IPAC2021 - List of Keywords (target)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOPAB005	Studies for an LHC Pilot Run with Oxygen Beams	luminosity, MMI, operation, proton	53
	R. Bruce, R. Alemany-Fernández, H. Bartosik, M.A. Jebramcik, J.M. Jowett, M. Schaumann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Motivated by the study of collective effects in small systems with oxygen-oxygen (O-O) collisions, and improvements to the understanding of high-energy cosmic ray interactions from proton-oxygen (p-O) collisions, a short LHC oxygen run during Run 3 has been proposed. This article presents estimates for the obtainable luminosity performance in these two running modes based on simulations of a typical fill. The requested integrated luminosity, projected beam conditions, data-taking and commissioning times are considered and a running scenario is proposed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB005
About •	paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 25 May 2021 issue date ※ 19 August 2021
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MOPAB009	Review of the Fixed Target Operation at RHIC in 2020	experiment, operation, controls, kicker	69
	C. Liu, P. Adams, E.N. Beebe, S. Binello, I. Blackler, M. Blaskiewicz, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, B.D. Coe, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, C.E. Giorgio, X. Gu, T. Hayes, K. Hock, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, T. Kanesue, D. Kayran, N.A. Kling, B. Lepore, Y. Luo, D. Maffei, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, J. Morris, C. Naylor, S. Nemesure, M. Okamura, I. Pinayev, S. Polizzo, D. Raparia, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Roser, J. Sandberg, V. Schoefer, S. Seletskiy, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, P. Thieberger, M. Valette, A. Zaltsman, I. Zane, K. Zeno, W. Zhang BNL, Upton, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy. As part of the Beam Energy Scan (BES) physics program, RHIC operated in Fixed Target mode at various beam energies in 2020. The fixed target experiment, achieved by scraping the beam halo of the circulating beam on a gold ring inserted in the beam pipe upstream of the experimental detectors, extends the range of the center-of-mass energy for BES. The machine configuration, control of rates, and results of the fixed target experiment operation in 2020 will be presented in this report.
	Poster MOPAB009 [2.913 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB009
About •	paper received ※ 16 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 17 August 2021 issue date ※ 23 August 2021
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MOPAB013	Radiation to Electronics Impact on CERN LHC Operation: Run 2 Overview and HL-LHC Outlook	radiation, operation, luminosity, electron	80
	Y.Q. Aguiar, A. Apollonio, F. Cerutti, S. Danzeca, R. García Alía, G. Lerner, D. Prelipcean, M. Sabaté-Gilarte CERN, Geneva 23, Switzerland
	Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project After the mitigation measures implemented during Run 1 (2010-2012) and Long Shutdown 1 (LS1, 2013-2014), the number of equipment failures due to radiation effects on electronics (R2E) leading to LHC beam dumps and/or machine downtime has been sufficiently low as to yield a minor impact on the accelerator performance. During Run 2 (2015-2018) the R2E related failures per unit of integrated luminosity remained below the target value of 0.5 events/fb-1, with the sole exception of the 2015 run during which the machine commissioning took place. However, during 2018, an increase in the failure rate was observed, linked to the increased radiation levels in the dispersion suppressors of the ATLAS and CMS experimental insertions, significantly affecting the Quench Protection System located underneath the superconducting magnets in the tunnel. This work provides an overview of the Run 2 R2E events during LHC proton-proton operation, putting them in the context of the related radiation levels and equipment sensitivity, and providing an outlook for Run 3 and HL-LHC operation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB013
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 23 July 2021 issue date ※ 23 August 2021
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MOPAB024	Efficient Coupling of Hydrodynamic and Energy-Deposition Codes for Hydrodynamic-Tunnelling Studies on High-Energy Particle Accelerators	simulation, coupling, proton, experiment	119
	C. Wiesner, F. Carra, J. Kruse-Hansen, M. Masci, D. Wollmann CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland Y. Nie KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
	The machine-protection evaluation of high-energy accelerators comprises the study of beyond-design failures, including the direct beam impact onto machine elements. In case of a direct impact, the nominal beam of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) would penetrate more than 30 meters into a solid copper target. The penetration depth due to the time structure of the particle beam is, thus, significantly longer than predicted from purely static energy-deposition simulations with 7 TeV protons. This effect, known as hydrodynamic tunnelling, is caused by the beam-induced density depletion of the material at the target axis, which allows subsequent bunches to penetrate deeper into the target. Its proper simulation requires, therefore, to sequentially couple an energy-deposition code and a hydrodynamic code for the different target densities. This paper describes a method to efficiently couple the simulations codes Autodyn and FLUKA based on automatic density assignment and input file generation, and presents the results achieved for a sample case.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB024
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 05 July 2021 issue date ※ 28 August 2021
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MOPAB031	Development and Operation of Vacuum System for Rapid Cycling Synchrotron to Target Beam Transfer Line of China Spallation Neutron Source	vacuum, neutron, operation, proton	145
	J.M. Liu, Y.H. Guan, S.M. Liu, B. Tan, P.C. Wang DNSC, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China H. Dong IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China H.Y. He, T. Huang IHEP CSNS, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
	China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is a major scientific project during the National Eleventh Five-Year Plan. It consists of a negative hydrogen ion linear accelerator, a rapid cycling synchrotron ( RCS), a linac to RCS beam transfer line (LRBT), an RCS to target beam transfer line (RTBT), and a target station. As an important part of CSNS, the RTBT connects the rapid cycling synchrotron and the target window. This paper described the design requirements, technical solutions, and operating conditions of the vacuum system for the CSNS RCS to target beam transfer line. In addition, the fast valve protection system and its verification results were also expounded. The CSNS has been in operation for over three years, during this period, the beam power has been gradually improved from 10KW to 100KW, and the vacuum system for RTBT has been operating stably.
	Poster MOPAB031 [0.581 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB031
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 May 2021 issue date ※ 25 August 2021
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MOPAB132	The Multi-Mega-Watt Target Station for the European Spallation Source Neutrino Super Beam	proton, experiment, hadron, ion-source	466
	E. Baussan, E. Bouquerel, L. D’Alessi, M. Dracos, P. Poussot, J. Thomas, J. Wurtz, V. Zeter IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France P. Cupial, M. Koziol, L.J. Lacny, J. Snamina AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland I. Efthymiopoulos CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland T. Tolba University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
	Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 777419 and also by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft No 423761110. One of the next challenges in fundamental physics is to understand the origin of matter/antimatter asymmetry in the Universe. In particular, intense neutrinos could play an important role to elucidate this mystery and better understand the expansion of the Universe. The ESSnuSB collaboration proposes to use the proton linac of the European Spallation Source currently under construction in Lund (Sweden) to produce a very intense neutrino super beam, in parallel with the spallation neutron production. A very challenging part of the proposed facility is the Target Station which will have to afford 5 MW proton beam power. This poster will present the hadronic collector and the whole facility to produce the next generation of neutrino superbeam.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB132
About •	paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 27 May 2021 issue date ※ 18 August 2021
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MOPAB133	Recovering the Positron Beam After Muon Production in the Lemma Muon Source	emittance, positron, linac, injection	470
	I. Drebot INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy M.E. Biagini, O.R. Blanco-García, A. Giribono, S. Guiducci, C. Vaccarezza, A. Variola INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy S.M. Liuzzo ESRF, Grenoble, France
	In the LEMMA muon source proposal* a positron beam at 45 GeV is used to produce muons at threshold by interaction with some targets. In order to release the required intensity on the main positron source, orders of magnitude higher than the state of the art, the possibility to recover the primary positron beam after the interaction with the targets was studied. The particles distribution, with a strongly degraded energy spread after the interac- tion, was injected back into a low emittance, large energy acceptance 45 GeV ring. Studies of injection efficiency were performed. The possibility of compressing the beam in a linac before injection was also studied. As a result, even without compression, about 80% of the disrupted e⁺ beam can be injected back into the ring. * D. Alesini et al, "Positron driven muon source for a muon collider", arXiv:1905.05747v2 [physics.acc-ph], May 2019
	Poster MOPAB133 [4.171 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB133
About •	paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 May 2021 issue date ※ 20 August 2021
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MOPAB139	High Resolution Imaging Design Using Permanent Magnet Quadrupoles at BNL UEM	experiment, electron, focusing, quadrupole	485
	G. Andonian, T.J. Campese, I.I. Gadjev, M. Ruelas RadiaBeam, Marina del Rey, California, USA M.G. Fedurin, K. Kusche, X. Yang, Y. Zhu BNL, Upton, New York, USA C.C. Hall RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA
	Ultrafast electron microscopy techniques have demonstrated the potential to reach very high combined spatio-temporal resolution. In order to achieve high resolution, strong focusing magnets must be used as the objective and projector lenses. In this paper, we discuss the design and development of a high-resolution objective lens for use in the BNL UEM. The objective lens is a quintuplet array of permanent magnet quadrupoles, which in sum, provide symmetric focusing, high magnification, and control of higher order aberration terms. The application and design for a proof-of-concept experiment using a calibrated slit for imaging are presented. The image resolution is monitored as a function of beam parameters (energy, energy spread, charge, bunch length, spot size), and quintuplet lens parameters (drifts between lenses).
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB139
About •	paper received ※ 26 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 28 May 2021 issue date ※ 18 August 2021
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MOPAB150	Optimization of the Gain Medium Delivery System for an X-Ray Laser Oscillator	laser, electron, free-electron-laser, FEL	524
	M. Yadav, N. Majernik, P. Manwani, B. Naranjo, C. Pellegrini, J.B. Rosenzweig UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA E.C. Galtier, A. Halavanau, C. Pellegrini SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA A. Malinouski ASC HMTI, Minsk, Belarus
	Funding: This work was supported by DE-SC0009914. X-ray laser oscillator, dubbed XLO, is a recently proposed project at SLAC to build the first population inversion X-ray laser. XLO utilizes a train of XFEL SASE pulses to pump atomic core-states. The resulting amplified spontaneous emission radiation is recirculated in a backscattering Bragg cavity and subsequently amplified. XLO could provide fully coherent, transform-limited X-ray pulses with 50 meV bandwidth and 1e10 photons. Currently, XLO is being considered for operation at the copper K-alpha line at 8048 eV. In this work, we focus on the optimization of gain medium delivery in the XLO cavity. We consider a fast, subsonic jet of copper nitrate solution, moving through a cylindrical nozzle. We focus on the nozzle geometry optimization and possible diagnostics of the jet-XFEL interaction point.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB150
About •	paper received ※ 24 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 18 June 2021 issue date ※ 27 August 2021
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MOPAB152	High Power Tests of Brazeless Accelerating Structures	GUI, simulation, experiment, wakefield	532
	S.P. Antipov, P.V. Avrakhov, C.-J. Jing, S.V. Kuzikov Euclid TechLabs, Solon, Ohio, USA V.A. Dolgashev SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA D.S. Doran, W. Liu, J.G. Power, J.H. Shao, E.E. Wisniewski ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
	Funding: DOE SBIR Grant #DE-SC0017749 A typical accelerating structure is a set of copper resonators brazed together. This multi step process is expensive and time consuming. In an effort to optimize production process for rapid prototyping and overall reduction of accelerator cost we developed a split block brazeless accelerating structure. In such structure the vacuum is sealed by the use of knife edges, similar to an industry standard conflat technology. In this paper we present high power tests of several different brazeless structures. First, an inexpensive 1 MeV accelerator powered by radar magnetron. Second, a high gradient power extractor tested at Argonne Wakefield Accelerator Facility. In this experiment a high charge electron beam generated a 180 MW peak power pulse. Finally, we report on high power testing of a brazeless x-band accelerating structure at SLAC.
	Poster MOPAB152 [0.783 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB152
About •	paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 June 2021 issue date ※ 31 August 2021
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MOPAB160	Tools for the Development and Applications of the IsoDAR Cyclotron	cyclotron, rfq, proton, injection	550
	L.H. Waites, J.R. Alonso, J.M. Conrad, D. Koser, D. Winklehner MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
	Funding: NSF provided funding for the RFQDIP project, Draper laboratory provided a fellowship for the graduate student The IsoDAR cyclotron is a 60 MeV cyclotron designed to output 10mA of protons in order to be a driver for a neutrino experiment. However, this high power can be used in other useful and important applications outside of particle physics. The IsoDAR cyclotron accelerates H²⁺, which allows the beam to be highly versatile and important for the development of high-power targets. This could help alleviate a huge bottleneck in the medical isotope community. IsoDAR could also be used for the development of materials. The accelerator system uses many new tools, including novel methods of applying machine learning, as well as several of the uses of this new technology. With these applications and tools, the IsoDAR cyclotron can have an important impact on the accelerator, medical, and physics communities.
	Poster MOPAB160 [0.424 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB160
About •	paper received ※ 15 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 June 2021 issue date ※ 13 August 2021
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MOPAB200	Parameters Measurements of Proton Beam Extracted from CSNS/RCS	emittance, MMI, neutron, extraction	668
	Z.P. Li, Y.W. An, M.Y. Huang IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Y. Li, S.Y. Xu DNSC, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China H.Y. Liu IHEP CSNS, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
	In order to study the emittance evolution of the circulating beam in the fast-cycling synchrotron (RCS) of the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), parameter measurements of the beam extracted at different times were carried out. The measurements were mainly based on wire-scanners mounted in RCS to target transport line (RTBT) for beam profile measurement, and different methods were applied in the solution processes. The emittance and C.S parameters of the extracted beam at different times were obtained and studied, which provided an important reference basis for the beam commissioning of RCS. The beam envelope along the RTBT has been matched and re-measured, which was in good agreement with the design optics.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB200
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 May 2021 issue date ※ 25 August 2021
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MOPAB217	A Storage Ring for MESA	experiment, optics, simulation, operation	719
	C.P. Stoll, A. Meseck KPH, Mainz, Germany B. Ledroit HIM, Mainz, Germany
	The Mainz Energy-recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA) is an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) facility under construction at the Johannes Gutenberg-University in Mainz. It provides the opportunity for precision physics experiments with a 1 mA c.w. electron beam in its initial phase. In this phase experiments with unpolarised, high density 10¹⁹ atoms cm² gas jet targets are foreseen at the Mainz Gas Internal Target Experiment (MAGIX). To allow experiments with thin polarised gas targets with sufficiently high interaction rates in a later phase, the beam current has to be increased to up to 100 mA, which would pose significant challenges to the existing ERL machine. Thus, it is proposed here to use MESA in pulsed operation with a repetition rate of several kHz to fill a storage ring, providing a quasi c.w. beam current to a thin gas target. For this purpose, the existing optics need to be extended and adapted, a suitable injection and extraction scheme is necessary and beam target interaction must be investigated. First considerations on these topics are presented here.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB217
About •	paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 08 June 2021 issue date ※ 21 August 2021
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MOPAB230	The Optics Design for the Final Focus System of CLIC 380 GeV	optics, luminosity, sextupole, quadrupole	748
	A. Pastushenko, R. Tomás García CERN, Geneva, Switzerland A. Faus-Golfe Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
	The first stage of the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is planned to be at the center-of-mass energy of 380 GeV. The final focus system (FFS) was re-optimized for this energy and for L* of 6 m (distance between the Interaction Point (IP) and the last quadrupole, QD0). Furthermore, the FFS optics was optimized for the vertical beta-function of 70 microns to approach the Hourglass effect limit. This paper reports the exploration of shortening the Final Doublet (FD) within the FFS to reduce the chromaticity. In addition, an alternative optics design is investigated with a different dispersion profile along the FFS, which outperforms the previous optics with the same β^*, increasing luminosity by 5 %.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB230
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 14 June 2021 issue date ※ 11 August 2021
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MOPAB299	STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION DESIGN OF FARADAY CUP FOR BEAM COMMISSIONING OF CSNS	MMI, proton, neutron, linac	943
	A.X. Wang, L. Kang, M. Meng, J.L. Sun IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China J.X. Chen, H.Y. He, L. Liu, R.H. Liu, X.J. Nie, C.J. Ning, R.Y. Qiu, G.Y. Wang, T. Yang, J.B. Yu, Y.J. Yu, J.S. Zhang, D.H. Zhu IHEP CSNS, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
	Faraday cup is used to absorb and stop the beam during the two phases of beam commissioning, such as the front end (FE) system and the temporary line after the drift tube linac (DTL) at the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). According to the beam physical parameters, graphite is selected to stop the beam directly, and oxygen-free copper which is just behind the graphite as the thermal conductive material. By the analysis and comparison of the target type and cooling efficiency, the single slant target is adopted. The incident angle between the target surface and the beam is set as 10°, meanwhile a new waterfall type water-cooling structure with parallel tunnels is designed to improve the cooling efficiency. The finite element software ANSYS is used for thermal analysis of the model, by which the diameter and interval of water cooling tunnels are optimized. The faraday cup discussed in this paper is finally successfully installed in the beam commissioning line and went well.
	Poster MOPAB299 [1.113 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB299
About •	paper received ※ 13 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 08 July 2021 issue date ※ 19 August 2021
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MOPAB348	Portable 2.5 MeV X-Band Linear Accelerator Structure	linac, GUI, gun, radiation	1084
	A.V. Mishin, K. Brown, M. Denney, D. Fischer, N.P. Hanson, S. Proskin, J. Stammetti Varex Imaging, Salt Lake City, USA
	Two versions of 2.5 MeV X-Band linear accelerator structure have been designed and tested. The first is a traditional single input linac, and the other one is a dual input, two section linac with power input through a 3 dB coupler. The linac is designed for a portable linac system, which can be used for security screening, non-destructive testing, medical and industrial CT, and, perhaps, some other applications.
	Poster MOPAB348 [1.490 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB348
About •	paper received ※ 15 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 28 May 2021 issue date ※ 23 August 2021
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MOPAB392	Alternative RF Tuning Methods Performed on Spoke Cavities for ESS and MYRRHA Projects	cavity, operation, simulation, experiment	1196
	P. Duchesne, S. Blivet, G. Olivier, G. Olry, T. Pépin-Donat Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
	In order to obtain the target frequency in operation, the resonant frequency of superconducting radiofrequency cavities is controlled and adjusted from the manufacturing to the end of preparation phase. Reaching this right frequency can be challenging due to the narrow frequency range defined by the tuning sensitivity of the cavity and the capability of the tuner. Mechanical deformation until plasticity is attained is of great interest to tune SRF cavities when large frequency shift is needed. But once a cavity is dressed with its helium tank, the only accessible part is its beam pipe, reducing the mechanical action to a push/pull action. This limited possibility has hence to be skilfully associated with chemical etching. An original mechanical tuning of Spoke dressed cavities consists in increasing the pressure inside the helium tank to induce a permanent deformation of the cavity walls. The frequency shift induced by nonlinear deformation is numerically evaluated in order to determine the pressure increments. Both methods were successfully performed on the cavities of the ESS accelerator and of the Myrrha project.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB392
About •	paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 25 June 2021 issue date ※ 17 August 2021
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MOPAB405	Study of Targets to Produce Molybdenum-99 Using 30 MeV Electron Linear Accelerator	electron, photon, radiation, linac	1222
	T.S. Dixit, A.P. Deshpande, R. Krishnan, A. Shaikh SAMEER, Mumbai, India
	Funding: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India (MeitY) Two approaches to produce 99Mo are studied using GEANT4 are reported in this paper. First, in converter target approach, bremsstrahlung photons are generated in a high Z target. The emitted photons then hit 100Mo secondary target, producing 99Mo through (gamma, n) reaction. Second, in direct target approach, high energy electron beam hits 100Mo target, where both (e, gamma) and (gamma, n) reactions take place simultaneously. A 30 MeV, 5-10 kW beam power electron linac is under development at SAMEER. The acceleration gradient required to achieve 30 MeV energy will be provided by two linacs operated in series configuration and the high average beam power will be achieved by running the system at high duty operation. Main aim of this study is to optimize experimental parameters to maximize specific activity of 99Mo. Since, 100Mo is very expensive material therefore judicious use of the material is very important. Hence, optimization of electron beam energy and target dimensions are studied in detail in both the approaches. It is found that the direct target approach gives higher specific activity compared to the converter target approach.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB405
