutral Leptons in order to give experimental proof to the proposed neutrino minimal Standard Model. High-intensity slow-extraction of protons from the SPS is a pre-requisite for SHiP. The experiment requires a resonant extraction with in a 7.2 s cycle, and about 4·10¹³ protons extracted at 400 GeV in a 1 s flat-top, to achieve the needed 2·10²⁰ protons on target in five years. Although the SPS has delivered this in the past to the CNGS experiment with fast extraction, for SHiP beam losses and activation of the SPS electrostatic extraction septum (ZS) could be a serious performance limitation, since the target number of protons to resonantly extract per year is a factor of two higher than ever achieved before and a factor of four than ever reached with the third-integer slow extraction. In this paper, a novel extraction technique to significantly reduce the losses at the ZS is proposed, based on the use of a bent crystal to shadow the septum wires. Theoretical concepts are developed, the performance gain quantified and a possible layout proposed.
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MOPIK092	Computer Modelling of the SC202 Superconducting Cyclotron for Hadron Therapy	simulation, cyclotron, extraction, resonance	742
	O. Karamyshev, V. Malinin, D.V. Popov JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia Y.F. Bi, G. Chen, K.Z. Ding, Y. Song ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China G.A. Karamysheva, N.A. Morozov, E.V. Samsonov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	The SC202 superconducting cyclotron for hadron therapy is under development by collaboration of ASIPP (Hefei, China) and JINR (Dubna, Russia). The accelerator will provide about 200 MeV proton beam with maximum current of 1μA in 2017-2018. We have performed simulations of all systems of the SC202 cyclotron and specified the main parameters of magnet, acceleration system and extraction elements.
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MOPIK110	Update on Bmad Simulations From Target to Storage Ring for the New Muon G-2 Experiment at Fermilab	storage-ring, polarization, experiment, target	791
	M. Korostelev, I.R. Bailey, A.T. Herrod, A. Wolski Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom I.R. Bailey Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom A.T. Herrod, A. Wolski The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom D. Stratakis Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA V. Tishchenko BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	The new muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab (E989) aims to measure the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon to an uncertainty of 140 ppb. The existing accelerator facility at Fermilab is being adapted to the requirements of the g-2 experiment and the baseline lattice design is now established. This paper presents the results of beam simulations and spin tracking carried out using the Bmad software package for the g-2 beam transport system, including a variant which bypasses the delivery ring as proposed for the beam commissioning.
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MOPVA017	Electrostatic Pickup in the CNAO Injection Line	ion, linac, pick-up, detector	884
	A. Parravicini, G.M.A. Calvi, E. Rojatti, C. Viviani CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy
	The paper concerns the electrostatic pickup (PUB) installed in the injection line of the CNAO, the Italian facility for Oncological Hadrontherapy. The PUB has been designed with the purpose of having a continuous and non-interceptive measurement of the beam transverse position short upstream the injection in the synchrotron. Detector commissioning has not been immediate since a number of primary ions and secondary electrons fall on the PUB electrodes in many configurations, resulting in a significantly distorted signal. After the identification, and consequent rejection, of a few circumstances where the PUB cannot work properly, the commissioning proceeded on a twofold way, designing a mechanical shield to stop ions before hitting the electrodes and developing an advanced data-analysis algorithm to go beyond the signal distortion. The use of the new algorithm was sufficient to make the PUB successfully working and, after a proper calibration with upstream and downstream profile monitors, the PUB started to provide the expected results. The PUB is working as a watch-dog since January 2016. Details on the data-analysis algorithm and first year measurements are discussed in the paper.
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MOPVA025	Step-Like Field Magnets to Uniform Beam Distribution and Experiment at CADS Injector-I	simulation, target, dipole, experiment	908
	C. Meng, Y. Chen, H. Geng, J.Y. Tang, F. Yan, L. Yu, Y.L. Zhao IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	High power is the development tendency of proton accelerator, so obtaining uniform beam distribution on target becomes more and more important and critical. The method of using step-like field magnets to obtain a uniform beam distribution on target was presented. In the beamdump line of CADS injector-I test facility four step-like field magnets have been installed to uniform beam distribution to reduce the maximum current density on the beamdump. The magnetic field of step-like field magnets have been measured and discussed in this paper. The simulation results and measurement results of beam uniformization are presented.
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MOPVA037	Development and Commissioning of the Doppler-Shift Unit for the Measurement of the Ion Species Fractions and Beam Energy of the ESS Proton Source	coupling, linac, software, optics	936
	C.A. Thomas, T.J. Shea ESS, Lund, Sweden J. Fils GSI, Darmstadt, Germany Y. Lussignol, P. Mattei CEA/DSM/IRFU, France Ø. Midttun University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway L. Neri INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy F. Senée, O. Tuske CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	ESS proton source is in going to be soon delivered to the ESS project. In order to qualify the source, a series of beam instrumentation diagnostics have been designed and produced. In particular, a specific spectrograph dedicated to the fraction species measurement is currently commissioned. This instrument not only is capable of measuring the fraction species produced by the source, but also it can measure their energy and energy spread, the mass of the different species, and additional spectral rays coming from the gas species in presence in the vacuum chamber. We present in this paper the commissioning of this instrument, the Doppler Shift unit, dedicated to the measurement of the fraction species.
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MOPVA090	ESS Superconducting RF Collaboration	cryomodule, cavity, SRF, linac	1068
	C. Darve, H. Danared, N. Elias, N.F. Hakansson, M. Lindroos, C.G. Maiano, F. Schlander ESS, Lund, Sweden F. Ardellier, P. Bosland CEA/DRF/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France S. Bousson, G. Olry IPN, Orsay, France M. Ellis, A.E. Wheelhouse STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom L. Hermansson, R.J.M.Y. Ruber Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden P. Michelato, D. Sertore INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
	The European Spallation Source (ESS) project is a neutron-scattering facility, currently under construction by a partnership of at least 17 European countries, with Sweden and Denmark as host nations. The ESS was designated a European Research Infrastructure Consortium, or ERIC, by the European Commission in October of 2015. Scientists and engineers from 50 different countries are members of the workforce in Lund who participate in the design and construction of the European Spallation Source. In complement to the local workforce, the superconducting RF linear accelerator is being prototyped and will be constructed based on a collaboration with European institutions: CEA-Saclay, CNRS-IPN Orsay, INFN-LASA, STFC-Daresbury, Uppsala and Lund Universities. After a description of the ESS collaborative project and its in-kind model for the SRF linac, this article will introduce the linac component first results.
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MOPVA136	Higher Order Multipole Analysis for 952.6 Mhz Superconducting Crabbing Cavities for Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider	cavity, multipole, dipole, electron	1177
	S.U. De Silva, J.R. Delayen ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA H. Park JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	The proposed electron ion collider at Jefferson Lab requires a crabbing cavity system to increase the luminosity in the colliding beams. Currently several superconducting crabbing cavity designs are being reviewed as the design option for the crabbing cavity. Knowledge of higher order mode multipole field effects is important for accurate beam dynamics study for the crabbing system, in selecting the design that meets the design specifications. The multipole components can be accurately determined numerically using the electromagnetic field data in the rf structure. This paper discusses the detailed analysis of higher order multipole components for the operating crabbing mode and design modifications in reducing those components.
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MOPVA145	Improvements on CNAO Accelerator for Ocular Treatments	extraction, acceleration, injection, synchrotron	1194
	L. Falbo, E. Bressi, C. Priano CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy
	Ocular melanoma has been successfully treated worldwide since many years using proton beams. CNAO is the only Italian hadrontherapy facility able to treat tumours with both proton and carbon ion high-energy scanning beams accelerated by a synchrotron; the machine was commissioned in 2011 and more than 1000 patients have been treated so far. With respect to the othercases, , ocular melanoma treatment needed important changes both under the medical physics and machine physics points of view. The main goal of this work is to describe the changes in the machine set up to increase the proton current by a factor of 5, this task representing a sort of recommissioning of the synchrotron.
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MOPVA147	High Energy Transport Line Orbit Correction at CNAO	dipole, kicker, synchrotron, ion	1200
	L. Falbo, E. Bressi, C. Priano CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy
	CNAO is the only Italian facility for the cancer treatment with protons and carbon ions. Each treatment needs hundreds of energies in the range of the tumor and needs a great precision in terms of beam position and divergence at the target. Goal of the article is to show the layout of the CNAO high energy lines and the strategy that has been used to optimize the transport and set the beam trajectory.
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TUYA1	Linac4: From Initial Design to Final Commissioning	linac, quadrupole, emittance, DTL	1217
	A.M. Lombardi CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	This talk reviews the design, construction, and commissioning effort of CERN's new proton linear accelerator, Linac4, which has recently been commissioned and which is presently undergoing a reliability run. Linac4 will be connected to the LHC proton injector chain during the next long LHC shut down (LS2) and will then replace the ageing Linac2.
	Slides TUYA1 [30.159 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUYA1
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TUOBA2	Commissioning of the MYRRHA Low Energy Beam Transport Line and Space Charge Compensation Experiments	rfq, solenoid, emittance, injection	1226
	F. Bouly, M.A. Baylac, D. Bondoux LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France J. Belmans, D. Vandeplassche Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie - Centre d'Étude de l'énergie Nucléaire (SCK•CEN), Mol, Belgium N. Chauvin, F. Gérardin CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	Funding: This work is supported by the European Atomic Energy Community's (EURATOM) H2020 Programme under grant agreement n°662186 (MYRTE project). The MYRRHA project aims at the construction of a new research reactor in Mol (Belgium) to demonstrate the nuclear waste transmutation feasibility with an Accelerator Driven System (ADS). In its subcritical configuration, the MYRRHA facility requires a proton beam with a maximum power of 2.4 MW (600 MeV - 4 mA). Such a continuous wave beam will be delivered by a superconducting linear accelerator (linac) which must fulfil very stringent reliability requirements to ensure the safe ADS operation with a high level of availability. The linac injector will be composed of: a proton source, a low energy beam transport line (LEBT), a 176 MHz RFQ and CH-DTL cavities. The LEBT prototype has been built and is presently installed and operated at LPSC Grenoble (France). An experimental program, to optimise the tuning of the line, the beam transport, and to study the space charge compensation mechanism, is in progress. We here review the main achievements of the LEBT commissioning. Experimental results will be presented and discussed, in particular the influence of the residual gas (type and pressure) on the beam dynamics.
	Slides TUOBA2 [3.929 MB]
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TUOBB2	Starting Up the AWAKE Experiment at CERN	plasma, laser, electron, experiment	1261
	E. Gschwendtner CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	AWAKE, the Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wake-field Acceleration Experiment at CERN was approved in 2013. The facility was commissioned in 2016 to perform first experiments to demonstrate the self-modulation in-stability (SMI) of a 400 GeV/c SPS proton bunch in a 10 m long Rubidium plasma cell. The plasma is created in Rb vapor via field ionization by a TW laser pulse. In the second phase starting late 2017, the proton driven plasma wakefield will be probed with an externally injected 10 ' 20 MeV/c electron beam. This paper gives an overview of the AWAKE facility, describes the successful commissioning of the laser and proton beam line, the plasma cell and diagnostics and shows the successful synchronization of the proton beam with the laser at the few ps level so that the facility is ready for the SMI physics runs. In addition the status of the electron acceleration exper-iment for late 2017 will be presented.
	Slides TUOBB2 [3.513 MB]
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TUPAB015	Pulsed Beam Tests at the SANAEM RFQ Beamline	rfq, cavity, plasma, emittance	1341
	G. Turemen, Y. Akgun, A. Alacakir, I. Kilic, B. Yasatekin TAEK - SANAEM, Ankara, Turkey F. Ahiska EPROM Electronic Project & Microwave Ind. and Trade Ltd. Co., Ankara, Turkey E. Cicek Gazi University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey E. Ergenlik, S. Ogur, E. Sunar, V. Yildiz Bogazici University, Bebek / Istanbul, Turkey G. Unel UCI, Irvine, California, USA
	Funding: Turkish Atomic Energy Authority A proton beamline consisting of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source, two solenoid magnets, two steerer magnets and a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) is developed at the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority's (TAEA) Saraykoy Nuclear Research and Training Center (SNRTC-SANAEM) in Ankara. In Q4 of the 2016 the RFQ was installed in the beamline. The high power tests of the RF power supply and the RF transmission line were done successfully. The high power RF conditioning of the RFQ was performed recently. The 13.56 MHz ICP source was tested in two different conditions, CW and pulsed. The characterization of the proton beam was done with ACCTs, Faraday cups and a pepper-pot emittance meter. Beam transverse emittance was measured in between the two solenoids of the LEBT. The measured beam is then reconstructed at the entrance of the RFQ by using computer simulations to determine the optimum solenoid currents for acceptance matching of the beam. This paper will introduce the pulsed beam test results at the SANAEM RFQ beamline. In addition, the high power RF conditioning of the RFQ will be discussed.
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TUPAB092	MYRRHA Control System Development	controls, linac, framework, target	1527
	D. Vandeplassche SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium J. Belmans, W. De Cock Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie - Centre d'Étude de l'énergie Nucléaire (SCK•CEN), Mol, Belgium R. Modic, K. Strniša, K. Žagar Cosylab, Ljubljana, Slovenia
	The approach to the MYRRHA Control System (CS) development will be described. The effort, time and resources needed to develop the control systems are often underestimated by a significant factor. This brings unnecessary setbacks to the projects. Understanding CS requirements at an early machine conception stage is paramount for adequate CS design. Awareness of sheer project size and interdisciplinary complexity is imperative for successful project execution. In the first part of the paper the MYRRHA roadmap, milestones, status and its future needs will be presented with an emphasis on the phased approach leading to the 100 MeV program. The second part of the paper will give the status of the MYRRHA CS development within this phased approach. Best practices for coherent integration will be discussed. The CS should provide a flexible framework for the integration of devices. Interfaces and services need to be defined early in the integration process, and the number of different interfaces and platforms should be kept to a minimum. The implications of the choice of technologies and of SW development processes on the overall reliability and availability have to be established.
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TUPIK001	Upgrade of the Two-Screen Measurement Setup in the AWAKE Experiment	plasma, wakefield, electron, experiment	1682
	M. Turner TUG/ITP, Graz, Austria V. Clerc, I. Gorgisyan, E. Gschwendtner, S. Mazzoni, A.V. Petrenko CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The AWAKE project at CERN uses a self-modulated §I{400}{GeV/c} proton bunch to drive GV/m wakefields in a §I10{m} long plasma with an electron density of n_pe = 7 × 10¹⁴ \rm{electrons/cm}³. We present the upgrade of a proton beam diagnostic to indirectly prove that the bunch self-modulated by imaging defocused protons with two screens downstream the end of the plasma. The two-screen diagnostic has been installed, commissioned and tested in autumn 2016 and limitations were identified. We plan to install an upgraded diagnostics to overcome these limitations.
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TUPIK020	Application of Optical Emission Spectroscopy to High Current Proton Sources	plasma, electron, ion, diagnostics	1721
	G. Castro, L. Celona, S. Gammino, O. Leonardi, D. Mascali, M. Mazzaglia, E. Naselli, L. Neri, D. Nicolosi, R. Reitano, G. Torrisi INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy F. Leone INAF-OACT, Catania, Italy M. Mazzaglia, R. Reitano Universita Degli Studi Di Catania, Catania, Italy E. Naselli Catania University, Catania, Italy B. Zaniol Consorzio RFX, Padova, Italy
	Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) represents a very reliable technique to carry out non-invasive measurements of plasma density and plasma temperature in the range of tens of eV. Instead of other diagnostics, it also allows to characterize the different populations of neutrals and ionized particles constituting the plasma. At INFN-LNS, OES techniques have been developed and applied to characterize the plasma generated by the Flexible Plasma Trap, an ion source used as testbench of the proton source built for European Spallation Source. This work presents the characterization of the parameters of a hydrogen plasma in different conditions of neutral pressure, microwave power and magnetic field profile along with the perspectives for further upgrades of the OES diagnostics system.
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TUPIK032	AWAKE Proton Beam Commissioning	plasma, laser, alignment, experiment	1747
	J.S. Schmidt, D. Barrientos, M. Barros Marin, B. Biskup, A. Boccardi, T.B. Bogey, T. Bohl, C. Bracco, S. Cettour Cave, H. Damerau, V. Fedosseev, F. Friebel, S.J. Gessner, A. Goldblatt, E. Gschwendtner, L.K. Jensen, V. Kain, T. Lefèvre, S. Mazzoni, J.C. Molendijk, A. Pardons, C. Pasquino, S.F. Rey, H. Vincke, U. Wehrle CERN, Geneva, Switzerland J.T. Moody MPI-P, München, Germany K. Rieger MPI, Muenchen, Germany
	AWAKE will be the first proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment worldwide. The facility is located in the former CNGS area at CERN and will include a proton, laser and electron beam line merging in a 10 m long plasma cell, which is followed by the experimental diagnostics. In the first phase of the AWAKE physics program, which started at the end of 2016, the effect of the plasma on a high energy proton beam will be studied. A proton bunch is expected to experience the so called self-modulation instability, which leads to the creation of micro-bunches within the long proton bunch. The plasma channel is created in a rubidium vapor via field ionization by a TW laser pulse. This laser beam has to overlap with the proton beam over the full length of the plasma cell, resulting in tight requirements for the stability of the proton beam at the plasma cell in the order of ~ 0.1 mm. In this paper the beam commissioning results of the ~810 m long transfer line for proton bunches with 3·10¹¹ protons/bunch and a momentum of 400 GeV/c will be presented with a focus on the challenges of the parallel operation of the laser and proton beam.
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TUPIK035	Solenoidal Focussing Internal Target Ring	target, emittance, solenoid, dipole	1757
	C.T. Rogers STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
	FFAGs have been considered for a high power proton source for a neutron target by means of an internal target. In an internal target type ring, protons are repeatedly passed through a thin foil, producing neutrons and other secondary particles. This technique has the potential to produce higher secondary particle fluxes with modest beam currents and energies. Scattering of the protons causes emittance growth in the beam, but this can be partially offset by energy lost through ionisation of the foil, which causes ionisation cooling. The resultant beams typically have large position and momentum spread, with transverse emittances of order mm. In this paper, the design of a solenoid-focussing ring is studied which may enable containment of large emittance beams.
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TUPIK037	Proton Cross-Talk and Losses in the Dispersion Suppressor Regions at the FCC-hh	simulation, collimation, quadrupole, luminosity	1763
	H. Rafique, R.B. Appleby UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom J.L. Abelleira JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom A.M. Krainer, A. Langner CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: The European Circular Energy-Frontier Collider Study (EuroCirCol), EU's Horizon 2020 grant No 654305 Protons that collide at the interaction points of the FCC-hh may contribute to the background in the subsequent detector. Due to the high luminosity of the proton beams this may be of concern. Using DPMJET-III to model 50 TeV proton-proton collisions, tracking studies have been performed with PTC and MERLIN in order to gauge the elastic and inelastic proton cross-talk. High arc losses, particularly in the dispersion suppressor regions, have been revealed. These losses originate mainly from particles with a momentum deviation, either from interaction with a primary collimator in the betatron cleaning insertion, or from the proton-proton collisions. This issue can be mitigated by introducing additional collimators in the dispersion suppressor region. The specific design, lattice integration, and the effect of these collimators on cross-talk is assessed.
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TUPIK038	Muon Sources for Particle Physics - Accomplishments of MAP	collider, factory, experiment, target	1766
	D.V. Neuffer, D. Stratakis Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA M.A. Cummings Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA J.-P. Delahaye SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA M.A. Palmer BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA R.D. Ryne LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA D.J. Summers UMiss, University, Mississippi, USA
	Funding: supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. De-AC02-07CH11359 with the U. S. Department of Energy. The Muon Accelerator Program (MAP) completed a four-year study on the feasibility of muon colliders and on using stored muon beams for neutrinos. That study was broadly successful in its goals, establishing the feasibility of lepton colliders from the 125 GeV Higgs Factory to more than 10 TeV, as well as exploring using a ' storage ring (MSR) for neutrinos, and establishing that MSRs could provide factory-level intensities of 'e (''e) and ''' ('') beams. The key components of the collider and neutrino factory systems were identified. Feasible designs and detailed simulations of all of these components were obtained, including some initial hardware component tests, setting the stage for future implementation where resources are available and clearly associated physics goals become apparent.
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TUPIK046	Beam-Based Feedbacks for FAIR - Prototyping at the SIS18	feedback, controls, extraction, injection	1787
	R.J. Steinhagen, J. Fitzek, H.C. Hüther, H. Liebermann, R. Müller, D. Ondreka, H. Reeg, B.R. Schlei, P.J. Spiller GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	The 'Facility for Anti-Proton and Ion Research' (FAIR) presently under construction, extends and supersedes GSI's existing infrastructure. Its core challenges include the precise control of highest proton and uranium ion beam intensities, the required extreme high vacuum conditions, machine protection and activation issues while providing a high degree of multi-user mode of operation with facility reconfiguration on time-scales of a few times per week. To optimise turn-around times and to establish a safe and reliable machine operation, a comprehensive suite of semi-automated measurement applications, as well as fully-automated beam-based feedbacks will be deployed, covering the control of orbit, Q/Q', spill structure, optics, and other machine parameters. These systems are based on the LSA settings management framework, code-shared with and also used at CERN. The concepts, software architecture and first prototype beam tests at the SIS18 in 2016 are presented. As an initial proof-of-concept, a cycle-to-cycle orbit* and macro-spill feedback, as well as a semi-automated magnetic quadrupole- and sextupole-centre measurement tool have been selected. *results presented in separate contribution
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TUPIK047	FAIR Control Centre (FCC) - Concepts and Interim Options for the Existing GSI Main Control Room	controls, operation, experiment, ion	1791
	M. Vossberg, K. Berkl, S. Reimann, P. Schütt, R.J. Steinhagen, G. Stephan GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	The 'Facility for Anti-Proton and Ion Research' (FAIR) which is presently under construction, extends and supersedes the existing GSI. Present operation still largely relies on laborious manual tuning based on analogue signals routed directly to the existing control room. The substantial scope increase from 3 to more than 8 FAIR accelerators requires more intricate and precise control across longer accelerator chains, while providing a high degree of multi-user operation, with facility reconfiguration required on time-scales of a few times per week. A new FAIR Control Centre (FCC) is being planned to accommodate the required larger accelerator crews as well as accelerator-based experiments. While targeting a single control room for up to ~35 people, emphasis is put on ergonomics, operational processes, and minimising unnecessary strain on personnel already during the design stage. This contribution presents digital control room concepts, console layout, and beam-production-chain paradigms aimed at achieving good operational performances and that influence the new FCC design. Prior to FCC completion, interim upgrade options of the existing control room are being investigated.
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TUPIK061	Data Acquisition and Controls Integration of the AWAKE Experiment at CERN	controls, experiment, software, extraction	1833
	V.K.B. Olsen University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway J.J. Batkiewicz, S. Deghaye, S.J. Gessner, E. Gschwendtner CERN, Geneva, Switzerland P. Muggli MPI, Muenchen, Germany
	The AWAKE experiment has been successfully installed in the CNGS facility at CERN, and is currently in its first stage of operation. The experiment seeks to demonstrate self-modulation of an SPS proton beam in a rubidium plasma, driving a wakefield of several gigavolt per meter. We describe the data acquisition and control system of the AWAKE experiment, its integration into the CERN control system and new control developments specifically required for AWAKE.
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TUPIK078	Machine Protection Risk Management of the ESS Target System	target, timing, cryogenics, operation	1876
	R. Andersson, E. Bargalló, L.S. Emås, J. Harborn, A. Lundgren, U. Odén, J. Ringnér, K. Sjögreen ESS, Lund, Sweden
	The European Spallation Source target system is, together with the proton linac, the main component in the spallation process. ESS will use a 4-ton, helium-cooled, rotating tungsten target for this purpose, and its protection and availability is paramount to the success of ESS. High demands are placed on all of the target equipment, including cooling, movement, rotation, and timing, in order to reach the facility-wide 95% availability goal for neutron production. Machine protection has defined a set of protection functions that are to be implemented for the target system. This paper describes the development of these protection functions through the use of classic HAZOPs combined with modern safety standard lifecycle management. The implementation of these functions is carried out through close collaboration between the target system owners and the machine protection group at ESS.
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TUPIK079	Development and Status of Protection Functions for the Normal Conducting LINAC at ESS	linac, vacuum, timing, monitoring	1880
	R. Andersson, E. Bargalló, S. Kövecses, A. Nordt, M. Zaera-Sanz ESS, Lund, Sweden C. Hilbes, M. Rejzek ZHAW, Winterthur, Switzerland
	The European Spallation Source faces a great challenge in succeeding with its ambitious availability goals. The aim is to construct a machine that allows for 95% availability for neutron beam production. This goal requires a robust protection system that allows for high availability by continuously monitoring and acting on the machine states, in order to avoid long facility downtimes and optimize the operation at any stage. The normal conducting section consists of the first 48 meters of the machine, and performs the initial acceleration, bunching, steering, and focusing of the beam, which sets it up for optimal transition into the superconducting section. Through a fit-for-purpose risk management process, a set of protection functions has been identified. The risk identification, analysis, and treatment were done in compliance with modern safety and ISO standards. This ensures that the risks, in this case downtime and equipment damage, are properly prevented and mitigated. This paper describes this process of defining the protection functions for the normal conducting linac at ESS.
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TUPIK080	Accelerator Personnel Safety Systems for European Spallation Source	radiation, PLC, linac, controls	1884
	M. Mansouri, S.L. Birch, A. Nordt, D. Paulic, Y.K. Sin, A. Toral Diez ESS, Lund, Sweden
	The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a collabora-tion of 17 European countries to build the world's most powerful neutron source for research. ESS is under con-struction since 2014 and it will produce first neutrons in 2019. The linear proton accelerator is composed of nor-mal conducting sections plus the superconducting linac. When operational, such facilities include various hazards, such as ionizing radiation, high voltage and oxygen defi-ciency. The accelerator Personal Safety System (PSS) limits exposure to them and ensures personnel safety in the accelerator tunnel. It will be developed in accordance with IEC 61508 standard (Functional Safety of Electri-cal/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-related Systems), which has become a good practice in similar facilities to develop safety related systems. This paper gives an overview of the accelerator PSS and its subsys-tems. The progress of the accelerator PSS design and the selected software and hardware technologies will also be described.
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TUPIK086	Modelling the Radioactivity Induced by Slow-Extraction Losses in the CERN SPS	extraction, operation, detector, radioactivity	1897
	M.A. Fraser, D. Björkman, K. Cornelis, B. Goddard, V. Kain, P.M. Schicho, C. Theis, H. Vincke CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Resonant slow extraction is used to provide an intense quasi-DC flux of high-energy protons for the Fixed Target (FT) physics programme at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). The unavoidable beam loss intrinsic to the extraction process activates the extraction region and its equipment. Although the radiation dose to equipment has an impact on availability, the cool-down times required to limit dose to the personnel carrying-out maintenance of the accelerator also pose important restrictions, and ultimately limit the number of protons on target. In order to understand how the extracted proton flux affects the build-up and subsequent cool-down of the induced activation, a model based on a simple empirical relationship has been developed and shown to predict the measured radioactive decay at ionisation chambers located along the extraction region. In this contribution, the empirical model is described, its strengths and limitations discussed, and its application as a predictive tool for estimating cool-down times as a function of extracted proton flux demonstrated.
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TUPIK109	Accelerators and Their Ghosts	database, operation, network, target	1975
	M. Reščič, R. Seviour University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom W. Blokland ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
	The issue of particle accelerator reliability is a problem that currently is not fully defined, understood nor addressed. Conventional approaches to reliability (e.g. RBDs) struggle due to a lack of data about specific component/system reliability and failure. There is a large body of beam current data retrievable from operating accelerators that contains detailed information about the accelerator behaviour, both before and after a machine trip has occurred. Analysing this data could provide insight and help develop a new approach to address accelerator reliability. In this paper, we propose a data-driven approach to detecting emergent behaviour in particle accelerators. Instead of attempting to identify every possible failure of a machine we propose an alternative approach based around a change in perspective, to knowing the normal default operational behaviour of a machine. Taking action when a ghost in the machine emerges that causes accelerator wide aberrant changes to normal machine behaviour.
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TUPIK116	Injection Bucket Jitter Compensation Using Phase Lock System at Fermilab Booster	booster, injection, controls, extraction	1999
	K. Seiya, S. Chaurize, C.C. Drennan, W. Pellico Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Phase synchronization between Booster extraction and Recycler injection has been done with the phase lock loop at Booster extraction. The phase Lock Loop control rf phase by changing radial position at extraction and it causes ± one bucket error, not phase error at Recycler injection. By switching a mode of operation for the phase lock loop by measuring the extraction gap position, the jitter was eliminated. The beam loss at the Recycler injection was reduced by 20%. Beam studies and the phase lock system will be discussed in this paper.
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TUPIK117	Optimization of the Booster Notch System at Fermilab	booster, kicker, extraction, power-supply	2002
	S. Chaurize, C.C. Jensen, W. Pellico, I.L. Rakhno, K. Seiya, V.I. Sidorov, R. Tesarek, I.S. Tropin Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	The Booster Beam Notch is a beam gap needed to allow extraction kickers to reach full field strength for a single turn extraction scheme. The Notch is created at injection energy by kicking 3 out of the 84 bunches to a dedicated absorber. The kicker voltage, pulse length and geometry of the absorber must be optimized to minimize the beam loss due to the notch creation. Beam studies, simulation and implementation as well as the optimization and improvement of the notch system will be discussed in this paper.
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TUPVA005	Impact of the Crossing Angle on Luminosity Asymmetries at the LHC in 2016 Proton Physics Operation	luminosity, experiment, emittance, operation	2035
	M. Hostettler LHEP, Bern, Switzerland F. Antoniou, I. Efthymiopoulos, K. Fuchsberger, G. Iadarola, N. Karastathis, M. Lamont, Y. Papaphilippou, G. Papotti, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	During 2016 proton physics operation at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), an asymmetry of up to 10% was observed between the luminosities measured by the ATLAS and CMS experiments. As the same bunch pairs collide in both experiments, a difference in luminosities must be of either geometric or instrumental origin. This paper quantifies the impact of the crossing angle on this asymmetry. As the beams cross in different planes in the two experiments, non-round beams are expected to yield an asymmetry due to the crossing angle. Results from crossing angle measurements at both experiments are also shown and the impact on the luminosities is evaluated.
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TUPVA006	Lessons Learnt from the 2016 LHC Run and Prospects for HL-LHC Availability	luminosity, target, radiation, operation	2039
	A. Apollonio, O. Rey Orozko, R. Schmidt, M. Valette, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The LHC exhibited unprecedented availability during the 2016 proton run, producing about 40 fb-1 of integrated luminosity, surpassing the sum of production during the 4 previous years. This was achieved while running steadily with a peak luminosity above the design target of 1034 cm- 2s⁻¹. Individual system performance and an increased experience operating the LHC were fundamental for these achievements, following the consolidations and improvements deployed during the Long Shutdown 1 and the Year End Technical Stop in 2015. The implications of this excellent performance in the context of the High Luminosity LHC are discussed in this paper, with the goal of defining the possible integrated luminosity reach of HL-LHC when considering the different operating conditions and the newly developed systems and technologies.
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TUPVA012	Beam Related Machine Protection of the Future Circular Collider	collider, dipole, operation, beam-losses	2063
	Y.C. Nie, M. Jonker, R. Schmidt CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	In the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study, each nominal proton beam at top particle energy of 50 TeV has an energy of 8500 MJ, which is more than 20 times the energy of today's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam. Machine protection of such a high-energy and high-energy density accelerator becomes very challenging. In this paper, preliminary considerations of beam related machine protection issues of the FCC will be reported. Based on the current optics design, a few major critical equipment failures that could potentially lead to very fast (within a few turns) beam losses have been studied. The serious failure scenarios that have been considered, typically occurring at locations with high beta functions, include powering failures of normal conducting magnets, quenches of superconducting magnets as well as critical RF failures. Some fundamental questions related to the beam interlock system, e.g., the need for additional particle free abort gaps to shorten the synchronization time before executing a beam dump, will be discussed.
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TUPVA013	Lifetime of Asymmetric Colliding Beams in the LHC	simulation, luminosity, coupling, ion	2067
	J.M. Jowett, R. Alemany-Fernández, M.A. Jebramcik, T. Mertens, M. Schaumann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	In the 2013 proton-nucleus (p-Pb) run of the LHC, the lifetime of the lead beam was significantly shorter than could be accounted for by luminosity burn-off. These effects were observed at a lower level in 2016 and studied in more detail. The beams were not only asymmetric but the differences in the bunch filling schemes between protons and Pb nuclei led to a wide variety of beam-beam interaction sequences in the bunch trains. The colliding bunches were also of different sizes. We present an analysis of the data and an interpretation in terms of theoretical models.
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TUPVA014	The 2016 Proton-Nucleus Run of the LHC	luminosity, experiment, operation, ion	2071
	J.M. Jowett, R. Alemany-Fernández, G. Baud, P. Baudrenghien, R. De Maria, R. De Maria, D. Jacquet, M.A. Jebramcik, A. Mereghetti, T. Mertens, M. Schaumann, H. Timko, M. Wendt, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	For five of the LHC experiments the second p-Pb collision run planned in 2016 offered the opportunity to answer a range of important physics questions arising from the surprise discoveries (e.g., flow-like collective phenomena in small systems) made in earlier Pb-Pb, p-Pb and p-p runs. However the diversity of the physics and their respective capabilities led them to request very different operating conditions, in terms of collision energy, luminosity and pile-up. These appeared mutually incompatible within the available one month of operation. Nevertheless, a plan to satisfy most requirements was developed and implemented successfully. It exploited different beam lifetimes at two beam energies of 4 Z TeV and 6.5 Z TeV, a variety of luminosity sharing and bunch filling schemes, and varying beam directions. The outcome of this very complex strategy for repeated re-commissioning and operation of the LHC included the longest ever LHC fill with luminosity levelled for almost 38 h. The peak luminosity achieved exceeded the design value by a factor 7.8 and integrated luminosity substantially exceeded the experiments' requests.
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TUPVA015	Radiation Levels at the LHC: 2012, 2015 and 2016 Proton Physics Operations in View of HL-LHC requirements	luminosity, radiation, operation, insertion	2075
	C. Martinella, M. Brugger, S. Danzeca, R. Garcia Alia, Y. Kadi, O. Stein, C. Xu CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The variety of beam losses produced in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) creates a mixed and complex radiation field. During 2012, 2015 and 2016, Beam Loss Monitors and RadMons were used to monitor the inte-grated dose and the High Energy Hadrons fluence in order to anticipate the electronics degradation and inves-tigate the cause of failures. The annual radiation levels are compared; highlighting the mechanisms in the pro-duction of beam losses and the impact of the different squeeze and crossing angle. In addition, the increase of beam-gas interaction is discussed comparing operations at 25 ns and 50 ns bunch spacing. A strategy is presented to allow for a continuous respective evaluation during the upcoming LHC and future High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) operations.
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TUPVA021	Impact of Collision Debris in the HL-LHC ATLAS and CMS Insertions	luminosity, optics, insertion, radiation	2093
	A. Tsinganis, F. Cerutti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) foresees the baseline operation of the accelerator at a 5 times higher peak luminosity (5.0x1034cm^-2s⁻¹). The impact of collision debris on the magnets and other equipment in the triplet region and matching section of the ATLAS and CMS insertions has been evaluated by means of detailed FLUKA models implementing the latest optics and layout version. Qualitative and quantitative differences between the vertical and horizontal beam crossing schemes are highlighted. With measures in place to mitigate the effects of the interruption of the beam screen in the triplet interconnections and the Q4 aperture reduction, peak dose values in the superconducting coils remain below 30MGy in the triplet-D1 and below 12MGy in the matching section magnets for an integrated luminosity of 3000fb-1. Peak power density values are lower than 3mW/cm³ and 1mW/cm³ in the triplet and matching section respectively. Total heat loads in magnets, collimators, masks and absorbers were also estimated, along with dose and particle fluence maps relevant for Radiation to Electronics (R2E) aspects. The effect of a displacement of the interaction point is also addressed.
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TUPVA022	Requirements for Crab Cavity System Availability in HL-LHC	luminosity, cavity, optics, operation	2097
	M. Valette, A. Apollonio, J.A. Uythoven, D. Wollmann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project. Crab Cavities will be installed in the High Luminosity LHC in order to increase the effective peak luminosity through a partial compensation of the geometric factor. This will allow extending the levelling time resulting in an increased production of integrated luminosity. Based on the availability of the LHC during 2016 operation, the expected yearly-integrated luminosity of the future HL-LHC was estimated using a Monte Carlo model. Crab cavity faults were added to the observed failure distribu-tions and their impact on integrated luminosity produc-tion as a function of fault time and fault frequency was studied. This allows identifying a breakeven point in luminosity production and defining minimum system availability requirements for the crab cavities to reach the design goal of 250 fb-1 of integrated luminosity per year.
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TUPVA025	Observations of Beam Losses at the LHC During Reduction of Crossing Angle	experiment, beam-losses, beam-beam-effects, luminosity	2105
	B. Salvachua, X. Buffat, A.A. Gorzawski, T. Pieloni, S. Redaelli, C. Tambasco, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland J. Barranco García, A.A. Gorzawski EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland M.P. Crouch UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
	Several machine development studies have been performed in 2016 at the LHC in order to evaluate the effects of reducing the crossing angles in favor of defining the maximum achievable luminosity in the ATLAS and CMS experiments. At the end of the LHC proton-proton run at 6.5TeV the reduction of the crossing angle from 185urad to 140urad was operationally implemented. The observation of beam losses and lifetimes during this process are analysed and discussed.
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TUPVA036	Cross-Talk Studies between FCC-hh Experimental Interaction Regions	detector, collider, simulation, interaction-region	2136
	J.L. Abelleira, A. Seryi JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom R.B. Appleby, H. Rafique UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom M.I. Besana CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: The European Circular Energy-Frontier Collider Study (EuroCirCol), EU's Horizon 2020 grant No 654305. Debris from 50 TeV proton-proton collisions at the main interaction point in the FCC-hh may contribute to the background in the subsequent detector. This cross-talk is of possible concern for the FCC-hh due to the high luminosity and energy of the collider. DPMJET-III is used as a collision debris generator in order to assess the muon cross-talk contribution. An analytical calculation of muon range in rock is performed. This is followed by a full Monte Carlo simulation using FLUKA, where the accelerator tunnel has been modelled. The muon cross talk between the adjacent interaction points is assessed and its implications for FCC-hh design are discussed.
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TUPVA043	A Code for Optimising Triplet Layout	quadrupole, collider, shielding, focusing	2163
	L. van Riesen-Haupt, J.L. Abelleira, E. Cruz Alaniz, A. Seryi JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
	Funding: EuroCirCol One of the main challenges when designing final focus systems of particle accelerators is maximising the beam stay clear in the strong quadrupole magnets of the inner triplet. Moreover it is desirable to keep the quadrupoles in the inner triplet as short as possible for space and costs reasons but also to reduce chromaticity and simplify corrections schemes. An algorithm that explores the triplet parameter space to optimise both these aspects was written. It uses thin lenses as a first approximation for a broad parameter scan and MADX for more precise calculations. The thin lens algorithm is significantly faster than a full scan using MADX and relatively precise at indicating the approximate area where the optimum solution lies.
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TUPVA045	Compensation of Head-on Beam-Beam Induced Resonance Driving Terms and Tune Spread in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider	electron, lattice, optics, resonance	2171
	W. Fischer, X. Gu, C. Liu, Y. Luo, A. Marusic, R.J. Michnoff, T.A. Miller, M.G. Minty, C. Montag, A.I. Pikin, G. Robert-Demolaize, V. Schoefer, P. Thieberger BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA S.M. White ESRF, Grenoble, France
	Funding: Work supported by U.S. DOE under contract No DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. A head-on beam-beam compensation scheme was implemented for operation in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The compensation consists of a lattice for the minimization of beam-beam driven resonance driving terms, and electron lenses for the reduction of the beam-beam induced tune spread. We describe the implementations of the lattice and electron lenses, and report on measurements of lattice properties and the effect of the electron lenses on the hadron beam.
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TUPVA047	IBS Simulation with Different RF Configurations in RHIC	emittance, simulation, cavity, injection	2178
	C. Liu, A.V. Fedotov, M.G. Minty, V. Ptitsyn BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. This report focuses on three dimensional emittance growth of polarized proton beam due to Intra-Beam Scattering (IBS) at RHIC. Simulations are presented which give guidance on the configuration of the RF systems to mitigate IBS-induced emittance growth. In addition, simulated growth rates are compared with measured emittance evolution at injection, which shows better agreement in longitudinal than transverse dimension. The results in this report will help us better understand the emittance evolution for current RHIC operations and for future operations (eRHIC).
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TUPVA049	Re-Visiting RHIC Snakes and Spin Orbit	injection, polarization, collider, dipole	2184
	F. Méot, R.C. Gupta, H. Huang, A. Marusic, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. Recent analyses of RHIC run12 to run15 proton-carbon polarimeter measurements have shown significant tilt of the polarization vector from vertical, at high energy essentially. This is confirmed by extensive measurements performed in the present Run 17. Possible origins of such large tilt may reside in snake spin rotation angle or orbit defects, to mention just two. Dedicated simulations have been undertaken to investigate possible causes, they are presented and discussed, they include the computation and use of 3-D field maps of RHIC siberian snakes.
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TUPVA058	Status of the FAIR pLinac	rfq, diagnostics, cavity, linac	2208
	C.M. Kleffner, R. Berezov, D. Daehn, J. Fils, P. Forck, L. Groening, M. Kaiser, K. Knie, C. Mühle, S. Puetz, A. Schnase, G. Schreiber, T. Sieber, J. Trüller, W. Vinzenz, C. Will GSI, Darmstadt, Germany U. Ratzinger IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
	This paper describes the development progress of the 70 MeV, 70 mA proton injector for the FAIR facility. The injector comprises an ECR-type high current proton source followed by a ladder 4-rod RFQ and six normal conduction CH-DTL accelerating cavities. This unique design allows for a compact structure. The design work of the cavities has been mostly completed by our collaberation partners at IAP Frankfurt. The design of the buncher cavities, the mechanical integration as well as beam diagnostic devices are currently under development. The construction of a new modulator for the pLinac rf-system has been started on site. The proton source and the LEBT as well as the subsequent chopper are currently assembled at CEA/Saclay. Beam commissioning of the source at Saclay will start at the beginning of 2017. An overview of the pLinac main parameters and design choices is given, and the overall status reported.
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TUPVA064	Updated Cavities Design for the FAIR p-Linac	linac, cavity, quadrupole, coupling	2227
	A. Almomani, M. Busch, F.D. Dziuba, U. Ratzinger, R. Tiede IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany F.D. Dziuba, C.M. Kleffner GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	The research program of antiproton beams for the FAIR facility requires a dedicated 68 MeV, 70 mA proton injector. This injector will consist of an RFQ followed by six room temperature Crossbar H-type CH-cavities operated at 325 MHz. The beam dynamics had been revised by IAP Frankfurt in collaboration with GSI-FAIR in Darmstadt to further optimize the design. This step was followed by cavity RF design. The detailed mechanical cavity design will begin in 2017, while the quadrupole lenses are under production already. In this paper, besides an overview the RF design of the coupled cavities with integrated focusing triplets will be a main focus.
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TUPVA070	Dipole Compensation of the 176 MHz MYRRHA RFQ	dipole, rfq, simulation, quadrupole	2240
	K. Kümpel, H.C. Lenz, N.F. Petry, H. Podlech IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany A. Bechtold NTG Neue Technologien GmbH & Co KG, Gelnhausen, Germany C. Zhang GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	The MYRRHA (Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications) Project is planned as an accelerator driven system (ADS) for the transmutation of long-living radioactive waste. For this project a cw 4-Rod-RFQ with 176 MHz and a total length of about 4 m is required. It is supposed to accelerate protons from 30 keV up to 1.5 MeV. One of the main tasks during the development of the RFQ is the very high reliability of the accelerator to limit the thermal stress inside the reactor. Another challenge was to compensate the dipole component of the MYRRHA-RFQ which is due to the design principle of 4-Rod-RFQs. This dipole component is responsible for shifting the ideal beam axis from the geometrical center of the quadrupole downwards. Design studies with CST MICROWAVE STUDIO have shown that the dipole component can be almost completely compensated by widening the stems alternately so that the current paths of the lower electrodes are increased. C. Zhang, H. Podlech: NEW REFERENCE DESIGN OF THE EUROPEAN ADS RFQ ACCELERATOR FOR MYRRHA. In Proceedings of IPAC'14, 3223-3225 (2014)
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Paper