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 06 June 2021 issue date ※ 14 August 2021
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MOPAB409	FLUKA Simulations of ²²⁵Ac Production Using Electron Accelerators: Validation Through Comparison with Published Experiments	electron, experiment, radiation, photon	1226
	T.V. Szabo, I.C. Moraes CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil F.A. Bacchim Neto LNLS, Campinas, Brazil P.V. Guillaumon USP/LAL, Sao Paulo, Brazil H.B. de Oliveira IPEN, São Paulo, Brazil
	Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) is an active area of study worldwide. This technique has shown a potential in nuclear medicine to treat metastatic disease by alpha particles that deposit energy in small regions nearby cancer cells. Ac-225 is an important alpha-emitting that can be used for cancer TAT. This radioisotope shows good potential for medical applications, therefore is important to study ways of increase its production and availability. One possible path for the Ac-225 product is to radiate a radium target (Ra-226) on a linear electron accelerator (LINAC). Isotope production studies could be implemented using computational tools. In this work, Monte Carlo simulations with FLUKA code were performed and compared to experimental results . We studied Ac-225 production by photonuclear reactions using a 24 MeV electron beam LINAC hitting a tungsten electron-photon converter. Different energies and geometries were also simulated to obtain optimal production conditions. The specific activity values obtained with simulations had a good agreement with published experimental results. MASLOV, O., et. al. Preparation of 225Ac by 226Ra(g, n) photonuclear reaction on an mt25 microtron. Radiochemistry
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB409
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 09 June 2021 issue date ※ 30 August 2021
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MOPAB412	Accelerator Production of Mo-99 Using Mo-100	radiation, electron, operation, diagnostics	1237
	J.L. McCarter, M.J. Brennan, S.M. Burns, J.T. Harvey, S.W. Kelley, T.A. Montenegro, Q. Schiller NorthStar Medical Technologies, LLC, Beloit, USA
	Funding: DE-NA0001878 Tc-99m is an essential radionuclide for nearly 40,000 diagnostic nuclear medicine tests in the U.S. each day. Its daily production depends on Mo-99, which must be replenished weekly due to Mo-99’s 2.75 day half-life. Mo-99, in the past, was supplied from uranium fission production, depending on overseas nuclear reactors that average 50 years old. Their age in combination with shipment uncertainties make the availability of Mo-99 fragile and subject to severe shortages. The U.S. now has one domestic, FDA-approved supplier that produces Mo-99, NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes. Currently, NorthStar produces Mo-99 via the irradiation of Mo-98 in a nuclear reactor. In the future, NorthStar will also irradiate Mo-100 with accelerator created x-rays to produce Mo-99. This process will use 2 distinct, 40 MeV, 125 kW average electron accelerators, Rhodotrons produced by IBA. Accelerator produced Mo-99 has several advantages over that produced by reactors, including a dual supply and an ability to adjust irradiation timing to meet radiopharmacy demands, such as Sunday delivery. NorthStar is currently installing and commissioning this accelerator based system, entering production in late-2022.
	Poster MOPAB412 [2.150 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB412
About •	paper received ※ 24 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 07 June 2021 issue date ※ 19 August 2021
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MOPAB415	Failure Rates and Downtimes of Multi-Leaf Collimators in Indonesia	linac, radiation, gun, power-supply	1248
	G.S. Peiris, S.L. Sheehy The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia M.F. Kasim, S.A. Pawiro University of Indonesia, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
	One of the greatest barriers to cancer treatment in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) is the access to Radiotherapy Linear Accelerators (LINACs). Not only are the LINACs complex, the harsh environment of LMICs cause frequent breakdowns resulting in downtimes ranging from days to months. Recent research has identified a disparity between LMICs and High Income Countries (HICs) and determined the Multi-Leaf Collimator (MLC) as a component needing re-evaluation. The MLC causes over 30% of the problems in RT LINACs, but the modes of failure and quantify the extent of the damage done are yet to be quantified. Using data from across Indonesia, we show the pathways to failure of RT Machines and frequency of breakdowns over time. A component of the MLC needs to be replaced every 9.98 faults per 1000 patients treated and the MLC itself breaks down on average every 36±1.8 days. When comparing the downtime by leaf width, the data shows 5mm leaves contribute 18.27±6.5% to all breakdowns while 10mm makes up 15.87±4.3%. These results outline the need to reassess the current generation of RT LINACs and ultimately work towards guiding future designs to be robust enough for all environments.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB415
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 09 June 2021 issue date ※ 16 August 2021
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TUPAB015	Beam Loading Compensation of APS Cavity with Off-Crest Acceleration in ILC e-Driven Positron Source	positron, beam-loading, linac, electron	1368
	M. Kuriki, S. Konno, H. Nagoshi HU/AdSM, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan T. Omori, J. Urakawa, K. Yokoya KEK, Ibaraki, Japan T. Takahashi Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Science, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
	In E-Driven positron source of ILC, the generated positron is captured by RF accelerator by APS cavity. The positron is initially placed at the deceleration phase and gradually slipped down to acceleration phase. Because the beam-loading is expected to be more than 1A with a multi-bunch format, the compensation is essential to obtain uniform intensity over the pulse. A conventional method for the compensation is controlling the timing, but it doesn’t work in off-crest case. In this manuscript, we discuss the compensation with the phase and amplitude modulation on the input RF.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB015
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 27 July 2021 issue date ※ 26 August 2021
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TUPAB026	Application of Plasma Lenses as Optical Matching Device for Positron Sources at Linear Colliders	plasma, positron, simulation, optical-matching	1394
	M. Formela, N. Hamann, G.A. Moortgat-Pick University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany K. Flöttmann, G.A. Moortgat-Pick DESY, Hamburg, Germany S. Riemann DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
	Funding: Quantum Universe In the baseline design of the International Linear Collider (ILC) an undulator-based positron source is foreseen. The proposed luminosity of the recently chosen first energy stage with √{s}=250 GeV requires an improvement by a factor of 2500 to the world’s first linear collider, the past SLC experiment. This ambitious luminosity goal can only be achieved, if all technological boundaries are being pushed. One such area is the captured positron number, which is primarily determined in the capture section within the positron source and specifically by its optical matching device. It is responsible for transforming the phase-space of the outgoing particles produced in the target for the succeeding accelerator sections. The plasma lens is a new candidate for this task. It being an especially adequate method due its magnetic field being azimuthal. Optimizing an idealised tapered active plasma lens for the ILC led us to a design with improved captured positron yield, outperforming ILC’s currently proposed quarter wave transformer by approximately 50%. The captured yield also proved to be stable within ±1.5% for deviations in design parameters of ±10%.
	Poster TUPAB026 [0.293 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB026
About •	paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 June 2021 issue date ※ 24 August 2021
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TUPAB052	Current Study of Applying Machine Learning to Accelerator Physics at IHEP	network, electron, lattice, photon	1477
	J. Wan, Y. Jiao IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11922512), Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y201904) and National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFA0401900). In recent years, machine learning (ML) has attracted increasing interest among the accelerator field. As a complex collection of multiple physical subsystems, the design and operation of an accelerator can be very nonlinear and complicated, while ML is taken as a powerful tool to solve such nonlinear and complicated problems. In this study, we report on several successful applications of ML to accelerator physics at IHEP. The nonlinear dynamics optimization of the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) that is a 4th-generation light source is a challenging topic. In this optimization, we use a ML surrogate model to fast select the potentially competitive solutions for a multiobjective genetic algorithm that can significantly improve the convergence rate and the diversity among obtained solutions. Besides, we also tried to apply a generative adversarial net to solve one-to-many problems of longitudinal beam current profile shaping. Unlike most supervised machine learning methods than cannot learn one-to-many maps, the generative adversarial net-based method is able to predict multiple solutions instead of one for a 4-dipole chicane to realize several desired custom current profiles.
	Poster TUPAB052 [0.913 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB052
About •	paper received ※ 11 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 27 August 2021
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TUPAB057	Carbon Beam at I-3 Injector for Semiconductor Implantation	radiation, laser, plasma, ion-source	1489
	A.A. Losev, P.N. Alekseev, N.N. Alexeev, T. Kulevoy, A.D. Milyachenko, Yu.A. Satov, A. Shumshurov ITEP, Moscow, Russia P.B. Lagov NUST MISIS, Moscow, Russia M.E. Letovaltseva MIREA, Moscow, Russia Y.S. Pavlov IPCE RAS, Moscow, Russia
	Carbon implantation can be effectively used for axial minority charge carriers lifetime control in various silicon bulk and epitaxial planar structures. When carbon is implanted, more stable recombination centers are formed and silicon is not doped with additional impurities, as for example, when irradiated with protons or helium ions. Economically, such a process competes with alternative methods, and is more efficient for obtaining small lifetimes (several nanoseconds). I-3 ion injector with laser-plasma ion source in Institute for theoretical and experimental physics (ITEP) is used as ion implanter in semiconductors. The ion source uses pulsed CO₂ laser setup with radiation-flux density of 10¹¹ W/cm² at target surface. The ion source produces beams of various ions from solid targets. The generated ion beam is accelerated in the two gap RF resonator at voltage of up to 2 MV per gap. Resulting beam energy is up to 4 MV per charge. Parameters of carbon ion beam generated and used for semiconductor samples irradiation during experiments for axial minority charge carriers lifetime control in various silicon bulk and epitaxial planar structures are presented.
	Poster TUPAB057 [0.630 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB057
About •	paper received ※ 15 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 28 May 2021 issue date ※ 01 September 2021
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TUPAB163	Developing a 50 MeV LPA-Based Injector at ATHENA for a Compact Storage Ring	plasma, laser, electron, storage-ring	1765
	E. Panofski, J. Dirkwinkel, T. Hülsenbusch, A.R. Maier, J. Osterhoff, G. Palmer, T. Parikh, P.A. Walker, P. Winkler DESY, Hamburg, Germany C. Braun, T.F.J. Eichner, L. Hübner, S. Jalas, L. Jeppe, M. Kirchen, P. Messner, M. Schnepp, M. Trunk, C.M. Werle University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany E. Bründermann, B. Härer, A.-S. Müller, C. Widmann KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany M. Kaluza, A. Sävert HIJ, Jena, Germany
	The laser-driven generation of relativistic electron beams in plasma and their acceleration to high energies with GV/m-gradients has been successfully demonstrated. Now, it is time to focus on the application of laser-plasma accelerated (LPA) beams. The "Accelerator Technology HElmholtz iNfrAstructure" (ATHENA) of the Helmholtz Association fosters innovative particle accelerators and high-power laser technology. As part of the ATHENAe pillar several different applications driven by LPAs are to be developed, such as a compact FEL, medical imaging and the first realization of LPA-beam injection into a storage ring. The latter endeavor is conducted in close collaboration between Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and Helmholtz Institute Jena. In the cSTART project at KIT, a compact storage ring optimized for short bunches and suitable to accept LPA-based electron bunches is in preparation. In this conference contribution we will introduce the 50 MeV LPA-based injector and give an overview about the project goals. The key parameters of the plasma injector will be presented. Finally, the current status of the project will be summarized.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB163
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 31 May 2021 issue date ※ 21 August 2021
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TUPAB177	Simulating Magnetized Electron Cooling for EIC with JSPEC	electron, scattering, simulation, HOM	1813
	S.J. Coleman, D.L. Bruhwiler, B. Nash, I.V. Pogorelov RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA H. Zhang JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	We present a possible electron cooling configuration for the proposed Electron Ion Collider (EIC) facility, developed using a Nelder-Mead Simplex optimization procedure built into JSPEC, an electron cooling code developed at Jefferson Lab. We show the time evolution of the emittance of the ion beam in the presence of this cooler evaluated assuming the ion distribution remains Gaussian. We also show that bi-gaussian distributions emerge in simulations of ion macro-particles. We show how intra-beam scattering can be treated with a core-tail model in simulations of ion macro-particles. The Sirepo/JSPEC* and Sirepo/Jupyter** apps will be presented, with instructions enabling the community to reproduce our simulations. * https://www.sirepo.com/jspec ** https://www.sirepo.com/jupyter
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB177
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 15 June 2021 issue date ※ 16 August 2021
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TUPAB178	Recommissioning of the CRYRING@ESR Electron Cooler	electron, experiment, acceleration, operation	1816
	C. Krantz, Z. Andelkovic, C. Dimopoulou, W. Geithner, T. Hackler, F. Herfurth, R. Hess, M. Lestinsky, E. Menz, A. Reiter, J. Roßbach, C. Schroeder, A. Täschner, G. Vorobjev GSI, Darmstadt, Germany C. Brandau, S. Schippers Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, I. Physics Institute, Atomic and Molecular Physics, Giessen, Germany V. Hannen, D. Winzen Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Münster, Germany C. Weinheimer Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
	Funding: Parts of this work have been supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under contract numbers 05P19PMFA1 and 05P19RGFA1. The heavy-ion storage ring CRYRING has been recommissioned downstream of GSI’s ESR, which it complements as dedicated low-energy machine. A key element of CRYRING@ESR is its electron cooler, which features one of the coldest electron beams available. This enables efficient phase-space cooling and, in addition, provides very high energy resolution when used as internal electron target. We report on technical upgrades that have been made as part of the re-installation of the cooler at GSI/FAIR and share first results obtained after recommissioning.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB178
About •	paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 16 June 2021 issue date ※ 25 August 2021
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TUPAB189	Design and Simulation of Beam Transport Lines of DC140 Cyclotron	quadrupole, cyclotron, radiation, heavy-ion	1845
	V.I. Lisov, N.S. Kirilkin, A.S. Zabanov JINR/FLNR, Moscow region, Russia I.V. Kalagin, N.Yu. Kazarinov, S.V. Mitrofanov, V.A. Semin JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reaction of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research carries out the works under creating of FLNR JINR Irradiation Facility based on the cyclotron DC140. The DC140 cyclotron is intended for acceleration of heavy ions with mass-to-charge ratio A/Z within interval from 5 to 5.5 up to two fixed energies 2.124 and 4.8 MeV per unit mass. The intensity of the accelerated ions will be about 1 pmcA for light ions (A<86) and about 0.1 pmcA for heavier ions (A>132). The beam transport system has three lines: for SEE testing of microchip, for production of track membranes and for solving of applied physics problems. The design and simulation of the beam transport system from cyclotron is presented in this report. The beam focusing in the beam lines is provided by set of quadrupole lenses. The beam diagnostics system consists of the Faraday caps, luminophores and the magnetic scanning system.
	Poster TUPAB189 [0.958 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB189
About •	paper received ※ 14 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 June 2021 issue date ※ 17 August 2021
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TUPAB199	Progress on the Proton Power Upgrade at the Spallation Neutron Source	klystron, linac, cryomodule, proton	1876
	M.S. Champion, C.N. Barbier, M.S. Connell, J. Galambos, M.P. Howell, S.-H. Kim, J.S. Moss, B.W. Riemer, K.S. White ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA E. Daly JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA N.J. Evans, G.D. Johns ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
	Funding: ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 for the U.S. Department of Energy. This research was supported by the DOE Office of Science, Basic Energy Science. The Proton Power Upgrade Project at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory will double the proton power capability from 1.4 to 2.8 MW. This will be accomplished through an energy increase from 1.0 to 1.3 GeV and a beam current increase from 26 to 38 mA. The energy increase will be accomplished through the addition of 7 cryomodules to the linear accelerator (Linac). The beam current increase will be supported by upgrading several radio-frequency systems in the normal-conducting section of the Linac. Upgrades to the accumulator ring injection and extraction regions will accommodate the increase in beam energy. A new 2-MW-capable target and supporting systems will be developed and installed. Conventional facility upgrades include build-out of the existing klystron gallery and construction of a tunnel stub to facilitate future beam transport to the second target station. The project received approval to proceed with construction in October 2020. Procurements are in progress, and some installation activities have already occurred. Most of the installation will take place during three outages in 2022-2023. The project early finish is planned for 2025.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB199
About •	paper received ※ 10 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 28 May 2021 issue date ※ 21 August 2021
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TUPAB204	Upgrade of Los Alamos Accelerator Facility as a Fusion Prototypic Neutron Source	neutron, radiation, linac, proton	1890
	Y.K. Batygin, E.J. Pitcher LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	Funding: Work supported by US DOE under contract 89233218CNA000001 The Fusion Prototypic Neutron Source (FPNS) is considered to be a testbed for scientific understanding of material degradation in future nuclear fusion reactors. The primary mission of FPNS is to provide a damage rate in samples of 8-11 dpa/calendar year with He/dpa ratio of 10 appm in irradiation volume of 50 cubic cm or larger with irradiation temperature 300-1000 deg C and flux gradient less than 20%/cm in the plane of the sample. Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) is an attractive candidate for FPNS project. Accelerator Facility was designed and operated for an extended period as a 0.8-MW Meson Factory. Existing setup of the LANSCE accelerator complex can nearly fulfill requirements of the fusion neutron source station. The primary function of the upgraded accelerator systems is the safe and reliable delivery of a 1.25-mA continuous proton beam current at 800-MeV beam energy from the switchyard to the target assembly to create 1 MW power of proton beam interacting with a solid tungsten target. The present study describes existing accelerator setup and further development required to meet the needs of FPNS project.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB204
About •	paper received ※ 14 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 June 2021 issue date ※ 21 August 2021
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TUPAB210	Construction Status of the COMET Experimental Facility	experiment, solenoid, proton, radiation	1907
	Y. Fukao, K. Agari, H. Akiyama, E. Hirose, M. Ieiri, Y. Igarashi, M.I. Iio, N. Kamei, Y. Katoh, Y. Komatsu, R. Kurasaki, M. Maki, S. Makimura, S. Mihara, M. Minakawa, Y. Morino, F. Muto, H. Nishiguchi, T. Okamura, K. Sasaki, Y. Sato, S. Sawada, N. Sumi, H. Takahashi, K.H. Tanaka, A. Toyoda, K. Ueno, H. Watanabe, Y. Yamanoi, M.Y. Yoshida KEK, Tsukuba, Japan
	COMET (COherent Muon to Electron Transition) is an experimental project that hunts for a phenomenon of the conversion from the muon to the electron (mu-e conversion). The mu-e conversion violates the lepton flavor universality and its discovery indicates a proof of the physics beyond the standard model of the particle physics. The experiment utilizes a high-intensity primary proton-beam of J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex). The proton beam is injected to a target about 700mm long to generate a high intensity muon beam so as to accumulate huge statistics and achieve the final goal of a sensitivity of 10^-16. Construction of the experimental facility is underway at a high pace towards an engineering run in 2022 and the first physics run in 2023. In this presentation, we would like to present a current status of the COMET facility construction.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB210
About •	paper received ※ 17 June 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 13 August 2021
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TUPAB224	Non-Linear Variation of the Beta-Beating Measured From Amplitude	octupole, simulation, optics, resonance	1949
	T. Pugnat, B. Dalena CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France A. Franchi ESRF, Grenoble, France R. Tomás García CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Accelerator physics needs advanced modeling and simulation techniques, for beam stability studies but also for the measurement of beam parameters like the Twiss parameters. A deeper understanding of magnetic field non-linearities effects will greatly help in the improvement of future circular collider design, performance, and diagnostics. This paper studies the variation of the \beta-beating with the action of the particle generated by non-linear Resonance Driving Terms, both from a theoretical and an experimental point of view.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB224
About •	paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 06 July 2021 issue date ※ 21 August 2021
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TUPAB241	Characterization of the RF-Cavities geometry in Order to Optimize the Beam Parameters in S-Band On-Axis LINACs	cavity, electron, emittance, impedance	2005
	A. Khosravi, B. Shokri LAPRI, Tehran, Iran N. Khosravi ILSF, Tehran, Iran
	The RF characteristics of an accelerating tube are primarily assigned to geometrical features of a cavity. As a consequence of this geometry, the final electric field will make the shape of our Gaussian bunch and the final dose. The accelerating field can be studied considering the nose cone, gap, and bore radius. In dual electron linacs, the role of input power and bunch current is inevitable. Therefore, the geometrical issues of RF-cavities are studied in a 6MeV electron on-axis SW tube. To make an accurate comparison, each RF-cavity is designed and optimized by POISSON SU-PERFISH. The optimized cavities are imported to the PIC solver of CST. Then the beam characteristics are studied on a predefined target.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB241
About •	paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 14 June 2021 issue date ※ 30 August 2021
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TUPAB242	The Beam-Study of the Side and On-Axis RF Cavities in S-Band 6 MeV LINACs	cavity, emittance, coupling, impedance	2008