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MOOCA3

Amorphous Carbon Thin Film Coating of the SPS Beamline: Evaluation of the First Coating Implementation

vacuum, electron, cathode, operation

44

M. Van Gompel, P. Chiggiato, P. Costa Pinto, P. Cruikshank, C. Pasquino, J. Perez Espinos, A. Sapountzis, M. Taborelli, W. Vollenberg
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

As part of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) project, the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) must be upgraded in order to inject in the LHC 25 ns bunch spaced beams of higher intensity. To mitigate the Electron Multipacting (EM) phenomenon in the SPS, CERN developed thin film carbon coatings with a low Secondary Electron Yield (SEY). The development went from coating small samples, up to coating of 6 m long vacuum chambers directly installed in the magnets. To deposit the low SEY amorphous carbon (aC) film on the vacuum chamber inner wall of SPS ring components, a modular hollow cathode train was designed. The minimization of the logistical impact requires a strategy combining in-situ and ex-situ coating, depending on the type of components. To validate the implementation strategy of the aC thin films and the in-situ coating process along the 7 km long SPS beamline, approximately 2 cells of B-type bending dipoles and 9 focussing quadrupoles are foreseen to be treated with the aC coating during the Extended Year End Technical Stop (EYETS) 2016-2017. We will discuss the coating technique and evaluate both the implementation process and the resulting coating performance.

Slides MOOCA3 [71.421 MB]

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MOPAB001

Status of the FCC-hh Collimation System

collimation, insertion, simulation, collider

64

J. Molson, A. Faus-Golfe
LAL, Orsay, France
R. Bruce, M. Fiascaris, A.M. Krainer, S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant No 654305.
The future circular hadron collider (FCC-hh) will have an unprecedented proton beam energy of 50 TeV, and total stored beam energy of 8.4 GJ. We discuss current developments in the collimation system design, and methods with which the challenges faced due to the high energies involved can be mitigated. Finally simulation results of new collimation system designs are presented.

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MOPAB003

Energy Deposition in the Betatron Collimation Insertion of the 100 TeV Future Circular Collider

dipole, insertion, betatron, simulation

68

M.I. Besana, C. Bahamonde Castro, A. Bertarelli, R. Bruce, F. Carra, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, M. Fiascaris, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The FCC proton beam is designed to carry a total energy of about 8500 MJ, a factor of 20 above the LHC. In this context, the collimation system has to deal with extremely tight requirements to prevent quenches and material damage. A first layout of the betatron cleaning insertion was conceived, adapting the present LHC collimation system to the FCC lattice. A crucial ingredient to assess its performance, in particular to estimate the robustness of the protection devices and the load on the downstream elements, is represented by the simulation of the particle shower generated at the collimators, allowing detailed energy deposition estimations. This paper presents the first results of the simulation chain starting from the proton losses generated with the Sixtrack-FLUKA coupling, as currently done for the present LHC and for its upgrade. Expectations in terms of total power, peak power density and integrated dose on the different accelerator components are presented.

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MOPAB006

Design and Prototyping of New CERN Collimators in the Framework of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) Project and the High-Luminosity (HL-LHC) Project

impedance, collimation, dipole, vacuum

80

F.-X. Nuiry, O. Aberle, M. Bergeret, A. Bertarelli, N. Biancacci, R. Bruce, M. Calviani, F. Carra, A. Dallocchio, L. Gentini, S.S. Gilardoni, R. Illan Fiastre, I. Lamas Garcia, A. Masi, A. Perillo-Marcone, S. Pianese, S. Redaelli, E. Rigutto, B. Salvant
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In the framework of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Injectors Upgrade (LIU) and the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) Projects at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research, in Geneva, Switzerland), collimators in the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) to LHC transfer lines as well as ring collimators in the LHC will undergo important upgrades in the forthcoming years, mainly focused during the Long Shutdown 2 foreseen during 2019-2020. This contribution will detail the current design of the TCDIL collimators with a particular emphasis on the engineering developments performed on the collimator jaws, aiming at getting a stringent flatness while consid-ering also the integration of thermal shock resistant materials. The prototyping phase done at CERN will be also described. The activities ongoing to prepare the series production for other LHC collimator types (TCPPM, TCSPM, TCTPM, TCLD) will be presented, describing the role that each of these collimators play on the HL-LHC Project. A focus on the series production processes, the manufacturing and assembly technologies involved and the quality and performance assurance tests will be given.

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MOPAB007

Status of Crystal Collimation Studies at the LHC

collimation, injection, beam-losses, ion

84

R. Rossi, O. Aberle, O.O. Andreassen, M.E.J. Butcher, C.A. Dionisio Barreto, I. Lamas Garcia, A. Masi, D. Mirarchi, S. Montesano, S. Redaelli, A. Rijllart, W. Scandale, P. Serrano Galvez, G. Valentino
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
F. Galluccio
INFN-Napoli, Napoli, Italy

Crystal collimation is a technique that relies on highly pure bent crystals to coherently deflect beam particles - through the channeling mechanisms - onto dedicated absorbers. Standard multi-stage collimation systems for hadron beams use amorphous materials as primary collimators and might be limited by nuclear interactions and ion fragmentation that are strongly suppressed in crystals. A crystal collimation setup was installed in the betatron cleaning insertion of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to demonstrate with LHC beams the feasibility of this concept and to compare its performance with that of the present system. Channeling was observed for the first time with 6.5 TeV beam and and plans for further crystal collimation beam tests at the LHC are discussed. Results of these first beam tests are presented.

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MOPAB009

Decomposition of Beam Losses at LHC

beam-losses, betatron, distributed, collimation

88

B. Salvachua, D. Mirarchi, M. Pojer, S. Redaelli, R. Rossi, G. Valentino, M. Wyszynski
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The LHC collimation system provides betatron cleaning and off-momentum cleaning in two different locations of the LHC ring. In the betatron cleaning area, three primary collimators cut the primary halo in horizontal, vertical and skew planes. The beam loss monitors located downstream each of these collimators can be used to diagnose the main plane of loss. We present here a method to identify these beam losses at the LHC and decompose them as a linear combination of loss scenarios using singular value decomposition to calculate Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse of the scenario matrix. This matrix has been used to evaluate the type of beam losses in different stages of the LHC cycle.

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MOPAB010

Anomaly Detection for Beam Loss Maps in the Large Hadron Collider

collimation, alignment, flattop, collider

92

G. Valentino
University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta
R. Bruce, S. Redaelli, R. Rossi, P. Theodoropoulos
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
S. Jaster-Merz
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

In the LHC, beam loss maps are used to validate collimator settings for cleaning and machine protection. This is done by monitoring the loss distribution in the ring during infrequent controlled loss map campaigns, as well as in standard operation. Due to the complexity of the system, consisting of more than 50 collimators per beam, it is difficult to identify small changes in the collimation hierarchy, which may be due to setting errors or beam orbit drifts with such methods. A technique based on Principal Component Analysis and Local Outlier Factor is presented to detect anomalies in the loss maps and therefore provide an automatic check of the collimation hierarchy.

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MOPAB011

Impact on the HL-LHC Triplet Region and Experiments From Asynchronous Beam Dumps on Tertiary Collimators

neutron, photon, optics, interface

96

A. Tsinganis, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Lechner
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Accidental beam impacts on the tertiary collimators (TCTs) can lead to significant energy deposition in the triplet region and to leakage of the induced particle shower towards the experimental cavern. In this work, carried out in the context of the planned High Luminosity Upgrade of the LHC, severe impacts from asynchronous beam dumps on the horizontal tertiary collimators in cells 4 and 6 of the CMS insertion were studied, with half or a full proton bunch impacting on a collimator jaw. The choice of jaw material is shown to be of great importance, with over a factor of 10 increase in peak energy density values in the triplet coils moving from tungsten (Inermet) to molybdenum graphite jaws. Nevertheless, although the quench limit is exceeded in at least one or more triplet magnets in all the evaluated scenarios, values remain well below the damage limit. Energy spectra of particles leaking into the experimental cavern have also been estimated and are presented here.

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MOPAB012

Study of the 2015 Top Energy LHC Collimation Quench Tests Through an Advanced Simulation Chain

ion, simulation, collimation, heavy-ion

100

E. Skordis, C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

While the LHC has shown record-breaking perfor-mance during the 2016 run, our understanding of the behaviour of the machine must also reach new levels. The collimation system and especially the betatron cleaning insertion region (IR7), where most of the beam halo is intercepted to protect superconducting (SC) magnets from quenching, has so far met the expectations but could nonetheless pose a bottleneck for future operation at higher beam intensities for HL-LHC. A better under-standing of the collimation leakage to SC magnets is required in order to quantify potential limitations in terms of cleaning efficiency, ultimately optimising the collider capabilities. Particle tracking simulations com-bined with shower simulations represent a powerful tool for quantifying the power deposition in magnets next to the cleaning insertion. In this study, we benchmark the simulation models against beam loss monitor measure-ments from magnet quench tests (QT) with 6.5 TeV pro-ton and 6.37Z TeV Pb ion beams. In addition, we investi-gate the effect of possible imperfections on the collima-tion leakage and the power deposition in magnets.

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MOPAB013

Recent Development and Results With the Merlin Tracking Code

collimation, simulation, collider, electron

104

S.C. Tygier, R.B. Appleby, H. Rafique
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
R.J. Barlow, S. Rowan
IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
J. Molson
LAL, Orsay, France

Funding: Work supported by High Luminosity LHC : UK (HL-LHC-UK), grant number ST/N001621/1
MERLIN is an high performance accelerator simulation code which is used for modelling the collimation system at the LHC. It is written in extensible object-oriented C++ so new physics processes can be easily added. In this article we present recent developments needed for the Hi-Lumi LHC and future high energy colliders including FCC, such as hollow electron lenses and composite materials. We also give an overview of recent simulation work, validation against LHC data from run 1 and 2, and loss maps for Hi-Lumi LHC.

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MOPAB023

ESS Emittance Measurements at INFN CATANIA

emittance, ion, ion-source, simulation

123

O. Tuske, P. Daniel-Thomas, J.F. Denis, Y. Gauthier, T.J. Joannem, N. Misiara, V. Nadot, G. Perreu, F. Senée, V. Silva
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
L. Celona, L. Neri
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
B. Cheymol, T.J. Shea
ESS, Lund, Sweden
I. Chu, M. Monteremand
CEA LITEN, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
Ø. Midttun
University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
T.V. Vacher
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France

Beam characteristics at low energy are an absolute necessity for an acceptable injection in the next stage of a linear accelerator, and are also necessary to reduce beam loss and radiation inside the machine. CEA is taking part of ESS linac construction, by designing Emittance Measurement Units (EMU) for the Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT). The EMU are designed to qualify the proton beam produced by the INFN Catania ion source. This measurement has been decided to be time resolved, allowing to follow the beam emittance reduction, during the pulse length. A 1Mhz acquisition board controlled by EPICS save raw datas to an archiver in order to be able to post process the measurements for time resolution. The design corresponds to an Allison's scanner, using entrance and exit slits, electrostatic plates and a faraday cup. The beamstopper protects the device and can be removable to fit to beam power. It has been manufactured by the CEA/LITEN with copper tungsten HIP technique. This article report the first measurements on the ESS injector at INFN CATANIA.

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MOPAB069

Measurement of Transverse Multipole Moments of the Proton Beam in the J-PARC MR

quadrupole, multipole, simulation, vacuum

274

T. Toyama
J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
A. Ichikawa, A. Minamino, K.G. Nakamura, Y. Nakanishi, T. Nakaya, W. Uno
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
T. Koseki, H. Kuboki, M. Okada
KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan

Funding: This work was partially supported by MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 25105002 and 16H06288.
Transverse multipole moments (quadrupole and more) of the beam may give important informations of the beam such as beam sizes, nonlinear resonances and so on. However higher moments are difficult to measure because signal-to-noise-ratio becomes smaller proportional to the n-th order of the beam-radius-to-vacuum-duct-radius ratio. In order to increase the SNR and to extend the multipole order, we developed and installed a 16 electrode beam monitor in the J-PARC MR, which consists of guard-potential-separated 16 striplines. The calibration method, beam test results will be presented.