	A. Khosravi, B. Shokri LAPRI, Tehran, Iran N. Khosravi ILSF, Tehran, Iran
	The geometry of side and on-axis RF cavities are two magnetic-coupled designs for the different LINAC applications. The electromagnetic fields, RF power, beam parameters, thermal stability, and manufacturing costs are the most critical factors in cavity type selection in each application. In this article, both RF-cavities are optimized in POISSON SUPERFISH code to compare the beam parameters accurately. Then the optimized cavities are making a tube and compare in ASTRA 1D code and CST 3D software. At last, the thermal sensitivity of both models is studied in MPHYSICS module of the CST. As a result, the final decision can be achieved on the side or on-axis cavities considering the input power, costs, beam properties, and thermal stability for the different applications of the LINACs
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB242
About •	paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 30 August 2021
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TUPAB243	Investigation of the Buncher Effect on Beam Properties in SW 3-6 MeV LINACs	cavity, electron, emittance, impedance	2012
	A. Khosravi, B. Shokri LAPRI, Tehran, Iran N. Khosravi ILSF, Tehran, Iran
	The best quality of an electron beam is the primary goal of a linear accelerator design. Beam-study on a buncher section can lead us to a better perspective of the modulation and acceleration of a beam to optimize the final Gaussian beam. Five setups of different bunchers are designed, optimized, and presented in this article. A more brilliant and converged beam with a higher current, transverse emittance and smaller beam size is the study’s goal.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB243
About •	paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 14 June 2021 issue date ※ 26 August 2021
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TUPAB250	Axicon-Based Concentrator for Cherenkov Radiation	radiation, focusing, diagnostics, simulation	2036
	S.N. Galyamin, A.V. Tyukhtin Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
	Funding: Work supported by Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 18-72-10137). We propose a new type of axisymmetric dielectric target - an "axicon-based concentrator" - which effectively concentrates generated Cherenkov radiation (CR) into a small vicinity of a focus point. It consists of two "glued" bodies of revolution: a hollow axicon and a hollow "lens." A theoretical investigation of the radiation field produced by a charge moving through the discussed radiator is performed for the general case where a charge trajectory is shifted with respect to the structure axis. The idea of a dielectric target with a specific profile of the outer surface and suitable analytical methods were presented and developed in our preceding papers , . An essential advantage of the current version of the device is that it allows the efficient concentration of CR energy from relativistic particles, making this device extremely prospective for various applications such as beam-driven THz sources and bunch diagnostic systems. S.N. Galyamin et al., Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 22, 083001 (2019); 22, 109901 (2019). ** A.V. Tyukhtin et al., Phys. Rev. A 102, 053514 (2020).
	Poster TUPAB250 [1.255 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB250
About •	paper received ※ 24 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 12 August 2021
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TUPAB278	The HL-LHC Beam Gas Vertex Monitor - Simulations for Design Optimisation and Performance Study	detector, impedance, hadron, simulation	2120
	H. Guerin, O.R. Jones, R. Kieffer, B. Kolbinger, T. Lefèvre, B. Salvant, J.W. Storey, R. Veness, C. Zamantzas CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland S.M. Gibson, H. Guerin Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
	The Beam Gas Vertex (BGV) instrument is a non-invasive transverse beam profile monitor being designed as part of the High Luminosity Upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) at CERN. Its aim is to continuously measure bunch-by-bunch beam profiles, independent of beam intensity, throughout the LHC cycle. The primary components of the BGV monitor are a gas target and a forward tracking detector. Secondary particles emerging from inelastic beam-gas interactions are detected by the tracker. The beam profile is then inferred from the spatial distribution of reconstructed vertices of said interactions. Based on insights and conclusions acquired by a demonstrator device that was operated in the LHC during Run 2, a new design is being developed to fulfill the HL-LHC specifications. This contribution describes the status of the simulation studies being performed to evaluate the impact of design parameters on the instrument’s performance and identify gas target and tracker requirements.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB278
About •	paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 30 August 2021
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TUPAB289	Towards Hysteresis Aware Bayesian Regression and Optimization	ISAC, experiment, controls, operation	2159
	R.J. Roussel University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA A. Hanuka SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Award No. PHY-1549132, the Center for Bright Beams. Algorithms used today for accelerator optimization assume a simple proportional relationship between an intermediate tuning parameter and the resultant field or mechanism which influences the beam. This neglects the effects of hysteresis, where the magnetic or mechanical response depends not only on the current parameter value, but also on the historical parameter values. This prevents the use of one to one surrogate models, such as Gaussian processes, to assist in optimization when hysteresis effects are not negligible, since identical points in input space no longer correspond to a same point in output space. In this work, we demonstrate how Bayesian inference can be used in conjunction with Gaussian processes to jointly model both the hysteresis cycle of magnetic elements and the beam response. Using this technique we demonstrate how to model the hysteresis cycle of a magnet during accelerator operation in situ by only measuring the beam response, without direct magnetic field measurements. This allows us to quickly build accurate statistical models of the beam response that can be used for rapid tuning of accelerators where hysteresis effects are dominant.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB289
About •	paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 June 2021 issue date ※ 19 August 2021
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TUPAB307	Robust Optical Instrumentation for Accelerator Alignment Using Frequency Scanning Interferometry	monitoring, laser, radiation, instrumentation	2203
	M. Sosin, H. Mainaud Durand, F. Micolon, V. Rude, J.M. Rutkowski CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The precise alignment of components inside particle accelerators is an important engineering challenge in high-energy physics. Optical interferometry, being a precise, optical distance measurement technique, is often a method of choice in such applications. However, classical fringe-counting interferometers present several drawbacks in terms of system complexity. Due to the increasing availability of broadband, high-speed, sweeping laser sources, Frequency Scanning Interferometry (FSI) based systems, using Fourier analysis of the interference signal, are becoming a subject of growing interest. In the framework of the High-Luminosity LHC project at CERN, a range of FSI-based sensor solutions have been developed and tested. It includes the optical equipment for monitoring the position of cryogenic components inside their cryostats and FSI instrumentation like inclinometers and water-based levelling sensors. This paper presents the results of preliminary tests of these components.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB307
About •	paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 07 June 2021 issue date ※ 12 August 2021
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TUPAB316	New Operational Quantities for Radiation Protection by ICRU and ICRP: Impact on Workplaces at Accelerators	radiation, operation, photon, MMI	2231
	Th. Otto, M. Widorski CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	In radiation protection, Effective Dose E quantifies stochastic radiation detriment. E is defined as a weighted sum of absorbed dose to organs and tissues and cannot be measured directly. ICRU has defined operational quantities to measure effective dose approximately, such as Ambient dose equivalent H(10). At high energies, the estimates provided by H(10) deviate strongly from effective dose. In 2020, ICRU and ICRP have recommended new operational quantities for external radiation with a definition close to the one of effective dose, and published an extensive collection of conversion coefficients from particle fluence to the new quantities (1). Ambient dose H* serves for operational monitoring purposes. The new definition alleviates the observed discrepancies of H(10) with effective dose. In this paper, we present a numerical study of effective dose E, ambient dose equivalent H(10) and ambient dose H* in radiation fields at workplaces at proton- and electron accelerators. These places include locations behind primary shielding, in access mazes and in the vicinity of activated accelerator components. (1) ICRU Report 95, Operational quantities for external radiation
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB316
About •	paper received ※ 11 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 July 2021 issue date ※ 23 August 2021
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TUPAB319	SNS Credited Beam Power Limit System Preliminary Design	PLC, timing, controls, dipole	2242
	C. Deibele ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA K.L. Mahoney ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
	The Controls Group at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is designing a programmable signal processor based credited safety control that calculates pulsed beam power based on beam kinetic energy and charge. The system must reliably shut off the beam if the average power exceeds 2.145 MW averaged over 60 seconds. This paper discusses architecture and design choices needed to develop the system under the auspices of a programmable radiation-safety credit control.
	Poster TUPAB319 [1.925 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB319
About •	paper received ※ 16 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 July 2021 issue date ※ 25 August 2021
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TUPAB400	Manufacturing of Ceramic Vacuum Chambers for Sirius On-Axis Kicker	vacuum, kicker, HOM, niobium	2457
	R. Defavari, O.R. Bagnato, M.W.A. Feitosa, F.R. Francisco, D.Y. Kakizaki, R.L. Parise, R.D. Ribeiro LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
	Ceramic vacuum chambers were produced by LNLS for the Sirius kickers. Alumina tubes with an elliptical inner shape of 9.5 mm (V) x 29 mm (H) and 500 mm long were successfully manufactured by a Brazilian company. Metallic F136 titanium flanges were brazed to Nb inserts using Ag-58.5Cu-31.5Pd wt% alloy, these inserts were brazed to the ceramic using Ag-26.7Cu-4.5Ti wt% active filler metal. A titanium film was coated inside the chamber using argon plasma by RF Magnetron Sputtering technique. Samples have been investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to measure film thickness along the inner section of the tube, coating morphology, chemical composition and homogeneity. The total electrical resistance of the tube was also monitored during the sputtering process to achieve the desired value (0.2 ohms/square). In this contribution, we present the results of an On-Axis kicker manufacturing process developed by LNLS.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB400
About •	paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 31 May 2021 issue date ※ 29 August 2021
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TUPAB404	Monte Carlo Studies for Shielding Design for High Energy Linac for Medical Isotope Generation	neutron, shielding, photon, radiation	2469
	N. Upadhyay, S. Chacko University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India A.P. Deshpande, T.S. Dixit, P.S. Jadhav, R. Krishnan SAMEER, Mumbai, India
	The widely used radioactive tracer Technetium-99m (99mTc) is traditionally produced from Uranium via 235U (n, f) 99Mo reactions which depends heavily on nuclear reactors. Design studies for an alternative, cleaner approach for radioisotope generation using a high energy electron linac were initiated at SAMEER to generate 99Mo. The electron beam from a 30 MeV linac with an average current of 350 µA will be bombarded on a convertor target to produce X-rays which will be bombarded on enriched 100Mo target to produce 99Mo via (g, n) reaction. 99mTc will be eluted from 99Mo. The photons and neutrons produced in the process should be shielded appropriately to ensure radiation safety. This paper brings out the use of Monte Carlo techniques for photon and neutron shielding for our application. We used FLUKA to calculate the fluence, angular distribution and dose for photons and neutrons. Then, we introduced various layers of lead followed by HDPE, 5% borated HDPE and 40% boron rubber to ensure that the proposed shielding is sufficient to completely shield the photon as well as neutron radiation and hence is safe for operation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB404
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 22 June 2021 issue date ※ 25 August 2021
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TUPAB405	Design of High Energy Linac for Generation of Isotopes for Medical Applications	linac, electron, gun, controls	2472
	A.P. Deshpande, S.R. Bhat, T.S. Dixit, P.S. Jadhav, A.S. Kottawar, R. Krishnan, M.S. Kumbhare, J. Mishra, C.S. Nainwad, S.R. Name, R. Sandeep Kumar, A. Shaikh, K.A. Thakur, M.M. Vidwans, A. Waingankar SAMEER, Mumbai, India A.K. Mishra INMAS, New Delhi, India N. Upadhyay University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
	Funding: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Govt. of India. After successful implementation of 6 and 15 MeV electron linear accelerator (linac) technology for Cancer Therapy in India, we initiated the development of high energy high current accelerator for the production of radioisotopes for diagnostic applications. The accelerator will be of 30 MeV energy with 350 µA average current provided by a gridded gun. The linac is a side coupled standing wave accelerator operating at 2998 MHz frequency operating at p/2 mode. The choice of p/2 operating mode is particularly suitable for this case where the repetition rate will be around 400 Hz. Klystron with 7 MW peak power and 36 kW average power will be used as the RF source. The modulator will be a solid-state modulator. The control system is FPGA based setup developed in-house at SAMEER. A retractable target with tungsten will be used as a converter to generate X-rays via bremsstrahlung. The x-rays will then interact with enriched 100Mo target to produce 99Mo via (g, n) reaction. Eluted 99mTc will be used for diagnostic applications. The paper lists the challenges and novel schemes developed at SAMEER to make a compact, rugged, and easy to use system keeping in mind local conditions.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB405
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 23 June 2021 issue date ※ 02 September 2021
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TUPAB406	Search for New Isotope Production Pathways	neutron, isotope-production, background, diagnostics	2475
	L.F. Dabill Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA A. Hutton JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	The isotope group at Jefferson Lab is carrying out R&D for producing medically interesting radioisotopes, especially those with theranostic (therapeutic and diagnostic) attributes. Here the search for viable production mechanisms has been expanded to multi-step reactions where a daughter is produced from the target and decays into a medically interesting granddaughter radioisotope. It is difficult to find efficient production routes when investigating both the initial excitation reaction as well as the decay routes leading to medically interesting isotopes. The overall goal of this project is to create a structured code in Python to find these decay routes by automatically exploring the large number of isotopes and their possible decay modes. The program structure is described, and preliminary results are presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB406
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 31 May 2021 issue date ※ 14 August 2021
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TUPAB408	A Novel Automatic Focusing System for the Production of Radioisotopes for Theranostics	cyclotron, detector, radiation, focusing	2480
	P. Häffner, C. Belver-Aguilar, S. Braccini, P. Casolaro, G. Dellepiane, I. Mateu, P. Scampoli, M. Schmid AEC, Bern, Switzerland P. Scampoli Naples University Federico II, Napoli, Italy
	Funding: This research was partially funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). Grants:200021₁75749, CRSII5₁80352, CR23I2₁56852. A research program on the production of novel radioisotopes for theranostics is ongoing at the 18 MeV Bern medical cyclotron laboratory equipped with a solid target station. Targets are made of rare and expensive isotope enriched materials in form of compressed 6 mm diameter pellets. The irradiation of such a small target is challenging. A specific capsule has been developed made of two aluminum halves kept together by permanent magnets. Since the beam extracted from a medical cyclotron is about 12 mm FWHM, an automatic compact focusing system was conceived and constructed to optimise the irradiation procedure. It is based on a 0.5 m long magnetic system, embedding two quadrupoles and two steering magnets, and a non-destructive beam monitoring detector located in front of the target. The profiles measured by the detector are elaborated by a specific software that, through a feedback optimisation algorithm, acts on the magnets and keeps the beam focused on target. Being about 1 m long, it can be installed in any existing medical cyclotron facility. The design of the first prototype together with the results of the first beam tests are presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB408
About •	paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 June 2021 issue date ※ 19 August 2021
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TUPAB412	New 3 MeV and 7 MeV Accelerators for Cargo Screening and NDT	electron, gun, linac, software	2491
	S. Proskin, D. Fischer, A.V. Mishin Varex Imaging, Salt Lake City, USA
	For decades evaluating of cargo and non-destructive testing of objects have been utilizing high energy systems based on particle accelerators. End users wish for lower prices, better image quality, and convenience of utilization. In recent years Varex Imaging, world leader in innovation, development, and manufacture of X-ray imaging component solutions, has been developing a series of new accelerator products with improved parameters and a goal of replacing existing dated systems and growing of emerging markets. New S-band energy regulated 3 MeV and 7 MeV linear accelerators have been designed, tested at Varex Imaging and their customer sites. Novel linacs benefit is in dramatically increased output, reduced beam spot, longer operation, and improved versatility. Authors will outline recent progress and future endeavors in linear accelerator development with regards to improvement of accelerating structures, X-ray targets, and corresponding RF components. This work would have not been successful without outstanding contribution of the whole Linac Group of Varex Imaging and established partnerships with our customers*
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB412
About •	paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 June 2021 issue date ※ 18 August 2021
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TUPAB415	Irradiation Methods and Infrastructure Concepts of New Beam Lines for NICA Applied Research	radiation, quadrupole, detector, diagnostics	2498
	G.A. Filatov, A. Agapov, A.V. Butenko, K.N. Shipulin, A. Slivin, E. Syresin, A. Tuzikov, A.S. Vorozhtsov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia S. Antoine, W. Beeckman, X.G. Duveau, J. Guerra-Phillips, P.J. Jehanno SIGMAPHI S.A., Vannes, France
	Nowadays space exploration has faced the issue of radiation risk to microelectronics and biological objects. The new beamlines and irradiation stations of the Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) at JINR are currently under construction to study this issue. The beamline parameters, different methods for homogeneous irradiation of targets such as scanning, and beam profile shaping by octupole magnets are discussed. A short description of the building infrastructure, magnet elements, and detectors for these beamlines is also given.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB415
About •	paper received ※ 11 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 June 2021 issue date ※ 13 August 2021
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WEPAB013	A New Algorithm for Positron Source Parameter Optimisation	positron, electron, simulation, linac	2609
	Y. Zhao, L. Ma SDU, Shandong, People’s Republic of China S. Döbert, A. Latina CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	In this report, we proposed a new simple and efficient algorithm for positron source parameter optimisation, which is based on iterations of scan of free parameters in the simulation. The new algorithm is fast, simple and convincing since the results can be visually drawn and flexibly tuned and it has an advantage that it can easily handle realistic parametric problems with more than one objective quantities to optimise. The optimisation of the main parameters of the CLIC positron source at the 380 GeV stage is presented as an example to demonstrate how the algorithm works.
	Poster WEPAB013 [1.352 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB013
About •	paper received ※ 15 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 June 2021 issue date ※ 17 August 2021
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WEPAB014	Optimisation of the CLIC Positron Source	positron, simulation, linac, electron	2613
	Y. Zhao, L. Ma SDU, Shandong, People’s Republic of China H.M.A. Bajas, S. Döbert, A. Latina CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	In this report, we reoptimised the CLIC positron source at all collision energy stages. Simulation, optimisation algorithm and results were all improved compared with previous studies. Two different target schemes were studied and compared in terms of the advantages and disadvantages. The spot size of the injected electron beam was also optimised to achieve a compromise between large positron yields and safe energy deposition. The matching device for the capture of positrons was simulated and optimised with both improved analytic and realistic field maps. Conical aperture and front and rear gaps of the matching device were also considered for the first time. The optimised positron source is expected to have the lowest cost.
	Poster WEPAB014 [1.825 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB014
About •	paper received ※ 15 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 25 August 2021
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WEPAB015	Comparison of Different Matching Device Field Profiles for the FCC-ee Positron Source	positron, linac, electron, simulation	2617
	Y. Zhao, L. Ma SDU, Shandong, People’s Republic of China B. Auchmann, P. Craievich, J. Kosse, R. Zennaro PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland I. Chaikovska, R. Chehab Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France S. Döbert, A. Latina CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland P.V. Martyshkin BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	In this report, we compared different matching device field profiles for the FCC-ee positron source. The matching device is used to capture positrons with magnetic field. A flux concentrator was designed with a conical inner chamber. A smaller aperture and a larger aperture were studied. An analytic field profile was also studied using an adiabatic formula. The peak field of the analytic profile as well as beam and target parameters was optimised to achieve a maximum positron yield. A safe energy deposition in the target was guaranteed by requiring a constraint on the deposited power and peak energy deposition density.
	Poster WEPAB015 [3.066 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB015
About •	paper received ※ 15 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 23 June 2021 issue date ※ 30 August 2021
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WEPAB016	Snowmass’21 Accelerator Frontier	collider, hadron, electron, luminosity	2621