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MOPAB070

Beam Position Measurement During Multi-Turn Painting Injection at the J-PARC RCS

injection, linac, operation, synchrotron

277

N. Hayashi, A. Miura, P.K. Saha, M. Yoshimoto
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan

Multi-turn painting injection scheme is important for high intensity proton accelerators. At the J-PARC RCS, a transverse painting scheme was adapted by adding vertical painting magnets to the beam transport line before the injection point, with horizontal painting being performed by a set of dedicated pulse magnets in the ring. To establish a transverse painting condition, it is usual to base on the pulse magnet current pattern. However, it is more desirable to directly measure the beam orbit time variation for evaluation. A linac beam was chopped to match the ring RF bucket. We thought that it would be difficult to measure the position for each pulse; however, the average position could be extracted by introducing a particular device. For the beam injected into the ring, because the linac RF frequency component was diminished due to debunching quickly, one could determine its position in the beginning of the injection period. However, due to rebunching effect the position determination becomes difficult. This problem needs to be resolved.

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MOPAB076

2D Beam Profile Monitors at CPHS of Tsinghua University

target, ion, radiation, electronics

298

W. Wang, X. Guan, W.-H. Huang, Y. Lei, X.W. Wang, Q.Z. Xing, S.X. Zheng
TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
L. Du
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
M.T. Qiu, Z.M. Wang
State Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation and Effect, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Shannxi, People's Republic of China

Beam profile is a key parameter for high current proton linac. Compact Pulsed Hadron Source(CPHS) has two type of detectors to monitor beam 2D beam profile: scintillator screen and rotatable multi-wire scanner. A retractable chromium-doped alumina (Chromox) screen is used as scintillator, emitted lights when impacted by proton are captured by a 12 bit CCD camera. Nineteen carbon fibre wires with a diameter of 30 'm, 3 mm separated from each other, are used to measure beam 1D distribution. Projection can be measured at different direction by rotating the multi-wire scanner about beam direction. 2D beam distribution is reconstructed from multiple projections with the help of CT. Different CT algorithms, Algebra Reconstruct Technique (ART) and Maximum Entropy algorithm (MENT), are applied to achieve accurate or quick reconstruction. The preliminary experimental results show the two profile monitors working consistently with each other.

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MOPAB109

Operational Experience with Luminosity Scans for Beam Size Estimation in 2016 LHC Proton Physics Operation

emittance, luminosity, operation, simulation

374

M. Hostettler
LHEP, Bern, Switzerland
K. Fuchsberger, G. Papotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Luminosity scans were regularly performed at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) as of 2015 as a complementary method for measuring the beam size. The CMS experiment provides bunch-by-bunch luminosities at sufficient rates to allow evaluation of bunch-by-bunch beam sizes, and the scans are performed in the horizontal and vertical plane separately. Closed orbit differences between bunches can also be derived by this analysis. During 2016 LHC operation, these scans were also done in an automated manner on a regular basis, and the analysis was improved to significantly reduce the systematic uncertainty, especially in the crossing plane. This contribution first highlights the recent improvements to the analysis and elaborates on their impact. The measured beam sizes during 2016 proton physics operation are then shown and compared to measurements from synchrotron light telescopes and estimates based on the absolute luminosities of the LHC experiments.

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MOPAB119

Beam Instrumentation Developments for the Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN

electron, plasma, laser, electronics

404

S. Mazzoni, M. Barros Marin, B. Biskup, A. Boccardi, T.B. Bogey, S. Burger, F.S. Domingues Sousa, E. Effinger, J. Emery, A. Goldblatt, I. Gorgisyan, E. Gschwendtner, A. Guerrero, L.K. Jensen, T. Lefèvre, D. Medina, B. Moser, G. Schneider, L. Søby, M. Turner, M. Vicente Romero, M. Wendt
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
B. Biskup
Czech Technical University, Prague 6, Czech Republic
M. Turner
TUG/ITP, Graz, Austria
V.A. Verzilov
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment (AWAKE) at CERN aims to develop a proof-of-principle electron accelerator based on proton driven plasma wake-field acceleration. The core of AWAKE is a 10 metre long plasma cell filled with Rubidium vapour in which single, 400 GeV, proton bunches extracted from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) generate a strong plasma wakefield. The plasma is seeded using a femtosecond pulsed Ti:Sapphire laser. The aim of the experiment is to inject low energy electrons onto the plasma wake and accelerate them over this short distance to an energy of several GeV. To achieve its commissioning goals, AWAKE requires the precise measurement of the position and transverse profile of the laser, proton and electron beams as well as their temporal synchronisation. This contribution will present the beam instrumentation systems designed for AWAKE and their performance during the 2016 proton beam commissioning period.

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MOPAB120

Beam Instrumentation for the CERN LINAC4 and PSB Half Sector Test

linac, instrumentation, laser, emittance

408

F. Roncarolo, J.C. Allica Santamaria, M. Bozzolan, C. Bracco, S. Burger, G.J. Focker, G. Guidoboni, L.K. Jensen, B. Mikulec, A. Navarro Fernandez, U. Raich, J.B. Ruiz, L. Søby, J. Tan, W. Viganò, C. Vuitton, C. Zamantzas
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
T. Hofmann
Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom

The construction, installation and initial commissioning of CERN's LINAC4 was completed in 2016 with H⁻ ions successfully accelerated to its top energy of 160 MeV. The accelerator is equipped with a large number of beam diagnostic systems that are essential to monitor, control and optimize the beam parameters. A general overview of the installed systems and their functional specifications will be followed by a summary of the most relevant results. This includes transverse profile monitors (wire scanners, wire grids and a laser profile monitor), beam position and phase monitors (whose ToF measurements were essential for adjusting RF cavity parameters), beam loss monitors, beam current transformers and longitudinal beam shape monitors. This contribution will also cover the beam instrumentation for the so-called PSB Half Sector Test, which has been temporarily installed in the LINAC4 transfer line to study H⁻ stripping efficiency. At this facility it was possible to test the new H⁰/H⁻ beam current monitor, designed to monitor the stripping efficiency and an essential element of the beam interlock system when the LINAC4 is connected to the PSB in 2019.

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MOPAB122

Fast Bunch by Bunch Tune Measurements at the CERN PS

injection, betatron, synchrotron, operation

415

P. Zisopoulos, M. Gąsior, M. Serluca, G. Sterbini
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The CERN Proton Synchrotron (PS) is a crucial component of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) injector complex. The PS role is to provide beams of high brightness and with the required time structure. In this paper, we present the results of bunch-by-bunch tune measurements by using turn-by-turn transverse beam position monitors (BPMs). The data from different BPMs are combined together to allow fast and accurate tune measurements for each bunch. The obtained results are compared with the present PS tune-meter system and the specific advantages and limits of this technique are commented and exemplified.

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MOPAB130

Cross-Calibration of the LHC Transverse Beam-Profile Monitors

emittance, optics, luminosity, experiment

437

R. Alemany-Fernández, F. Alessio, A. Alexopoulos, C. Barschel, F.S. Carlier, J.M. Coello de Portugal, M. Ferro-Luzzi, A. Garcia-Tabares, M. Hostettler, O. Karacheban, E.H. Maclean, R. Matev, T. Persson, P.K. Skowroński, R. Tomás, G. Trad, S. Vlachos, B. Würkner
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
G.R. Coombs
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
T.B. Hadavizadeh
Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom
M. Hofer
TU Vienna, Wien, Austria
L. van Riesen-Haupt
University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Calibration of a transverse beam profile monitor is of fundamental importance to guarantee the best possible accuracy and reliability of the instrument over time. In LHC the calibration standard for transverse-profile measurements are the wire scanners. Other profile monitors such as beam synchrotron light telescopes and interferometers are calibrated with respect to them. Additional information about single-bunch sizes can be obtained from beam-gas imaging in the LHCb vertex detector, from the transverse convolved beam sizes extracted from luminosity scans at the collision points, and from the evolution of the luminous-region parameters as reconstructed by ATLAS and CMS inner tracker detectors during such scans. For the first time in LHC, a dedicated cross-calibration of all the above-mentioned systems was carried out with beam in 2016. Additionally, dedicated optics measurements were also performed in order to determine with the highest possible accuracy the amplitude function at the interaction points and at the position of the profile monitors. Results of these measurements are presented in this paper.

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MOPAB140

Phase-Space Analysis Using Tomography for the Muon g-2 Experiment at Fermilab

experiment, target, storage-ring, quadrupole

462

D. Stratakis
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: Operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. De-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy.
In the next decade the Fermilab Muon Campus will host two world class experiments dedicated to the search for signals of new physics. The Muon g-2 experiment will determine with unprecedented precision the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. The Mu2e experiment will improve by four orders of magnitude the sensitivity on the search for the as-yet unobserved Charged Lepton Flavor Violation process of a neutrinoless conversion of a muon to an electron. Maintaining and preserving a high density of particles in phase-space is an important requirement for both experiments. This paper presents a new experimental method for mapping the transverse phase space of a particle beam based on tomographic principles. We simulate our technique using the tracking code GEANT4, to ascertain accuracy of the reconstruction. Then we apply the technique to a series of proof-of-principle simulation tests to study injection, transport and extraction of muon and proton beams for the Fermilab g-2 and Mu2e Experiments.

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MOPAB144

Residual-Gas Beam Profile Monitors for Intense Beams in Transfer Lines

electron, ion, synchrotron, detector

469

R.J. Abrams, M.A. Cummings, V.G. Dudnikov, R.P. Johnson
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA
M. Popovic
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Muons, Inc. proposes to develop a Residual-Gas Beam Profile Monitor for Transfer Lines with pulse-to-pulse precision of better than 0.1 mm in position and size that will operate over a wide range of proton beam intensities including those needed for multi-MW beams of future facilities. Traditional solid-based beam intercepting instrumentation produces unallowable levels of radiation at high powers. Our alternative approach is to use a low mass residual-gas profile monitor, where ionization electrons are collected along extended magnetic field lines and the gas composition and pressure in the beam pipe are locally controlled to minimize unwanted radiation and to improve resolution. Beam Induced Fluorescence profile monitor with mirascope light collection is proposed.

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MOPAB154

Measurement of Proton Transverse Emittance in the Brookhaven AGS

emittance, dipole, injection, flattop

494

H. Huang, L. Ahrens, C.W. Dawson, C.E. Harper, C. Liu, F. Méot, M.G. Minty, V. Schoefer, S. Tepikian, K. Zeno
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
High luminosity and high polarization in RHIC require good control and measurement of emittance in its injector, the Brookhaven AGS. In the past, the AGS emittance has been measured by using an ion collecting IPM during the whole cycle. The beam profiles from this IPM are distorted by space charge forces at higher energy, which makes the emittance determination very hard. The effect has been measured with IPM measurement at different energies with RF off to mitigate the space charge effect. In addition, helical snake magnets and near integer vertical tune for polarized proton operation distort the lattice in the AGS and introduce large beta beating. For more precise measurements of the emittance, we need turn-by-turn (TBT) measurements near injection and beta function measurements at the IPM. The AGS has also been modeled to get the beta functions at the locations of IPM. A new type of electron collecting IPM has been installed and tested in the AGS with proton beam. The vertical beta functions at the IPM locations have been measured with a local corrector near the IPM. This paper summarizes our current understanding of AGS emittances and plans for the further improvements.

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MOPIK028

Simulation Study of Halo Collimation in the TRIUMF Ariel Proton Beam Line

collimation, scattering, cyclotron, simulation

557

F.W. Jones, R.A. Baartman, I.V. Bylinskii, Y.-N. Rao
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Funding: Funded under a contribution agreement with NRC (National Research Council of Canada). Capital funding from CFI (Canada Foundation for Innovation).
The TRIUMF 500 MeV H⁻ cyclotron uses stripping foil extraction to drive several proton beam lines serving different experimental programs. As part of TRIUMF's Ariel facility now under construction, a new proton beam line 4-North will be installed to transport up to 100 microamps of 480 MeV protons to an ISOL target station for rare isotope beam production. This beam line has been designed for low-loss (< 1nA/m) operation and provides space for a collimator to remove the beam halo produced by large-angle scattering in the cyclotron extraction foil. We have studied proton loss patterns and collimation efficiency using simulation codes: the older REVMOC program and a fully 3D simulation based on Geant4, with all particle interactions in matter included. Scattering in the foil is treated by a separate iterated single-scatter model. Using these tools we arrive at a prototype design for an effective collimator.

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MOPIK029

Energy Deposition and Activation Studies of the ESSnuSB Horn Station

target, hadron, neutron, linac

561

E. Bouquerel, E. Baussan, M. Dracos
IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
N. Vassilopoulos
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: This project is now supported by the COST Action CA15139 Combining forces for a novel European facility for neutrino-antineutrino symmetry-violation discovery (EuroNuNet).
The ESS'SB project foresees the production of a very intense neutrino beam to enable the discovery of leptonic CP violation. In addition to the neutrinos, a copious number of muons that could be used by a future Neutrino Factory and a muon collider will also be produced at the same time. This facility will use the world's most intense pulsed spallation neutron source, the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund. Its LINAC is expected to be operational by 2023, producing 2 GeV protons with a power of 5 MW. The primary proton beam line completing the linear accelerator will consist of one or several accumulator rings and a proton beam switchyard. The secondary beam line producing neutrinos and muons will consist of a four-horn target station, a decay tunnel and a beam dump. To detect the produced neutrinos a far megaton scale Water Cherenkov detector will be placed at a baseline of about 500 km in one of the existing active mines in Sweden. The estimation of the energy deposited and the activation within this secondary beam line are discussed in this paper.

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MOPIK030

Design of a Beamline From a TR24 Cyclotron for Biological Tissues Irradiation

emittance, cyclotron, quadrupole, dipole

564

E. Bouquerel, T. Adam, G. Heitz, C. Maazouzi, C. Matthieu, M. Pellicioli, M. Rousseau, C. Ruescas, J. Schuler, E.K. Traykov
IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France

Funding: The PRECy project is supported by the Contrat de Projet Etat-Région (CPER) Alsace Champagne-Ardenne Lorraine.
The PRECy project foresees the use of a 16-25 MeV energy proton beam produced by the recently installed TR24 cyclotron, CYRCé, at the Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC) of Strasbourg for biological tissues irradiation. One of the exit ports of the cyclotron will be used for this application along with a combination magnet. The platform will consist of up to 3 or 5 experimental stations linked to beamlines in a dedicated area next to the cyclotron vault. One of the beamlines will receive proton beams of a few cm diameter at intensities up to 100 nA. The status of the design of this first beam line is presented.

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MOPIK031

COSY Extraction Line Characterization and Modeling

quadrupole, extraction, optics, storage-ring

567

B. Lorentz, M. Bai, Y. Dutheil, R. Tölle, C. Weidemann
FZJ, Jülich, Germany

COSY is a versatile racetrack-type synchrotron accelerating protons and deuterons in a range of rigidity between 1 T m and 11 T m. Circulating beam can be slowly extracted on a third order resonance and channeled towards different users. New users of the COSY beam have presented new challenges with specific requests, most notably in term of beam shape. This in turn drove a strong interest to develop and improve characterization and modeling methods in the COSY extraction beam line. In this contribution we will present the different beam characterization methods used and their limitations. We will then discuss the modeling of the line and the importance of an accurate and reliable model of the extraction line. Some of the latest beam measurements are presented and compared to modeled results.

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MOPIK035

New Injection Scheme of J-PARC Rapid Cycling Synchrotron

injection, operation, synchrotron, shielding

579

K. Yamamoto, H. Harada, H. Hotchi, J. Kamiya, P.K. Saha, T. Takayanagi, M. Yoshimoto
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
N. Miki, O. Takeda
Nippon Advanced Technology Co., Ltd., Tokai, Japan

The 3-GeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) of Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) aims to deliver 1-MW proton beam to the neutron target and Main Ring synchrotron (MR). Present beam power of RCS is up to 500-kW and the higher radiation doses were concentrated in the injection area. These activations were caused by the interaction between the foil and the beam. To reduce the worker dose near the injection point, we have studied new design of the injection scheme to secure enough space for radiation shielding and bellows. In the new system, two of four injection pulse bump magnets are replaced and we are able to ensure the additional 500 mm space at the injection foil .

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MOPIK038

Initial Operation of the Low-Flux Proton Beamline at the KOMAC 100 MeV Linac

target, octupole, vacuum, operation

585

S.P. Yun, C.R. Kim, D.I. Kim, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, S.G. Lee, Y.G. Song
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning of the Korean Government
Korea multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC) has been operating 20 MeV and 100 MeV proton beamlines to provide proton beams to users since 2013. The new beamline and target irradiation facility, which is proposed applicable to development of the detector and simulation of the space radiation, have being constructed for low-flux proton utilization at this year. The new beam lines have the 100 MeV of maximum beam energy and 10 nA of maximum beam current. The new beam line was designed to operate with maximum duty 8%, the flux density of proton beam can be reduced to the 1/10,000 by the graphite collimator. The extracted proton beam energy can be adjustable by the double wedge type energy degrader and also, the beam energy can be selected by dipole magnet. In addition to the two sets of the octupole magnets were prepared for uniform beam irradiation with the ± 5% uniformity. In this paper, the initial operation results of the constructed new beam line is be described.

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MOPIK040

Value Engineering of an Accelerator Design During Construction

linac, cavity, cryomodule, neutron

592

E. Bargalló, M. Eshraqi, M. Lindroos, S. Molloy, D.C. Plostinar, A. Sunesson
ESS, Lund, Sweden
F. Gerigk
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Value engineering is an important part of the process of designing and realising large-scale installations such as high power accelerators. This typically occurs during the later part of the design stage of the system, however such exercises may also be requested by funding bodies at later stages in order to manage project contingency. Naturally, the later this is done, the more challenging it becomes. In this paper we report on a recently concluded Value Engineering effort at the European Spallation Source. The challenges presented by the initiation of such an exercise during the construction phase are discussed. In addition, we present and discuss the various options that we examined, and indicate the philosophy and figures of merit used to narrow down these options. The final conclusion will be presented.

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MOPIK042

Beam-Based Kicker Waveform Measurements Using Long Bunches

kicker, flattop, emittance, injection

599

V. Forte, W. Bartmann, J.C.C.M. Borburgh, M.A. Fraser, L. Sermeus
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The increased bunch length demanded by the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project to mitigate emittance growth from space-charge on the PS injection plateau puts strong constraints on the rise-times of the recombination kickers in the transfer lines between the CERN Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) and the Proton Synchrotron (PS). A beam-based technique has been developed to validate the waveforms of the recombination kickers. In this paper high-resolution measurements are presented by extracting the intra-bunch deflection along bunches with lengths comparable to or longer than the rise-time of the kicker being probed. The methodology has been successfully applied to the three vertical recombination kickers named BT1. KFA10, BT4. KFA10 and BT2. KFA20, and benchmarked with direct measurements of the kicker field made using a magnetic field probe. This paper describes the beam-based technique, summarises the main characteristics of the measured waveforms, such as rise-time and flat-top ripple, and estimates their impact on beam brightness.

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MOPIK044

The Use of a Passive Scatterer for SPS Slow Extraction Beam Loss Reduction

scattering, extraction, septum, simulation

607

B. Goddard, B. Balhan, J.C.C.M. Borburgh, M.A. Fraser, L.S. Stoel, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

A significant reduction in the fraction of protons lost on the SPS electrostatic septum ES during resonant slow extraction is highly desirable for present Fixed-Target beam operation, and will become mandatory for the proposed SHiP experiment, which is now being studied in the framework of CERN's Physics Beyond Colliders program. In this paper the possible use of a passive scattering device (diffuser) is investigated. The physics processes underlying the use of a diffuser are described, and the dependence on the diffuser geometry, material and location of the potential loss reduction on the electrostatic septum (ES) wires is investigated with a semi-analytical approach. Numerical simulations to quantify the expected performance gain for the optimum configuration are presented, and the results discussed in view of the feasibility of a potential realisation in the SPS.

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MOPIK045

SPS Slow Extraction Losses and Activation: Challenges and Possibilities for Improvement

extraction, radioactivity, target, simulation

611

M.A. Fraser, B. Balhan, H. Bartosik, C. Bertone, D. Björkman, J.C.C.M. Borburgh, N. Conan, K. Cornelis, R. Garcia Alia, L. Gatignon, B. Goddard, Y. Kadi, V. Kain, A. Mereghetti, F. Roncarolo, P.M. Schicho, J. Spanggaard, O. Stein, L.S. Stoel, F.M. Velotti, H. Vincke
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In 2015 the highest integrated number of protons in the history of the North Area was slow extracted from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) for the Fixed Target physics programme. At well over 1.10¹⁹ protons on target (POT), this represented the highest annual figure at SPS for almost two decades, since the West Area Neutrino Facility was operational some 20 years ago. The high intensity POT requests have continued into 2016-17 and look set to do so for the foreseeable future, especially in view of the proposed SPS Beam Dump Facility and experiments, e.g. SHiP*, which are requesting up to 4·10¹⁹ POT per year. Without significant improvements, the attainable annual POT will be limited to well below the total the SPS machine could deliver, due to activation of accelerator equipment and associated personnel dose limitations. In this contribution, the issues arising from the recent high activation levels are discussed along with the steps taken to understand, manage and mitigate these issues. The research avenues being actively pursued to improve the slow extraction related beam loss for present operation and future requests are outlined, and their relative merits discussed.
*A. Golutvin et al., ‘‘A Facility to Search for Hidden Particles (SHiP) at the CERN SPS'', CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, Rep. CERN-SPSC-2015-016 (SPSC-P-350), Apr. 2015.

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MOPIK046

Phase Space Folding Studies for Beam Loss Reduction During Resonant Slow Extraction at the CERN SPS

extraction, multipole, sextupole, simulation

615

L.S. Stoel, M. Benedikt, K. Cornelis, M.A. Fraser, B. Goddard, V. Kain, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The requested number of protons slow-extracted from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) for Fixed Target (FT) physics is expected to continue increasing in the coming years, especially if the proposed SPS Beam Dump Facility is realised. Limits on the extracted intensity are already being considered to mitigate the dose to personnel during interventions required to maintain the extraction equipment, especially the electrostatic extraction septum. In addition to other on-going studies and technical developments, a reduction of the beam loss per extracted proton will play a crucial role in the future performance reach of the FT experimental programme at the SPS. In this paper a concept is investigated to reduce the fraction of beam impacting the extraction septum by folding the arm of the phase space separatrix. Beam dynamics simulations for the concept are presented and compared to the phase space acceptance of the extraction channel. The performance potential of the concept at SPS is evaluated and discussed alongside the necessary changes to the non-linear optical elements in the machine.

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MOPIK047

Commissioning and Results of the Half-Sector Test Installation with 160 MeV H⁻ beam from Linac4

injection, linac, operation, vacuum

619

B. Mikulec, D. Aguglia, J.C. Allica Santamaria, C. Baud, C. Bracco, S. Burger, G. Guidoboni, L.O. Jorat, C. Martin, A. Navarro Fernandez, R. Noulibos, F. Roncarolo, J.L. Sanchez Alvarez, J. Tan, T. Todorcevic, P. Van Trappen, W.J.M. Weterings, C. Zamantzas
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

During the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) at CERN in 2019/20, the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) will undergo a profound upgrade in the framework of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) project involving also the connection to the new Linac4 injector. The 160 MeV Linac4 H' injection entails a complete replacement of the PSB injection section, including a stripping foil system, injection chicane, an H⁰/H' dump and novel beam instrumentation. The equivalent of half of this new injection chicane was temporarily installed in the Linac4 transfer line to evaluate the performance of the equipment and prepare controls, interlocks and applications for the connection. Outcomes of this so-called Half-Sector Test (HST) are presented in this paper.

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MOPIK048

Experimental Results of Crystal-Assisted Slow Extraction at the SPS

extraction, detector, experiment, collimation

623

M.A. Fraser, S.S. Gilardoni, B. Goddard, V. Kain, D. Mirarchi, S. Montesano, S. Petrucci, S. Redaelli, R. Rossi, W. Scandale, L.S. Stoel, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
F.M. Addesa, G. Cavoto, F. Iacoangeli
INFN-Roma, Roma, Italy
F. Galluccio
INFN-Napoli, Napoli, Italy
F. Murtas
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy

The possibility of extracting highly energetic particles from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) by means of silicon bent crystals has been explored since the 1990's. The channelling effect of a bent crystal can be used to strongly deflect primary protons and eject them from the synchrotron. Many studies and experiments have been carried out to investigate crystal channelling effects. The extraction of 120 and 270 GeV proton beams has already been demonstrated in the SPS with dedicated experiments located in the ring. Presently in the SPS, the UA9 experiment is performing studies to evaluate the possibility to use bent silicon crystals to steer particle beams in high energy accelerators. Recent studies on the feasibility of extraction from the SPS have been made using the UA9 infrastructure with a longer-term view of using crystals to help mitigate slow extraction induced activation of the SPS. In this paper, the possibility to eject particles into the extraction channel in LSS2 using the bent crystals already installed in the SPS is presented. Details of the concept, simulations and measurements carried out with beam are presented, before the outlook for the future is discussed.

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MOPIK050

Reduction of Resonant Slow Extraction Losses with Shadowing of Septum Wires by a Bent Crystal

extraction, simulation, collimation, septum

631

F.M. Velotti, M.A. Fraser, B. Goddard, V. Kain, W. Scandale, L.S. Stoel
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

A new experiment, SHiP, is being studied at CERN to investigate the existence of three Heavy Neutral Leptons in order to give experimental proof to the proposed neutrino minimal Standard Model. High-intensity slow-extraction of protons from the SPS is a pre-requisite for SHiP. The experiment requires a resonant extraction with in a 7.2 s cycle, and about 4·10¹³ protons extracted at 400 GeV in a 1 s flat-top, to achieve the needed 2·10²⁰ protons on target in five years. Although the SPS has delivered this in the past to the CNGS experiment with fast extraction, for SHiP beam losses and activation of the SPS electrostatic extraction septum (ZS) could be a serious performance limitation, since the target number of protons to resonantly extract per year is a factor of two higher than ever achieved before and a factor of four than ever reached with the third-integer slow extraction. In this paper, a novel extraction technique to significantly reduce the losses at the ZS is proposed, based on the use of a bent crystal to shadow the septum wires. Theoretical concepts are developed, the performance gain quantified and a possible layout proposed.

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MOPIK092

Computer Modelling of the SC202 Superconducting Cyclotron for Hadron Therapy

simulation, cyclotron, extraction, resonance

742

O. Karamyshev, V. Malinin, D.V. Popov
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
Y.F. Bi, G. Chen, K.Z. Ding, Y. Song
ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China
G.A. Karamysheva, N.A. Morozov, E.V. Samsonov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

The SC202 superconducting cyclotron for hadron therapy is under development by collaboration of ASIPP (Hefei, China) and JINR (Dubna, Russia). The accelerator will provide about 200 MeV proton beam with maximum current of 1μA in 2017-2018. We have performed simulations of all systems of the SC202 cyclotron and specified the main parameters of magnet, acceleration system and extraction elements.

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MOPIK110

Update on Bmad Simulations From Target to Storage Ring for the New Muon G-2 Experiment at Fermilab

storage-ring, polarization, experiment, target

791

M. Korostelev, I.R. Bailey, A.T. Herrod, A. Wolski
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
I.R. Bailey
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
A.T. Herrod, A. Wolski
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
D. Stratakis
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
V. Tishchenko
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

The new muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab (E989) aims to measure the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon to an uncertainty of 140 ppb. The existing accelerator facility at Fermilab is being adapted to the requirements of the g-2 experiment and the baseline lattice design is now established. This paper presents the results of beam simulations and spin tracking carried out using the Bmad software package for the g-2 beam transport system, including a variant which bypasses the delivery ring as proposed for the beam commissioning.

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MOPVA017

Electrostatic Pickup in the CNAO Injection Line

ion, linac, pick-up, detector

884

A. Parravicini, G.M.A. Calvi, E. Rojatti, C. Viviani
CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy

The paper concerns the electrostatic pickup (PUB) installed in the injection line of the CNAO, the Italian facility for Oncological Hadrontherapy. The PUB has been designed with the purpose of having a continuous and non-interceptive measurement of the beam transverse position short upstream the injection in the synchrotron. Detector commissioning has not been immediate since a number of primary ions and secondary electrons fall on the PUB electrodes in many configurations, resulting in a significantly distorted signal. After the identification, and consequent rejection, of a few circumstances where the PUB cannot work properly, the commissioning proceeded on a twofold way, designing a mechanical shield to stop ions before hitting the electrodes and developing an advanced data-analysis algorithm to go beyond the signal distortion. The use of the new algorithm was sufficient to make the PUB successfully working and, after a proper calibration with upstream and downstream profile monitors, the PUB started to provide the expected results. The PUB is working as a watch-dog since January 2016. Details on the data-analysis algorithm and first year measurements are discussed in the paper.

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MOPVA025

Step-Like Field Magnets to Uniform Beam Distribution and Experiment at CADS Injector-I

simulation, target, dipole, experiment

908

C. Meng, Y. Chen, H. Geng, J.Y. Tang, F. Yan, L. Yu, Y.L. Zhao
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

High power is the development tendency of proton accelerator, so obtaining uniform beam distribution on target becomes more and more important and critical. The method of using step-like field magnets to obtain a uniform beam distribution on target was presented. In the beamdump line of CADS injector-I test facility four step-like field magnets have been installed to uniform beam distribution to reduce the maximum current density on the beamdump. The magnetic field of step-like field magnets have been measured and discussed in this paper. The simulation results and measurement results of beam uniformization are presented.

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MOPVA037

Development and Commissioning of the Doppler-Shift Unit for the Measurement of the Ion Species Fractions and Beam Energy of the ESS Proton Source

coupling, linac, software, optics

936

C.A. Thomas, T.J. Shea
ESS, Lund, Sweden
J. Fils
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
Y. Lussignol, P. Mattei
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
Ø. Midttun
University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
L. Neri
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
F. Senée, O. Tuske
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

ESS proton source is in going to be soon delivered to the ESS project. In order to qualify the source, a series of beam instrumentation diagnostics have been designed and produced. In particular, a specific spectrograph dedicated to the fraction species measurement is currently commissioned. This instrument not only is capable of measuring the fraction species produced by the source, but also it can measure their energy and energy spread, the mass of the different species, and additional spectral rays coming from the gas species in presence in the vacuum chamber. We present in this paper the commissioning of this instrument, the Doppler Shift unit, dedicated to the measurement of the fraction species.

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MOPVA090

ESS Superconducting RF Collaboration

cryomodule, cavity, SRF, linac

1068

C. Darve, H. Danared, N. Elias, N.F. Hakansson, M. Lindroos, C.G. Maiano, F. Schlander
ESS, Lund, Sweden
F. Ardellier, P. Bosland
CEA/DRF/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
S. Bousson, G. Olry
IPN, Orsay, France
M. Ellis, A.E. Wheelhouse
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
L. Hermansson, R.J.M.Y. Ruber
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
P. Michelato, D. Sertore
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy

The European Spallation Source (ESS) project is a neutron-scattering facility, currently under construction by a partnership of at least 17 European countries, with Sweden and Denmark as host nations. The ESS was designated a European Research Infrastructure Consortium, or ERIC, by the European Commission in October of 2015. Scientists and engineers from 50 different countries are members of the workforce in Lund who participate in the design and construction of the European Spallation Source. In complement to the local workforce, the superconducting RF linear accelerator is being prototyped and will be constructed based on a collaboration with European institutions: CEA-Saclay, CNRS-IPN Orsay, INFN-LASA, STFC-Daresbury, Uppsala and Lund Universities. After a description of the ESS collaborative project and its in-kind model for the SRF linac, this article will introduce the linac component first results.

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MOPVA136

Higher Order Multipole Analysis for 952.6 Mhz Superconducting Crabbing Cavities for Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider

cavity, multipole, dipole, electron

1177

S.U. De Silva, J.R. Delayen
ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
H. Park
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

The proposed electron ion collider at Jefferson Lab requires a crabbing cavity system to increase the luminosity in the colliding beams. Currently several superconducting crabbing cavity designs are being reviewed as the design option for the crabbing cavity. Knowledge of higher order mode multipole field effects is important for accurate beam dynamics study for the crabbing system, in selecting the design that meets the design specifications. The multipole components can be accurately determined numerically using the electromagnetic field data in the rf structure. This paper discusses the detailed analysis of higher order multipole components for the operating crabbing mode and design modifications in reducing those components.

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MOPVA145

Improvements on CNAO Accelerator for Ocular Treatments

extraction, acceleration, injection, synchrotron

1194

L. Falbo, E. Bressi, C. Priano
CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy

Ocular melanoma has been successfully treated worldwide since many years using proton beams. CNAO is the only Italian hadrontherapy facility able to treat tumours with both proton and carbon ion high-energy scanning beams accelerated by a synchrotron; the machine was commissioned in 2011 and more than 1000 patients have been treated so far. With respect to the othercases, , ocular melanoma treatment needed important changes both under the medical physics and machine physics points of view. The main goal of this work is to describe the changes in the machine set up to increase the proton current by a factor of 5, this task representing a sort of recommissioning of the synchrotron.

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MOPVA147

High Energy Transport Line Orbit Correction at CNAO

dipole, kicker, synchrotron, ion

1200

L. Falbo, E. Bressi, C. Priano
CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy

CNAO is the only Italian facility for the cancer treatment with protons and carbon ions. Each treatment needs hundreds of energies in the range of the tumor and needs a great precision in terms of beam position and divergence at the target. Goal of the article is to show the layout of the CNAO high energy lines and the strategy that has been used to optimize the transport and set the beam trajectory.

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TUYA1

Linac4: From Initial Design to Final Commissioning

linac, quadrupole, emittance, DTL

1217

A.M. Lombardi
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

This talk reviews the design, construction, and commissioning effort of CERN's new proton linear accelerator, Linac4, which has recently been commissioned and which is presently undergoing a reliability run. Linac4 will be connected to the LHC proton injector chain during the next long LHC shut down (LS2) and will then replace the ageing Linac2.

Slides TUYA1 [30.159 MB]

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TUOBA2

Commissioning of the MYRRHA Low Energy Beam Transport Line and Space Charge Compensation Experiments

rfq, solenoid, emittance, injection

1226

F. Bouly, M.A. Baylac, D. Bondoux
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
J. Belmans, D. Vandeplassche
Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie - Centre d'Étude de l'énergie Nucléaire (SCK•CEN), Mol, Belgium
N. Chauvin, F. Gérardin
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Funding: This work is supported by the European Atomic Energy Community's (EURATOM) H2020 Programme under grant agreement n°662186 (MYRTE project).
The MYRRHA project aims at the construction of a new research reactor in Mol (Belgium) to demonstrate the nuclear waste transmutation feasibility with an Accelerator Driven System (ADS). In its subcritical configuration, the MYRRHA facility requires a proton beam with a maximum power of 2.4 MW (600 MeV - 4 mA). Such a continuous wave beam will be delivered by a superconducting linear accelerator (linac) which must fulfil very stringent reliability requirements to ensure the safe ADS operation with a high level of availability. The linac injector will be composed of: a proton source, a low energy beam transport line (LEBT), a 176 MHz RFQ and CH-DTL cavities. The LEBT prototype has been built and is presently installed and operated at LPSC Grenoble (France). An experimental program, to optimise the tuning of the line, the beam transport, and to study the space charge compensation mechanism, is in progress. We here review the main achievements of the LEBT commissioning. Experimental results will be presented and discussed, in particular the influence of the residual gas (type and pressure) on the beam dynamics.

Slides TUOBA2 [3.929 MB]

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TUOBB2

Starting Up the AWAKE Experiment at CERN

plasma, laser, electron, experiment

1261

E. Gschwendtner
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

AWAKE, the Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wake-field Acceleration Experiment at CERN was approved in 2013. The facility was commissioned in 2016 to perform first experiments to demonstrate the self-modulation in-stability (SMI) of a 400 GeV/c SPS proton bunch in a 10 m long Rubidium plasma cell. The plasma is created in Rb vapor via field ionization by a TW laser pulse. In the second phase starting late 2017, the proton driven plasma wakefield will be probed with an externally injected 10 ' 20 MeV/c electron beam. This paper gives an overview of the AWAKE facility, describes the successful commissioning of the laser and proton beam line, the plasma cell and diagnostics and shows the successful synchronization of the proton beam with the laser at the few ps level so that the facility is ready for the SMI physics runs. In addition the status of the electron acceleration exper-iment for late 2017 will be presented.

Slides TUOBB2 [3.513 MB]

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TUPAB015

Pulsed Beam Tests at the SANAEM RFQ Beamline

rfq, cavity, plasma, emittance

1341

G. Turemen, Y. Akgun, A. Alacakir, I. Kilic, B. Yasatekin
TAEK - SANAEM, Ankara, Turkey
F. Ahiska
EPROM Electronic Project & Microwave Ind. and Trade Ltd. Co., Ankara, Turkey
E. Cicek
Gazi University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey
E. Ergenlik, S. Ogur, E. Sunar, V. Yildiz
Bogazici University, Bebek / Istanbul, Turkey
G. Unel
UCI, Irvine, California, USA

Funding: Turkish Atomic Energy Authority
A proton beamline consisting of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source, two solenoid magnets, two steerer magnets and a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) is developed at the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority's (TAEA) Saraykoy Nuclear Research and Training Center (SNRTC-SANAEM) in Ankara. In Q4 of the 2016 the RFQ was installed in the beamline. The high power tests of the RF power supply and the RF transmission line were done successfully. The high power RF conditioning of the RFQ was performed recently. The 13.56 MHz ICP source was tested in two different conditions, CW and pulsed. The characterization of the proton beam was done with ACCTs, Faraday cups and a pepper-pot emittance meter. Beam transverse emittance was measured in between the two solenoids of the LEBT. The measured beam is then reconstructed at the entrance of the RFQ by using computer simulations to determine the optimum solenoid currents for acceptance matching of the beam. This paper will introduce the pulsed beam test results at the SANAEM RFQ beamline. In addition, the high power RF conditioning of the RFQ will be discussed.

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TUPAB092

MYRRHA Control System Development

controls, linac, framework, target

1527

D. Vandeplassche
SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
J. Belmans, W. De Cock
Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie - Centre d'Étude de l'énergie Nucléaire (SCK•CEN), Mol, Belgium
R. Modic, K. Strniša, K. Žagar
Cosylab, Ljubljana, Slovenia

The approach to the MYRRHA Control System (CS) development will be described. The effort, time and resources needed to develop the control systems are often underestimated by a significant factor. This brings unnecessary setbacks to the projects. Understanding CS requirements at an early machine conception stage is paramount for adequate CS design. Awareness of sheer project size and interdisciplinary complexity is imperative for successful project execution. In the first part of the paper the MYRRHA roadmap, milestones, status and its future needs will be presented with an emphasis on the phased approach leading to the 100 MeV program. The second part of the paper will give the status of the MYRRHA CS development within this phased approach. Best practices for coherent integration will be discussed. The CS should provide a flexible framework for the integration of devices. Interfaces and services need to be defined early in the integration process, and the number of different interfaces and platforms should be kept to a minimum. The implications of the choice of technologies and of SW development processes on the overall reliability and availability have to be established.

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TUPIK001

Upgrade of the Two-Screen Measurement Setup in the AWAKE Experiment

plasma, wakefield, electron, experiment

1682

M. Turner
TUG/ITP, Graz, Austria
V. Clerc, I. Gorgisyan, E. Gschwendtner, S. Mazzoni, A.V. Petrenko
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The AWAKE project at CERN uses a self-modulated §I{400}{GeV/c} proton bunch to drive GV/m wakefields in a §I10{m} long plasma with an electron density of n_pe = 7 × 10¹⁴ \rm{electrons/cm}³. We present the upgrade of a proton beam diagnostic to indirectly prove that the bunch self-modulated by imaging defocused protons with two screens downstream the end of the plasma. The two-screen diagnostic has been installed, commissioned and tested in autumn 2016 and limitations were identified. We plan to install an upgraded diagnostics to overcome these limitations.

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TUPIK020

Application of Optical Emission Spectroscopy to High Current Proton Sources

plasma, electron, ion, diagnostics

1721

G. Castro, L. Celona, S. Gammino, O. Leonardi, D. Mascali, M. Mazzaglia, E. Naselli, L. Neri, D. Nicolosi, R. Reitano, G. Torrisi
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
F. Leone
INAF-OACT, Catania, Italy
M. Mazzaglia, R. Reitano
Universita Degli Studi Di Catania, Catania, Italy
E. Naselli
Catania University, Catania, Italy
B. Zaniol
Consorzio RFX, Padova, Italy

Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) represents a very reliable technique to carry out non-invasive measurements of plasma density and plasma temperature in the range of tens of eV. Instead of other diagnostics, it also allows to characterize the different populations of neutrals and ionized particles constituting the plasma. At INFN-LNS, OES techniques have been developed and applied to characterize the plasma generated by the Flexible Plasma Trap, an ion source used as testbench of the proton source built for European Spallation Source. This work presents the characterization of the parameters of a hydrogen plasma in different conditions of neutral pressure, microwave power and magnetic field profile along with the perspectives for further upgrades of the OES diagnostics system.

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TUPIK032

AWAKE Proton Beam Commissioning

plasma, laser, alignment, experiment

1747

J.S. Schmidt, D. Barrientos, M. Barros Marin, B. Biskup, A. Boccardi, T.B. Bogey, T. Bohl, C. Bracco, S. Cettour Cave, H. Damerau, V. Fedosseev, F. Friebel, S.J. Gessner, A. Goldblatt, E. Gschwendtner, L.K. Jensen, V. Kain, T. Lefèvre, S. Mazzoni, J.C. Molendijk, A. Pardons, C. Pasquino, S.F. Rey, H. Vincke, U. Wehrle
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
J.T. Moody
MPI-P, München, Germany
K. Rieger
MPI, Muenchen, Germany

AWAKE will be the first proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment worldwide. The facility is located in the former CNGS area at CERN and will include a proton, laser and electron beam line merging in a 10 m long plasma cell, which is followed by the experimental diagnostics. In the first phase of the AWAKE physics program, which started at the end of 2016, the effect of the plasma on a high energy proton beam will be studied. A proton bunch is expected to experience the so called self-modulation instability, which leads to the creation of micro-bunches within the long proton bunch. The plasma channel is created in a rubidium vapor via field ionization by a TW laser pulse. This laser beam has to overlap with the proton beam over the full length of the plasma cell, resulting in tight requirements for the stability of the proton beam at the plasma cell in the order of ~ 0.1 mm. In this paper the beam commissioning results of the ~810 m long transfer line for proton bunches with 3·10¹¹ protons/bunch and a momentum of 400 GeV/c will be presented with a focus on the challenges of the parallel operation of the laser and proton beam.

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TUPIK035

Solenoidal Focussing Internal Target Ring

target, emittance, solenoid, dipole

1757

C.T. Rogers
STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

FFAGs have been considered for a high power proton source for a neutron target by means of an internal target. In an internal target type ring, protons are repeatedly passed through a thin foil, producing neutrons and other secondary particles. This technique has the potential to produce higher secondary particle fluxes with modest beam currents and energies. Scattering of the protons causes emittance growth in the beam, but this can be partially offset by energy lost through ionisation of the foil, which causes ionisation cooling. The resultant beams typically have large position and momentum spread, with transverse emittances of order mm. In this paper, the design of a solenoid-focussing ring is studied which may enable containment of large emittance beams.

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TUPIK037

Proton Cross-Talk and Losses in the Dispersion Suppressor Regions at the FCC-hh

simulation, collimation, quadrupole, luminosity

1763

H. Rafique, R.B. Appleby
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
J.L. Abelleira
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
A.M. Krainer, A. Langner
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: The European Circular Energy-Frontier Collider Study (EuroCirCol), EU's Horizon 2020 grant No 654305
Protons that collide at the interaction points of the FCC-hh may contribute to the background in the subsequent detector. Due to the high luminosity of the proton beams this may be of concern. Using DPMJET-III to model 50 TeV proton-proton collisions, tracking studies have been performed with PTC and MERLIN in order to gauge the elastic and inelastic proton cross-talk. High arc losses, particularly in the dispersion suppressor regions, have been revealed. These losses originate mainly from particles with a momentum deviation, either from interaction with a primary collimator in the betatron cleaning insertion, or from the proton-proton collisions. This issue can be mitigated by introducing additional collimators in the dispersion suppressor region. The specific design, lattice integration, and the effect of these collimators on cross-talk is assessed.

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TUPIK038

Muon Sources for Particle Physics - Accomplishments of MAP

collider, factory, experiment, target

1766

D.V. Neuffer, D. Stratakis
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
M.A. Cummings
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA
J.-P. Delahaye
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
M.A. Palmer
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
R.D. Ryne
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
D.J. Summers
UMiss, University, Mississippi, USA

Funding: supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. De-AC02-07CH11359 with the U. S. Department of Energy.
The Muon Accelerator Program (MAP) completed a four-year study on the feasibility of muon colliders and on using stored muon beams for neutrinos. That study was broadly successful in its goals, establishing the feasibility of lepton colliders from the 125 GeV Higgs Factory to more than 10 TeV, as well as exploring using a ' storage ring (MSR) for neutrinos, and establishing that MSRs could provide factory-level intensities of 'e (''e) and ''' ('') beams. The key components of the collider and neutrino factory systems were identified. Feasible designs and detailed simulations of all of these components were obtained, including some initial hardware component tests, setting the stage for future implementation where resources are available and clearly associated physics goals become apparent.

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TUPIK046

Beam-Based Feedbacks for FAIR - Prototyping at the SIS18

feedback, controls, extraction, injection

1787

R.J. Steinhagen, J. Fitzek, H.C. Hüther, H. Liebermann, R. Müller, D. Ondreka, H. Reeg, B.R. Schlei, P.J. Spiller
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

The 'Facility for Anti-Proton and Ion Research' (FAIR) presently under construction, extends and supersedes GSI's existing infrastructure. Its core challenges include the precise control of highest proton and uranium ion beam intensities, the required extreme high vacuum conditions, machine protection and activation issues while providing a high degree of multi-user mode of operation with facility reconfiguration on time-scales of a few times per week. To optimise turn-around times and to establish a safe and reliable machine operation, a comprehensive suite of semi-automated measurement applications, as well as fully-automated beam-based feedbacks will be deployed, covering the control of orbit, Q/Q', spill structure, optics, and other machine parameters. These systems are based on the LSA settings management framework, code-shared with and also used at CERN. The concepts, software architecture and first prototype beam tests at the SIS18 in 2016 are presented. As an initial proof-of-concept, a cycle-to-cycle orbit* and macro-spill feedback, as well as a semi-automated magnetic quadrupole- and sextupole-centre measurement tool have been selected.
*results presented in separate contribution

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TUPIK047

FAIR Control Centre (FCC) - Concepts and Interim Options for the Existing GSI Main Control Room

controls, operation, experiment, ion

1791

M. Vossberg, K. Berkl, S. Reimann, P. Schütt, R.J. Steinhagen, G. Stephan
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

The 'Facility for Anti-Proton and Ion Research' (FAIR) which is presently under construction, extends and supersedes the existing GSI. Present operation still largely relies on laborious manual tuning based on analogue signals routed directly to the existing control room. The substantial scope increase from 3 to more than 8 FAIR accelerators requires more intricate and precise control across longer accelerator chains, while providing a high degree of multi-user operation, with facility reconfiguration required on time-scales of a few times per week. A new FAIR Control Centre (FCC) is being planned to accommodate the required larger accelerator crews as well as accelerator-based experiments. While targeting a single control room for up to ~35 people, emphasis is put on ergonomics, operational processes, and minimising unnecessary strain on personnel already during the design stage. This contribution presents digital control room concepts, console layout, and beam-production-chain paradigms aimed at achieving good operational performances and that influence the new FCC design. Prior to FCC completion, interim upgrade options of the existing control room are being investigated.

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TUPIK061

Data Acquisition and Controls Integration of the AWAKE Experiment at CERN

controls, experiment, software, extraction

1833

V.K.B. Olsen
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
J.J. Batkiewicz, S. Deghaye, S.J. Gessner, E. Gschwendtner
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
P. Muggli
MPI, Muenchen, Germany

The AWAKE experiment has been successfully installed in the CNGS facility at CERN, and is currently in its first stage of operation. The experiment seeks to demonstrate self-modulation of an SPS proton beam in a rubidium plasma, driving a wakefield of several gigavolt per meter. We describe the data acquisition and control system of the AWAKE experiment, its integration into the CERN control system and new control developments specifically required for AWAKE.

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TUPIK078

Machine Protection Risk Management of the ESS Target System

target, timing, cryogenics, operation

1876

R. Andersson, E. Bargalló, L.S. Emås, J. Harborn, A. Lundgren, U. Odén, J. Ringnér, K. Sjögreen
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The European Spallation Source target system is, together with the proton linac, the main component in the spallation process. ESS will use a 4-ton, helium-cooled, rotating tungsten target for this purpose, and its protection and availability is paramount to the success of ESS. High demands are placed on all of the target equipment, including cooling, movement, rotation, and timing, in order to reach the facility-wide 95% availability goal for neutron production. Machine protection has defined a set of protection functions that are to be implemented for the target system. This paper describes the development of these protection functions through the use of classic HAZOPs combined with modern safety standard lifecycle management. The implementation of these functions is carried out through close collaboration between the target system owners and the machine protection group at ESS.

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TUPIK079

Development and Status of Protection Functions for the Normal Conducting LINAC at ESS

linac, vacuum, timing, monitoring

1880

R. Andersson, E. Bargalló, S. Kövecses, A. Nordt, M. Zaera-Sanz
ESS, Lund, Sweden
C. Hilbes, M. Rejzek
ZHAW, Winterthur, Switzerland

The European Spallation Source faces a great challenge in succeeding with its ambitious availability goals. The aim is to construct a machine that allows for 95% availability for neutron beam production. This goal requires a robust protection system that allows for high availability by continuously monitoring and acting on the machine states, in order to avoid long facility downtimes and optimize the operation at any stage. The normal conducting section consists of the first 48 meters of the machine, and performs the initial acceleration, bunching, steering, and focusing of the beam, which sets it up for optimal transition into the superconducting section. Through a fit-for-purpose risk management process, a set of protection functions has been identified. The risk identification, analysis, and treatment were done in compliance with modern safety and ISO standards. This ensures that the risks, in this case downtime and equipment damage, are properly prevented and mitigated. This paper describes this process of defining the protection functions for the normal conducting linac at ESS.

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TUPIK080

Accelerator Personnel Safety Systems for European Spallation Source

radiation, PLC, linac, controls

1884

M. Mansouri, S.L. Birch, A. Nordt, D. Paulic, Y.K. Sin, A. Toral Diez
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a collabora-tion of 17 European countries to build the world's most powerful neutron source for research. ESS is under con-struction since 2014 and it will produce first neutrons in 2019. The linear proton accelerator is composed of nor-mal conducting sections plus the superconducting linac. When operational, such facilities include various hazards, such as ionizing radiation, high voltage and oxygen defi-ciency. The accelerator Personal Safety System (PSS) limits exposure to them and ensures personnel safety in the accelerator tunnel. It will be developed in accordance with IEC 61508 standard (Functional Safety of Electri-cal/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-related Systems), which has become a good practice in similar facilities to develop safety related systems. This paper gives an overview of the accelerator PSS and its subsys-tems. The progress of the accelerator PSS design and the selected software and hardware technologies will also be described.

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TUPIK086

Modelling the Radioactivity Induced by Slow-Extraction Losses in the CERN SPS

extraction, operation, detector, radioactivity

1897

M.A. Fraser, D. Björkman, K. Cornelis, B. Goddard, V. Kain, P.M. Schicho, C. Theis, H. Vincke
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Resonant slow extraction is used to provide an intense quasi-DC flux of high-energy protons for the Fixed Target (FT) physics programme at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). The unavoidable beam loss intrinsic to the extraction process activates the extraction region and its equipment. Although the radiation dose to equipment has an impact on availability, the cool-down times required to limit dose to the personnel carrying-out maintenance of the accelerator also pose important restrictions, and ultimately limit the number of protons on target. In order to understand how the extracted proton flux affects the build-up and subsequent cool-down of the induced activation, a model based on a simple empirical relationship has been developed and shown to predict the measured radioactive decay at ionisation chambers located along the extraction region. In this contribution, the empirical model is described, its strengths and limitations discussed, and its application as a predictive tool for estimating cool-down times as a function of extracted proton flux demonstrated.

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TUPIK109

Accelerators and Their Ghosts

database, operation, network, target

1975

M. Reščič, R. Seviour
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
W. Blokland
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

The issue of particle accelerator reliability is a problem that currently is not fully defined, understood nor addressed. Conventional approaches to reliability (e.g. RBDs) struggle due to a lack of data about specific component/system reliability and failure. There is a large body of beam current data retrievable from operating accelerators that contains detailed information about the accelerator behaviour, both before and after a machine trip has occurred. Analysing this data could provide insight and help develop a new approach to address accelerator reliability. In this paper, we propose a data-driven approach to detecting emergent behaviour in particle accelerators. Instead of attempting to identify every possible failure of a machine we propose an alternative approach based around a change in perspective, to knowing the normal default operational behaviour of a machine. Taking action when a ghost in the machine emerges that causes accelerator wide aberrant changes to normal machine behaviour.

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TUPIK116

Injection Bucket Jitter Compensation Using Phase Lock System at Fermilab Booster

booster, injection, controls, extraction

1999

K. Seiya, S. Chaurize, C.C. Drennan, W. Pellico
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Phase synchronization between Booster extraction and Recycler injection has been done with the phase lock loop at Booster extraction. The phase Lock Loop control rf phase by changing radial position at extraction and it causes ± one bucket error, not phase error at Recycler injection. By switching a mode of operation for the phase lock loop by measuring the extraction gap position, the jitter was eliminated. The beam loss at the Recycler injection was reduced by 20%. Beam studies and the phase lock system will be discussed in this paper.

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TUPIK117

Optimization of the Booster Notch System at Fermilab

booster, kicker, extraction, power-supply

2002

S. Chaurize, C.C. Jensen, W. Pellico, I.L. Rakhno, K. Seiya, V.I. Sidorov, R. Tesarek, I.S. Tropin
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

The Booster Beam Notch is a beam gap needed to allow extraction kickers to reach full field strength for a single turn extraction scheme. The Notch is created at injection energy by kicking 3 out of the 84 bunches to a dedicated absorber. The kicker voltage, pulse length and geometry of the absorber must be optimized to minimize the beam loss due to the notch creation. Beam studies, simulation and implementation as well as the optimization and improvement of the notch system will be discussed in this paper.

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TUPVA005

Impact of the Crossing Angle on Luminosity Asymmetries at the LHC in 2016 Proton Physics Operation

luminosity, experiment, emittance, operation

2035

M. Hostettler
LHEP, Bern, Switzerland
F. Antoniou, I. Efthymiopoulos, K. Fuchsberger, G. Iadarola, N. Karastathis, M. Lamont, Y. Papaphilippou, G. Papotti, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

During 2016 proton physics operation at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), an asymmetry of up to 10% was observed between the luminosities measured by the ATLAS and CMS experiments. As the same bunch pairs collide in both experiments, a difference in luminosities must be of either geometric or instrumental origin. This paper quantifies the impact of the crossing angle on this asymmetry. As the beams cross in different planes in the two experiments, non-round beams are expected to yield an asymmetry due to the crossing angle. Results from crossing angle measurements at both experiments are also shown and the impact on the luminosities is evaluated.

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TUPVA006

Lessons Learnt from the 2016 LHC Run and Prospects for HL-LHC Availability

luminosity, target, radiation, operation

2039

A. Apollonio, O. Rey Orozko, R. Schmidt, M. Valette, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The LHC exhibited unprecedented availability during the 2016 proton run, producing about 40 fb-1 of integrated luminosity, surpassing the sum of production during the 4 previous years. This was achieved while running steadily with a peak luminosity above the design target of 1034 cm- 2s⁻¹. Individual system performance and an increased experience operating the LHC were fundamental for these achievements, following the consolidations and improvements deployed during the Long Shutdown 1 and the Year End Technical Stop in 2015. The implications of this excellent performance in the context of the High Luminosity LHC are discussed in this paper, with the goal of defining the possible integrated luminosity reach of HL-LHC when considering the different operating conditions and the newly developed systems and technologies.

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TUPVA012

Beam Related Machine Protection of the Future Circular Collider

collider, dipole, operation, beam-losses

2063

Y.C. Nie, M. Jonker, R. Schmidt
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study, each nominal proton beam at top particle energy of 50 TeV has an energy of 8500 MJ, which is more than 20 times the energy of today's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam. Machine protection of such a high-energy and high-energy density accelerator becomes very challenging. In this paper, preliminary considerations of beam related machine protection issues of the FCC will be reported. Based on the current optics design, a few major critical equipment failures that could potentially lead to very fast (within a few turns) beam losses have been studied. The serious failure scenarios that have been considered, typically occurring at locations with high beta functions, include powering failures of normal conducting magnets, quenches of superconducting magnets as well as critical RF failures. Some fundamental questions related to the beam interlock system, e.g., the need for additional particle free abort gaps to shorten the synchronization time before executing a beam dump, will be discussed.