	V.D. Shiltsev Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA S.A. Gourlay LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA T.O. Raubenheimer SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Snowmass’21 is decadal particle physics community planning study. It provides an opportunity for the entire particle physics community to come together to identify and document a scientific vision for the future of particle physics in the U.S. and its international partners. Snowmass will define the most important questions for the field of particle physics and identify promising opportunities to address them. The P5, Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel, will take the scientific input from Snowmass and develop a strategic plan for U.S. particle physics that can be executed over a 10 year timescale, in the context of a 20-year global vision for the field. Here we present the goals, progress and plans of the Snowmass’21 Accelerator Frontier.
	Poster WEPAB016 [1.108 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB016
About •	paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 23 June 2021 issue date ※ 12 August 2021
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WEPAB139	Beam Tracking Simulations for Stage 1 of the Laser-Hybrid Accelerator for Radiobiological Applications (LhARA)	laser, proton, simulation, plasma	2939
	H.T. Lau Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
	The Laser-hybrid Accelerator for Radiobiological Applications (LhARA) is a unique and flexible facility proposed for radiobiological studies. The first stage of LhARA consists of an intense laser source interacting with a thin foil target producing a large flux of protons with energies up to 15 MeV. Particles will propagate through a combination of plasma (Gabor) lenses and magnetic elements to an achromat arc delivering the beam vertically to an in-vitro end station. An end-to-end simulation from the laser source to the end station is required to verify the conceptual design of the beamline. The laser-plasma interaction is simulated with Smilei (a particle-in-cell code) to produce a two-dimensional (2D) distribution of particles. Whilst it is possible to simulate the laser-plasma interaction in three dimensions (3D), access to the computing resources needed to run highly resolved simulations was not available. A sampling routine will be described which samples the 2D distribution to generate a 3D beam. The Monte Carlo simulation programs BDSIM and GPT were used to track the beam. Results of the simulations will be shown and compared to the results of an idealized Gaussian beam.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB139
About •	paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021 issue date ※ 10 August 2021
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WEPAB144	A New Flux Concentrator Made of Cu Alloy for the SuperKEKB Positron Source	positron, operation, vacuum, GUI	2954
	Y. Enomoto, K. Abe, N. Okada, T. Takatomi KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	Flux concentrator (FC) is one of important device for positron source which translates position and momentum spread of the particles adiabatically to match them to the acceptance of the following section. To realize higher positron yield, higher magnetic field is desired. However, higher field by higher current generate stronger force on the coil. Since the gap between each turn of the coil is as narrow as 0.2 mm and the voltage across them is about as high as 1 kV at the design current, slight deformation of the coil cause discharge between the gap. To avoid such problem, a new FC made of Cu alloy which has 40 times higher yield strength than that of pure Cu was designed and tested. Finally, during summer shutdown in 2020, the old FC made of pure Cu was replaced by the new one made of Cu alloy in the KEK electron positron injector linac. The new one has been working stably at the design current, 12 kA, since Oct. 2020, and positron yield of 0.5 was realized. There were no discharge and other trouble till now.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB144
About •	paper received ※ 08 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021 issue date ※ 26 August 2021
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WEPAB166	Concept of an Accelerator-Driven Neutron Source for the Production of Atmospheric Radiations	neutron, shielding, proton, radiation	2998
	P. Lee, N.-W. Kang Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea M. Moon KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work has been supported through KOMAC operation fund of KAERI and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2021R1C1C1007100). At the Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC) of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), we are studying an accelerator-driven neutron source for the production of white neutron beams that resemble the atmospheric radiations on the earth. In the concept of the neutron source, high-energy neutrons are generated by using a 200-MeV proton beam on a heavy-metal target in a target station, which is consisted of a target, moderator, reflector, and biological shields, and a part of the high-energy neutrons are guided in a forward direction to make neutron beams with the atmospheric-like energy spectrum. The conceptual design has 6 more thermal-neutron beamlines at the separation of 30 degrees for the fundamental research on neutron science. Here, we present the concepts of the target station and basic parameters regarding the neutron source.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB166
About •	paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021 issue date ※ 28 August 2021
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WEPAB185	Target Bypass Beam Optics for Future High Intensity Fixed Target Experiments in the CERN North Area	experiment, proton, quadrupole, optics	3046
	G.L. D’Alessandro, D. Banerjee, J. Bernhard, M. Brugger, N. Doble, L. Gatignon, A. Gerbershagen, B. Rae, F.M. Velotti CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland S.M. Gibson JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
	Several of the proposed experiments for operation at the K12 beam line would profit from significant beam intensity increase. Among those, there is the KLEVER experiment that would require an intensity of 2x10¹³ protons per 4.8 s long spill. The main goal of the experiment is to measure BR(KL->pi0 nu nu) to test the Standard Model structure by itself, and in combination with results from NA62 for BR(K±>pi+ nu nu). NA62 could also profit from higher intensities, and could be run in a new configuration called NA62HI(gher intensity). In the current configuration the beam is transported from the SPS to the TT24 beamline. This beamline leads to the T4 target that attenuates the beam for P42. After T4 the beam is directed into the P42 beamline before impinging on the T10 target and creating the particles necessary for the experiment. Those are finally transported to the detector via K12. This paper presents the idea of partially bypassing T4 and changing the P42 beamline configuration in order to have a sufficiently small beam size at the T10 target for both KLEVER and NA62-HI. Optics studies are developed in MADX and the AppLE.py, software developed at CERN.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB185
About •	paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021 issue date ※ 27 August 2021
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WEPAB186	Studies for the K12 High-Intensity Kaon Beam at CERN	detector, experiment, simulation, kaon	3049
	G.L. D’Alessandro, D. Banerjee, J. Bernhard, M. Brugger, N. Doble, L. Gatignon, A. Gerbershagen, R. Marchevski, B. Rae, S. Schuchmann, F.W. Stummer, M.W.U. Van Dijk CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland S.T. Boogert, S.M. Gibson, L.J. Nevay JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
	The NA62 experiment is a fixed target experiment located in the North Area of CERN and has as main goal the measurement of the branching ratio of the rare decay K±>pi+vv. The primary proton beam from the SPS accelerator interacts with the T10 beryllium target and the generated 75 GeV/c secondary particles, containing about 6% of positive kaons, are transported by the K12 beamline to the NA62 experiment. Studies in this paper present detailed simulations of the K12 beamline developed in both FLUKA and BDSIM codes, which reproduce the current configuration of K12 for the NA62 experiment. The beam optics parameters of K12 are studied in BDSIM and compared to MADX optics and tracking calculations. The models in FLUKA and BDSIM are used for beam studies and muon production at various locations along the beamline, and the parameters obtained from simulations are benchmarked against data recorded by the experiment. The impact of the Cherenkov kaon tagging detector (CEDAR) on the beam quality is calculated for two different gas compositions in view of a possible upgrade of the detector.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB186
About •	paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021 issue date ※ 27 August 2021
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WEPAB187	The ENUBET Multi Momentum Secondary Beamline Design	kaon, electron, proton, experiment	3053
	E.G. Parozzi, N. Charitonidis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland G. Brunetti, E.G. Parozzi, F. Terranova Universita Milano Bicocca, MILANO, Italy A. Longhin, M. Pari, F. Pupilli INFN- Sez. di Padova, Padova, Italy A. Longhin, M. Pari Univ. degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy E.G. Parozzi, F. Terranova INFN MIB, MILANO, Italy
	The aim of neutrino physics for the next decades is to detect effects due to CP violation, mass hierarchy, and search for effects beyond the Standard Model predictions. Future experiments need precise measurements of the neutrino interaction cross-sections at the ~GeV/c regime, currently limited by the exact knowledge of the initial neutrino flux on a ~10-20% uncertainty level. The ENUBET project is proposing a novel facility, capable of constraining the neutrino flux normalization through the precise monitoring of the Ke3 (K±>e+pi0nu) decay products in an instrumented decay tunnel. ENUBET can also monitor muons from the two body kaon and pion decays (nu flux) and measure the neutrino energy with a 10% precision without relying on the event reconstruction at the neutrino detector. We present here a novel design based on a broad (4-8.5 GeV/c) momentum range secondary beamline, that widen the cross-section energy range that can be explored by ENUBET. In this poster, we discuss the target optimization studies and we show the early results on the new line’s optics and the layout design. We discuss the expected performance of this line and the forthcoming activities.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB187
About •	paper received ※ 13 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 29 July 2021 issue date ※ 14 August 2021
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WEPAB202	Thermal Analysis of a Compact Split-Coaxial CW RFQ for the IsoDAR RFQ-DIP	rfq, simulation, cyclotron, injection	3097
	D. Koser, J.M. Conrad, D. Winklehner MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA H. Podlech, U. Ratzinger, M. Schuett BEVATECH, Frankfurt, Germany
	The RFQ direct injection project (RFQ-DIP) for the neutrino physics experiment IsoDAR aims at an efficient injection of a high-current H²⁺ beam into the dedicated 60 MeV driver cyclotron. Therefore, it is intended to use a compact 32.8 MHz RFQ structure of the split-coaxial type as a pre-buncher. To determine the thermal elongation of the 1.4 m long electrode rods as well as the thermal frequency detuning of the RF structure at a maximum nominal power load of 3.6 kW, an extensive thermal and structural mechanical analysis using COMSOL Multiphysics was conducted. The water heating along the cooling channels as well as the properties of heat transfer from the copper structure to the cooling water were taken into account, which required CFD simulations of the cooling water flow in the turbulent regime. Here we present the methods and results of the sophisticated thermal and structural mechanical simulations using COMSOL and provide a comparison to more simplistic simulations conducted with CST Studio Suite.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB202
About •	paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021 issue date ※ 14 August 2021
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WEPAB212	Physics Studies for the LBNF Graphite Target Design	focusing, detector, simulation, proton	3123
	J.J. Back University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
	We present the simulated physics performance of the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) graphite target that is being designed by the RAL High Power Targets Group for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). We first compare three conceptual cylindrical target design options as a function of target length (up to 2.2 m): downstream supported, two individual targets and an upstream-supported cantilever. Choosing the cantilever design as the baseline, we show the effect of widening the upstream inner conductor of the first focusing horn to provide extra space for supporting the target. We also give estimates of the expected performance of the 1.5 m prototype and 1.8 m production cantilevered targets. Furthermore, we show the effects of the main engineering updates made to the other two focusing horns since the DUNE TDR.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB212
About •	paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 05 July 2021 issue date ※ 26 August 2021
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WEPAB255	Simulation Studies on the Interactions of Electron Beam with Wastewater	electron, radiation, simulation, photon	3236
	X. Li, H. Baumgart, G. Ciovati ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA G. Ciovati, F.E. Hannon, S. Wang JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: Jefferson Lab LDRD The manufactured chemical pollutants, like 1,4 dioxane and PFAS (per- and polyfluroralkyl substances), found in the underground water and/or drinking water are challenging to be removed or biodegraded. Energetic electrons are capable of mediating and removing them. This paper utilizes FLUKA code to evaluate the beam-wastewater interaction effects with different energy, space and divergence distributions of the electron beam. With 8 MeV average energy, the electron beam exits from a 0.0127 cm thick titanium window, travels through a 4.3 cm distance air and a second 0.0127 cm thick stainless water container window with 2.43 cm radius, and finally is injected into the water area, where the volume of water is around 75 cubic cm. The distribution parameters of the electron beam are from the GPT (General Particle Tracer) simulations for UITF (Upgraded Injector Test Facility) in Jefferson lab. By varying the distributions, several measurements including the dose (or energy deposition) distribution, electron fluence, photon fluence are scored and compared. Taking the comparisons into consideration, this paper is aiming to find better electron beams for the wastewater irradiation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB255
About •	paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 25 June 2021 issue date ※ 14 August 2021
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WEPAB259	Impact of the Magnet Alignment and Field Errors on the Output Uniform Beam at the DONES HEBT Line	neutron, multipole, octupole, linac	3251
	C. Oliver, A. Ibarra, J. Mollá, I. Podadera, R. Varela CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain H. Dzitko F4E, Germany O. Nomen, D. Sánchez-Herranz IREC, Sant Adria del Besos, Spain
	Funding: This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 633053 IFMIF-DONES will be a facility devoted to study the degradation of advanced materials for operation of fusion reactors. Motivated by the need of optimizing the neutron irradiation to the materials samples, the HEBT line of the deuteron DONES (DEMO Oriented Neutron Source) accelerator is based on non-linear magnetic fields. By using octupoles and dodecapoles magnets, it is possible to shape the beam profile to achieve the demanded rectangular uniform distribution across the flat top of the beam profile, with high edge peaks in the horizontal direction. Special optics conditions are obtained with a proper setting of quadrupole magnets to minimize the x-y coupling. Additionally, the high beam power (5 MW, for a 125 mA, 40 MeV deuteron beam) in conjunction with the huge space charge makes challenging the HEBT line design to avoid non-controlled losses, except in the devoted scrapers. A comprehensive beam dynamics analysis has been made using TraceWin code. It includes extensive error studies to define tolerances and verify the robustness of the design with respect to magnet misalignment, power supply instabilities and injection parameters.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB259
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 26 July 2021 issue date ※ 17 August 2021
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WEPAB279	On Wire-Corrector Optimization in the HL-LHC and the Appearance of Special Aspect Ratios	optics, coupling, insertion, resonance	3297
	D. Kaltchev TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	For the two high-luminosity insertions of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) current bearing wire correctors are intended to mitigate the detrimental effect of long-range beam-beam interactions. With respect to finding the optimum longitudinal location of the wire, two special locations corresponding to the special values 2 and 1/2 of the beta-function aspect ratio have been previously shown to provide simultaneous cancellation of multiple two-dimensional Resonance Driving Terms. This paper attempts to explain the appearance of such special aspect ratios.
	Poster WEPAB279 [1.238 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB279
About •	paper received ※ 14 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 19 July 2021 issue date ※ 13 August 2021
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WEPAB289	Machine Learning Based Spatial Light Modulator Control for the Photoinjector Laser at FLUTE	laser, electron, network, experiment	3332
	C. Xu, E. Bründermann, A.-S. Müller, M.J. Nasse, A. Santamaria Garcia, C. Sax, C. Widmann KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany A. Eichler DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	Funding: C. Xu acknowledges the support by the DFG-funded Doctoral School "Karlsruhe School of Elementary and Astroparticle Physics: Science and Technology". FLUTE (Ferninfrarot Linac- und Test-Experiment) at KIT is a compact linac-based test facility for novel accelerator technology and a source of intense THz radiation. FLUTE is designed to provide a wide range of electron bunch charges from the pC- to nC-range, high electric fields up to 1.2 GV/m, and ultra-short THz pulses down to the fs-timescale. The electrons are generated at the RF photoinjector, where the electron gun is driven by a commercial titanium sapphire laser. In this kind of setup the electron beam properties are determined by the photoinjector, but more importantly by the characteristics of the laser pulses. Spatial light modulators can be used to transversely and longitudinally shape the laser pulse, offering a flexible way to shape the laser beam and subsequently the electron beam, influencing the produced THz pulses. However, nonlinear effects inherent to the laser manipulation (transportation, compression, third harmonic generation) can distort the original pulse. In this paper we propose to use machine learning methods to manipulate the laser and electron bunch, aiming to generate tailor-made THz pulses. The method is demonstrated experimentally in a test setup.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB289
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 06 July 2021 issue date ※ 26 August 2021
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WEPAB292	Application of Machine Learning to Predict the Response of the Liquid Mercury Target at the Spallation Neutron Source	neutron, simulation, proton, experiment	3340
	L. Lin, S. Gorti, J.C. Mach, H. Tran, D.E. Winder ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
	Funding: Basic Energy Sciences U.S. Department of Energy SC-22/Germantown Building 1000 Independence Avenue., SW Washington, DC 20585 P: (301) 903 - 3081 F: (301) 903 - 6594 The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is currently the most powerful accelerator-driven neutron source in the world. The intense proton pulses strike on SNS’s mercury target to provide bright neutron beams, which also leads to severe fluid-structure interactions inside the target. Prediction of resultant loading on the target is difficult particularly when helium gas is intentionally injected into mercury to reduce the loading and mitigate the pitting damage on the target’s internal walls. Leveraging the power of machine learning and the measured target strain, we have developed machine learning surrogates for modeling the discrepancy between simulations and experimental strain data. We then employ these surrogates to guide the refinement of the high-fidelity mercury/helium mixture model to predict a better match of target strain response.
	Poster WEPAB292 [0.930 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB292
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 July 2021 issue date ※ 10 August 2021
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WEPAB328	Rapid Surface Microanalysis Using a Low Temperature Plasma	plasma, cathode, electron, radiation	3440
	V.G. Dudnikov, M.A. Cummings, R.P. Johnson Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA
	There is a need for rapid, high-resolution (micron or sub-micron) scanning of surfaces of special nuclear materials (SNM) and surrogate materials to locate and identify regions of abnormalities. One technique that is commonly used to analyze the composition of solid surfaces and thin films is secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). SIMS devices are very complex and expensive. We propose to develop simpler, less expensive surface analysis devices, based on glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GOES) that can provide excellent spatial resolution. Ions from a plasma discharge sputtered atoms from the surface and the discharge electrons effectively excite and ionize the sputtered atoms. GOES uses the light emitted by the excited particles for quantitative analysis. In the GOES device, the ion flux is extracted from the gas-discharge plasma and focused to a micron size on the sample, providing very local sputtering and local elemental analysis. The radiation from the sputtered atoms is passed through an optical fiber to an optical spectrometer and recorded. To register the distribution of elements over the sample, the sample is scanned electro-mechanically.
	Poster WEPAB328 [0.385 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB328
About •	paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 29 July 2021 issue date ※ 02 September 2021
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WEPAB333	Installation and Commissioning of the Sirius Vacuum System	vacuum, booster, storage-ring, MMI	3455
	R.M. Seraphim, R.O. Ferraz, H.G. Filho, G.R. Gomes, P.H. Lima, R.F. Oliveira, B.M. Ramos, T.M. Rocha, D.R. Silva, M.B. Silva LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
	The installation of the Sirius accelerators was completed in 2019. The vacuum installation of the booster took place in October 2018. The booster vacuum chambers were baked-out ex-situ and the vacuum pumps, gauges and valves were assembled prior to the installation in the tunnel. The vacuum installation of the storage ring took place from May to August 2019. The vacuum system of the storage ring is based on fully NEG-coated chambers and each sector was baked-out in-situ for NEG activation. The average static pressure in the booster is in the range of low 10^-9 mbar. In the storage ring, 95% of the pressures are in 10-11 mbar range and 5% are in 10-10 mbar range. The first beam was stored in the storage ring in December 2019. The vacuum system has been performing well, and an effective beam cleaning effect has been observed for the NEG-coated chambers. At a beam dose of 70 A-h, the storage ring already achieved the design normalized average dynamic pressure of 3x10 12 mbar/mA. A summary of the installation and the commissioning status of the vacuum system will be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB333
About •	paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 14 June 2021 issue date ※ 22 August 2021
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WEPAB338	Amorphous Carbon Coating in SPS	vacuum, electron, operation, multipactoring	3475
	W. Vollenberg, P. Chiggiato, P. Costa Pinto, P. Cruikshank, H. Moreno, C. Pasquino, J. Perez Espinos, M. Taborelli CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Within the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) project, the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) needs to be upgraded to inject into the LHC higher intensity and brighter 25-ns bunch spaced beams. To mitigate the Electron Multipacting (E.M.) phenomenon, a well-known limiting factor for high-intensity positively charged beams, CERN developed carbon coatings with a low Secondary Electron Yield (SEY). During the 2016 & 2017 year-end technical stops, such coatings were deposited on the inner wall of the vacuum chambers of some SPS quadrupole and dipole magnets by a dedicated in-situ setup. A much larger scale deployment was implemented during the Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2020) to coat all beam pipes of focussing quadrupoles (QF) and their adjacent short straight sections. In this contribution, we remind the motivation of the project, and present the results and the quality control of the carbon coating campaign during the latter phase of implementation.