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TUPVA013

Lifetime of Asymmetric Colliding Beams in the LHC

simulation, luminosity, coupling, ion

2067

J.M. Jowett, R. Alemany-Fernández, M.A. Jebramcik, T. Mertens, M. Schaumann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In the 2013 proton-nucleus (p-Pb) run of the LHC, the lifetime of the lead beam was significantly shorter than could be accounted for by luminosity burn-off. These effects were observed at a lower level in 2016 and studied in more detail. The beams were not only asymmetric but the differences in the bunch filling schemes between protons and Pb nuclei led to a wide variety of beam-beam interaction sequences in the bunch trains. The colliding bunches were also of different sizes. We present an analysis of the data and an interpretation in terms of theoretical models.

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TUPVA014

The 2016 Proton-Nucleus Run of the LHC

luminosity, experiment, operation, ion

2071

J.M. Jowett, R. Alemany-Fernández, G. Baud, P. Baudrenghien, R. De Maria, R. De Maria, D. Jacquet, M.A. Jebramcik, A. Mereghetti, T. Mertens, M. Schaumann, H. Timko, M. Wendt, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

For five of the LHC experiments the second p-Pb collision run planned in 2016 offered the opportunity to answer a range of important physics questions arising from the surprise discoveries (e.g., flow-like collective phenomena in small systems) made in earlier Pb-Pb, p-Pb and p-p runs. However the diversity of the physics and their respective capabilities led them to request very different operating conditions, in terms of collision energy, luminosity and pile-up. These appeared mutually incompatible within the available one month of operation. Nevertheless, a plan to satisfy most requirements was developed and implemented successfully. It exploited different beam lifetimes at two beam energies of 4 Z TeV and 6.5 Z TeV, a variety of luminosity sharing and bunch filling schemes, and varying beam directions. The outcome of this very complex strategy for repeated re-commissioning and operation of the LHC included the longest ever LHC fill with luminosity levelled for almost 38 h. The peak luminosity achieved exceeded the design value by a factor 7.8 and integrated luminosity substantially exceeded the experiments' requests.

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TUPVA015

Radiation Levels at the LHC: 2012, 2015 and 2016 Proton Physics Operations in View of HL-LHC requirements

luminosity, radiation, operation, insertion

2075

C. Martinella, M. Brugger, S. Danzeca, R. Garcia Alia, Y. Kadi, O. Stein, C. Xu
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The variety of beam losses produced in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) creates a mixed and complex radiation field. During 2012, 2015 and 2016, Beam Loss Monitors and RadMons were used to monitor the inte-grated dose and the High Energy Hadrons fluence in order to anticipate the electronics degradation and inves-tigate the cause of failures. The annual radiation levels are compared; highlighting the mechanisms in the pro-duction of beam losses and the impact of the different squeeze and crossing angle. In addition, the increase of beam-gas interaction is discussed comparing operations at 25 ns and 50 ns bunch spacing. A strategy is presented to allow for a continuous respective evaluation during the upcoming LHC and future High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) operations.

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TUPVA021

Impact of Collision Debris in the HL-LHC ATLAS and CMS Insertions

luminosity, optics, insertion, radiation

2093

A. Tsinganis, F. Cerutti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) foresees the baseline operation of the accelerator at a 5 times higher peak luminosity (5.0x1034cm^-2s⁻¹). The impact of collision debris on the magnets and other equipment in the triplet region and matching section of the ATLAS and CMS insertions has been evaluated by means of detailed FLUKA models implementing the latest optics and layout version. Qualitative and quantitative differences between the vertical and horizontal beam crossing schemes are highlighted. With measures in place to mitigate the effects of the interruption of the beam screen in the triplet interconnections and the Q4 aperture reduction, peak dose values in the superconducting coils remain below 30MGy in the triplet-D1 and below 12MGy in the matching section magnets for an integrated luminosity of 3000fb-1. Peak power density values are lower than 3mW/cm³ and 1mW/cm³ in the triplet and matching section respectively. Total heat loads in magnets, collimators, masks and absorbers were also estimated, along with dose and particle fluence maps relevant for Radiation to Electronics (R2E) aspects. The effect of a displacement of the interaction point is also addressed.

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TUPVA022

Requirements for Crab Cavity System Availability in HL-LHC

luminosity, cavity, optics, operation

2097

M. Valette, A. Apollonio, J.A. Uythoven, D. Wollmann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project.
Crab Cavities will be installed in the High Luminosity LHC in order to increase the effective peak luminosity through a partial compensation of the geometric factor. This will allow extending the levelling time resulting in an increased production of integrated luminosity. Based on the availability of the LHC during 2016 operation, the expected yearly-integrated luminosity of the future HL-LHC was estimated using a Monte Carlo model. Crab cavity faults were added to the observed failure distribu-tions and their impact on integrated luminosity produc-tion as a function of fault time and fault frequency was studied. This allows identifying a breakeven point in luminosity production and defining minimum system availability requirements for the crab cavities to reach the design goal of 250 fb-1 of integrated luminosity per year.

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TUPVA025

Observations of Beam Losses at the LHC During Reduction of Crossing Angle

experiment, beam-losses, beam-beam-effects, luminosity

2105

B. Salvachua, X. Buffat, A.A. Gorzawski, T. Pieloni, S. Redaelli, C. Tambasco, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
J. Barranco García, A.A. Gorzawski
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
M.P. Crouch
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

Several machine development studies have been performed in 2016 at the LHC in order to evaluate the effects of reducing the crossing angles in favor of defining the maximum achievable luminosity in the ATLAS and CMS experiments. At the end of the LHC proton-proton run at 6.5TeV the reduction of the crossing angle from 185urad to 140urad was operationally implemented. The observation of beam losses and lifetimes during this process are analysed and discussed.

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TUPVA036

Cross-Talk Studies between FCC-hh Experimental Interaction Regions

detector, collider, simulation, interaction-region

2136

J.L. Abelleira, A. Seryi
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
R.B. Appleby, H. Rafique
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
M.I. Besana
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: The European Circular Energy-Frontier Collider Study (EuroCirCol), EU's Horizon 2020 grant No 654305.
Debris from 50 TeV proton-proton collisions at the main interaction point in the FCC-hh may contribute to the background in the subsequent detector. This cross-talk is of possible concern for the FCC-hh due to the high luminosity and energy of the collider. DPMJET-III is used as a collision debris generator in order to assess the muon cross-talk contribution. An analytical calculation of muon range in rock is performed. This is followed by a full Monte Carlo simulation using FLUKA, where the accelerator tunnel has been modelled. The muon cross talk between the adjacent interaction points is assessed and its implications for FCC-hh design are discussed.

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TUPVA043

A Code for Optimising Triplet Layout

quadrupole, collider, shielding, focusing

2163

L. van Riesen-Haupt, J.L. Abelleira, E. Cruz Alaniz, A. Seryi
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom

Funding: EuroCirCol
One of the main challenges when designing final focus systems of particle accelerators is maximising the beam stay clear in the strong quadrupole magnets of the inner triplet. Moreover it is desirable to keep the quadrupoles in the inner triplet as short as possible for space and costs reasons but also to reduce chromaticity and simplify corrections schemes. An algorithm that explores the triplet parameter space to optimise both these aspects was written. It uses thin lenses as a first approximation for a broad parameter scan and MADX for more precise calculations. The thin lens algorithm is significantly faster than a full scan using MADX and relatively precise at indicating the approximate area where the optimum solution lies.

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TUPVA045

Compensation of Head-on Beam-Beam Induced Resonance Driving Terms and Tune Spread in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

electron, lattice, optics, resonance

2171

W. Fischer, X. Gu, C. Liu, Y. Luo, A. Marusic, R.J. Michnoff, T.A. Miller, M.G. Minty, C. Montag, A.I. Pikin, G. Robert-Demolaize, V. Schoefer, P. Thieberger
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
S.M. White
ESRF, Grenoble, France

Funding: Work supported by U.S. DOE under contract No DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
A head-on beam-beam compensation scheme was implemented for operation in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The compensation consists of a lattice for the minimization of beam-beam driven resonance driving terms, and electron lenses for the reduction of the beam-beam induced tune spread. We describe the implementations of the lattice and electron lenses, and report on measurements of lattice properties and the effect of the electron lenses on the hadron beam.

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TUPVA047

IBS Simulation with Different RF Configurations in RHIC

emittance, simulation, cavity, injection

2178

C. Liu, A.V. Fedotov, M.G. Minty, V. Ptitsyn
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
This report focuses on three dimensional emittance growth of polarized proton beam due to Intra-Beam Scattering (IBS) at RHIC. Simulations are presented which give guidance on the configuration of the RF systems to mitigate IBS-induced emittance growth. In addition, simulated growth rates are compared with measured emittance evolution at injection, which shows better agreement in longitudinal than transverse dimension. The results in this report will help us better understand the emittance evolution for current RHIC operations and for future operations (eRHIC).

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TUPVA049

Re-Visiting RHIC Snakes and Spin Orbit

injection, polarization, collider, dipole

2184

F. Méot, R.C. Gupta, H. Huang, A. Marusic, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Recent analyses of RHIC run12 to run15 proton-carbon polarimeter measurements have shown significant tilt of the polarization vector from vertical, at high energy essentially. This is confirmed by extensive measurements performed in the present Run 17. Possible origins of such large tilt may reside in snake spin rotation angle or orbit defects, to mention just two. Dedicated simulations have been undertaken to investigate possible causes, they are presented and discussed, they include the computation and use of 3-D field maps of RHIC siberian snakes.

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TUPVA058

Status of the FAIR pLinac

rfq, diagnostics, cavity, linac

2208

C.M. Kleffner, R. Berezov, D. Daehn, J. Fils, P. Forck, L. Groening, M. Kaiser, K. Knie, C. Mühle, S. Puetz, A. Schnase, G. Schreiber, T. Sieber, J. Trüller, W. Vinzenz, C. Will
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
U. Ratzinger
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

This paper describes the development progress of the 70 MeV, 70 mA proton injector for the FAIR facility. The injector comprises an ECR-type high current proton source followed by a ladder 4-rod RFQ and six normal conduction CH-DTL accelerating cavities. This unique design allows for a compact structure. The design work of the cavities has been mostly completed by our collaberation partners at IAP Frankfurt. The design of the buncher cavities, the mechanical integration as well as beam diagnostic devices are currently under development. The construction of a new modulator for the pLinac rf-system has been started on site. The proton source and the LEBT as well as the subsequent chopper are currently assembled at CEA/Saclay. Beam commissioning of the source at Saclay will start at the beginning of 2017. An overview of the pLinac main parameters and design choices is given, and the overall status reported.

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TUPVA064

Updated Cavities Design for the FAIR p-Linac

linac, cavity, quadrupole, coupling

2227

A. Almomani, M. Busch, F.D. Dziuba, U. Ratzinger, R. Tiede
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
F.D. Dziuba, C.M. Kleffner
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

The research program of antiproton beams for the FAIR facility requires a dedicated 68 MeV, 70 mA proton injector. This injector will consist of an RFQ followed by six room temperature Crossbar H-type CH-cavities operated at 325 MHz. The beam dynamics had been revised by IAP Frankfurt in collaboration with GSI-FAIR in Darmstadt to further optimize the design. This step was followed by cavity RF design. The detailed mechanical cavity design will begin in 2017, while the quadrupole lenses are under production already. In this paper, besides an overview the RF design of the coupled cavities with integrated focusing triplets will be a main focus.

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TUPVA070

Dipole Compensation of the 176 MHz MYRRHA RFQ

dipole, rfq, simulation, quadrupole

2240

K. Kümpel, H.C. Lenz, N.F. Petry, H. Podlech
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
A. Bechtold
NTG Neue Technologien GmbH & Co KG, Gelnhausen, Germany
C. Zhang
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

The MYRRHA (Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications) Project is planned as an accelerator driven system (ADS) for the transmutation of long-living radioactive waste. For this project a cw 4-Rod-RFQ with 176 MHz and a total length of about 4 m is required. It is supposed to accelerate protons from 30 keV up to 1.5 MeV*. One of the main tasks during the development of the RFQ is the very high reliability of the accelerator to limit the thermal stress inside the reactor. Another challenge was to compensate the dipole component of the MYRRHA-RFQ which is due to the design principle of 4-Rod-RFQs. This dipole component is responsible for shifting the ideal beam axis from the geometrical center of the quadrupole downwards. Design studies with CST MICROWAVE STUDIO have shown that the dipole component can be almost completely compensated by widening the stems alternately so that the current paths of the lower electrodes are increased.
* C. Zhang, H. Podlech: NEW REFERENCE DESIGN OF THE EUROPEAN ADS RFQ ACCELERATOR FOR MYRRHA. In Proceedings of IPAC'14, 3223-3225 (2014)

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TUPVA071

The MYRRHA-RFQ - Status and First Measurements

rfq, linac, dipole, ECR

2243

H. Podlech, K. Kümpel, C. Lorey, N.F. Petry, A. Schempp, P.P. Schneider
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
A. Bechtold
NTG, Gelnhausen, Germany
C. Zhang
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

Funding: H2020, European Commission, grant agreement number 662186 (MYRTE)
The MYRRHA project requires a proton linac with an energy of 600 MeV with a beam current of 4 mA in cw operation. As first RF structure a 176 MHz 4-Rod RFQ has been chosen because of tuning possibilities, maintenance, lower capital costs and technological risk compared to a 4-Vane-RFQ. The aim of beam dynamics design was to preserve excellent beam quality and to avoid the creation of halo particles especially in the longitudinal plane. Using the NFSP (New Four-Section Procedure) with a soft and symmetric pre-bunching with full 360° acceptance it was possible to reach the requirements. The simulated transmission of the 4 m long RFQ is close to 100%. The electrode voltage has been chosen to 44 kV which gives enough transverse focusing but limits the required RF losses to about 25 kW/m. The cooling has been optimized for reliable operation and a new method of dipole compensation has been applied. The RFQ has been built and tuned with respect to field flatness. The paper describes the status of the RFQ and first measurements.

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TUPVA075

Beam Dynamics for a High Current 3 MeV, 325 MHz Ladder-RFQ

emittance, rfq, linac, quadrupole

2252

M. Syha, M.A. Obermayer, U. Ratzinger, M. Schütt
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Funding: BMBF 05P12RFRB9
After the successful measurements with a 0.8 m prototype (see Fig. 1), a 3.3 m Ladder-RFQ is under construction at IAP, Goethe University Frankfurt. It is designed to accelerate protons from 95 keV to 3 MeV according to the design parameters of the Proton Linac at FAIR. The development of an adequate beam dynamics design was done in close collaboration with the IAP resonator design team. A constant vane curvature radius and at the same time a flat voltage distribution along the RFQ was reached by implantation of the modulated vane geometry into CST Microwave Studio RF field simulations. Points of reference for the beam dynamics layout are the beam dynamics designs of C. Zhang* and A. Lombardi**. The Code RFQGen*** was used for the beam dynamics simulations. In order to increase the transmission and to reduce the longitudinal and transversal exit emittances, the evolution of the modulation parameter m within the first 90 cells was investigated in detail. This paper presents the simulation results of this study.
* Chuan Zhang, Beam Dynamics for the FAIR Proton-Linac RFQ, IPAC 2014, Dresden
** C. Rossi et al., The Radiofrequency Quadrupole Accelerator for the LINAC4, LINAC08, Victoria, BC, Canada
***L. Young, RFQGen User Guide, Los Alamos Scientific Lab., NM (USA), 2016.

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TUPVA091

Batch Compression Scheme for Multi-MW J-PARC

injection, booster, cavity, beam-loading

2294

C. Ohmori, M. Furusawa, K. Hara, K. Hasegawa, Y. Sugiyama, M. Yoshii
KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
M. Nomura, T. Shimada, F. Tamura, M. Yamamoto
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan

Replacement of all J-PARC MR cavities has completed in this summer to increase the RF voltage. Nine sets of new high-gradient FT3L cavities will generate the required RF voltage for the 1.16 second cycle operation. Upgrade of magnet power supplies is planned and the cycle time becomes 1.3 seconds from the present 2.48 seconds in FY2018 to achieve the beam power of 750 kW-1 MW. For the further improvement of beam power, a new rapid-cycling booster is considered to increase the injection energy of the MR from 3 GeV to 6-8 GeV. By the reduction of the space charge effects, the injection time can be extended and a batch compression scheme becomes possible. It will increase the number of bunches from 8 to 11 or 12 during the beam injection. And, recent beam study of the 3 GeV RCS shows the potential capability of 6.6·10¹³ proton per bunch. Combining these improvements with the booster, the beam power of 3 MW will be manageable.

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TUPVA093

Radio-Activation Caused by Secondary Particles Due to Nuclear Reactions at the Stripper Foil in the J-PARC RCS

injection, operation, synchrotron, beam-losses

2300

M. Yoshimoto, H. Hotchi, S. Kato, M. Kinsho, K. Okabe, K. Yamamoto
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan

The most important issue in realizing such a MW-class high-power routine beam operation is to keep machine activations within a permissible level, that is, to preserve a better hands-on-maintenance environment. Thus, a large fraction of our effort has been concentrated on reducing and managing beam losses. However the high residual activation is appeared around the stripper foils. It is caused by not primary particles due to the beam losses but secondary particles due to nuclear reaction at the foil. This radio-activation is an intrinsically serious problem for the RCS which adopts the charge exchange multi-turn beam injection scheme with the stripper foil. In this presentation, we report a detail measurement of the residual dose around the stripper foil together with the cause estimated based on simulation studies.

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TUPVA099

Preparation for the CSNS-RCS Commissioning

quadrupole, lattice, simulation, dipole

2317

Y.W. An, Y.D. Liu, Y. Liu, S. Wang, S.Y. Xu
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: Work supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11405189)
As a key part of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) Project, the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) accumulates and accelerates the proton beam from 80MeV to 1.6GeV for extracting and striking the target with a repetition rate of 25Hz. As a commissioning plan, the BPM offset should be carefully investigated before closed orbit distortion (COD) correction. The fast response correctors are installed to correct orbit distortion and model the lattice of the RCS in every 1ms period. The bunch-by-bunch data from BPMs are collected and decomposed for better known of the RCS Lattice.

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TUPVA102

Effect of Beam Losses on Radio Frequency Quadrupole

rfq, experiment, ion, operation

2325

Q. Fu, P.P. Gan, S.L. Gao, F.J. Jia, H.P. Li, Y.R. Lu, Z. Wang, K. Zhu
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: the National Basic Research Program of China (2014CB845503)
Most of existing high-current RFQs in the world encounter the degrade of beam transmission or unstable operation, even RF ramping can't go up to nominal design voltage after several years or long time beam commissioning. One of the main reasons is that the irradiation damage to electrode surface, caused by beam losses, influences RF performance of RFQ cavity. This is especially serious for high-current RFQ. By simulation and irradiation experiments, proton irradiation damage to copper target has been studied. The simulation results showed that normally incident proton beams with input energy lower than 1 MeV damage the copper surface in the range of one skin depth at 162.5 MHz, which indicated that almost all the lost beams with small incident angles impact RF performance of RFQ cavity. By the irradiation experiments, the damage within 60 nm depth from surface was proved to have a greater impact on surface finish. The conclusion is that low energy beam losses also need to be kept as low as possible to prolong the life of the RFQ electrodes, especially in high-current RFQ design.

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TUPVA104

RF and Primary Beam Dynamics Design of a 325 MHz IH-DTL

DTL, cavity, linac, simulation

2332

Y. Lei, X. Guan, C.-X. Tang, R. Tang, X.W. Wang, Q.Z. Xing, S.X. Zheng
TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China

An interdigital H-mode drift tube linac (IH-DTL), which is aimed at proton medical facilities, has been proposed and developing at Tsinghua University. Considering following 3 MeV RFQ in the platform of CPHS (Compact Pulse Hadron Source at Tsinghua University) and XiPAF (Xi‘an Proton Application Facility) project, the input energy of IH-DTL is 3 MeV and the RF frequency is 325 MHz. The proton beam can be accelerated from 3 MeV to 7 MeV and the peak current of the beam at the exit of the cavity is about 15 mA. In order to simplify the fabrication, A KONUS structure without focusing element in the cavity is chosen. The RF design of single CELL and the primary dynamics design is done. The co-iteration of dynamics simulation and RF calculation of whole cavity is undergoing.

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TUPVA111

Design of the Secondary Particle Production Beam Line at KOMAC

target, ion, ion-source, neutron

2346

H.-J. Kwon, Y.-S. Cho, J.J. Dang, H.S. Kim, Y.G. Song, S.P. Yun
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning of the Korean Government.
A 100-MeV proton linac is under operation since 2013 at KOMAC (Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex) and provides the accelerated proton beam to various users from the research institutes, universities and industries. To expand the utilization fields of the accelerator, we are planning to develop a target ion source to produce a secondary particle such as Li-8 based on the existing linac. A test beam line was designed to supply proton beam to target ion source. Details on the beam line design are presented.

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TUPVA112

Acceleration of Polarized Proton and Deuteron Beams in Nuclotron at JINR

resonance, acceleration, polarization, betatron

2349

Y. Filatov, A.V. Butenko, A.D. Kovalenko, V.A. Mikhaylov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
Y. Filatov
MIPT, Dolgoprudniy, Moscow Region, Russia
A.M. Kondratenko, M.A. Kondratenko
Science and Technique Laboratory Zaryad, Novosibirsk, Russia

The superconducting synchrotron Nuclotron allows one to accelerate proton and deuteron beams up to 13.5 GeV/c. The beam depolarization occurs at the crossing of spin resonances. For deuterons, the vertical polarization is preserved almost to the maximum momentum. Tens of spin resonances are crossing during the proton acceleration. The proton polarization will be preserved by a solenoidal 5% snake up to 3.4 GeV/c at the field ramp rate of 1 T/s. It is planned to use a partial 50% snake to eliminate the resonant depolarization of the proton beam in the total momentum range of the accelerator. The results of simulations and experimental data are presented.

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TUPVA115

Progress with Long-Range Beam-Beam Compensation Studies for High Luminosity LHC

electron, simulation, cathode, optics

2358

A. Rossi, O. Aberle, J. Albertone, A. Bertarelli, C.B. Boccard, F. Carra, G. Cattenoz, Y. Delaup, S.D. Fartoukh, G. Gobbi, J. Lendaro, Y. Papaphilippou, D. Perini, S. Redaelli, H. Schmickler, C. Zanoni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
A.M. Barnyakov, A.E. Levichev, D.A. Nikiforov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
M. Fitterer, A.S. Patapenka, G. Stancari, A. Valishev
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Long-range beam-beam (LRBB) interactions can be a source of emittance growth and beam losses in the LHC during physics and will become even more relevant with the smaller '* and higher bunch intensities foreseen for the High Luminosity LHC upgrade (HL-LHC), in particular if operated without crab cavities. Both beam losses and emittance growth could be mitigated by compensat-ing the non-linear LRBB kick with a correctly placed current carrying wire. Such a compensation scheme is currently being studied in the LHC through a demonstration test using current-bearing wires embedded into col-limator jaws, installed either side of the high luminosity interaction regions. For HL-LHC two options are considered, a current-bearing wire as for the demonstrator, or electron lenses, as the ideal distance between the particle beam and compensating current may be too small to allow the use of solid materials. This paper reports on the ongoing activities for both options, covering the progress of the wire-in-jaw collimators, the foreseen LRBB experiments at the LHC, and first considerations for the design of the electron lenses to ultimately replace material wires for HL-LHC.

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TUPVA117

Commissioning of New Light Ion RFQ Linac and First Nuclotron Run with New Injector

rfq, ion, linac, operation

2366

A.V. Butenko, A.M. Bazanov, D.E. Donets, K.A. Levterov, D.A. Lyuosev, A.A. Martynov, V.V. Mialkovskiy, D.O. Ponkin, R.G. Pushkar, V.V. Seleznev, K.V. Shevchenko, I.V. Shirikov, A.O. Sidorin
JINR/VBLHEP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
S.V. Barabin, A.V. Kozlov, G. Kropachev, T. Kulevoy, V.G. Kuzmichev
ITEP, Moscow, Russia
A. Belov
RAS/INR, Moscow, Russia
V.V. Fimushkin, B.V. Golovenskiy, A. Govorov, V. Kobets, A.D. Kovalenko, V.A. Monchinsky, A.V. Smirnov, G.V. Trubnikov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
S.M. Polozov
MEPhI, Moscow, Russia

The new accelerator complex Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) is now under development and construction at JINR, Dubna. This complex is assumed to operate using two injectors: the Alvarez-type linac LU-20 as injector of light ions, polarized protons and deuterons and a new linac HILAc - injector of heavy ions beams. Old DC for-injector of the LU-20, which operated from 1974, is replaced by the new RFQ accelerator, which was commissioned in spring 2016. The first Nuclotron technological run with new fore-injector was performed in June 2016. Beams of D⁺ and H²⁺ were successfully injected and accelerated in the Nuclotron ring. Main results of the RFQ commissioning and the first Nuclotron run with new for-injector is discussed in this paper.

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TUPVA118

Particle Accelerators for Humanity: Resources for Public Engagement with Particle Accelerators

survey, quadrupole, neutron, photon

2369

S.L. Sheehy
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom

To those who work in the accelerator field, it is obvious that there are many applications of accelerators beyond particle physics. Yet the public remains largely unaware of the far reaching uses of accelerators, or the scientific and engineering challenges that lay behind them. A recent project Particle Accelerators for Humanity has addressed this gap by creating a series of video resources, based on a programme of live events, short films and a specially commissioned animation. The project captured the dedication and diversity of those who design, operate and work with accelerators and highlights the varied ways in which their work is impacting on our lives. Here we overview the project and the resources, available under Creative Commons license, and discuss the impact of the project so far. We encourage the accelerator community to use the resources in their teaching and public engagement activities.

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TUPVA120

Design and Fabrication of ESS-Bilbao RFQ Linac

rfq, cavity, vacuum, simulation

2373

J.L. Muñoz, I. Bustinduy, I. Rueda, D. de Cos
ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain

The RFQ accelerator for ESS-Bilbao is presented. This device will complete ESS-Bilbao injection chain after the ion source and LEBT. Design, carried out by ESS-Bilbao team, was finished in 2015. Machining has started in 2016. The RFQ is a 4-vane structure, aimed to accelerate protons from 45 keV to 3.0 MeV and operating at 352.2 MHz. It has a total length of about 3.1 meters, divided in 4 segments. Segments themselves are formed by 2 major and 2 minor vanes, assembled together by using polymeric vacuum gaskets instead of brazing or other welding system. In this paper the design is presented, including the beam dynamics, RF cavity design, field flatness and frequency tuning. Cooling and thermo-mechanical design is also described. Mechanical design, including vacuum strategy and test models, is also briefly described (there is a dedicated poster on this). The first segment fabrication is scheduled to finish before the end of 2016, so vacuum and low power RF tests results would also be included in the presented paper.

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TUPVA121

Shielding Calculations for the Commissioning Beam Dump During the First Stage Beam Commissioning of the ESS Warm Linac

shielding, linac, neutron, DTL

2376

K. Batkov, L. Tchelidze
ESS, Lund, Sweden

Starting operations in 2019, the European Spallation Source will be a long pulsed neutron source powered by a 5 MW proton beam impinging on a rotating tungsten target. This study describes the results of shielding calculations performed to determine necessary shielding configuration during various steps of first stage beam commissioning of the ESS Linac. The first stage commissioning is divided in four steps with different beam energy, up to maximum 74 MeV. The commissioning beam dump shielding assessment is presented for each step of first stage commissioning and different beam parameters (energies, repetition rates, pulse lengths and currents).

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TUPVA124

The Beam Lines Design for the CERN Neutrino Platform in the CERN North Area and an Outlook on Their Expected Performance

experiment, target, instrumentation, detector

2382

N.C. Charitonidis, M. Brugger, I. Efthymiopoulos, L. Gatignon, E.M. Nowak, I. Ortega Ruiz
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Y. Karyotakis
IN2P3-LAPP, Annecy-le-Vieux, France
P.R. Sala
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Milano, Italy

In the framework of the CERN Neutrino Platform project, extensions to the existing SPS North Area H2 and H4 secondary beam lines, able to provide low-energy charged particles in the momentum range of 0.4 to 12 GeV, have been designed. The parameters of these very low energy beam lines, the expected beam composition as seen by the experiments as well as an outlook on their expected performance are summarized in this paper. Results from Monte-Carlo simulations, important for the optimization of the future instrumentation of the beam lines (serving both the purpose of beam tuning and the experiments' needs for particle identification and momentum measurements), are presented.