Paper

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MOPAB005

Studies for an LHC Pilot Run with Oxygen Beams

luminosity, MMI, operation, proton

53

R. Bruce, R. Alemany-Fernández, H. Bartosik, M.A. Jebramcik, J.M. Jowett, M. Schaumann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Motivated by the study of collective effects in small systems with oxygen-oxygen (O-O) collisions, and improvements to the understanding of high-energy cosmic ray interactions from proton-oxygen (p-O) collisions, a short LHC oxygen run during Run 3 has been proposed. This article presents estimates for the obtainable luminosity performance in these two running modes based on simulations of a typical fill. The requested integrated luminosity, projected beam conditions, data-taking and commissioning times are considered and a running scenario is proposed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB005

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paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 25 May 2021 issue date ※ 19 August 2021

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MOPAB009

Review of the Fixed Target Operation at RHIC in 2020

experiment, operation, controls, kicker

69

C. Liu, P. Adams, E.N. Beebe, S. Binello, I. Blackler, M. Blaskiewicz, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, B.D. Coe, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, C.E. Giorgio, X. Gu, T. Hayes, K. Hock, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, T. Kanesue, D. Kayran, N.A. Kling, B. Lepore, Y. Luo, D. Maffei, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, J. Morris, C. Naylor, S. Nemesure, M. Okamura, I. Pinayev, S. Polizzo, D. Raparia, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Roser, J. Sandberg, V. Schoefer, S. Seletskiy, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, P. Thieberger, M. Valette, A. Zaltsman, I. Zane, K. Zeno, W. Zhang
BNL, Upton, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
As part of the Beam Energy Scan (BES) physics program, RHIC operated in Fixed Target mode at various beam energies in 2020. The fixed target experiment, achieved by scraping the beam halo of the circulating beam on a gold ring inserted in the beam pipe upstream of the experimental detectors, extends the range of the center-of-mass energy for BES. The machine configuration, control of rates, and results of the fixed target experiment operation in 2020 will be presented in this report.

Poster MOPAB009 [2.913 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB009

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paper received ※ 16 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 17 August 2021 issue date ※ 23 August 2021

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MOPAB013

Radiation to Electronics Impact on CERN LHC Operation: Run 2 Overview and HL-LHC Outlook

radiation, operation, luminosity, electron

80

Y.Q. Aguiar, A. Apollonio, F. Cerutti, S. Danzeca, R. García Alía, G. Lerner, D. Prelipcean, M. Sabaté-Gilarte
CERN, Geneva 23, Switzerland

Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project
After the mitigation measures implemented during Run 1 (2010-2012) and Long Shutdown 1 (LS1, 2013-2014), the number of equipment failures due to radiation effects on electronics (R2E) leading to LHC beam dumps and/or machine downtime has been sufficiently low as to yield a minor impact on the accelerator performance. During Run 2 (2015-2018) the R2E related failures per unit of integrated luminosity remained below the target value of 0.5 events/fb-1, with the sole exception of the 2015 run during which the machine commissioning took place. However, during 2018, an increase in the failure rate was observed, linked to the increased radiation levels in the dispersion suppressors of the ATLAS and CMS experimental insertions, significantly affecting the Quench Protection System located underneath the superconducting magnets in the tunnel. This work provides an overview of the Run 2 R2E events during LHC proton-proton operation, putting them in the context of the related radiation levels and equipment sensitivity, and providing an outlook for Run 3 and HL-LHC operation.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB013

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 23 July 2021 issue date ※ 23 August 2021

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MOPAB024

Efficient Coupling of Hydrodynamic and Energy-Deposition Codes for Hydrodynamic-Tunnelling Studies on High-Energy Particle Accelerators

simulation, coupling, proton, experiment

119

C. Wiesner, F. Carra, J. Kruse-Hansen, M. Masci, D. Wollmann
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
Y. Nie
KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

The machine-protection evaluation of high-energy accelerators comprises the study of beyond-design failures, including the direct beam impact onto machine elements. In case of a direct impact, the nominal beam of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) would penetrate more than 30 meters into a solid copper target. The penetration depth due to the time structure of the particle beam is, thus, significantly longer than predicted from purely static energy-deposition simulations with 7 TeV protons. This effect, known as hydrodynamic tunnelling, is caused by the beam-induced density depletion of the material at the target axis, which allows subsequent bunches to penetrate deeper into the target. Its proper simulation requires, therefore, to sequentially couple an energy-deposition code and a hydrodynamic code for the different target densities. This paper describes a method to efficiently couple the simulations codes Autodyn and FLUKA based on automatic density assignment and input file generation, and presents the results achieved for a sample case.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB024

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 05 July 2021 issue date ※ 28 August 2021

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MOPAB031

Development and Operation of Vacuum System for Rapid Cycling Synchrotron to Target Beam Transfer Line of China Spallation Neutron Source

vacuum, neutron, operation, proton

145

J.M. Liu, Y.H. Guan, S.M. Liu, B. Tan, P.C. Wang
DNSC, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
H. Dong
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
H.Y. He, T. Huang
IHEP CSNS, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China

China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is a major scientific project during the National Eleventh Five-Year Plan. It consists of a negative hydrogen ion linear accelerator, a rapid cycling synchrotron ( RCS), a linac to RCS beam transfer line (LRBT), an RCS to target beam transfer line (RTBT), and a target station. As an important part of CSNS, the RTBT connects the rapid cycling synchrotron and the target window. This paper described the design requirements, technical solutions, and operating conditions of the vacuum system for the CSNS RCS to target beam transfer line. In addition, the fast valve protection system and its verification results were also expounded. The CSNS has been in operation for over three years, during this period, the beam power has been gradually improved from 10KW to 100KW, and the vacuum system for RTBT has been operating stably.

Poster MOPAB031 [0.581 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB031

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 May 2021 issue date ※ 25 August 2021

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MOPAB132

The Multi-Mega-Watt Target Station for the European Spallation Source Neutrino Super Beam

proton, experiment, hadron, ion-source

466

E. Baussan, E. Bouquerel, L. D’Alessi, M. Dracos, P. Poussot, J. Thomas, J. Wurtz, V. Zeter
IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
P. Cupial, M. Koziol, L.J. Lacny, J. Snamina
AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
I. Efthymiopoulos
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
T. Tolba
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 777419 and also by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft No 423761110.
One of the next challenges in fundamental physics is to understand the origin of matter/antimatter asymmetry in the Universe. In particular, intense neutrinos could play an important role to elucidate this mystery and better understand the expansion of the Universe. The ESSnuSB collaboration proposes to use the proton linac of the European Spallation Source currently under construction in Lund (Sweden) to produce a very intense neutrino super beam, in parallel with the spallation neutron production. A very challenging part of the proposed facility is the Target Station which will have to afford 5 MW proton beam power. This poster will present the hadronic collector and the whole facility to produce the next generation of neutrino superbeam.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB132

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paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 27 May 2021 issue date ※ 18 August 2021

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MOPAB133

Recovering the Positron Beam After Muon Production in the Lemma Muon Source

emittance, positron, linac, injection

470

I. Drebot
INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy
M.E. Biagini, O.R. Blanco-García, A. Giribono, S. Guiducci, C. Vaccarezza, A. Variola
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
S.M. Liuzzo
ESRF, Grenoble, France

In the LEMMA muon source proposal* a positron beam at 45 GeV is used to produce muons at threshold by interaction with some targets. In order to release the required intensity on the main positron source, orders of magnitude higher than the state of the art, the possibility to recover the primary positron beam after the interaction with the targets was studied. The particles distribution, with a strongly degraded energy spread after the interac- tion, was injected back into a low emittance, large energy acceptance 45 GeV ring. Studies of injection efficiency were performed. The possibility of compressing the beam in a linac before injection was also studied. As a result, even without compression, about 80% of the disrupted e⁺ beam can be injected back into the ring.
* D. Alesini et al, "Positron driven muon source for a muon collider", arXiv:1905.05747v2 [physics.acc-ph], May 2019

Poster MOPAB133 [4.171 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB133

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paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 May 2021 issue date ※ 20 August 2021

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MOPAB139

High Resolution Imaging Design Using Permanent Magnet Quadrupoles at BNL UEM

experiment, electron, focusing, quadrupole

485

G. Andonian, T.J. Campese, I.I. Gadjev, M. Ruelas
RadiaBeam, Marina del Rey, California, USA
M.G. Fedurin, K. Kusche, X. Yang, Y. Zhu
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
C.C. Hall
RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Ultrafast electron microscopy techniques have demonstrated the potential to reach very high combined spatio-temporal resolution. In order to achieve high resolution, strong focusing magnets must be used as the objective and projector lenses. In this paper, we discuss the design and development of a high-resolution objective lens for use in the BNL UEM. The objective lens is a quintuplet array of permanent magnet quadrupoles, which in sum, provide symmetric focusing, high magnification, and control of higher order aberration terms. The application and design for a proof-of-concept experiment using a calibrated slit for imaging are presented. The image resolution is monitored as a function of beam parameters (energy, energy spread, charge, bunch length, spot size), and quintuplet lens parameters (drifts between lenses).

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB139

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paper received ※ 26 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 28 May 2021 issue date ※ 18 August 2021

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MOPAB150

Optimization of the Gain Medium Delivery System for an X-Ray Laser Oscillator

laser, electron, free-electron-laser, FEL

524

M. Yadav, N. Majernik, P. Manwani, B. Naranjo, C. Pellegrini, J.B. Rosenzweig
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
E.C. Galtier, A. Halavanau, C. Pellegrini
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
A. Malinouski
ASC HMTI, Minsk, Belarus

Funding: This work was supported by DE-SC0009914.
X-ray laser oscillator, dubbed XLO, is a recently proposed project at SLAC to build the first population inversion X-ray laser. XLO utilizes a train of XFEL SASE pulses to pump atomic core-states. The resulting amplified spontaneous emission radiation is recirculated in a backscattering Bragg cavity and subsequently amplified. XLO could provide fully coherent, transform-limited X-ray pulses with 50 meV bandwidth and 1e10 photons. Currently, XLO is being considered for operation at the copper K-alpha line at 8048 eV. In this work, we focus on the optimization of gain medium delivery in the XLO cavity. We consider a fast, subsonic jet of copper nitrate solution, moving through a cylindrical nozzle. We focus on the nozzle geometry optimization and possible diagnostics of the jet-XFEL interaction point.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB150

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paper received ※ 24 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 18 June 2021 issue date ※ 27 August 2021

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MOPAB152

High Power Tests of Brazeless Accelerating Structures

GUI, simulation, experiment, wakefield

532

S.P. Antipov, P.V. Avrakhov, C.-J. Jing, S.V. Kuzikov
Euclid TechLabs, Solon, Ohio, USA
V.A. Dolgashev
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
D.S. Doran, W. Liu, J.G. Power, J.H. Shao, E.E. Wisniewski
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA

Funding: DOE SBIR Grant #DE-SC0017749
A typical accelerating structure is a set of copper resonators brazed together. This multi step process is expensive and time consuming. In an effort to optimize production process for rapid prototyping and overall reduction of accelerator cost we developed a split block brazeless accelerating structure. In such structure the vacuum is sealed by the use of knife edges, similar to an industry standard conflat technology. In this paper we present high power tests of several different brazeless structures. First, an inexpensive 1 MeV accelerator powered by radar magnetron. Second, a high gradient power extractor tested at Argonne Wakefield Accelerator Facility. In this experiment a high charge electron beam generated a 180 MW peak power pulse. Finally, we report on high power testing of a brazeless x-band accelerating structure at SLAC.

Poster MOPAB152 [0.783 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB152

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paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 June 2021 issue date ※ 31 August 2021

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MOPAB160

Tools for the Development and Applications of the IsoDAR Cyclotron

cyclotron, rfq, proton, injection

550

L.H. Waites, J.R. Alonso, J.M. Conrad, D. Koser, D. Winklehner
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Funding: NSF provided funding for the RFQDIP project, Draper laboratory provided a fellowship for the graduate student
The IsoDAR cyclotron is a 60 MeV cyclotron designed to output 10mA of protons in order to be a driver for a neutrino experiment. However, this high power can be used in other useful and important applications outside of particle physics. The IsoDAR cyclotron accelerates H²⁺, which allows the beam to be highly versatile and important for the development of high-power targets. This could help alleviate a huge bottleneck in the medical isotope community. IsoDAR could also be used for the development of materials. The accelerator system uses many new tools, including novel methods of applying machine learning, as well as several of the uses of this new technology. With these applications and tools, the IsoDAR cyclotron can have an important impact on the accelerator, medical, and physics communities.

Poster MOPAB160 [0.424 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB160

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paper received ※ 15 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 June 2021 issue date ※ 13 August 2021

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MOPAB200

Parameters Measurements of Proton Beam Extracted from CSNS/RCS

emittance, MMI, neutron, extraction

668

Z.P. Li, Y.W. An, M.Y. Huang
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Y. Li, S.Y. Xu
DNSC, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
H.Y. Liu
IHEP CSNS, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China

In order to study the emittance evolution of the circulating beam in the fast-cycling synchrotron (RCS) of the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), parameter measurements of the beam extracted at different times were carried out. The measurements were mainly based on wire-scanners mounted in RCS to target transport line (RTBT) for beam profile measurement, and different methods were applied in the solution processes. The emittance and C.S parameters of the extracted beam at different times were obtained and studied, which provided an important reference basis for the beam commissioning of RCS. The beam envelope along the RTBT has been matched and re-measured, which was in good agreement with the design optics.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB200

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 May 2021 issue date ※ 25 August 2021

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MOPAB217

A Storage Ring for MESA

experiment, optics, simulation, operation

719

C.P. Stoll, A. Meseck
KPH, Mainz, Germany
B. Ledroit
HIM, Mainz, Germany

The Mainz Energy-recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA) is an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) facility under construction at the Johannes Gutenberg-University in Mainz. It provides the opportunity for precision physics experiments with a 1 mA c.w. electron beam in its initial phase. In this phase experiments with unpolarised, high density 10¹⁹ atoms cm² gas jet targets are foreseen at the Mainz Gas Internal Target Experiment (MAGIX). To allow experiments with thin polarised gas targets with sufficiently high interaction rates in a later phase, the beam current has to be increased to up to 100 mA, which would pose significant challenges to the existing ERL machine. Thus, it is proposed here to use MESA in pulsed operation with a repetition rate of several kHz to fill a storage ring, providing a quasi c.w. beam current to a thin gas target. For this purpose, the existing optics need to be extended and adapted, a suitable injection and extraction scheme is necessary and beam target interaction must be investigated. First considerations on these topics are presented here.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB217

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 08 June 2021 issue date ※ 21 August 2021

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MOPAB230

The Optics Design for the Final Focus System of CLIC 380 GeV

optics, luminosity, sextupole, quadrupole

748

A. Pastushenko, R. Tomás García
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
A. Faus-Golfe
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France

The first stage of the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is planned to be at the center-of-mass energy of 380 GeV. The final focus system (FFS) was re-optimized for this energy and for L* of 6 m (distance between the Interaction Point (IP) and the last quadrupole, QD0). Furthermore, the FFS optics was optimized for the vertical beta-function of 70 microns to approach the Hourglass effect limit. This paper reports the exploration of shortening the Final Doublet (FD) within the FFS to reduce the chromaticity. In addition, an alternative optics design is investigated with a different dispersion profile along the FFS, which outperforms the previous optics with the same β^*, increasing luminosity by 5 %.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB230

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 14 June 2021 issue date ※ 11 August 2021

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MOPAB299

STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION DESIGN OF FARADAY CUP FOR BEAM COMMISSIONING OF CSNS

MMI, proton, neutron, linac

943

A.X. Wang, L. Kang, M. Meng, J.L. Sun
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
J.X. Chen, H.Y. He, L. Liu, R.H. Liu, X.J. Nie, C.J. Ning, R.Y. Qiu, G.Y. Wang, T. Yang, J.B. Yu, Y.J. Yu, J.S. Zhang, D.H. Zhu
IHEP CSNS, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China

Faraday cup is used to absorb and stop the beam during the two phases of beam commissioning, such as the front end (FE) system and the temporary line after the drift tube linac (DTL) at the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). According to the beam physical parameters, graphite is selected to stop the beam directly, and oxygen-free copper which is just behind the graphite as the thermal conductive material. By the analysis and comparison of the target type and cooling efficiency, the single slant target is adopted. The incident angle between the target surface and the beam is set as 10°, meanwhile a new waterfall type water-cooling structure with parallel tunnels is designed to improve the cooling efficiency. The finite element software ANSYS is used for thermal analysis of the model, by which the diameter and interval of water cooling tunnels are optimized. The faraday cup discussed in this paper is finally successfully installed in the beam commissioning line and went well.

Poster MOPAB299 [1.113 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB299

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paper received ※ 13 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 08 July 2021 issue date ※ 19 August 2021

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MOPAB348

Portable 2.5 MeV X-Band Linear Accelerator Structure

linac, GUI, gun, radiation

1084

A.V. Mishin, K. Brown, M. Denney, D. Fischer, N.P. Hanson, S. Proskin, J. Stammetti
Varex Imaging, Salt Lake City, USA

Two versions of 2.5 MeV X-Band linear accelerator structure have been designed and tested. The first is a traditional single input linac, and the other one is a dual input, two section linac with power input through a 3 dB coupler. The linac is designed for a portable linac system, which can be used for security screening, non-destructive testing, medical and industrial CT, and, perhaps, some other applications.

Poster MOPAB348 [1.490 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB348

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paper received ※ 15 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 28 May 2021 issue date ※ 23 August 2021

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MOPAB392

Alternative RF Tuning Methods Performed on Spoke Cavities for ESS and MYRRHA Projects

cavity, operation, simulation, experiment

1196

P. Duchesne, S. Blivet, G. Olivier, G. Olry, T. Pépin-Donat
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France

In order to obtain the target frequency in operation, the resonant frequency of superconducting radiofrequency cavities is controlled and adjusted from the manufacturing to the end of preparation phase. Reaching this right frequency can be challenging due to the narrow frequency range defined by the tuning sensitivity of the cavity and the capability of the tuner. Mechanical deformation until plasticity is attained is of great interest to tune SRF cavities when large frequency shift is needed. But once a cavity is dressed with its helium tank, the only accessible part is its beam pipe, reducing the mechanical action to a push/pull action. This limited possibility has hence to be skilfully associated with chemical etching. An original mechanical tuning of Spoke dressed cavities consists in increasing the pressure inside the helium tank to induce a permanent deformation of the cavity walls. The frequency shift induced by nonlinear deformation is numerically evaluated in order to determine the pressure increments. Both methods were successfully performed on the cavities of the ESS accelerator and of the Myrrha project.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB392

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paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 25 June 2021 issue date ※ 17 August 2021

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MOPAB405

Study of Targets to Produce Molybdenum-99 Using 30 MeV Electron Linear Accelerator

electron, photon, radiation, linac

1222

T.S. Dixit, A.P. Deshpande, R. Krishnan, A. Shaikh
SAMEER, Mumbai, India

Funding: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India (MeitY)
Two approaches to produce 99Mo are studied using GEANT4 are reported in this paper. First, in converter target approach, bremsstrahlung photons are generated in a high Z target. The emitted photons then hit 100Mo secondary target, producing 99Mo through (gamma, n) reaction. Second, in direct target approach, high energy electron beam hits 100Mo target, where both (e, gamma) and (gamma, n) reactions take place simultaneously. A 30 MeV, 5-10 kW beam power electron linac is under development at SAMEER. The acceleration gradient required to achieve 30 MeV energy will be provided by two linacs operated in series configuration and the high average beam power will be achieved by running the system at high duty operation. Main aim of this study is to optimize experimental parameters to maximize specific activity of 99Mo. Since, 100Mo is very expensive material therefore judicious use of the material is very important. Hence, optimization of electron beam energy and target dimensions are studied in detail in both the approaches. It is found that the direct target approach gives higher specific activity compared to the converter target approach.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB405

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 06 June 2021 issue date ※ 14 August 2021

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MOPAB409

FLUKA Simulations of ²²⁵Ac Production Using Electron Accelerators: Validation Through Comparison with Published Experiments

electron, experiment, radiation, photon

1226

T.V. Szabo, I.C. Moraes
CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
F.A. Bacchim Neto
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
P.V. Guillaumon
USP/LAL, Sao Paulo, Brazil
H.B. de Oliveira
IPEN, São Paulo, Brazil

Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) is an active area of study worldwide. This technique has shown a potential in nuclear medicine to treat metastatic disease by alpha particles that deposit energy in small regions nearby cancer cells. Ac-225 is an important alpha-emitting that can be used for cancer TAT. This radioisotope shows good potential for medical applications, therefore is important to study ways of increase its production and availability. One possible path for the Ac-225 product is to radiate a radium target (Ra-226) on a linear electron accelerator (LINAC). Isotope production studies could be implemented using computational tools. In this work, Monte Carlo simulations with FLUKA code were performed and compared to experimental results *. We studied Ac-225 production by photonuclear reactions using a 24 MeV electron beam LINAC hitting a tungsten electron-photon converter. Different energies and geometries were also simulated to obtain optimal production conditions. The specific activity values obtained with simulations had a good agreement with published experimental results.
* MASLOV, O., et. al. Preparation of 225Ac by 226Ra(g, n) photonuclear reaction on an mt25 microtron. Radiochemistry

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB409

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 09 June 2021 issue date ※ 30 August 2021

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MOPAB412

Accelerator Production of Mo-99 Using Mo-100

radiation, electron, operation, diagnostics

1237

J.L. McCarter, M.J. Brennan, S.M. Burns, J.T. Harvey, S.W. Kelley, T.A. Montenegro, Q. Schiller
NorthStar Medical Technologies, LLC, Beloit, USA

Funding: DE-NA0001878
Tc-99m is an essential radionuclide for nearly 40,000 diagnostic nuclear medicine tests in the U.S. each day. Its daily production depends on Mo-99, which must be replenished weekly due to Mo-99’s 2.75 day half-life. Mo-99, in the past, was supplied from uranium fission production, depending on overseas nuclear reactors that average 50 years old. Their age in combination with shipment uncertainties make the availability of Mo-99 fragile and subject to severe shortages. The U.S. now has one domestic, FDA-approved supplier that produces Mo-99, NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes. Currently, NorthStar produces Mo-99 via the irradiation of Mo-98 in a nuclear reactor. In the future, NorthStar will also irradiate Mo-100 with accelerator created x-rays to produce Mo-99. This process will use 2 distinct, 40 MeV, 125 kW average electron accelerators, Rhodotrons produced by IBA. Accelerator produced Mo-99 has several advantages over that produced by reactors, including a dual supply and an ability to adjust irradiation timing to meet radiopharmacy demands, such as Sunday delivery. NorthStar is currently installing and commissioning this accelerator based system, entering production in late-2022.

Poster MOPAB412 [2.150 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB412

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paper received ※ 24 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 07 June 2021 issue date ※ 19 August 2021

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MOPAB415

Failure Rates and Downtimes of Multi-Leaf Collimators in Indonesia

linac, radiation, gun, power-supply

1248

G.S. Peiris, S.L. Sheehy
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
M.F. Kasim, S.A. Pawiro
University of Indonesia, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

One of the greatest barriers to cancer treatment in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) is the access to Radiotherapy Linear Accelerators (LINACs). Not only are the LINACs complex, the harsh environment of LMICs cause frequent breakdowns resulting in downtimes ranging from days to months. Recent research has identified a disparity between LMICs and High Income Countries (HICs) and determined the Multi-Leaf Collimator (MLC) as a component needing re-evaluation. The MLC causes over 30% of the problems in RT LINACs, but the modes of failure and quantify the extent of the damage done are yet to be quantified. Using data from across Indonesia, we show the pathways to failure of RT Machines and frequency of breakdowns over time. A component of the MLC needs to be replaced every 9.98 faults per 1000 patients treated and the MLC itself breaks down on average every 36±1.8 days. When comparing the downtime by leaf width, the data shows 5mm leaves contribute 18.27±6.5% to all breakdowns while 10mm makes up 15.87±4.3%. These results outline the need to reassess the current generation of RT LINACs and ultimately work towards guiding future designs to be robust enough for all environments.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB415

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 09 June 2021 issue date ※ 16 August 2021

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TUPAB015

Beam Loading Compensation of APS Cavity with Off-Crest Acceleration in ILC e-Driven Positron Source

positron, beam-loading, linac, electron

1368

M. Kuriki, S. Konno, H. Nagoshi
HU/AdSM, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
T. Omori, J. Urakawa, K. Yokoya
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
T. Takahashi
Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Science, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

In E-Driven positron source of ILC, the generated positron is captured by RF accelerator by APS cavity. The positron is initially placed at the deceleration phase and gradually slipped down to acceleration phase. Because the beam-loading is expected to be more than 1A with a multi-bunch format, the compensation is essential to obtain uniform intensity over the pulse. A conventional method for the compensation is controlling the timing, but it doesn’t work in off-crest case. In this manuscript, we discuss the compensation with the phase and amplitude modulation on the input RF.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB015

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 27 July 2021 issue date ※ 26 August 2021

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TUPAB026

Application of Plasma Lenses as Optical Matching Device for Positron Sources at Linear Colliders

plasma, positron, simulation, optical-matching

1394

M. Formela, N. Hamann, G.A. Moortgat-Pick
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
K. Flöttmann, G.A. Moortgat-Pick
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
S. Riemann
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany

Funding: Quantum Universe
In the baseline design of the International Linear Collider (ILC) an undulator-based positron source is foreseen. The proposed luminosity of the recently chosen first energy stage with √{s}=250 GeV requires an improvement by a factor of 2500 to the world’s first linear collider, the past SLC experiment. This ambitious luminosity goal can only be achieved, if all technological boundaries are being pushed. One such area is the captured positron number, which is primarily determined in the capture section within the positron source and specifically by its optical matching device. It is responsible for transforming the phase-space of the outgoing particles produced in the target for the succeeding accelerator sections. The plasma lens is a new candidate for this task. It being an especially adequate method due its magnetic field being azimuthal. Optimizing an idealised tapered active plasma lens for the ILC led us to a design with improved captured positron yield, outperforming ILC’s currently proposed quarter wave transformer by approximately 50%. The captured yield also proved to be stable within ±1.5% for deviations in design parameters of ±10%.

Poster TUPAB026 [0.293 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB026

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paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 June 2021 issue date ※ 24 August 2021

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TUPAB052

Current Study of Applying Machine Learning to Accelerator Physics at IHEP

network, electron, lattice, photon

1477

J. Wan, Y. Jiao
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11922512), Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y201904) and National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFA0401900).
In recent years, machine learning (ML) has attracted increasing interest among the accelerator field. As a complex collection of multiple physical subsystems, the design and operation of an accelerator can be very nonlinear and complicated, while ML is taken as a powerful tool to solve such nonlinear and complicated problems. In this study, we report on several successful applications of ML to accelerator physics at IHEP. The nonlinear dynamics optimization of the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) that is a 4th-generation light source is a challenging topic. In this optimization, we use a ML surrogate model to fast select the potentially competitive solutions for a multiobjective genetic algorithm that can significantly improve the convergence rate and the diversity among obtained solutions. Besides, we also tried to apply a generative adversarial net to solve one-to-many problems of longitudinal beam current profile shaping. Unlike most supervised machine learning methods than cannot learn one-to-many maps, the generative adversarial net-based method is able to predict multiple solutions instead of one for a 4-dipole chicane to realize several desired custom current profiles.

Poster TUPAB052 [0.913 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB052

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paper received ※ 11 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 27 August 2021

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TUPAB057

Carbon Beam at I-3 Injector for Semiconductor Implantation

radiation, laser, plasma, ion-source

1489

A.A. Losev, P.N. Alekseev, N.N. Alexeev, T. Kulevoy, A.D. Milyachenko, Yu.A. Satov, A. Shumshurov
ITEP, Moscow, Russia
P.B. Lagov
NUST MISIS, Moscow, Russia
M.E. Letovaltseva
MIREA, Moscow, Russia
Y.S. Pavlov
IPCE RAS, Moscow, Russia

Carbon implantation can be effectively used for axial minority charge carriers lifetime control in various silicon bulk and epitaxial planar structures. When carbon is implanted, more stable recombination centers are formed and silicon is not doped with additional impurities, as for example, when irradiated with protons or helium ions. Economically, such a process competes with alternative methods, and is more efficient for obtaining small lifetimes (several nanoseconds). I-3 ion injector with laser-plasma ion source in Institute for theoretical and experimental physics (ITEP) is used as ion implanter in semiconductors. The ion source uses pulsed CO₂ laser setup with radiation-flux density of 10¹¹ W/cm² at target surface. The ion source produces beams of various ions from solid targets. The generated ion beam is accelerated in the two gap RF resonator at voltage of up to 2 MV per gap. Resulting beam energy is up to 4 MV per charge. Parameters of carbon ion beam generated and used for semiconductor samples irradiation during experiments for axial minority charge carriers lifetime control in various silicon bulk and epitaxial planar structures are presented.

Poster TUPAB057 [0.630 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB057

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paper received ※ 15 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 28 May 2021 issue date ※ 01 September 2021

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TUPAB163

Developing a 50 MeV LPA-Based Injector at ATHENA for a Compact Storage Ring

plasma, laser, electron, storage-ring

1765

E. Panofski, J. Dirkwinkel, T. Hülsenbusch, A.R. Maier, J. Osterhoff, G. Palmer, T. Parikh, P.A. Walker, P. Winkler
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
C. Braun, T.F.J. Eichner, L. Hübner, S. Jalas, L. Jeppe, M. Kirchen, P. Messner, M. Schnepp, M. Trunk, C.M. Werle
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
E. Bründermann, B. Härer, A.-S. Müller, C. Widmann
KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
M. Kaluza, A. Sävert
HIJ, Jena, Germany

The laser-driven generation of relativistic electron beams in plasma and their acceleration to high energies with GV/m-gradients has been successfully demonstrated. Now, it is time to focus on the application of laser-plasma accelerated (LPA) beams. The "Accelerator Technology HElmholtz iNfrAstructure" (ATHENA) of the Helmholtz Association fosters innovative particle accelerators and high-power laser technology. As part of the ATHENAe pillar several different applications driven by LPAs are to be developed, such as a compact FEL, medical imaging and the first realization of LPA-beam injection into a storage ring. The latter endeavor is conducted in close collaboration between Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and Helmholtz Institute Jena. In the cSTART project at KIT, a compact storage ring optimized for short bunches and suitable to accept LPA-based electron bunches is in preparation. In this conference contribution we will introduce the 50 MeV LPA-based injector and give an overview about the project goals. The key parameters of the plasma injector will be presented. Finally, the current status of the project will be summarized.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB163

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 31 May 2021 issue date ※ 21 August 2021

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TUPAB177

Simulating Magnetized Electron Cooling for EIC with JSPEC

electron, scattering, simulation, HOM

1813

S.J. Coleman, D.L. Bruhwiler, B. Nash, I.V. Pogorelov
RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA
H. Zhang
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

We present a possible electron cooling configuration for the proposed Electron Ion Collider (EIC) facility, developed using a Nelder-Mead Simplex optimization procedure built into JSPEC, an electron cooling code developed at Jefferson Lab. We show the time evolution of the emittance of the ion beam in the presence of this cooler evaluated assuming the ion distribution remains Gaussian. We also show that bi-gaussian distributions emerge in simulations of ion macro-particles. We show how intra-beam scattering can be treated with a core-tail model in simulations of ion macro-particles. The Sirepo/JSPEC* and Sirepo/Jupyter** apps will be presented, with instructions enabling the community to reproduce our simulations.
* https://www.sirepo.com/jspec
** https://www.sirepo.com/jupyter

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB177

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 15 June 2021 issue date ※ 16 August 2021

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TUPAB178

Recommissioning of the CRYRING@ESR Electron Cooler

electron, experiment, acceleration, operation

1816

C. Krantz, Z. Andelkovic, C. Dimopoulou, W. Geithner, T. Hackler, F. Herfurth, R. Hess, M. Lestinsky, E. Menz, A. Reiter, J. Roßbach, C. Schroeder, A. Täschner, G. Vorobjev
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
C. Brandau, S. Schippers
Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, I. Physics Institute, Atomic and Molecular Physics, Giessen, Germany
V. Hannen, D. Winzen
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Münster, Germany
C. Weinheimer
Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany

Funding: Parts of this work have been supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under contract numbers 05P19PMFA1 and 05P19RGFA1.
The heavy-ion storage ring CRYRING has been recommissioned downstream of GSI’s ESR, which it complements as dedicated low-energy machine. A key element of CRYRING@ESR is its electron cooler, which features one of the coldest electron beams available. This enables efficient phase-space cooling and, in addition, provides very high energy resolution when used as internal electron target. We report on technical upgrades that have been made as part of the re-installation of the cooler at GSI/FAIR and share first results obtained after recommissioning.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB178

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 16 June 2021 issue date ※ 25 August 2021

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TUPAB189

Design and Simulation of Beam Transport Lines of DC140 Cyclotron

quadrupole, cyclotron, radiation, heavy-ion

1845

V.I. Lisov, N.S. Kirilkin, A.S. Zabanov
JINR/FLNR, Moscow region, Russia
I.V. Kalagin, N.Yu. Kazarinov, S.V. Mitrofanov, V.A. Semin
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reaction of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research carries out the works under creating of FLNR JINR Irradiation Facility based on the cyclotron DC140. The DC140 cyclotron is intended for acceleration of heavy ions with mass-to-charge ratio A/Z within interval from 5 to 5.5 up to two fixed energies 2.124 and 4.8 MeV per unit mass. The intensity of the accelerated ions will be about 1 pmcA for light ions (A<86) and about 0.1 pmcA for heavier ions (A>132). The beam transport system has three lines: for SEE testing of microchip, for production of track membranes and for solving of applied physics problems. The design and simulation of the beam transport system from cyclotron is presented in this report. The beam focusing in the beam lines is provided by set of quadrupole lenses. The beam diagnostics system consists of the Faraday caps, luminophores and the magnetic scanning system.