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TUPVA126

The SPS Beam Dump Facility

target, extraction, experiment, operation

2389

M. Lamont, G. Arduini, M. Battistin, M. Brugger, M. Calviani, F. B. Dos Santos Pedrosa, M.A. Fraser, L. Gatignon, S.S. Gilardoni, B. Goddard, J.L. Grenard, C. Heßler, R. Jacobsson, V. Kain, K. Kershaw, E. Lopez Sola, J.A. Osborne, A. Perillo-Marcone, H. Vincke
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The proposed SPS beam dump facility (BDF) is a fixed-target facility foreseen to be situated at the North Area of the SPS. Beam dump in this context implies a target aimed at absorbing the majority of incident protons and containing most of the cascade generated by the primary beam interaction. The aim is a general purpose fixed target facility, which in the initial phase is aimed at the Search for Hidden Particles (SHiP) experiment. Feasibility studies are ongoing at CERN to address the key challenges of the facility. These challenges include: slow resonant extraction from the SPS; a target that has the two-fold objective of producing charged mesons as well as stopping the primary proton beam; and radiation protection considerations related to primary proton beam with a power of around 355 kW. The aim of the project is to complete the key technical feasibility studies in time for the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) update foreseen in 2020. This is in conjunction with the recommendation by the CERN Research Board to the SHiP experiment to prepare a comprehensive design study as input to the ESPP.

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TUPVA128

Performance of the CERN Injector Complex and Transmission Studies into the LHC during the Second Proton-Lead Run

ion, injection, emittance, extraction

2395

R. Alemany-Fernández, S.C.P. Albright, M.E. Angoletta, J. Axensalva, W. Bartmann, H. Bartosik, P. Baudrenghien, G. Bellodi, A. Blas, T. Bohl, E. Carlier, S. Cettour-Cave, K. Cornelis, H. Damerau, A. Findlay, S.S. Gilardoni, S. Hancock, A. Huschauer, M.A. Jebramcik, S. Jensen, J.M. Jowett, V. Kain, D. Küchler, A.M. Lombardi, D. Manglunki, T. Mertens, M. O'Neil, S. Pasinelli, A. Saá Hernández, M. Schaumann, R. Scrivens, R. Steerenberg, H. Timko, V. Toivanen, G. Tranquille, F.M. Velotti, F.J.C. Wenander, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The LHC performance during the proton-lead run in 2016 fully relied on a permanent monitoring and systematic improvement of the beam quality in all the injectors. The beam production and characteristics are explained in this paper, together with the improvements realized during the run from the source up to the flat top of the LHC. Transmission studies from one accelerator to the next as well as beam quality evolution studies during the cycle at each accelerator, have been carried out and are summarized in this paper. In 2016, the LHC had to deliver the beams to the experiments at two different energies, 4 Z TeV and 6.5 Z TeV. The properties of the beams at these two energies are also presented

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TUPVA129

Energy Efficiency and Saving Potential Analysis of the High Intensity Proton Accelerator HIPA at PSI

cyclotron, cavity, neutron, cryogenics

2399

A. Kovach, J. Grillenberger, A.S. Parfenova, M. Seidel
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

High power proton machines consume a large amount of energy. Thus, the energy efficiency of grid to beam power conversion is particularly important for the overall power consumption of such facilities. In this study, we analyse the energy efficiency of PSI's cyclotron-based HIPA facility, which presently delivers a maximum of 1.4 MW beam power. The total power consumption of the entire facility is 12.5 MW at 2.2 mA beam current (1.3 MW). Main power consumers are: RF systems, electromagnets, water cooling and auxiliary systems including infrastructure, each consuming 5.3 MW, 3.6 MW, 1.65 MW and 1.95 MW, respectively. HIPA's grid to beam efficiency is 18.3% when considering only those parts of any subsystems (RF components, magnets, cooling, and auxiliary systems), which are minimally required to produce a full 1.3 MW beam. The dependency of individual subsystems on beam power was also studied. These findings serve as a basis for further optimizations of the HIPA facility and give a reference of the efficiency estimate for the cyclotron-based high power machines.
* https://www.psi.ch/enefficient/

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TUPVA133

Thin Internal Target Studies in a Compact FFAG

target, simulation, scattering, emittance

2411

D. Bruton, R.J. Barlow, T.R. Edgecock
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
C. Johnstone
PAC, Batavia, Illinois, USA

The production of radioisotopes using a thin internal target and recycled beam within a compact FFAG design has been studied. Radioisotopes have a wide range of uses in medicine, and recent disruption to the supply chain has seen a renewed effort to find alternative isotopes and production methods. The FFAG design features separate sector magnets with non-scaling, non-linear field gradients which are optimized with magnet geometry to achieve isochronisity at the level of 0.3%, sufficient for Continuous Wave (CW) operation. Simulations have demonstrated that beam currents of up to 10mA can comfortably be achieved with this design. To further improve production efficiency a thin internal target, where the beam passes through the target and is recirculated, may be used. This setup ensures that production takes place within a narrow energy range, potentially increasing production rates and reducing impurities.

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TUPVA140

Space charge effects of catch-up collision in a CW double-pass proton linac

simulation, linac, cavity, space-charge

2429

Y. Tao, K. Hwang, J. Qiang
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

Recirculating superconducting proton linac has an advantage to reduce the number of cavities and the resulting accelerator construction/operation costs. Beam dynamics simulations were done recently in a double pass recirculating proton linac using a single bunch. For continuous wave (CW) operation, the high energy proton beam bunch during the second pass will catch up and collide with the low energy proton bunch at a number of locations inside the superconducting linac. In this paper, we report on the study of the space-charge effects during a collision on both beams through the rest of the linac.

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TUPVA143

Reduction of Beam Losses in LANSCE Isotope Production Facility

beam-losses, emittance, DTL, target

2432

Y.K. Batygin
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

The LANSCE Isotope Production Facility (IPF) utilizes a 100-MeV proton beam with average power of 23 kW for isotope production in the fields of medicine, nuclear physics, national security, environmental science and industry. Typical tolerable fractional beam loss in the 100-MeV beamline is approximately 4 x10^-3. During 2015-2016 operation cycle, several improvements were made to minimize the beam losses. Adjustments to the ion source's extraction voltage resulted in the removal of tails in phase space. Beam based steering in low-energy and high-energy beamlines led to the reduction of beam emittance growth. Readjustment of the 100-MeV quadrupole transport resulted in the elimination of excessive beam envelope oscillations and removed significant parts of the beam halo at the target. Careful beam matching in the drift tube linac (DTL) provided high beam capture (75% - 80%) and minimized beam emittance growth in the DTL. After improvements, beam losses in the 100-MeV beamline were reduced by an order of magnitude and reached the fractional level of 5 x10-4.

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TUPVA144

Beam Based Steering in LANSCE Proton Low Energy Beam Transport

quadrupole, emittance, beam-transport, alignment

2435

Y.K. Batygin
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Beam based steering is an important procedure to minimize beam emittance growth. Low energy 750 keV LANSCE proton beam transport line before injection into Drift Tube Linac (DTL) has a length of 10 m and uses 22 quadrupoles, 6 steering magnets, 2 bending magnets, combination of prebuncher and main buncher, beam deflector, and collimators. Matching of the beam with the structure includes providing beam waists at the entrance of RF cavities, and matched beam Twiss parameters at the entrance to DTL. Typical beam emittance growth was at the level of 2-2.5. Beam based steering procedure was implemented to minimize emittance growth in the beamline. It includes determination of beam offset and beam angle entering group of quadrupoles and subsequent correction of beam angle to minimize beam offset in quadrupoles. Implementation of the procedure resulted in significant reduction of emittance growth at the level of 10%.

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TUPVA147

Progress on the Proton Power Upgrade of the Spallation Neutron Source

target, cryomodule, klystron, linac

2445

M.S. Champion, R.A. Dean, J. Galambos, M.P. Howell, M.A. Plum, B.W. Riemer
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Funding: Work performed at (or work supported by) Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 for the U.S. Department of Energy.
The Proton Power Upgrade Project is underway at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and will double the proton beam power capability from 1.4 MW to 2.8 MW to provide increased neutron intensity at the first target station and to support future operation of the second target station. This will be accomplished by increasing the beam energy to 1.3 GeV and the beam current to 38 mA (average during the macro-pulse). Installation of 28 additional superconducting cavities and their associated technical systems will provide for the energy increase. Increased beam loading throughout the accelerator will be accommodated primarily through the use of existing margin in the RF systems and the installation of 700 kW klystrons to power the new superconducting cavities. Upgrades of a few existing RF stations may also be needed. The injection and extraction regions of the accumulator ring will be upgraded, a ring to second target station tunnel stub will be constructed, and a 2 MW target will be developed for the first target station. The project anticipates attainment of Critical Decision 1 in 2017 to ratify the project conceptual design and cost range.

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TUPVA149

AGS Polarized Proton Operation Experience in RHIC Run17

emittance, booster, timing, polarization

2452

H. Huang, P. Adams, J. Beebe-Wang, M. Blaskiewicz, K.A. Brown, C.J. Gardner, C.E. Harper, C. Liu, F. Méot, J. Morris, A. Poblaguev, V.H. Ranjbar, D. Raparia, T. Roser, V. Schoefer, S. Tepikian, N. Tsoupas, K. Yip, A. Zelenski, K. Zeno
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Imperfection and vertical intrinsic depolarizing resonances have been overcome by the two partial Siberian snakes in the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS). The relatively weak but numerous horizontal resonances are overcome by a pair of horizontal tune jump quads. 70% proton polarization has been achieved for 2·10¹¹ intensity. Further gain can come from maintaining smaller transverse emittance with same beam intensity. The main efforts now are to reduce the transverse emittance in the AGS and Booster, as well as robust jump quads timing generation scheme. This paper summarizes the operation results in the injectors.

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WEOAA1

Commissioning of SPIRAL2 CW RFQ and Linac

rfq, linac, ion, cryomodule

2462

R. Ferdinand, P.-E. Bernaudin, P. Bertrand, M. Di Giacomo, H. Franberg, A. Ghribi, O. Kamalou, J.-M. Lagniel, G. Normand, A. Savalle, F. Varenne
GANIL, Caen, France
D. Uriot
CEA/DRF/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

The SPIRAL2 88 MHz CW RFQ is designed to accelerate light and heavy ions with A/Q from 1 to 3 at 0.73 MeV/A. The nominal beam intensities are up to 5 mA CW for both proton and deuteron beams and up to 1 mA CW for heavier ions. The design foresees almost 100% transmission for all ions at nominal beam current and emittance. Beam commissioning of the RFQ and linac cool down started already. The specifications have been achieved within the measurement precision for the different ions accelerated yet. This paper describes the beam commissioning strategy, the measurement results in both transverse and longitudinal planes and the success-fully first cryogenic tests of the linac.

Slides WEOAA1 [11.515 MB]

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WEYA1

Crab Cavity Systems for Future Colliders

cavity, collider, luminosity, electron

2474

S. Verdú-Andrés, I. Ben-Zvi, Q. Wu
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
I. Ben-Zvi
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
R. Calaga
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy, by the US LARP program and by the HL-LHC project.
KEKB was the first facility to implement the crab crossing technique in 2007, for the interaction of electron and positron beams. The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) project envisages the use of crab cavities for increasing and levelling the luminosity of proton-proton collisions in LHC. Crab cavities have also been proposed and studied for future colliders like CLIC, ILC and eRHIC. This contribution will focus on the near and far future of crab cavities for particle colliders.

Slides WEYA1 [6.571 MB]

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WEOBA1

A Comparison of Interaction Physics for Proton Collimation Systems in Current Simulation Tools

collimation, simulation, collider, scattering

2478

J. Molson, A. Faus-Golfe
LAL, Orsay, France
R.B. Appleby, S.C. Tygier
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
R.J. Barlow
IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari, A. Mereghetti, S. Redaelli, K.N. Sjobak, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
H. Rafique
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Y. Zou
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: The European Circular Energy-Frontier Collider Study (EuroCirCol) project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant No 654305.
High performance collimation systems are required for current and proposed high energy hadron accelerators in order to protect superconducting magnets and experiments. In order to ensure that the collimation system designs are sufficient and will operate as expected, precision simulation tools are required. This paper discusses the current status of existing collimation system tools, and performs a comparison between codes in order to ensure that the simulated interaction physics between a proton and a collimator jaw is accurate.

Slides WEOBA1 [7.235 MB]

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WEOBB2

Beam Commissioning of the High Intensity Proton Source Developed at INFN-LNS for the European Spallation Source

emittance, ion, plasma, ion-source

2530

L. Neri, L. Allegra, A. Amato, G. Calabrese, A.C. Caruso, G. Castro, L. Celona, F. Chines, G. Gallo, S. Gammino, O. Leonardi, A. Longhitano, G. Manno, S. Marletta, D. Mascali, M. Mazzaglia, A. Miraglia, S. Passarello, G. Pastore, A. Seminara, A. Spartà, G. Torrisi, S. Vinciguerra
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

At the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (INFN-LNS) the beam commissioning of the high intensity Proton Source for the European Spallation Source (PS-ESS) started in November 2016. Beam stability at high current intensity is one of the most important parameter for the first steps of the ongoing commissioning. Promising results were obtained since the first source start with a 6 mm diameter extraction hole. The increase of the extraction hole to 8 mm allowed improving PS-ESS performances and obtaining the values required by the ESS accelerator. In this work, extracted beam current characteristics together with Doppler shift and emittance measurements are presented, as well as the description of the next phases before the installation at ESS in Lund.

Slides WEOBB2 [2.457 MB]

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WEOCB3

The Radiation Damage in Accelerator Target Environments (RaDIATE) Collaboration R&D Program - Status and Future Activities

target, radiation, experiment, status

2550

P. Hurh
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: Work supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The RaDIATE collaboration (Radiation Damage In Accelerator Target Environments), founded in 2012, has grown to over 50 participants and 14 institutions globally. The primary objective is to harness existing expertise in nuclear materials and accelerator targets to generate new and useful materials data for application within the accelerator and fission/fusion communities. Current activities include post-irradiation examination of materials taken from existing beamlines (such as the NuMI beryllium primary beam window and graphite target fins from Fermilab) as well as new irradiations of candidate target materials at low energy and high energy beam facilities (such as titanium and aluminum alloys, glassy carbon, TZM and tungsten). In addition, the program includes thermal shock experiments utilizing high intensity proton beam pulses available at the HiRadMat facility at CERN. Status of current RaDIATE activities as well as future plans will be discussed, including highlights of preliminary results from various ongoing RaDIATE activities and the high level plan to explore the high-power accelerator target relevant thermal shock and radiation damage parameter space.

Slides WEOCB3 [10.635 MB]

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WEPAB124

Study of Hadron-Photon Colliders for Secondary Beam Generation

photon, collider, hadron, secondary-beams

2865

L. Serafini, C. Curatolo
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Milano, Italy
F. Broggi
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy

We summarize the potentialities of combining two well developed technologies, which are advancing the frontiers of hadron colliders and of light sources, namely the hadron colliders for high energy physics, and the FELs for applied and fundamental science with light, towards the generation of secondary beams with unprecedented characteristics. The collision between their typical pulses of high energy protons and X-ray photons opens a collider scenario with potentials for luminosities in excess of 10³⁸ s^-1*cm^-2, adequate to generate TeV-class pion, muon, neutrino and photon beams with very high phase space densities. We report results based on Monte Carlo simulations of such a hadron-photon collider*, aiming at qualifying the features of these secondary beams in view of experiments to be performed directly, or towards the design of a new kind of muon collider.
C. Curatolo, et al., Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research A (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. nima.2016.09.002i

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WEPAB127

EMuS Target Station Studies

solenoid, target, neutron, radiation

2871

N. Vassilopoulos, Z.L. Hou, Y. Yuan, G. Zhao
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The experimental muon source (EMuS) is a high-intensity muon source at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), aiming to combine muSR applications, R&D efforts for a future muon-decay based neutrino beam, and neutrino cross-section measurements. The proton beam has 4 kW of power and is provided by the rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) of CSNS to a capture system that consists of an adiabatic superconductive solenoid with a maximum field of 5 T and a graphite target located inside the first coil, in order to maximize muons/pions capture and reduce their transverse momentum. In this article we present the challenging target system and the optimization studies that led to the current 4-coil/3-step design. The challenge arises from the necessary extraction of the spent proton beam along the downstream area of the capture solenoid through a hole, in order to separate it from the muons and pions. In addition, shielding studies are presented in order to examine the effectiveness of the shields on the coils and the low radiation damage expected in the system.

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WEPIK024

HTS-Coated Beam Screen for SPPC Bending Magnets

synchrotron, radiation, cryogenics, synchrotron-radiation

2974

P.P. Gan, Q. Fu, H.P. Li, Y.R. Lu, K. Zhu
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
Y.D. Liu, J.Y. Tang, Q.J. Xu
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

For studying new physics beyond the Standard Model, Supper proton-proton Collider (SPPC) with a circumfer-ence of 100 km and a centre mass energy of 100 TeV is proposed and under study in China. Due to the high particle energies and 16 T high magnet field, the synchrotron radiation power emitted from the proton beams reaches 48.5 W/m in the bending magnets, two orders of magnitude higher than that of LHC. A novel beam screen is anticipated to screen cold chamber walls from the massive synchrotron radiation power and transfer the heat load to cryogenic cooling fluid. For drastically reducing resistive wall impedance and saving refrigerator power, we have studied high temperature superconductor (HTS) coated beam screen operating in liquid nitrogen temperature area. Singly from the point of temperature, the feasibility of HTS-coated beam screen is demonstrated by steady-state thermal analysis. Two kinds of potential HTS material are also discussed in this paper.

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WEPIK033

LHC Beam Dump Performance in View of the High Luminosity Upgrade

kicker, extraction, operation, hardware

2999

C. Wiesner, W. Bartmann, C. Bracco, E. Carlier, L. Ducimetière, M.I. Frankl, M.A. Fraser, B. Goddard, T. Kramer, A. Lechner, N. Magnin, S. Mazzoni, M. Meddahi, V. Senaj
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) project will increase the total beam intensity in the LHC by nearly a factor of two. Analysis and follow-up of recent operational issues as well as dedicated studies of the LHC Beam Dump System (LBDS) have been carried out to ensure the safe operation with HL-LHC parameters and to decide on possible hardware upgrades to meet the HL-LHC requirements. The fail-safe design must ensure the LBDS performance also for abnormal operation such as asynchronous beam dumps or failing dilution kickers. In this paper, we report on newly observed failure scenarios as the erratic firing of more than one dilution kicker, and discuss their consequences as well as possible mitigation measures in view of the high luminosity upgrade.

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WEPIK038

Acceleration of Polarized Protons and Deuterons in the Ion Collider Ring of JLEIC

collider, ion, resonance, polarization

3014

V.S. Morozov, Y.S. Derbenev, F. Lin, Y. Zhang
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
Y. Filatov
MIPT, Dolgoprudniy, Moscow Region, Russia
A.M. Kondratenko, M.A. Kondratenko
Science and Technique Laboratory Zaryad, Novosibirsk, Russia

Funding: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contracts No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 and DE-AC02-06CH11357.
The figure-8-shaped ion collider ring of Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider (JLEIC) is transparent to the spin. It allows one to preserve proton and deuteron polarizations using weak stabilizing solenoids when accelerating the beam up to 100 GeV/c. When the stabilizing solenoids are introduced into the collider's lattice, the particle spins precess about a spin field, which consists of the field induced by the stabilizing solenoids and the zero-integer spin resonance strength. During acceleration of the beam, the induced spin field is maintained constant while the resonance strength experiences significant changes in the regions of interference peaks. The beam polarization depends on the field ramp rate of the arc magnets. Its component along the spin field is preserved if acceleration is adiabatic. We present the results of our theoretical analysis and numerical modeling of the spin dynamics during acceleration of protons and deuterons in the JLEIC ion collider ring. We demonstrate high stabil-ity of the deuteron polarization in figure-8 accelerators. We analyze a change in the beam polarization when crossing the transition energy.

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WEPIK049

Overview of the eRHIC Ring-Ring Design

electron, luminosity, storage-ring, polarization

3035

C. Montag, G. Bassi, J. Beebe-Wang, J.S. Berg, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, W. Guo, Y. Hao, A. Hershcovitch, Y. Luo, F. Méot, R.B. Palmer, B. Parker, S. Peggs, V. Ptitsyn, V.H. Ranjbar, S. Seletskiy, T.V. Shaftan, V.V. Smaluk, S. Tepikian, D. Trbojevic, E. Wang, F.J. Willeke, H. Witte, Q. Wu
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The ring-ring electron-ion collider eRHIC aims at an electron-ion luminosity in the range from 10³² to 10³³cm^-2sec^-1 over a center-of-mass energy range from 20 to 140GeV. To minimize the technical risk the design is based on existing technologies and beam parameters that have already been achieved routinely in hadron-hadron collisions at RHIC, and in electron-positron collisions elsewhere. This design has evolved considerably over the last two years, and a high level of maturity has been achieved. We will present the latest design status and give an overview of studies towards evaluating the feasibility.

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WEPIK050

Parameters for eRHIC

luminosity, electron, emittance, synchrotron

3038

R.B. Palmer, C. Montag
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Requirements for the proposed BNL eRHIC Ring-Ring Electron Ion Collider (EIC) are discussed, together with the dependence of luminosity with the beam divergence and forward proton acceptance. Parameters are given for four cases. The first two use no cooling and could represent a first phase of operation. The next two use strong cooling and increased beam currents. In each case parameters are given that 1) meets the requirement for forward proton acceptance, and 2) has somewhat higher divergences giving somewhat higher luminosity.

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WEPIK084

Approximating Nonlinear Forces with Phase-Space Decoupling

simulation, octupole, linac, sextupole

3120

B.T. Folsom, E. Laface
ESS, Lund, Sweden

Beam tracking software for accelerators typically falls into two categories: fast envelope simulations limited to linear beam optics, and slower multiparticle simulations that can model nonlinear effects. To find a middle ground between these approaches, we introduce virtual coordinates in position and momentum which have a cross-dependency (i.e. p*=f(x) where x is an initial position and p* is a virtual projection of momentum onto the position axis).This technique approximates multiparticle simulations with a significant reduction in calculation cost.

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WEPIK088

Analysis of Performance Fluctuations for the CERN Proton Synchrotron Multi-Turn Extraction

extraction, synchrotron, beam-losses, target

3135

M. Giovannozzi, A. Huschauer, O. Michels, A. Nicoletti, G. Sterbini
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

After the successful beam commissioning and tests in 2015, the Multi-Turn Extraction (MTE) has been put in operation in 2016. In this paper, the remaining issues related with fluctuation of the MTE performance are evaluated and correlation studies are presented in view of estimating the impact of planned improvements.

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WEPIK096

Assessment of Beam Impedance for the CERN-PS Booster Wire Scanner

simulation, coupling, impedance, booster

3167

T. Kaltenbacher, N. Nasr Esfahani, C. Vollinger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

It is well known that performance of accelerators critically depends on the interaction of high intensity beams with the surrounding structures. As a result of these beam interactions, it is required at CERN to characterize the beam coupling impedance of each new machine element that is to be installed in the accelerator ring. In the framework of the LIU (LHC Injectors Upgrade) project, a new design of rotational wire scanner to be used in the PS Booster is currently under development. As an intermediate step, the prototype of this wire scanner was evaluated with respect to its longitudinal beam coupling impedance. Depending on the performance of this machine element, it is planned to replace existing wire scanners in other machines at CERN (e.g. PS-Booster, PS and SPS) with very similar designs. This paper presents the simulations and describes the measurement methods used for benchmarking electromagnetic simulations performed for the impedance evaluation of the LIU wire scanner for the PS-Booster. Additionally, the device was fitted with an RF feed-through in order to monitor and attenuate certain undesired modes supported by this structure.

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WEPIK120

Simulated performance of the Production Target for the Muon g-2 Experiment at Fermilab

target, experiment, polarization, storage-ring

3234

D. Stratakis, M.E. Convery, J.P. Morgan, D.A. Still, M.J. Syphers
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
M.J. Syphers
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
V. Tishchenko
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. De-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy.
The Muon g-2 Experiment plans to use the Fermilab Recycler Ring for forming the proton bunches that hit its production target. The proposed scheme uses one RF system, 80 kV of 2.5 MHz RF. In order to avoid bunch rotations in a mismatched bucket, the 2.5 MHz is ramped adiabatically from 3 to 80 kV in 90 ms. In this study, the interaction of the primary proton beam with the production target for the Muon g-2 Experiment is numerically examined.

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WEPVA012

Laser Proton Accelerator with Improved Repeatability at Peking University

laser, target, acceleration, plasma

3275

Y.R. Shou
Peking University, School of Physics, Beijing, People's Republic of China
Y.X. Geng, C. Li, L.R.F. Li, Q. Liao, C. Lin, H.Y. Lu, W.J. Ma, P. Wang, M. Wu, X. Xu, X.Q. Yan, Y.Y. Zhao, J.G. Zhu
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2013CBA01502), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 11575011) and National Grand Instrument Project (2012YQ030142).
The repeatability of laser proton accelerator is mainly limited by laser plasma interaction, laser target coupling and laser parameter variation. In our recent experiments performed on the Compact Laser Plasma Accelerator at Peking University, gain of proton beams with improved repeatability is demonstrated. In order to control the laser plasma interaction in pre-plasma, cross polarized-wave (XPW) generation technique is employed to provide a laser pulse with a good contrast of 10^-10. A semi-automatic laser and target alignment system with a sensitivity of few micrometers is employed. The repetition rate of the laser proton accelerator is improved to the level of 0.1 Hz which is beneficial to decrease laser parameter variation. The shot-to-shot variation of proton energies is about 9% for a level of confidence of 0.95.

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WEPVA014

Status of R&D on New Superconducting Injector Linac for Nuclotron-NICA

linac, ion, simulation, injection

3282

G.V. Trubnikov, A.V. Butenko, N. Emelianov, A.O. Sidorin, E. Syresin
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
T.A. Bakhareva, M. Gusarova, T. Kulevoy, S.V. Matsievskiy, S.M. Polozov, A.V. Samoshin, N.P. Sobenin, D.V. Surkov, K.V. Taletskiy, S.E. Toporkov, V. Zvyagintsev
MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
A.A. Bakinowskaya, A.A. Marysheva, V.S. Petrakovsky, I.L. Pobol, A.I. Pokrovsky, D.A. Shparla, S.V. Yurevich, V.G. Zaleski
Physical-Technical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
M.A. Baturitski, S.A. Maksimenko
INP BSU, Minsk, Belarus
S.E. Demyanov
Scientific-Practical Materials Research Centre of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
V.A. Karpovich
BSU, Minsk, Belarus
T. Kulevoy, S.M. Polozov
ITEP, Moscow, Russia
A.A. Kurayev, V.V. Matbeenko, A.O. Rak
Belarus State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics (BSUIR), Minsk, Belarus
V.N. Rodionova
Belarussian State University, Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Problems, Minsk, Belarus
A.O. Sidorin
Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
V. Zvyagintsev
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

The new collaboration of JINR, NRNU MEPhI, INP BSU, PTI NASB, BSUIR and SPMRC NASB starts in 2015 the project of linac-injector design in 2015. The goal of new linac is to accelerate protons up to 25 MeV (and up to 50 MeV at the second stage) and light ions to ~7.5 MeV/u for Nuclotron-NICA injection. Current results of the linac general design and development, beam dynamics simulations, SC cavities design and SRF technology development are presented in this report.

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WEPVA033

Conceptual Design Considerations for a 1.3 TeV Superconducting SPS (scSPS)

extraction, dipole, injection, target

3323

F. Burkart, W. Bartmann, M. Benedikt, B. Goddard, A. Milanese, J.S. Schmidt
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The Future Circular Collider for hadrons (FCC-hh) envisaged at CERN will require a High Energy Booster as injector. One option being studied is to reuse the 6.9 km circumference tunnel of the SPS to house a fast-ramping superconducting machine. This paper presents the conceptual design considerations for this superconducting single aperture accelerator (designated scSPS) which can be used to accelerate protons to an extraction energy of 1.3 TeV, both for FCC and for fixed target beam operation in CERN's North Area. As FCC injector this accelerator has to be used in a fast cycling mode to fulfil the FCC-hh requirements concerning filling time, which impacts directly the choice of magnet technology. The reliability and availability will also play important roles in the design, and the inclusion of a fixed target capacity also has significant implications for the lattice and layout. The cell design, magnet parameters, overall layout, design of the different insertion and performance estimates for specific applications will be presented and discussed.