Poster TUPAB189 [0.958 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB189

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paper received ※ 14 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 June 2021 issue date ※ 17 August 2021

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TUPAB199

Progress on the Proton Power Upgrade at the Spallation Neutron Source

klystron, linac, cryomodule, proton

1876

M.S. Champion, C.N. Barbier, M.S. Connell, J. Galambos, M.P. Howell, S.-H. Kim, J.S. Moss, B.W. Riemer, K.S. White
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
E. Daly
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
N.J. Evans, G.D. Johns
ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Funding: ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 for the U.S. Department of Energy. This research was supported by the DOE Office of Science, Basic Energy Science.
The Proton Power Upgrade Project at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory will double the proton power capability from 1.4 to 2.8 MW. This will be accomplished through an energy increase from 1.0 to 1.3 GeV and a beam current increase from 26 to 38 mA. The energy increase will be accomplished through the addition of 7 cryomodules to the linear accelerator (Linac). The beam current increase will be supported by upgrading several radio-frequency systems in the normal-conducting section of the Linac. Upgrades to the accumulator ring injection and extraction regions will accommodate the increase in beam energy. A new 2-MW-capable target and supporting systems will be developed and installed. Conventional facility upgrades include build-out of the existing klystron gallery and construction of a tunnel stub to facilitate future beam transport to the second target station. The project received approval to proceed with construction in October 2020. Procurements are in progress, and some installation activities have already occurred. Most of the installation will take place during three outages in 2022-2023. The project early finish is planned for 2025.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB199

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paper received ※ 10 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 28 May 2021 issue date ※ 21 August 2021

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TUPAB204

Upgrade of Los Alamos Accelerator Facility as a Fusion Prototypic Neutron Source

neutron, radiation, linac, proton

1890

Y.K. Batygin, E.J. Pitcher
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: Work supported by US DOE under contract 89233218CNA000001
The Fusion Prototypic Neutron Source (FPNS) is considered to be a testbed for scientific understanding of material degradation in future nuclear fusion reactors. The primary mission of FPNS is to provide a damage rate in samples of 8-11 dpa/calendar year with He/dpa ratio of 10 appm in irradiation volume of 50 cubic cm or larger with irradiation temperature 300-1000 deg C and flux gradient less than 20%/cm in the plane of the sample. Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) is an attractive candidate for FPNS project. Accelerator Facility was designed and operated for an extended period as a 0.8-MW Meson Factory. Existing setup of the LANSCE accelerator complex can nearly fulfill requirements of the fusion neutron source station. The primary function of the upgraded accelerator systems is the safe and reliable delivery of a 1.25-mA continuous proton beam current at 800-MeV beam energy from the switchyard to the target assembly to create 1 MW power of proton beam interacting with a solid tungsten target. The present study describes existing accelerator setup and further development required to meet the needs of FPNS project.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB204

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paper received ※ 14 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 June 2021 issue date ※ 21 August 2021

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TUPAB210

Construction Status of the COMET Experimental Facility

experiment, solenoid, proton, radiation

1907

Y. Fukao, K. Agari, H. Akiyama, E. Hirose, M. Ieiri, Y. Igarashi, M.I. Iio, N. Kamei, Y. Katoh, Y. Komatsu, R. Kurasaki, M. Maki, S. Makimura, S. Mihara, M. Minakawa, Y. Morino, F. Muto, H. Nishiguchi, T. Okamura, K. Sasaki, Y. Sato, S. Sawada, N. Sumi, H. Takahashi, K.H. Tanaka, A. Toyoda, K. Ueno, H. Watanabe, Y. Yamanoi, M.Y. Yoshida
KEK, Tsukuba, Japan

COMET (COherent Muon to Electron Transition) is an experimental project that hunts for a phenomenon of the conversion from the muon to the electron (mu-e conversion). The mu-e conversion violates the lepton flavor universality and its discovery indicates a proof of the physics beyond the standard model of the particle physics. The experiment utilizes a high-intensity primary proton-beam of J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex). The proton beam is injected to a target about 700mm long to generate a high intensity muon beam so as to accumulate huge statistics and achieve the final goal of a sensitivity of 10^-16. Construction of the experimental facility is underway at a high pace towards an engineering run in 2022 and the first physics run in 2023. In this presentation, we would like to present a current status of the COMET facility construction.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB210

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paper received ※ 17 June 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 13 August 2021

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TUPAB224

Non-Linear Variation of the Beta-Beating Measured From Amplitude

octupole, simulation, optics, resonance

1949

T. Pugnat, B. Dalena
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
A. Franchi
ESRF, Grenoble, France
R. Tomás García
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Accelerator physics needs advanced modeling and simulation techniques, for beam stability studies but also for the measurement of beam parameters like the Twiss parameters. A deeper understanding of magnetic field non-linearities effects will greatly help in the improvement of future circular collider design, performance, and diagnostics. This paper studies the variation of the \beta-beating with the action of the particle generated by non-linear Resonance Driving Terms, both from a theoretical and an experimental point of view.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB224

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 06 July 2021 issue date ※ 21 August 2021

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TUPAB241

Characterization of the RF-Cavities geometry in Order to Optimize the Beam Parameters in S-Band On-Axis LINACs

cavity, electron, emittance, impedance

2005

A. Khosravi, B. Shokri
LAPRI, Tehran, Iran
N. Khosravi
ILSF, Tehran, Iran

The RF characteristics of an accelerating tube are primarily assigned to geometrical features of a cavity. As a consequence of this geometry, the final electric field will make the shape of our Gaussian bunch and the final dose. The accelerating field can be studied considering the nose cone, gap, and bore radius. In dual electron linacs, the role of input power and bunch current is inevitable. Therefore, the geometrical issues of RF-cavities are studied in a 6MeV electron on-axis SW tube. To make an accurate comparison, each RF-cavity is designed and optimized by POISSON SU-PERFISH. The optimized cavities are imported to the PIC solver of CST. Then the beam characteristics are studied on a predefined target.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB241

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 14 June 2021 issue date ※ 30 August 2021

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TUPAB242

The Beam-Study of the Side and On-Axis RF Cavities in S-Band 6 MeV LINACs

cavity, emittance, coupling, impedance

2008

A. Khosravi, B. Shokri
LAPRI, Tehran, Iran
N. Khosravi
ILSF, Tehran, Iran

The geometry of side and on-axis RF cavities are two magnetic-coupled designs for the different LINAC applications. The electromagnetic fields, RF power, beam parameters, thermal stability, and manufacturing costs are the most critical factors in cavity type selection in each application. In this article, both RF-cavities are optimized in POISSON SUPERFISH code to compare the beam parameters accurately. Then the optimized cavities are making a tube and compare in ASTRA 1D code and CST 3D software. At last, the thermal sensitivity of both models is studied in MPHYSICS module of the CST. As a result, the final decision can be achieved on the side or on-axis cavities considering the input power, costs, beam properties, and thermal stability for the different applications of the LINACs

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB242

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 30 August 2021

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TUPAB243

Investigation of the Buncher Effect on Beam Properties in SW 3-6 MeV LINACs

cavity, electron, emittance, impedance

2012

A. Khosravi, B. Shokri
LAPRI, Tehran, Iran
N. Khosravi
ILSF, Tehran, Iran

The best quality of an electron beam is the primary goal of a linear accelerator design. Beam-study on a buncher section can lead us to a better perspective of the modulation and acceleration of a beam to optimize the final Gaussian beam. Five setups of different bunchers are designed, optimized, and presented in this article. A more brilliant and converged beam with a higher current, transverse emittance and smaller beam size is the study’s goal.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB243

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 14 June 2021 issue date ※ 26 August 2021

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TUPAB250

Axicon-Based Concentrator for Cherenkov Radiation

radiation, focusing, diagnostics, simulation

2036

S.N. Galyamin, A.V. Tyukhtin
Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

Funding: Work supported by Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 18-72-10137).
We propose a new type of axisymmetric dielectric target - an "axicon-based concentrator" - which effectively concentrates generated Cherenkov radiation (CR) into a small vicinity of a focus point. It consists of two "glued" bodies of revolution: a hollow axicon and a hollow "lens." A theoretical investigation of the radiation field produced by a charge moving through the discussed radiator is performed for the general case where a charge trajectory is shifted with respect to the structure axis. The idea of a dielectric target with a specific profile of the outer surface and suitable analytical methods were presented and developed in our preceding papers *, **. An essential advantage of the current version of the device is that it allows the efficient concentration of CR energy from relativistic particles, making this device extremely prospective for various applications such as beam-driven THz sources and bunch diagnostic systems.
* S.N. Galyamin et al., Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 22, 083001 (2019); 22, 109901 (2019).
** A.V. Tyukhtin et al., Phys. Rev. A 102, 053514 (2020).

Poster TUPAB250 [1.255 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB250

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paper received ※ 24 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 12 August 2021

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TUPAB278

The HL-LHC Beam Gas Vertex Monitor - Simulations for Design Optimisation and Performance Study

detector, impedance, hadron, simulation

2120

H. Guerin, O.R. Jones, R. Kieffer, B. Kolbinger, T. Lefèvre, B. Salvant, J.W. Storey, R. Veness, C. Zamantzas
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
S.M. Gibson, H. Guerin
Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom

The Beam Gas Vertex (BGV) instrument is a non-invasive transverse beam profile monitor being designed as part of the High Luminosity Upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) at CERN. Its aim is to continuously measure bunch-by-bunch beam profiles, independent of beam intensity, throughout the LHC cycle. The primary components of the BGV monitor are a gas target and a forward tracking detector. Secondary particles emerging from inelastic beam-gas interactions are detected by the tracker. The beam profile is then inferred from the spatial distribution of reconstructed vertices of said interactions. Based on insights and conclusions acquired by a demonstrator device that was operated in the LHC during Run 2, a new design is being developed to fulfill the HL-LHC specifications. This contribution describes the status of the simulation studies being performed to evaluate the impact of design parameters on the instrument’s performance and identify gas target and tracker requirements.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB278

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 30 August 2021

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TUPAB289

Towards Hysteresis Aware Bayesian Regression and Optimization

ISAC, experiment, controls, operation

2159

R.J. Roussel
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
A. Hanuka
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Award No. PHY-1549132, the Center for Bright Beams.
Algorithms used today for accelerator optimization assume a simple proportional relationship between an intermediate tuning parameter and the resultant field or mechanism which influences the beam. This neglects the effects of hysteresis, where the magnetic or mechanical response depends not only on the current parameter value, but also on the historical parameter values. This prevents the use of one to one surrogate models, such as Gaussian processes, to assist in optimization when hysteresis effects are not negligible, since identical points in input space no longer correspond to a same point in output space. In this work, we demonstrate how Bayesian inference can be used in conjunction with Gaussian processes to jointly model both the hysteresis cycle of magnetic elements and the beam response. Using this technique we demonstrate how to model the hysteresis cycle of a magnet during accelerator operation in situ by only measuring the beam response, without direct magnetic field measurements. This allows us to quickly build accurate statistical models of the beam response that can be used for rapid tuning of accelerators where hysteresis effects are dominant.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB289

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 June 2021 issue date ※ 19 August 2021

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TUPAB307

Robust Optical Instrumentation for Accelerator Alignment Using Frequency Scanning Interferometry

monitoring, laser, radiation, instrumentation

2203

M. Sosin, H. Mainaud Durand, F. Micolon, V. Rude, J.M. Rutkowski
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The precise alignment of components inside particle accelerators is an important engineering challenge in high-energy physics. Optical interferometry, being a precise, optical distance measurement technique, is often a method of choice in such applications. However, classical fringe-counting interferometers present several drawbacks in terms of system complexity. Due to the increasing availability of broadband, high-speed, sweeping laser sources, Frequency Scanning Interferometry (FSI) based systems, using Fourier analysis of the interference signal, are becoming a subject of growing interest. In the framework of the High-Luminosity LHC project at CERN, a range of FSI-based sensor solutions have been developed and tested. It includes the optical equipment for monitoring the position of cryogenic components inside their cryostats and FSI instrumentation like inclinometers and water-based levelling sensors. This paper presents the results of preliminary tests of these components.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB307

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paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 07 June 2021 issue date ※ 12 August 2021

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TUPAB316

New Operational Quantities for Radiation Protection by ICRU and ICRP: Impact on Workplaces at Accelerators

radiation, operation, photon, MMI

2231

Th. Otto, M. Widorski
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

In radiation protection, Effective Dose E quantifies stochastic radiation detriment. E is defined as a weighted sum of absorbed dose to organs and tissues and cannot be measured directly. ICRU has defined operational quantities to measure effective dose approximately, such as Ambient dose equivalent H*(10). At high energies, the estimates provided by H*(10) deviate strongly from effective dose. In 2020, ICRU and ICRP have recommended new operational quantities for external radiation with a definition close to the one of effective dose, and published an extensive collection of conversion coefficients from particle fluence to the new quantities (1). Ambient dose H* serves for operational monitoring purposes. The new definition alleviates the observed discrepancies of H*(10) with effective dose. In this paper, we present a numerical study of effective dose E, ambient dose equivalent H*(10) and ambient dose H* in radiation fields at workplaces at proton- and electron accelerators. These places include locations behind primary shielding, in access mazes and in the vicinity of activated accelerator components.
(1) ICRU Report 95, Operational quantities for external radiation

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB316

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paper received ※ 11 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 July 2021 issue date ※ 23 August 2021

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TUPAB319

SNS Credited Beam Power Limit System Preliminary Design

PLC, timing, controls, dipole

2242

C. Deibele
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
K.L. Mahoney
ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

The Controls Group at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is designing a programmable signal processor based credited safety control that calculates pulsed beam power based on beam kinetic energy and charge. The system must reliably shut off the beam if the average power exceeds 2.145 MW averaged over 60 seconds. This paper discusses architecture and design choices needed to develop the system under the auspices of a programmable radiation-safety credit control.

Poster TUPAB319 [1.925 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB319

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paper received ※ 16 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 July 2021 issue date ※ 25 August 2021

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TUPAB400

Manufacturing of Ceramic Vacuum Chambers for Sirius On-Axis Kicker

vacuum, kicker, HOM, niobium

2457

R. Defavari, O.R. Bagnato, M.W.A. Feitosa, F.R. Francisco, D.Y. Kakizaki, R.L. Parise, R.D. Ribeiro
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil

Ceramic vacuum chambers were produced by LNLS for the Sirius kickers. Alumina tubes with an elliptical inner shape of 9.5 mm (V) x 29 mm (H) and 500 mm long were successfully manufactured by a Brazilian company. Metallic F136 titanium flanges were brazed to Nb inserts using Ag-58.5Cu-31.5Pd wt% alloy, these inserts were brazed to the ceramic using Ag-26.7Cu-4.5Ti wt% active filler metal. A titanium film was coated inside the chamber using argon plasma by RF Magnetron Sputtering technique. Samples have been investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to measure film thickness along the inner section of the tube, coating morphology, chemical composition and homogeneity. The total electrical resistance of the tube was also monitored during the sputtering process to achieve the desired value (0.2 ohms/square). In this contribution, we present the results of an On-Axis kicker manufacturing process developed by LNLS.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB400

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 31 May 2021 issue date ※ 29 August 2021

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TUPAB404

Monte Carlo Studies for Shielding Design for High Energy Linac for Medical Isotope Generation

neutron, shielding, photon, radiation

2469

N. Upadhyay, S. Chacko
University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
A.P. Deshpande, T.S. Dixit, P.S. Jadhav, R. Krishnan
SAMEER, Mumbai, India

The widely used radioactive tracer Technetium-99m (99mTc) is traditionally produced from Uranium via 235U (n, f) 99Mo reactions which depends heavily on nuclear reactors. Design studies for an alternative, cleaner approach for radioisotope generation using a high energy electron linac were initiated at SAMEER to generate 99Mo. The electron beam from a 30 MeV linac with an average current of 350 µA will be bombarded on a convertor target to produce X-rays which will be bombarded on enriched 100Mo target to produce 99Mo via (g, n) reaction. 99mTc will be eluted from 99Mo. The photons and neutrons produced in the process should be shielded appropriately to ensure radiation safety. This paper brings out the use of Monte Carlo techniques for photon and neutron shielding for our application. We used FLUKA to calculate the fluence, angular distribution and dose for photons and neutrons. Then, we introduced various layers of lead followed by HDPE, 5% borated HDPE and 40% boron rubber to ensure that the proposed shielding is sufficient to completely shield the photon as well as neutron radiation and hence is safe for operation.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB404

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 22 June 2021 issue date ※ 25 August 2021

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TUPAB405

Design of High Energy Linac for Generation of Isotopes for Medical Applications

linac, electron, gun, controls

2472

A.P. Deshpande, S.R. Bhat, T.S. Dixit, P.S. Jadhav, A.S. Kottawar, R. Krishnan, M.S. Kumbhare, J. Mishra, C.S. Nainwad, S.R. Name, R. Sandeep Kumar, A. Shaikh, K.A. Thakur, M.M. Vidwans, A. Waingankar
SAMEER, Mumbai, India
A.K. Mishra
INMAS, New Delhi, India
N. Upadhyay
University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India

Funding: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Govt. of India.
After successful implementation of 6 and 15 MeV electron linear accelerator (linac) technology for Cancer Therapy in India, we initiated the development of high energy high current accelerator for the production of radioisotopes for diagnostic applications. The accelerator will be of 30 MeV energy with 350 µA average current provided by a gridded gun. The linac is a side coupled standing wave accelerator operating at 2998 MHz frequency operating at p/2 mode. The choice of p/2 operating mode is particularly suitable for this case where the repetition rate will be around 400 Hz. Klystron with 7 MW peak power and 36 kW average power will be used as the RF source. The modulator will be a solid-state modulator. The control system is FPGA based setup developed in-house at SAMEER. A retractable target with tungsten will be used as a converter to generate X-rays via bremsstrahlung. The x-rays will then interact with enriched 100Mo target to produce 99Mo via (g, n) reaction. Eluted 99mTc will be used for diagnostic applications. The paper lists the challenges and novel schemes developed at SAMEER to make a compact, rugged, and easy to use system keeping in mind local conditions.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB405

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 23 June 2021 issue date ※ 02 September 2021

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TUPAB406

Search for New Isotope Production Pathways

neutron, isotope-production, background, diagnostics

2475

L.F. Dabill
Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA
A. Hutton
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

The isotope group at Jefferson Lab is carrying out R&D for producing medically interesting radioisotopes, especially those with theranostic (therapeutic and diagnostic) attributes. Here the search for viable production mechanisms has been expanded to multi-step reactions where a daughter is produced from the target and decays into a medically interesting granddaughter radioisotope. It is difficult to find efficient production routes when investigating both the initial excitation reaction as well as the decay routes leading to medically interesting isotopes. The overall goal of this project is to create a structured code in Python to find these decay routes by automatically exploring the large number of isotopes and their possible decay modes. The program structure is described, and preliminary results are presented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB406

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 31 May 2021 issue date ※ 14 August 2021