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WEPVA036

The LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) Project at CERN: Proton Injector Chain

linac, cavity, injection, impedance

3335

K. Hanke, J. Coupard, H. Damerau, A. Funken, B. Goddard, A.M. Lombardi, D. Manglunki, S. Mataguez, M. Meddahi, B. Mikulec, G. Rumolo, R. Scrivens, E.N. Shaposhnikova, M. Vretenar
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project at CERN aims at delivering high brightness beams required by the LHC in the high-luminosity LHC (HLLHC) era. The project comprises a new H⁻ Linac (Linac4) as well as a massive upgrade of the PS Booster, PS and SPS synchrotrons. This paper gives an update of the activities regarding the proton injector chain. We present the target beam parameters, a brief status of the upgrade work per machine and the outcome of the recent reviews. The planning for the implementation of the hardware upgrades and the re-commissioning of the complex will also be discussed.

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WEPVA041

Rematching AGS Booster Synchrotron Injection Lattice for Smaller Transverse Beam Emittances

booster, injection, quadrupole, emittance

3353

C. Liu, J. Beebe-Wang, K.A. Brown, C.J. Gardner, H. Huang, M.G. Minty, V. Schoefer, K. Zeno
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The polarized proton beam is injected into the booster via the charge-exchange (H⁻ to H⁺) scheme. The emittance growth due to scattering at the stripping foil is proportional to the beta functions at the foil. It was demonstrated that the current scheme of reducing the beta functions at the stripping foil preserves the emittance better, however the betatron tunes are above but very close to half integer. Due to concern of space charge and half integer in general, options of lattice designs aimed towards reducing the beta functions at the stripping foil with tunes at more favorable places are explored.

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WEPVA066

The ESS Target Proton Beam Imaging System as in-Kind Contribution

target, neutron, radiation, operation

3422

E. Adli, R. Andersson, D.M. Bang, O. Dorholt, H. Gjersdal, O. Røhne
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
M.G. Ibison, C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
S. Joshi
University College West, Trollhätan, Sweden
T.J. Shea, C.A. Thomas
ESS, Lund, Sweden

Funding: This work is part of the Norwegian in-kind contribution to ESS.
The ESS Target Proton Beam Imaging System will image the 5 MW ESS proton beam as it enters the spallation target. The system will operate in a harsh radiation environment, leading to a number of challenges: development of radiation hard photon sources, long aperture-restricted optical paths, and fast electronics to provide rapid response to beam anomalies. The newly formed accelerator group at the University of Oslo is the in-kind partner for the Imaging System. This paper outlines the main challenges of the Imaging System and how they are addressed within the collaborative nature of the in-kind project.

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WEPVA081

Topology Optimization for a Superconducting Cyclotron Main Magnet

cyclotron, extraction, software, target

3446

L.G. Zhang, K. Fan, S. Hu, L.X.F. Li, Z.Y. Mei, B. Qin, Z.J. Zeng
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
W. Chen
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology,, Hubei, People's Republic of China

Main magnet is the heaviest component in a superconducting cyclotron, which occupies a large amount of cost. Topology optimization method is implanted to minimize the weight of main magnet while keep the field performance, which will make significant economic benefit. Due to the powerful superconducting coils, the main magnet is driven into saturation, and the nonlinear effect of the material must be considered. If the ordinary standard density method is used for the main magnet structure optimization, the nonlinear B-H relation have to be interpolated and the sensitivity analysis is very complicated. In this paper, a proper 2D model is established and the optimization formulation is given using standard density method. Then, the optimized topology of the main magnet for a 250MeV superconducting proton cyclotron is designed.

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WEPVA102

Design of the New CERN n_TOF Neutron Spallation Target: R&D and Prototyping Activities

target, neutron, interface, operation

3503

R. Esposito, M. Calviani, T. Coiffet, M. Delonca, L. Dufay-Chanat, E. Gallay, M. Guinchard, D. Horvath, T. Koettig, A.P. Perez, A.T. Perez Fontenla, A. Perillo-Marcone, S. Sgobba, M.A. Timmins, A. Vacca, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
M. Beregret
UTBM, Belfort, France
L. Gomez Pereira
University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
F. Latini
University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
R. Logé
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

A new spallation target for the CERN neutron time-of-flight facility will be installed during Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2020), with the objective of improving operational reliability, avoiding water contamination of spallation products, corrosion/erosion and creep phenomena, as well as optimizing it for the 20 m distant vertical experimental area 2, whilst keeping the same physics performances of the current target at the 200 m far experimental area 1. Several solutions have been studied with FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations in order to find the optimal solution with respect to neutron fluence, photon background, resolution function, energy deposition and radiation damage. Thermo-mechanical studies (including CFD simulations) have been performed in order to evaluate and optimize the target ability to withstand the beam loads in terms of maximum temperatures reached, cooling system efficiency, maximum stresses, creep and fatigue behaviour of the target materials, leading to a preliminary mechanical design of the target. This paper also covers the further prototyping and material characterization activities carried out in order to validate the feasibility of the investigated solutions.

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WEPVA103

Renovation of CERN Antiproton Production Target Area and Associated Design, Testing and R&D Activities

target, antiproton, operation, simulation

3506

C. Torregrosa, M.E.J. Butcher, M. Calviani, A. De Macedo, S. De Man, R. Ferriere, E. Grenier-Boley, B. Lefort, E. Lopez Sola, A. Perillo-Marcone, M.A. Timmins
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) Target Area antiprotons are produced by the collisions of 26 GeV/c proton beam with a fixed target. They are then collected by a 400 kA pulsed magnetic horn, momentum selected and injected into the AD facility. The area has been in operation since the 80s, keeping most of the equipment dating back to this period. A major upgrade is foreseen during the CERN's Long Shutdown 2 to guarantee the next decades of antiproton physics. Among other R&D activities, three main systems are within the scope of this upgrade; (i) a new antiproton target design, pressurized-air-cooled and with a new core configuration based on the results from the HiRadMat27 experiment. (ii) Manufacturing of a set of new magnetic horns and testing them using a dedicated test bench replicating the real horn setup. (iii) Design of new target and horn's trolleys, which are responsible for their positioning as well as providing an efficient long term maintenance giving the high radioactivity of the area. This paper presents an overview of these and other critical activities associated to the renovation of the target area, including status and direction of the new proposed designs.

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WEPVA117

Preliminary Mechanical Design Study of the Hollow Electron Lens for HL-LHC

electron, solenoid, cathode, gun

3547

C. Zanoni, G. Gobbi, D. Perini
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
G. Stancari
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

A Hollow Electron Lens has been proposed in order to improve performance of halo control and collimation in the Large Hadron Collider in view of its High Luminosity upgrade (HL-LHC). The concept is based on a beam of electrons that travels around the protons for a few meters. The electron beam is produced by a cathode and then guided by a strong magnetic field generated by a set of solenoids. Mechanical design and integration require a preliminary knowledge of the optimal configuration of the solenoids that drive the electron trajectories. The estimation of such trajectories by means of a dedicated Matlab tool is presented. The influence of the main geometrical and electrical parameters is analysed and discussed. The main mechanical design choices are also outlined along with the concept of the electron collector. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the feasibility study of the Electron Lens for LHC. The methods used in this study also serve as examples for future mechanical and integration designs of similar devices.

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WEPVA138

The RaDIATE High-Energy Proton Materials Irradiation Experiment at the Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer Facility

target, radiation, experiment, linac

3593

K. Ammigan, P. Hurh, R.M. Zwaska
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
A. Amroussia, C.J. Boehlert
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
M.S. Avilov, F. Pellemoine
FRIB, East Lansing, USA
M. Calviani, E. Fornasiere, A. Perillo-Marcone, C. Torregrosa
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
A.M. Casella, D.J. Senor
PNNL, Richland, Washington, USA
C.J. Densham
STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
T. Ishida, S. Makimura
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
V.I. Kuksenko, S.G. Roberts
University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Y. Lee, T.J. Shea, C.A. Thomas
ESS, Lund, Sweden
L.F. Mausner, D. Medvedev, N. Simos
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
E. Wakai
KEK/JAEA, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan

Funding: Work supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The RaDIATE collaboration (Radiation Damage In Accelerator Target Environments) was founded in 2012 to bring together the high-energy accelerator target and nuclear materials communities to address the challenging issue of radiation damage effects in beam-intercepting materials. Success of current and future high intensity accelerator target facilities requires a fundamental understanding of these effects including measurement of materials property data. Toward this goal, the RaDIATE collaboration organized and carried out a materials irradiation run at the Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer facility (BLIP). The experiment utilized a 181 MeV proton beam to irradiate several capsules, each containing many candidate material samples for various accelerator components. Materials included various grades/alloys of beryllium, graphite, silicon, iridium, titanium, TZM, CuCrZr, and aluminum. Attainable peak damage from an 8-week irradiation run ranges from 0.03 DPA (Be) to 7 DPA (Ir). Helium production is expected to range from 5 appm/DPA (Ir) to 3,000 appm/DPA (Be). The motivation, experimental parameters, as well as the post-irradiation examination plans of this experiment are described.

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THPAB005

Improvement of the Analytic Vlasov Solver DELPHI

simulation, impedance, synchrotron, hadron

3688

D. Amorim
Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
N. Biancacci, K.S.B. Li, E. Métral
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The simulation code DELPHI is an analytic Vlasov solver which allows to evaluate the beam transverse stability with respect to impedance effects. It allows to perform fast scans over parameters such as chromaticity, damper gain or beam intensity for a given impedance model and particle distribution. In order to improve the simulation code, new longitudinal particle distributions have been implemented. The simulations results obtained with these distributions are compared to theoretical predictions. An additional post-processing of DELPHI's output has also been implemented, allowing to reconstruct the signal seen by head-tail stripline monitors, in particular in presence of bunch-by-bunch damper. The results are compared to theoretical models, to pyHEADTAIL simulations and to measurements performed in the LHC.

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THPAB035

Central Region Design of the Hust SCC250 Superconducting Cyclotron

cyclotron, ion-source, injection, cathode

3778

L.X.F. Li
Private Address, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
K.J. Kuanjun, M.Z. Mei, Z.J. Zeng, L.G. Zhang
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China

Recently, the development of a 250 MeV cyclotron for advanced cancer therapy has been carried out by Huazhong University of Science and Technology(HUST) . It has four sector magnet and RF cavity which resonance frequency is 74.69 MHz. The internal ion source was adopted and the central region was designed to accommodate the starting beam. In this paper, the design of the central region to optimize the initial circumstances for H¬+ beam were described. The electric and magnetic field distribution were designed by electrostatic and magnetic solver in OPERA-3D TOSCA. The beam characteristics including the beam orbit, motion of the center of orbit, energy gain was investigated for central region was simulated by means of computer code Z3CYCLONE.

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THPAB041

Implementation of Hollow Electron Lenses in SixTrack and First Simulation Results for the HL-LHC

electron, simulation, collimation, octupole

3795

M. Fitterer, R. De Maria, S. Redaelli, K.N. Sjobak, J.F. Wagner
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
G. Stancari, A. Valishev
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: Fermilab is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the US Department of Energy.
Electron lenses have found a wide range of applications for hadron colliders, where the main applications are machine protection and beam-beam compensation. This paper summarizes the status of the current electron lens implementation in SixTrack with the focus on hollow electron beams for beam collimation and shows some first simulation results of the High-Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC).

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THPAB050

Simulations of Beam-Beam Interactions With RF-Track for the AWAKE Primary Beam Lines

electron, simulation, plasma, space-charge

3823

J.S. Schmidt, A. Latina
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The AWAKE project at CERN will use a high-energy proton beam at 400 GeV/c to drive wake'elds in a plasma. The amplitude of these wake'elds will be probed by injecting into the plasma a low-energy electron beam (10-20 MeV/c), which will be accelerated to several GeV. Upstream of the plasma cell the two beams will either be transported coaxially or with an o'set of few millimetres for about 6 m. The interaction between the two beams in this beam line has been investigated in the past, with a dedicated simulation code tracking particles under the in'uence of direct space-charge e'ects. These simulations have recently been crosschecked with a new simulation code called RF-Track, developed at CERN to simulate low energy accelerators. RF-Track can track multiple-specie beams at arbitrary energies, taking into account the full electromagnetic particle-to-particle inter-action. For its characteristics RF-Track seems an ideal tool to study the AWAKE two-beam interaction. The results of these studies are presented in this paper and compared to the previous results. The implications for the facility performance are discussed.

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THPAB074

MuSim, a Graphical User Interface for Multiple Simulation Programs

simulation, interface, electron, storage-ring

3880

T.J. Roberts, R.J. Abrams, M.A. Cummings
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA
Y. Bao
UCR, Riverside, California, USA

MuSim is a user-friendly program designed to interface to many different particle simulation codes, regardless of their data formats or geometry descriptions. It presents the user with a compelling graphical user interface that includes a flexible 3-D view of the simulated world plus powerful editing and drag-and-drop capabilities. All aspects of the design can be parameterized so that parameter scans and optimizations are easy. It is simple to create plots and display events in the 3-D viewer, allowing for an effortless comparison of different simulation codes. Simulation codes: G4beamline 3.02, MCNP 6.1, and MAD-X; more are coming. Many accelerator design tools and beam optics codes were written long ago, with primitive user interfaces by today's standards. MuSim is specifically designed to make it easy to interface to such codes, providing a common user experience for all, and permitting the construction and exploration of models with very little overhead. For today's technology-driven students, graphical interfaces meet their expectations far better than text-based tools, and education in accelerator physics is one of our primary goals.

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THPAB075

Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactors for Profitable Disposition of Surplus Weapons-Grade Plutonium and Energy Generation

neutron, target, simulation, operation

3883

M.A. Cummings, R.J. Abrams, R.P. Johnson, T.J. Roberts
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA

We discuss the GEM*STAR reactor concept, which addresses all historical reactor failures, which includes an internal spallation neutron target and high temperature molten salt fuel with continuous purging of volatile radioactive fission products such that the reactor contains less than a critical mass and almost a million times fewer volatile radioactive fission products than conventional reactors like those at Fukushima. GEM*STAR is a reactor that without redesign will burn spent nuclear fuel, natural uranium, thorium, or surplus weapons material. It will operate without the need for a critical core, fuel enrichment, or reprocessing making it an excellent candidate for export. While conventional nuclear reactors are becoming more and more difficult to license and expensive to build, SRF technology development is on a steep learning curve and the simplicity implied by subcritical operation will lead to reductions in regulatory hurdles and construction complexity.

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THPAB080

Estimations of Coherent Instabilities for JLEIC

electron, impedance, ion, collider

3903

R. Li
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Work supported by the Department of Energy, Laboratory Directed Research and Development Funding, under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177
JLEIC is the medium energy electron-ion collider currently under active design at Jefferson Lab*. The design goals of JLEIC are both high luminosity (1033-1034 cm^-2ses⁻¹) and high polarization (>70%) for the electron and light ion beams, for a wide range of electron and ion beam energies and for a wide spectrum of ion species. The unprecedented luminosity goal for this electron-ion collider sets strong requirements for the understanding and management of potential collective effects in JLEIC. In this paper, we present preliminary estimations of single and coupled bunch coherent instabilities for the electron and proton beams at collision energies for the JLEIC design. Further improvement of the estimations and mitigation methods are discussed.
* MEIC design summary, http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1504/1504.07961.pdf, (2015).

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THPAB082

The Beam-Beam Effect and Its Consequences for the Modeling of the Jefferson Lab EIC

electron, beam-beam-effects, emittance, collider

3909

E.W. Nissen
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Notice: This manuscript has been authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 with the U.S. Department of Energy
In this work we address the effect of beam jitter on emittance growth as caused by the beam-beam effect on the Jefferson Lab Electron Ion Collider (JLEIC). This proposed collider would collide up to 100 GeV proton beams with up to 10 GeV electron beams. Due to the asymmetric rigidities of the beams and their non-linear lensing action on each other during a collision, collective effects can limit beam storage times. Using simulations we determined that one of JLEIC's synchronization concepts would require a new set of software tools to accurately understand phase space evolution.

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THPAB090

Algorithm to Calculate Off-Plane Magnetic Field From an on-Plane Field Map

simulation, optics, dipole, extraction

3928

N. Tsoupas, J.S. Berg, F. Méot, V. Ptitsyn, D. Trbojevic
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
S.A. Kahn
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA
S. Machida
STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
We present an algorithm to calculate the off-plane components of the magnetic field from the on-plane components of the magnetic field which are measured on a grid of the plane. The algorithm, which is a general one and it is not restricted on a mid-plane symmetry, is based on the Taylor series expansion of the magnetic field components in terms of the normal to the plane location. The coefficients of the Taylor series expansion are expressed in terms of the on-plane derivatives of the field components which are generated by the measured magnetic field components on the grid of the plane. The algorithm is use in the RATRACE computer code[*] and has been used[**] on a dipole magnet with median plane symmetry.
* S.B. Kowalski and H.A. Enge The Ion-Optical Program Raytrace NIM A258 (1987) 407
** N. Tsoupas et. al. Effects of Dipole Magnet Inhomogeneity on the Beam Ellipsoid NIM A258 (1987) 421-425

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THPAB122

Open XAL Development for Xi'an Proton Application Facility

database, controls, simulation, synchrotron

4010

Y. Yang, X. Guan, Y. Lei, W. Wang, X.W. Wang, S.X. Zheng
TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
M.C. Wang, Z.M. Wang, H.Z. Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation and Effect, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Shannxi, People's Republic of China

Beam commission tools for Xi'an Proton Application Facility (XiPAF) will be developed based on Open XAL. In this paper, we present preparations made for adopting Open XAL in XiPAF, including a newly designed database schema based on MySQL, modifying db2xal application based on database schema to create optics file automatically. We also add time-dependent nodes in XiPAF's online model to meet the need of energy ramping in synchrotron. A set of high-level applications as well as a new virtual accelerator is under development.

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THPAB146

Investigation of the Remanent Field of the SPS Main Dipoles and Possible Solutions for Machine Operation

dipole, closed-orbit, operation, extraction

4069

F.M. Velotti, H. Bartosik, J. Bauche, M.C.L. Buzio, K. Cornelis, M.A. Fraser, V. Kain
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) provides different types of beams at different extraction energies. The main magnets of the SPS are regulated with a current loop, but it has turned out that hysteresis effects from the main dipoles have a significant impact on reproducibility and hence efficiency and availability. Beam and machine parameters were found to depend on the programmed sequence of magnetic cycles - the so-called super cycle - representing the production of the different beams. The scientific program of the SPS requires frequent changes of the supercycle composition and the effect of the main magnet hysteresis has to be understood, modelled and used in accelerator control system. This paper summarises the first main field measurements carried out with the currently available systems during operational conditions as well as measurements of vital machine and beam parameters as a function of the super cycle composition. Finally, ideas will be presented to provide reproducibility by automatically correcting different parameters taking the magnetic history of the main magnets into account.

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THPAB147

Automatic Local Aperture Measurements in the SPS

dipole, target, quadrupole, vacuum

4073

V. Kain, H. Bartosik, S. Cettour Cave, K. Cornelis, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The CERN SPS (Super Proton Synchrotron) serves as LHC injector and provides beam for the North Area fixed target experiments. It is equipped with flat vacuum chambers to accommodate the large horizontal beam size required during transition crossing and slow extraction. At low energy, the vertical acceptance becomes critical with high intensity large emittance fixed target beams. Optimizing the vertical available aperture is a key ingredient to optimize transmission and reduce activation around the ring. Aperture measurements are routinely carried out after each shutdown. Global vertical aperture measurements are followed by detailed bump scans at the locations with the loss peaks. During the 2016 run a tool was developed to provide an automated local aperture scan around the entire ring. This allowed to establish detailed reference measurements of the vertical aperture and identify directly the SPS aperture bottlenecks. The methodology applied for the scans will be briefly described in this paper and the analysis discussed. Finally, the 2016 SPS measured vertical aperture will be presented and compared to the results obtained with the previous method.

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THPIK073

Development of RFQ for BNCT Accelerator

rfq, cavity, operation, emittance

4260

J. Bahng
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
B.H. Choi
IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
B.H. Choi, D.S. Kim
DAWONSYS, Ansan-si, Republic of Korea
E.-S. Kim
Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong, Republic of Korea

A accelerator for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) based on proton linac has been developed as a domestic project. The accelerator system consists of duo plasmatron as an ion source, low energy beam transport (LEBT), radio frequency quarupole (RFQ) accelerator, drift tube linac (DTL). In order to achieve beam power of 50 kW, the required beam intensity and energy are 50 mA and 10 MeV, respectively. Since high duty rate provides high efficient medical treatment, the design of the cw RFQ has been investigated to accelerate proton beam from 50 keV to 3 MeV with beam intensity of 60 mA. In this paper, beam dynamics and design of the RFQ are presented in detail.

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THPIK104

Transient Simulation of the ISIS Synchrotron Singlet Quadrupoles Using OPERA 3D

quadrupole, simulation, synchrotron, software

4334

I. Rodríguez
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

Type QX10⁶ singlet magnets are AC defocusing quadrupoles used in the ISIS main synchrotron ring. They have an aperture of 202 mm and a yoke length of 303 mm, so the end effects are significant. The iron poles and the yoke are asymmetric and the coils are driven by a 50Hz, 400 A AC current, biased with a DC current of 665 A. Therefore the yoke has to be laminated, and the laminations are slitted up to a depth of 90 mm on each side to further reduce the eddy current losses. Two 3D models (DC and transient) have been developed using OPERA 3D for different purposes. Both models require the use of an anisotropic BH curve for the yoke, and the transient model also requires an anisotropic conductivity and a prismatic/hexahedral mesh to overcome the limitations of the linear tetrahedral edge elements in OPERA's vector potential formulation. The quadrupole field quality was originally measured in 1982 with a DC excitation at the biased peak current (1065 A) and those measurements are now compared to both models. The iron losses due to the eddy currents are also presented and compared to the original specifications defined in 1980, as well as an estimation of the eddy currents in the coils.

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THPIK110

RF Cavity Design for a Low Cost 1 MeV Proton Source

cavity, simulation, acceleration, impedance

4355

D. Soriano Guillén, R. Seviour
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
S. Hunt
Alceli Accelerator Technology Ltd., Huddersfield, United Kingdom

In this paper we present the design for a low-cost RF cavity capable of accelerating protons from 100 keV to 1 MeV. The system is designed to meet the specifications from the proposed Alceli LTD medical proton therapy linac, to deliver a 1 nA proton beam current with a 1 kHz repetition rate. We present a design of an RF normal conducting (NC) re-entrant Cu cavity operating at 40 MHz consisting of a coupled two cavity system, both driven by a single Marx generator. The choice of such a low operating frequency for the cavity system enables us to use a relatively low-cost cost Marx Generator as the RF source. Marx generators work in a similar fashion to a Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (without the expensive components), creating a high-voltage pulse by charging a number of capacitors relatively slowly in parallel, then rapidly discharging in series, via spark gaps. Marx generators can deliver 2.5 GW, 1 ns pulses, with rise times of 200 ps, and (relatively) low jitter.

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THPVA010

Electron Cloud Simulations for the Main Ring of J-PARC

electron, simulation, detector, vacuum

4436

B. Yee-Rendón, R. Muto, K. Ohmi, K. Satou, M. Tomizawa, T. Toyama
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

The simulation of beam instabilities is a helpful tool to evaluate potential threats against the machine protection of the high intensity beams. At Main Ring (MR) of J-PARC, signals related to the electron cloud have been observed during the slow beam extraction mode. Hence, several studies were conducted to investigate the mechanism that produces it, the results confirmed a strong dependence on the beam intensity and the bunch structure in the formation of the electron cloud, however, the precise explanation of its trigger conditions remains incomplete. To shed light on the problem, electron cloud simulations were done using an updated version of the computational model developed from previous works at KEK. The code employed the signals of the measurements to reproduce the events seen during the surveys.

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THPVA013

Benchmarking of the ESS LEBT in TraceWin and IBSimu

ion, simulation, rfq, emittance

4445

Ø. Midttun
University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Y.I. Levinsen, R. Miyamoto, D.C. Plostinar
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The modeling of the proton beam in the ESS accelerator starts with a beam distribution as an input to the TraceWin code currently used as the simulation tool. This input is typically a Gaussian distribution, a distribution from other codes, or data from an emittance measurement. The starting point of these simulations is therefore located somewhere along the low energy beam transport (LEBT) close to the ion source. In this paper, we propose to use IBSimu to model the beam extraction from the ion source, which provides an input beam distribution to TraceWin. IBSimu is a computer simulation package for ion optics, plasma extraction, and space charge dominated ion beam transport. We also present a benchmarking of the beam tracking through the LEBT using both these tools, and propose a transition interface to handover the beam distribution from IBSimu to TraceWin.

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THPVA019

Self-consistent Space Charge Tracking Method based on Lie Transform

space-charge, simulation, sextupole, emittance

4454

E. Laface, J. F. Esteban Müller
ESS, Lund, Sweden

In this paper we propose to describe the self-force of a particles beam, known as space charge, as an Hamiltonan term dependent on the distribution of the particles' coordinates: H_sc = H_sc(ρ(x,y,z)). This Hamiltonian is then used, together with the kinetic component H_k in a Lie transform to generate a transport map by e^{-L:H_k +H_sc}: where the Lie operator :H_k + H_sc: is defined according to the Dragt's notation [1]. Then the Lie transform is used to transport directly the distribution function ρ(x, y, z) in a self-consistent iterative algorithm. The result of this proof-of-concept idea is verified on a drift space and on a FODO channel and compared with a traditional multi-particles simulation code.

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THPVA020

Distribution and Extreme Loss Analysis in the ESS Linac: A Statistical Perspective

linac, simulation, DTL, alignment

4458

A.L. Pedersen
Lund Institute of Technology (LTH), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
D. Anevski
Lund University, Lund, Sweden
M. Eshraqi, R. Miyamoto
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The report takes a statistical approach in the study of distribution evolution of the proton beam within the ESS linac and reports a new technique of pinpointing the non-linear space-charge effect of the propagating proton beam. By using the test statistic from the nonparametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test the author visualises the change in the normalised distributions by looking at the supremum distance between the cumulative distribution functions in comparison, and the propagation of the deviation throughout the ESS linac. This approach identifies changes in the distribution which may cause losses in the linac and highlights the parts where the space-charge has big impact on the beam distribution. Also, an Extreme Value Theory approach is adopted in order to quantify the effects of the non linear forces affecting the proton beam distribution.

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THPVA021

Dynamics of Spectator Particles in Space-Charge Fields of Mismatched Beams With Cross-Plane Coupling

space-charge, lattice, coupling, simulation

4462

M. Holz, V.G. Ziemann
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

In accelerators with high beam power, even moderate beam losses must be avoided. These losses are due to particles reaching large transverse amplitudes that form a low density halo orbiting the beam core. To study the beam halo formation, we place a spectator particle outside the beam core and let it interact with the core's electric field. The core, we model by a self-consistent transverse Gaussian beam including non-linear space charge forces and cross-plane coupling.

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THPVA031

Beam Tests of Diamond-Like Carbon Coating for Mitigation of Electron Cloud

electron, operation, extraction, emittance

4497

J.S. Eldred, M. Backfish, C.-Y. Tan, R.M. Zwaska
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
S. Kato
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

Electron cloud beam instabilities are an important consideration in virtually all high-energy particle accelerators and could pose a formidable challenge to forthcoming high-intensity accelerator upgrades. Our results evaluate the efficacy of a diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating for the mitigation of electron in the Fermilab Main Injector. The interior surface of the beampipe conditions in response to electron bombardment from the electron cloud and we track the change in electron cloud flux over time in the DLC coated beampipe and uncoated stainless steel beampipe. The electron flux is measured by retarding field analyzers placed in a field-free region of the Main Injector. We find the DLC coating reduces the electron cloud signal to roughly 2\% of that measured in the uncoated stainless steel beampipe.

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THPVA033

Towards commissioning the Fermilab Muon g-2 Experiment

experiment, target, storage-ring, operation

4505

D. Stratakis, J.P. Morgan, M.J. Syphers
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
A. Fiedler, M.J. Syphers
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
S-C. Kim
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
M. Korostelev
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
M. Korostelev
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom

Funding: Operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. De-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy.
Starting this summer, Fermilab will host a key exper-iment dedicated to the search for signals of new phys-ics: The Fermilab Muon g-2 Experiment. Its aim is to precisely measure the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. In full operation, in order to avoid contami-nation, the newly born secondary beam is injected into a 505 m long Delivery Ring (DR) wherein it makes several revolutions before being send to the experi-ment. Part of the commissioning scenario will execute a running mode wherein the passage from the DR will be skipped. With the aid of numerical simulations, we provide estimates of the expected performance.

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THPVA041

Progress in the Bunch-to-Bucket Transfer Implementation for FAIR

synchrotron, network, Ethernet, ion

4525

T. Ferrand, H. Klingbeil
TEMF, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
O. Bachmann
TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
J.N. Bai, H. Klingbeil
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
H. Damerau
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The transfer of bunched ion beams between various synchrotrons is required for the multi-accelerator complex FAIR, presently under construction at GSI. To avoid a dedicated distribution infrastructure for radiofrequency (RF) signals between each source and destination synchrotron, a new approach has been developed to transmit bunch and bucket phase information using synchronous Ethernet. This allows to locally regenerate all reference signals needed for the RF synchronization prior to a bunch-to-bucket transfer, as well as the triggers to the kickers. The modular and configurable hardware implementation based on the White Rabbit network progresses towards a proof-of-principle demonstrator. Besides the synchronization of revolution and RF frequencies, the bunches in the source accelerator must be aligned in azimuth with respect to the buckets in the receiving synchrotron. To validate the feasibility of this azimuthal steering, measurements have been performed with protons in the CERN PS to evaluate the longitudinal emittance growth. They are complemented with tracking simulations using the BLonD code.

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THPVA054

Research of the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source Stripper Foil

vacuum, neutron, injection, ion

4562

J.X. Chen
CSNS, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
L. Kang, J.B. Yu
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.11375217.
In the injection process of spallation neutron source, the effect of the stripper foil is extremely critical, which is the key equipment to realize the conversion of negative hydrogen ions into proton injection. This paper mainly introduces the research of Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) stripper foil. The CSNS stripper foil is a diamond-like carbon (DLC) foil with a thickness of 100 micrograms per square centimetre. This paper introduces the study of the thickness of the CSNS stripper foil, the installation method and the installation process in the tunnel site. Simultaneously, the influence of the gas flow rate of the vacuum chamber on the vibration of the foils is simulated. In the end of this paper, the research plan and follow-up of the experimental equipment of the stripper foil are introduced.

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THPVA064

Timing System at ESS

timing, EPICS, distributed, operation

4588

J. Cereijo García, T. Korhonen, J.H. Lee, D.P. Piso
ESS, Lund, Sweden
R.R. Osorio
UDC, A Coruña, Spain

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a research facility being built in Lund (Sweden) that will produce neutrons by the spallation process. It uses the Micro-Research Finland (MRF) Timing System, which provides a complete event-based timing distribution system. The timing signal generation consists of a basic topology: an Event Generator (EVG), an optical distribution layer (fan-out modules) and an array of Event Receivers (EVRs). The timing system will provide clock synchronization and timing services to devices with real time requirements. Its main purposes are event generation and distribution, time stamping and synchronous data transmission. The event clock frequency will be 88.0525 MHz, divided down from the bunch frequency of 352.21 MHz. An integer number of ticks of this clock will define the beam macropulse full length, around 2.86 ms, with a repetition rate of 14 Hz. ESS will be the first facility to deploy large amounts of uTCA EVRs, and is planning to take advantage of the features provided by the uTCA standard, like trigger and clock distribution over the backplane. These EVRs are already being deployed in some systems and test stands.

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THPVA065

Working Concept of 12.5 kW Tuning Dump at ESS

linac, simulation, target, neutron

4591

Y. Lee, M. Eshraqi, S. Ghatnekar Nilsson, Y.I. Levinsen, R. Miyamoto, S. Molloy, M. Möller, A. Olsson, T.J. Shea, C.A. Thomas, M. Wilborgsson
ESS, Lund, Sweden
F. Sordo
ESS Bilbao, Zamudio, Spain

The linac system at the European Spallation Source (ESS) will deliver 2~GeV protons at 5~MW beam power. The accelerated protons from the linac will be transported to the rotating tungsten target by two bending magnets. A tuning beam dump will be provided at the end of the linac, downstream of the first bending magnet. This tuning dump shall be able to handle at least 12.5 kW of beam power. In this paper, we present the working concept of the tuning dump. The impact of the proton beam induced material damage on the operational loads and service lifetime of the tuning dump is analysed. A number of particle transport and finite-element simulations are performed for the tuning beam modes.

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THPVA076

Overview and Status of the MedAustron Ion Therapy Center Accelerator

ion, extraction, synchrotron, quadrupole

4627

M.T.F. Pivi, A. De Franco, F. Farinon, M. Kronberger, C. Kurfürst, S. Myalski, S. Nowak, F. Osmić, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria
T.K.D. Kulenkampff
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
L.C. Penescu
Abstract Landscapes, Montpellier, France

The synchrotron-based MedAustron accelerator in Wiener Neustadt, Austria, has seen the first clinical beam and has been certified as a medical accelerator in December 2016. This represented a major milestone for the facility whose original design originated more than a decade ago and construction started four years ago. The accelerator is designed to deliver clinical proton beams 60-253 MeV and carbon ions 120-400 MeV/u to three ion therapy irradiation rooms (IRs), including a room with a proton Gantry. Beams up to 800 MeV will be provided to a fourth room dedicated to non-clinical research. Presently, proton beams are delivered to the horizontal beam lines of three irradiation rooms. In parallel, commissioning of the accelerator with Carbon ions and the installation of the Gantry beam line are ongoing. At MedAustron, a third-order resonance extraction method is used to extract particles from the synchrotron in a slow controlled process over a spill time of 0.1-10 seconds to facilitate the measurement and control of the delivered radiation dose during clinical treatments. The main characteristics of the accelerator and the results obtained during the commissioning are presented.

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THPVA090

The TOP-IMPLART Linac: Machine Status and Experimental Activity

klystron, linac, target, framework

4669

C. Ronsivalle, A. Ampollini, G. Bazzano, P. Nenzi, L. Picardi, V. Surrenti, E. Trinca, M. Vadrucci
ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy

Funding: Regione Lazio in the framework of the TOP-IMPLART Project
The TOP-IMPLART (Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Linear Accelerator for Radiotherapy) linac is a 150 MeV pulsed proton linear accelerator for protontherapy applications under realization, installation and progressive commissioning at ENEA. It is the first linac running with 3GHz SCDTL (Side Coupled DTL) accelerating modules. These constitute the first two sections of the whole linac up to 71 MeV proton energy, while the accelerating structure of the following part of the accelerator is under definition. Each SCDTL section is powered by a 10 MW peak power klystron. The first section, consisting of 4 modules (7 to 35 MeV) has been completed and it is operational at low repetition rate (25 Hz). The second section, consisting of other 4 modules (up to 71 MeV), is currently under executive design. The output beam at each stage of the progressive commissioning is fully characterized. The beam is routinely employed in radiobiology experiments and detector evaluation. The paper presents the actual status of the machine, installation, beam characterization and an overview of the experimental activity results.

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THPVA091

Diagnostics Methods for the Medium Energy Proton Beam Extracted by the TOP IMPLART Linear Accelerator

linac, radiation, detector, diagnostics

4673

M. Vadrucci, A. Ampollini, P. Nenzi, L. Picardi, C. Ronsivalle, E. Trinca
ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy
E. Cisbani, F. Ghio
ISS, Rome, Italy
M. Marinelli, G. Prestopino, G. Verona Rinati
INFN - Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
C. Placido
University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the Regione Lazio/Italy
The Italian TOP IMPLART project aims to develop the first proton linear accelerator for cancer radiotherapy. A 150MeV proton LINAC is under construction at the ENEA Frascati research center: currently the machine is composed by a 7MeV injector operating at 425MHz and four 3GHz SCDTL modules producing a proton beam of 35MeV. Operational procedures for irradiation of samples need careful measurements of average beam current, transverse distribution and pulse charge by different monitor types placed along the beam line. The injected current in the high frequency segment of the accelerator is measured by a Fast Current Transformer (FCT) at the entrance of the SCDTL modules and the pulsed current of the accelerated beam is measured by a second FCT, placed in air, at the exit. The output proton beam shape and intensity are measured by an integral ionization chamber, a double (XY) multistrip ionization chamber, a synthetic single crystal diamond detector and a Faraday cup. In this work, the results of these multiple diagnostic tools applied to different operating conditions of the machine are presented.

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THPVA094

Permanent Halbach Magnet Proton and Superconducting Carbon Cancer Therapy Gantries

ion, permanent-magnet, focusing, dipole

4679

D. Trbojevic, S.J. Brooks, B. Parker, N. Tsoupas
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
W. Lou
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Hadron cancer therapy facilities are expanding exponentially as advantages with respect to other radiation treatments are localized energy deposition at the tumor and reduction of side effects. The main problem of expansion is the high cost and large size of the facility. The largest cost is the delivery systems, especially isocentric gantries. We present first, the permanent Halbach gantry with significant reduction in cost and simplified operation as all treatment energies are transported from an accelerator to the patient through the same Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFAG) structure. The superconducting FFAG gantry also transports at one setting all energies required for the cancer treatment of the patient with carbon ions.

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THPVA096

Development of 11C+ Ion Source for Reacceleration With HIMAC for Real-Time Observation of Dose Distribution

ion, cyclotron, dipole, ion-source

4686

A. Noda, S. Hojo, K. Katagiri, K. Noda, T. Shirai, A. Sugiura, K. Suzuki, T. Wakui
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
M. Grieser
MPI-K, Heidelberg, Germany
M. Nakao
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

In order to improve the precision of dose distribution in a patient's body in the case of carbon therapy, realtime measurement of the dose distribution with the use of the so called OPEN PET is desirable. For realization of such a treatment, usage of isotope separator online scheme based on target fragment might be inevitable to keep the needed S/N ratio. From the above requirement, we have been developing 1+ ion source of positron emitting 11C+ ions*, which will be charge breeded before injection into the injector LINAC of the HIMAC. 11C+ ion is to be produced by a high intensity proton beam from a cyclotron. In the real process, a small cyclotron like HM20 might provide the proton beam, but at the development stage, we are planning investigation utilizing proton beam from the AVF cyclotron existing at NIRS with K-number of 110. In the present paper, the total scheme of radioactive ion re-acceleration will be described together with the recent ion source development.
* K. Katagiri et al., Review of Scientific Instruments 87, 02B509 (2016)

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THPVA097

Estimation and Measurements of Radiation Dose Distibution for the Radiation Test Area in J-PARC Main Ring

radiation, neutron, photon, operation

4689

M.J. Shirakata
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

The J-PARC main ring has a beam collimator system in the first straight section for the beam halo rejection. Though it makes a high radiation area in the ring which requires a serious maintenance scheme, a high radiation dose can be applied to the tests of radiation resistible devices. The radiation dose distribution was estimated by using PHITS code, and it was confirmed by dose meas-urements using RadMon, nanoDot OSL dosimeters with continuous monitoring of beam losses. The availability of the radiation test area in the accelerator ring is reported in this paper.

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THPVA100

Future Plans of ADS Proton Drivers at Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute

extraction, synchrotron, neutron, kicker

4695

Y. Ishi, Y. Kuriyama, Y. Mori, T. Uesugi
Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan

The accelerator complex using FFAG synchrotrons at Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute has been operated for the ADS experiments connecting the 100 MeV proton beam line with the research reactor facility KUCA (Kyoto University Critical Assembly) since 2009. Number of neutrons produced through the nuclear spallation process strongly depends on the beam energy of the pri- mary protons. If the beam energy is increased from 100 MeV to 400 MeV, the number of neutrons corresponding to single primary proton is increased by a factor of 20. Therefore, the energy upgrade of the accelerator facility is desired by the reactor physicists. A new 400 MeV FFAG synchrotron has been designed. The results of the feasibility study of the 400 MeV ring will be presented.

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THPVA109

Design and Fuild-Solid-Heat Coupling Analysis of an Electrostatic Deflector for Hust SCC250 Proton Therapy Facility

septum, cyclotron, extraction, coupling

4713

S. Hu, K. Fan, L.X.F. Li, Z.Y. Mei, Z.J. Zeng, L.G. Zhang
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China

The study of proton therapy equipment has earned more and more attention in recent years in China. A superconducting cyclotron based proton therapy facility is being developed for/at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST). The proton beam is extracted by means of electrostatic deflectors followed by a series of magnetic channels. This paper introduces the design of an electrostatic deflector, including the structure optimization and the material selections. In order to minimize the risk of destruction caused by the proton beam loss, fluid-solid-heat coupling analysis for the deflector has been conducted by applying computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on ANSYS 16.0 software. The maximum temperatures of the septum in various cases of cooling water speed, septum thickness and material have been investigated respectively. The result based on thermal analysis will give us a valuable reference to choose a suitable configuration for the deflector.

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THPVA111

Central Region Design for a Superconducting Cyclotron in the HUST Proton Therapy Facility

ion, ion-source, cyclotron, extraction

4716

Z.Y. Mei, K. Fan, S. Hu, L.X.F. Li, Z.J. Zeng, L.G. Zhang
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China

A 250 MeV isochronous superconducting cyclotron was adopted in the HUST proton therapy facility. Since the proton beam quality is often limited by the parameters of the central region, special care is given to the design and optimization of the central region to obtain a qualified proton beam using for treatment. An internal proton PIG source with constant arc current is adopted to meet the stability requirements of the beam. Furthermore, a puller followed by an adjustable slit and a fixed vertical collimator are installed to maintain a good centering and vertical focusing beam with maximum intensity. In order to meet the requirement of the intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT), a vertical kicker is used just followed the puller. The central region structure is optimized iteratively with the simulation results of the OPERA3D and the CYCLONE code. An optimum central region structure has been obtained with RF phase acceptance is around 24°. This paper presents the design parameters of the central region and the results of the proton beam simulation.

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THPVA112

Progress of the Beamline and Energy Selection System for HUST Proton Therapy Facility

optics, cyclotron, dipole, scattering

4719

B. Qin, Q.S. Chen, K. Fan, M. Fan, X.Y. Fang, D. Li, Z.K. Liang, K.F. Liu, X. Liu, P. Tan, J. Yang
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
W. Chen
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology,, Hubei, People's Republic of China

Funding: Work supported by The National Key Research and Development Program of China, with grant No. 2016YFC0105305
HUST proton therapy facility is a 5 years National Key Research and Development Program of China. This facil-ity is based on an isochronous superconducting cyclotron with two gantry treatment-rooms and one fixed beamline treatment station. The status for physical and technical design of the beamline and Energy Selection System (ESS) will be introduced in this paper.

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THPVA120

Present Status of the SC202 Superconducting Cyclotron Project

cyclotron, simulation, extraction, cavity

4730

G.A. Karamysheva, S. Gurskiy, O. Karamyshev, G. Kazakova, N.A. Morozov, D.V. Popov, E.V. Samsonov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, G.V. Trubnikov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
Y.F. Bi, G. Chen, Y. Chen, K.Z. Ding, H. Feng, J. Li, Y. Song, Y.H. Xie, Q. Yang, J. Zheng
ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China
V. Malinin
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

In 2015 the joint project with ASIPP (Hefei, China) on design and construction of superconducting proton cyclotron SC202 was started. Two copies of SC202 shall be produced, according to the Collaboration Agreement between JINR and ASIPP. One will be used for proton therapy in Hefei and the second one will be used to replace the Phasotron in the research and treatment program on proton therapy at JINR. Recent status of the SC202 superconducting cyclotron for hadron therapy design and manufacture is presented.

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THPVA123

Neutron Doses Due to Beam Losses in a Novel Concept of a Proton Therapy Gantry

neutron, simulation, beam-losses, dipole

4736

V. Talanov, D.C. Kiselev, D. Meer, V. Rizzoglio, J.M. Schippers, M. Seidel, M. Wohlmuther
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

A novel design of a gantry for proton therapy is investigated in which a degrader and emittance limiting collimators are mounted on the gantry. Due to the interactions of protons in these components there will be an additional neutron dose at the location where a patient is positioned during a proton therapy. The results of numerical study of this additional dose are presented. Neutron prompt dose at the patient position is estimated through the Monte Carlo simulation using the MCNPX 2.7.0 particle transport code. Secondary neutron and photon fluxes from the distinct beam loss points are taken into consideration and the resulting dose is calculated using realistic estimates of beam losses. The dependence of the dose on the beam energy and individual impacts of each loss point on the total dose at the patient position as well as on critical beam line components are estimated and potential design constraints are discussed. It has been found that compared with a conventional gantry the expected additional dose is higher but the optimization of the beam line configuration and additional shielding shall help to reduce the dose to an acceptable value.

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THPVA124

Simulations and Measurements of Proton Beam Energy Spectrum After Energy Degradation

simulation, dipole, cyclotron, superconducting-magnet

4740

A. Gerbershagen, A. Adelmann, R. Dölling, D. Meer, V. Rizzoglio, J.M. Schippers
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

At the proton therapy facility PROSCAN of the Paul Scherrer Institute the energy modulation of the cyclotron generated proton beam is performed via material insertion into the beam trajectory. The energy spectrum of the particles propagating forwards after such procedure has been simulated and measured. The current paper summarizes the results of these simulations and measurements and illustrates their significance for the future developments of a gantry for proton therapy at the Paul Scherrer Institute.

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THPVA125

Status of Commissioning of Gantry 3 at the PSI PROSCAN Facility

coupling, operation, interface, controls

4744

A. Koschik, J.P. Duppich, M. Eichin, P. Fernandez Carmona, A. Gerbershagen, A.L. Lomax, D. Meer, S. Safai, J.M. Schippers, D.C. Weber
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Paul Scherrer Institute currently extends its PROSCAN facility with a third gantry treatment room - Gantry 3, which is realized in a research collaboration with Varian Medical Systems. The main research goals at the PROSCAN facility include further development of precise spot scanning and optimized beam delivery with low dead-time for treatment of moving targets. Consequently Gantry 3 is designed to feature advanced pencil beam scanning technology with a large scan field size of 30x40cm, integrated cone beam CT functionality and will in the future allow fast energy layer switching. The main challenge in realizing Gantry 3 is the integration of the Varian Gantry into the existing PROSCAN control system environment, allowing seamless beam operation. Installation of the additional treatment room has started in summer 2015 followed by the integration and technical commissioning phases of the Gantry in 2016, all during full operation of the existing treatment areas at our facility. We report about the special challenges and achieved performance results during commissioning of the Varian Gantry system in combination with the PSI PROSCAN facility.

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THPVA128

Preliminary Test Setup of the Metu Defocusing Beam Line, an Irradiation Test Facility in Turkey

detector, quadrupole, vacuum, target

4750

A. Gencer, S. Akçelik, A. Avaroğlu, M.S. Aydın, G. Kılıçerkan Başlar, B. Bodur, B.M. Demirköz, U. Kılıç, E. Özipek, I. Sahin, R. Uzel, D. Veske, M. Yigitoglu
Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
I. Efthymiopoulos, A. Milanese
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Turkish Ministry of Development
METU-Defocusing Beam Line (METU-DBL) Project has been started in August 2015 and aims to construct a beam line at Turkish Atomic Energy Authority Sarayköy Nuclear Education and Research Center Proton Accelerator Facility to perform Single Event Effect (SEE) tests for the first time in Turkey. The METU-DBL is 8m-long and has quadrupole magnets to enlarge the beam size and collimators to reduce the flux. When complete the METU-DBL will provide a beam that is suitable according to ESA ESCC No. 25100 Single Event Effects Test Method and Guidelines standard. The METU-DBL beam size is 15.40cm x 21.55cm and the flux will be variable between 10⁵ p/cm²/s and 10¹⁰ p/cm²/s. The METU-DBL will serve space, particle, nuclear and medical physics communities starting from 2018 with performing irradiation tests. A preliminary test setup is being constructed towards first tests in March 2017. The beam size will be 6cm x 8cm and the flux will be 1.4x10⁹ p/cm²/s for preliminary test setup. The METU-DBL project construction status for the preliminary test setup is presented in this poster.

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THPVA130

Modelling PET Radionuclides Production in Tissue and External Targets Using Geant4

target, cyclotron, TRIUMF, isotope-production

4757

A. Amin, R.J. Barlow
IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
C.M. Hoehr, C. Lindsay
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
A. Infantino
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The Proton Therapy Facility in TRIUMF provides 74 MeV protons extracted from a 500 MeV H⁻ cyclotron for ocular melanoma treatments. During treatment, positron emitting radionuclides such as C-11, O-15 and N-13 are produced in patient tissue. Using PET scanners, the isotopic activity distribution can be measured for in-vivo range verification. A second cyclotron, the TR13, provides 13 MeV protons onto liquid targets for the production of PET radionuclides such as F-18, N-13 or Ga-68, for medical applications. The aim of this work was to validate Geant4 against FLUKA and experimental measurements for production of the above-mentioned isotopes using the two cyclotrons. The results show variable degrees of agreement. For proton therapy, the proton-range agreement was within 2 mm for C-11 activity, whereas N-13 disagreed. For liquid targets at the TR13 the average absolute deviation ratio between FLUKA and experiment was 1.9±2.8, whereas the average absolute deviation ratio between Geant4 and experiment was 0.6±0.4. This is due to the uncertainties present in experimentally determined reaction cross sections.

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THPVA131

Biological Effectiveness of Proton and Ion Beam Therapy: Studies Using G4-DNA

ion, simulation, target, experiment

4761

R.J. Barlow
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
P. Thongjerm
IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom

We have used the Geant4-DNA program to investigate on a radiobiological level the interaction of various types of particles within cells, to identify relationships between irradiation and damage to DNA, leading to cell death. Although the physical attributes of particle therapy clearly hold a benefit over conventional radiotherapy, the biological effects hold uncertainties, and modelling the way particles interact with tissue on a cellular level can reduce these. The understanding of the energy deposition pattern along the particle track and consequent probabilities of producing DNA cluster breaks enables us to predict the effects of a particle beam on a microscopic level, which can aid treatment planning.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA131

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THPVA132

A Study of Potential Accelerator Production of Radioisotopes for Both Diagnostics and Therapy

target, simulation, diagnostics, site

4765

N. Ratcliffe, T.R. Edgecock
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom

There is currently much interest in accelerator based replacements for radioisotope production. The primary focus is the use of compact low energy (<30MeV) proton accelerators that can provide local on-site production of short lived isotopes and as a replacement for the current reactor production of important isotopes such as Ga-68. As part of a study into the viability of this production method this work undertakes a benchmarking study the GEANT4 code using the new low energy data-driven physics list QGSP_BIC_AllHP for the production of significant diagnostic and therapy isotopes such as F-18 and Ga-68. results from these simulations will be compared to experimental cross-sections and other codes to determine reliability before being used to further asses the activity producible using these reactions.

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THPVA133

HEATHER - HElium Ion Accelerator for RadioTHERapy

ion, acceleration, resonance, injection

4768

J. Taylor, T.R. Edgecock
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
S. Green
University Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
C. Johnstone
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

A non-scaling fixed field alternating gradient (nsFFAG) accelerator is being designed for helium ion therapy. This facility will consist of 2 superconducting rings, treating with helium ions (He²⁺ ) and image with hydrogen ions (H + 2 ). Currently only carbon ions are used to treat cancer, yet there is an increasing interest in the use of lighter ions for therapy. Lighter ions have reduced dose tail beyond the tumour compared to carbon, caused by low Z secondary particles produced via inelastic nuclear reactions. An FFAG approach for helium therapy has never been previously considered. Having demonstrated isochronous acceleration from 0.5 MeV to 900 MeV, we now demonstrate the survival of a realistic beam across both stages.

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THPVA134

Coupled Longitudinal and Transverse Beam Dynamics Studies for Hadron Therapy Linacs

simulation, cyclotron, linac, cavity

4772

R. Apsimon, G. Burt, S. Pitman
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
A.F. Green, H.L. Owen
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

Precise proton therapy planning can be assisted by augmenting conventional medical imaging techniques with proton computed tomography (pCT). For adults this requires an incident proton energy up to at least 330 MeV, an energy not readily accessible using cyclotrons. We are presently constructing a prototype of the ProBE 54 MV/m 3GHz post-cyclotron booster linac as a compact method to achieve 330 MeV in the context of the Christie Hospital proton therapy centre, to be tested in the research room there. In this paper, we present beam dynamics studies and tracking simulations of proton beams through the booster region. The longitudinal and transverse particle transmission is calculated from tracking simulations and compared to theoretical models to help understand how best to optimise the optics design through the ProBE region.

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THPVA135

ProBE: Proton Boosting Extension for Imaging and Therapy

cavity, cyclotron, booster, linac

4776

S. Pitman, R. Apsimon, G. Burt
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
A.F. Green, H.L. Owen
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
A. Grudiev, A. Solodko, W. Wuensch
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: This work was funded by STFC
The ProBE linac aims at accelerating protons from a particle therapy cyclotron to the c.330 MeV required for proton tomography. To obtain the c. 55 MV/m gradients required to achieve 100 MeV gain in a suitably short distance, we propose the use of a high-gradient S-band side-coupled standing-wave structure. In this paper we discuss the progress toward the testing of the prototype at the S-box facility at CERN.

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THPVA136

Non-Invasive Online Beam Monitor Using LHCb VELO

detector, laser, medical-accelerators, electronics

4780

R. Schnuerer
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
C.P. Welsch, S.L. Yap, H.D. Zhang
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk'odowska-Curie grant agreement No 675265
Online beam monitoring is essential for ion beam therapy to assure effective delivery of the beam and maintain patient safety for cancer treatment. One candidate for such a monitoring device is the LHCb Vertex Locator (VELO) detector. It is a position sensitive silicon detector with an advantageous semi-circular design which enables approaching the core of the beam without interfering with it. In this contribution, tests using an infrared laser to calibrate the detector and obtain information about its dynamic range, spatial and time resolution will be discussed. Initial results from using the detector at the 60 MeV proton therapy beamline at the Clatterbridge Cancer Centre (CCC), UK are also presented.

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THPVA138

Optimization of Medical Accelerators within the OMA Project

ion, network, medical-accelerators, detector

4787

C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement No 675265.
Although significant progress has been made in the use of particle beams for cancer treatment, an extensive research and development program is still needed to maximize the healthcare benefits from these therapies. The Optimization of Medical Accelerators (OMA) is the aim of a new European Network. OMA joins universities, research centers and clinical facilities with industry partners to address the challenges in treatment facility design and optimization, numerical simulations for the development of advanced treatment schemes, and in beam imaging and treatment monitoring. This contribution gives an overview of the 15 R&D projects that are covered within the project and reports on initial results.

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THPVA140

Superconducting Gantry Design for Proton Tomography

dipole, quadrupole, linac, optics

4795

E. Oponowicz, H.L. Owen
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

Precise proton therapy planning can be assisted by augmenting conventional medical imaging techniques with proton computed tomography (pCT). For adults this requires an incident proton energy up to around 330 MeV, requiring superconducting magnets if an imaging gantry is to replace a conventional 230-250 MeV gantry in the same space. Here we present optics considerations for a superconducting gantry to deliver 330 MeV protons within the context of the future Christie Hospital proton therapy centre, where it is proposed to increase the proton energy in the future with a booster linac.

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THPVA151

Halbach Magnets for CBETA and eRHIC

permanent-magnet, simulation, electron, quadrupole

4814

H. Witte, J.S. Berg, B. Parker
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
At Brookhaven National Laboratory two design efforts are underway: eRHIC and CBETA. eRHIC is a proposed upgrade to the existing Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), which would allow collisions of up to 21 GeV polarized electrons with protons or heavy ions. CBETA is a 150 MeV electron accelerator, aiming to demonstrate essential technology necessary for eRHIC. Both machines employ FFAG arcs and are designated to use permanent magnet material for the required quadrupole magnets. One proposed design is a Halbach magnet; this paper investigates the feasibility of this approach.

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FRXCB1

The Energy Efficiency of High Intensity Proton Driver Concepts

linac, cavity, cyclotron, SRF

4842

V.P. Yakovlev
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
J. Grillenberger, M. Seidel
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
S.-H. Kim
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
M. Yoshii
KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan

For MW class proton driver accelerators the energy efficiency is an important aspect; the talk reviews the efficiency of different accelerator concepts including s.c./n.c. linac, rapid cycling synchrotron, cyclotron; the potential of these concepts for very high beam power is discussed.

Slides FRXCB1 [2.964 MB]

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FRYCA1

The Future of High-energy Accelerators

collider, electron, hadron, positron

4856

J. Mnich
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The physics results from high energy colliders, neutrino experiments and from experiments in space are changing the particle physics landscape. In the last decade several accelerator designs and studies have taken shape and reached a high level of maturity both at the high energy and high intensity frontiers. The talk should review the physics questions facing the HEP community and the strategy to address them in view of the next update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics.

Slides FRYCA1 [9.087 MB]

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