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TUPAB408

A Novel Automatic Focusing System for the Production of Radioisotopes for Theranostics

cyclotron, detector, radiation, focusing

2480

P. Häffner, C. Belver-Aguilar, S. Braccini, P. Casolaro, G. Dellepiane, I. Mateu, P. Scampoli, M. Schmid
AEC, Bern, Switzerland
P. Scampoli
Naples University Federico II, Napoli, Italy

Funding: This research was partially funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). Grants:200021₁75749, CRSII5₁80352, CR23I2₁56852.
A research program on the production of novel radioisotopes for theranostics is ongoing at the 18 MeV Bern medical cyclotron laboratory equipped with a solid target station. Targets are made of rare and expensive isotope enriched materials in form of compressed 6 mm diameter pellets. The irradiation of such a small target is challenging. A specific capsule has been developed made of two aluminum halves kept together by permanent magnets. Since the beam extracted from a medical cyclotron is about 12 mm FWHM, an automatic compact focusing system was conceived and constructed to optimise the irradiation procedure. It is based on a 0.5 m long magnetic system, embedding two quadrupoles and two steering magnets, and a non-destructive beam monitoring detector located in front of the target. The profiles measured by the detector are elaborated by a specific software that, through a feedback optimisation algorithm, acts on the magnets and keeps the beam focused on target. Being about 1 m long, it can be installed in any existing medical cyclotron facility. The design of the first prototype together with the results of the first beam tests are presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB408

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paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 June 2021 issue date ※ 19 August 2021

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TUPAB412

New 3 MeV and 7 MeV Accelerators for Cargo Screening and NDT

electron, gun, linac, software

2491

S. Proskin, D. Fischer, A.V. Mishin
Varex Imaging, Salt Lake City, USA

For decades evaluating of cargo and non-destructive testing of objects have been utilizing high energy systems based on particle accelerators. End users wish for lower prices, better image quality, and convenience of utilization. In recent years Varex Imaging, world leader in innovation, development, and manufacture of X-ray imaging component solutions, has been developing a series of new accelerator products with improved parameters and a goal of replacing existing dated systems and growing of emerging markets. New S-band energy regulated 3 MeV and 7 MeV linear accelerators have been designed, tested at Varex Imaging and their customer sites. Novel linacs benefit is in dramatically increased output, reduced beam spot, longer operation, and improved versatility. Authors will outline recent progress and future endeavors in linear accelerator development with regards to improvement of accelerating structures, X-ray targets, and corresponding RF components*.
This work would have not been successful without outstanding contribution of the whole Linac Group of Varex Imaging and established partnerships with our customers

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB412

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 June 2021 issue date ※ 18 August 2021

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TUPAB415

Irradiation Methods and Infrastructure Concepts of New Beam Lines for NICA Applied Research

radiation, quadrupole, detector, diagnostics

2498

G.A. Filatov, A. Agapov, A.V. Butenko, K.N. Shipulin, A. Slivin, E. Syresin, A. Tuzikov, A.S. Vorozhtsov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
S. Antoine, W. Beeckman, X.G. Duveau, J. Guerra-Phillips, P.J. Jehanno
SIGMAPHI S.A., Vannes, France

Nowadays space exploration has faced the issue of radiation risk to microelectronics and biological objects. The new beamlines and irradiation stations of the Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) at JINR are currently under construction to study this issue. The beamline parameters, different methods for homogeneous irradiation of targets such as scanning, and beam profile shaping by octupole magnets are discussed. A short description of the building infrastructure, magnet elements, and detectors for these beamlines is also given.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB415

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paper received ※ 11 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 June 2021 issue date ※ 13 August 2021

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WEPAB013

A New Algorithm for Positron Source Parameter Optimisation

positron, electron, simulation, linac

2609

Y. Zhao, L. Ma
SDU, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
S. Döbert, A. Latina
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In this report, we proposed a new simple and efficient algorithm for positron source parameter optimisation, which is based on iterations of scan of free parameters in the simulation. The new algorithm is fast, simple and convincing since the results can be visually drawn and flexibly tuned and it has an advantage that it can easily handle realistic parametric problems with more than one objective quantities to optimise. The optimisation of the main parameters of the CLIC positron source at the 380 GeV stage is presented as an example to demonstrate how the algorithm works.

Poster WEPAB013 [1.352 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB013

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paper received ※ 15 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 24 June 2021 issue date ※ 17 August 2021

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WEPAB014

Optimisation of the CLIC Positron Source

positron, simulation, linac, electron

2613

Y. Zhao, L. Ma
SDU, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
H.M.A. Bajas, S. Döbert, A. Latina
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In this report, we reoptimised the CLIC positron source at all collision energy stages. Simulation, optimisation algorithm and results were all improved compared with previous studies. Two different target schemes were studied and compared in terms of the advantages and disadvantages. The spot size of the injected electron beam was also optimised to achieve a compromise between large positron yields and safe energy deposition. The matching device for the capture of positrons was simulated and optimised with both improved analytic and realistic field maps. Conical aperture and front and rear gaps of the matching device were also considered for the first time. The optimised positron source is expected to have the lowest cost.

Poster WEPAB014 [1.825 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB014

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paper received ※ 15 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 25 August 2021

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WEPAB015

Comparison of Different Matching Device Field Profiles for the FCC-ee Positron Source

positron, linac, electron, simulation

2617

Y. Zhao, L. Ma
SDU, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
B. Auchmann, P. Craievich, J. Kosse, R. Zennaro
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
I. Chaikovska, R. Chehab
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
S. Döbert, A. Latina
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
P.V. Martyshkin
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

In this report, we compared different matching device field profiles for the FCC-ee positron source. The matching device is used to capture positrons with magnetic field. A flux concentrator was designed with a conical inner chamber. A smaller aperture and a larger aperture were studied. An analytic field profile was also studied using an adiabatic formula. The peak field of the analytic profile as well as beam and target parameters was optimised to achieve a maximum positron yield. A safe energy deposition in the target was guaranteed by requiring a constraint on the deposited power and peak energy deposition density.

Poster WEPAB015 [3.066 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB015

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paper received ※ 15 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 23 June 2021 issue date ※ 30 August 2021

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WEPAB016

Snowmass’21 Accelerator Frontier

collider, hadron, electron, luminosity

2621

V.D. Shiltsev
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
S.A. Gourlay
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
T.O. Raubenheimer
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Snowmass’21 is decadal particle physics community planning study. It provides an opportunity for the entire particle physics community to come together to identify and document a scientific vision for the future of particle physics in the U.S. and its international partners. Snowmass will define the most important questions for the field of particle physics and identify promising opportunities to address them. The P5, Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel, will take the scientific input from Snowmass and develop a strategic plan for U.S. particle physics that can be executed over a 10 year timescale, in the context of a 20-year global vision for the field. Here we present the goals, progress and plans of the Snowmass’21 Accelerator Frontier.

Poster WEPAB016 [1.108 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB016

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paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 23 June 2021 issue date ※ 12 August 2021

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WEPAB139

Beam Tracking Simulations for Stage 1 of the Laser-Hybrid Accelerator for Radiobiological Applications (LhARA)

laser, proton, simulation, plasma

2939

H.T. Lau
Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

The Laser-hybrid Accelerator for Radiobiological Applications (LhARA) is a unique and flexible facility proposed for radiobiological studies. The first stage of LhARA consists of an intense laser source interacting with a thin foil target producing a large flux of protons with energies up to 15 MeV. Particles will propagate through a combination of plasma (Gabor) lenses and magnetic elements to an achromat arc delivering the beam vertically to an in-vitro end station. An end-to-end simulation from the laser source to the end station is required to verify the conceptual design of the beamline. The laser-plasma interaction is simulated with Smilei (a particle-in-cell code) to produce a two-dimensional (2D) distribution of particles. Whilst it is possible to simulate the laser-plasma interaction in three dimensions (3D), access to the computing resources needed to run highly resolved simulations was not available. A sampling routine will be described which samples the 2D distribution to generate a 3D beam. The Monte Carlo simulation programs BDSIM and GPT were used to track the beam. Results of the simulations will be shown and compared to the results of an idealized Gaussian beam.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB139

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021 issue date ※ 10 August 2021

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WEPAB144

A New Flux Concentrator Made of Cu Alloy for the SuperKEKB Positron Source

positron, operation, vacuum, GUI

2954

Y. Enomoto, K. Abe, N. Okada, T. Takatomi
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

Flux concentrator (FC) is one of important device for positron source which translates position and momentum spread of the particles adiabatically to match them to the acceptance of the following section. To realize higher positron yield, higher magnetic field is desired. However, higher field by higher current generate stronger force on the coil. Since the gap between each turn of the coil is as narrow as 0.2 mm and the voltage across them is about as high as 1 kV at the design current, slight deformation of the coil cause discharge between the gap. To avoid such problem, a new FC made of Cu alloy which has 40 times higher yield strength than that of pure Cu was designed and tested. Finally, during summer shutdown in 2020, the old FC made of pure Cu was replaced by the new one made of Cu alloy in the KEK electron positron injector linac. The new one has been working stably at the design current, 12 kA, since Oct. 2020, and positron yield of 0.5 was realized. There were no discharge and other trouble till now.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB144

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paper received ※ 08 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021 issue date ※ 26 August 2021

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WEPAB166

Concept of an Accelerator-Driven Neutron Source for the Production of Atmospheric Radiations

neutron, shielding, proton, radiation

2998

P. Lee, N.-W. Kang
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
M. Moon
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work has been supported through KOMAC operation fund of KAERI and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2021R1C1C1007100).
At the Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC) of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), we are studying an accelerator-driven neutron source for the production of white neutron beams that resemble the atmospheric radiations on the earth. In the concept of the neutron source, high-energy neutrons are generated by using a 200-MeV proton beam on a heavy-metal target in a target station, which is consisted of a target, moderator, reflector, and biological shields, and a part of the high-energy neutrons are guided in a forward direction to make neutron beams with the atmospheric-like energy spectrum. The conceptual design has 6 more thermal-neutron beamlines at the separation of 30 degrees for the fundamental research on neutron science. Here, we present the concepts of the target station and basic parameters regarding the neutron source.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB166

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021 issue date ※ 28 August 2021

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WEPAB185

Target Bypass Beam Optics for Future High Intensity Fixed Target Experiments in the CERN North Area

experiment, proton, quadrupole, optics

3046

G.L. D’Alessandro, D. Banerjee, J. Bernhard, M. Brugger, N. Doble, L. Gatignon, A. Gerbershagen, B. Rae, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
S.M. Gibson
JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom

Several of the proposed experiments for operation at the K12 beam line would profit from significant beam intensity increase. Among those, there is the KLEVER experiment that would require an intensity of 2x10¹³ protons per 4.8 s long spill. The main goal of the experiment is to measure BR(KL->pi0 nu nu) to test the Standard Model structure by itself, and in combination with results from NA62 for BR(K±>pi+ nu nu). NA62 could also profit from higher intensities, and could be run in a new configuration called NA62HI(gher intensity). In the current configuration the beam is transported from the SPS to the TT24 beamline. This beamline leads to the T4 target that attenuates the beam for P42. After T4 the beam is directed into the P42 beamline before impinging on the T10 target and creating the particles necessary for the experiment. Those are finally transported to the detector via K12. This paper presents the idea of partially bypassing T4 and changing the P42 beamline configuration in order to have a sufficiently small beam size at the T10 target for both KLEVER and NA62-HI. Optics studies are developed in MADX and the AppLE.py, software developed at CERN.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB185

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paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021 issue date ※ 27 August 2021

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WEPAB186

Studies for the K12 High-Intensity Kaon Beam at CERN

detector, experiment, simulation, kaon

3049

G.L. D’Alessandro, D. Banerjee, J. Bernhard, M. Brugger, N. Doble, L. Gatignon, A. Gerbershagen, R. Marchevski, B. Rae, S. Schuchmann, F.W. Stummer, M.W.U. Van Dijk
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
S.T. Boogert, S.M. Gibson, L.J. Nevay
JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom

The NA62 experiment is a fixed target experiment located in the North Area of CERN and has as main goal the measurement of the branching ratio of the rare decay K±>pi+vv. The primary proton beam from the SPS accelerator interacts with the T10 beryllium target and the generated 75 GeV/c secondary particles, containing about 6% of positive kaons, are transported by the K12 beamline to the NA62 experiment. Studies in this paper present detailed simulations of the K12 beamline developed in both FLUKA and BDSIM codes, which reproduce the current configuration of K12 for the NA62 experiment. The beam optics parameters of K12 are studied in BDSIM and compared to MADX optics and tracking calculations. The models in FLUKA and BDSIM are used for beam studies and muon production at various locations along the beamline, and the parameters obtained from simulations are benchmarked against data recorded by the experiment. The impact of the Cherenkov kaon tagging detector (CEDAR) on the beam quality is calculated for two different gas compositions in view of a possible upgrade of the detector.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB186

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paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021 issue date ※ 27 August 2021

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WEPAB187

The ENUBET Multi Momentum Secondary Beamline Design

kaon, electron, proton, experiment

3053

E.G. Parozzi, N. Charitonidis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
G. Brunetti, E.G. Parozzi, F. Terranova
Universita Milano Bicocca, MILANO, Italy
A. Longhin, M. Pari, F. Pupilli
INFN- Sez. di Padova, Padova, Italy
A. Longhin, M. Pari
Univ. degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
E.G. Parozzi, F. Terranova
INFN MIB, MILANO, Italy

The aim of neutrino physics for the next decades is to detect effects due to CP violation, mass hierarchy, and search for effects beyond the Standard Model predictions. Future experiments need precise measurements of the neutrino interaction cross-sections at the ~GeV/c regime, currently limited by the exact knowledge of the initial neutrino flux on a ~10-20% uncertainty level. The ENUBET project is proposing a novel facility, capable of constraining the neutrino flux normalization through the precise monitoring of the Ke3 (K±>e+pi0nu) decay products in an instrumented decay tunnel. ENUBET can also monitor muons from the two body kaon and pion decays (nu flux) and measure the neutrino energy with a 10% precision without relying on the event reconstruction at the neutrino detector. We present here a novel design based on a broad (4-8.5 GeV/c) momentum range secondary beamline, that widen the cross-section energy range that can be explored by ENUBET. In this poster, we discuss the target optimization studies and we show the early results on the new line’s optics and the layout design. We discuss the expected performance of this line and the forthcoming activities.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB187

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paper received ※ 13 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 29 July 2021 issue date ※ 14 August 2021

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WEPAB202

Thermal Analysis of a Compact Split-Coaxial CW RFQ for the IsoDAR RFQ-DIP

rfq, simulation, cyclotron, injection

3097

D. Koser, J.M. Conrad, D. Winklehner
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
H. Podlech, U. Ratzinger, M. Schuett
BEVATECH, Frankfurt, Germany

The RFQ direct injection project (RFQ-DIP) for the neutrino physics experiment IsoDAR aims at an efficient injection of a high-current H²⁺ beam into the dedicated 60 MeV driver cyclotron. Therefore, it is intended to use a compact 32.8 MHz RFQ structure of the split-coaxial type as a pre-buncher. To determine the thermal elongation of the 1.4 m long electrode rods as well as the thermal frequency detuning of the RF structure at a maximum nominal power load of 3.6 kW, an extensive thermal and structural mechanical analysis using COMSOL Multiphysics was conducted. The water heating along the cooling channels as well as the properties of heat transfer from the copper structure to the cooling water were taken into account, which required CFD simulations of the cooling water flow in the turbulent regime. Here we present the methods and results of the sophisticated thermal and structural mechanical simulations using COMSOL and provide a comparison to more simplistic simulations conducted with CST Studio Suite.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB202

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paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021 issue date ※ 14 August 2021

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WEPAB212

Physics Studies for the LBNF Graphite Target Design

focusing, detector, simulation, proton

3123

J.J. Back
University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

We present the simulated physics performance of the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) graphite target that is being designed by the RAL High Power Targets Group for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). We first compare three conceptual cylindrical target design options as a function of target length (up to 2.2 m): downstream supported, two individual targets and an upstream-supported cantilever. Choosing the cantilever design as the baseline, we show the effect of widening the upstream inner conductor of the first focusing horn to provide extra space for supporting the target. We also give estimates of the expected performance of the 1.5 m prototype and 1.8 m production cantilevered targets. Furthermore, we show the effects of the main engineering updates made to the other two focusing horns since the DUNE TDR.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB212

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paper received ※ 17 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 05 July 2021 issue date ※ 26 August 2021

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WEPAB255

Simulation Studies on the Interactions of Electron Beam with Wastewater

electron, radiation, simulation, photon

3236

X. Li, H. Baumgart, G. Ciovati
ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
G. Ciovati, F.E. Hannon, S. Wang
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Jefferson Lab LDRD
The manufactured chemical pollutants, like 1,4 dioxane and PFAS (per- and polyfluroralkyl substances), found in the underground water and/or drinking water are challenging to be removed or biodegraded. Energetic electrons are capable of mediating and removing them. This paper utilizes FLUKA code to evaluate the beam-wastewater interaction effects with different energy, space and divergence distributions of the electron beam. With 8 MeV average energy, the electron beam exits from a 0.0127 cm thick titanium window, travels through a 4.3 cm distance air and a second 0.0127 cm thick stainless water container window with 2.43 cm radius, and finally is injected into the water area, where the volume of water is around 75 cubic cm. The distribution parameters of the electron beam are from the GPT (General Particle Tracer) simulations for UITF (Upgraded Injector Test Facility) in Jefferson lab. By varying the distributions, several measurements including the dose (or energy deposition) distribution, electron fluence, photon fluence are scored and compared. Taking the comparisons into consideration, this paper is aiming to find better electron beams for the wastewater irradiation.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB255

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paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 25 June 2021 issue date ※ 14 August 2021

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WEPAB259

Impact of the Magnet Alignment and Field Errors on the Output Uniform Beam at the DONES HEBT Line

neutron, multipole, octupole, linac

3251

C. Oliver, A. Ibarra, J. Mollá, I. Podadera, R. Varela
CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
H. Dzitko
F4E, Germany
O. Nomen, D. Sánchez-Herranz
IREC, Sant Adria del Besos, Spain

Funding: This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 633053
IFMIF-DONES will be a facility devoted to study the degradation of advanced materials for operation of fusion reactors. Motivated by the need of optimizing the neutron irradiation to the materials samples, the HEBT line of the deuteron DONES (DEMO Oriented Neutron Source) accelerator is based on non-linear magnetic fields. By using octupoles and dodecapoles magnets, it is possible to shape the beam profile to achieve the demanded rectangular uniform distribution across the flat top of the beam profile, with high edge peaks in the horizontal direction. Special optics conditions are obtained with a proper setting of quadrupole magnets to minimize the x-y coupling. Additionally, the high beam power (5 MW, for a 125 mA, 40 MeV deuteron beam) in conjunction with the huge space charge makes challenging the HEBT line design to avoid non-controlled losses, except in the devoted scrapers. A comprehensive beam dynamics analysis has been made using TraceWin code. It includes extensive error studies to define tolerances and verify the robustness of the design with respect to magnet misalignment, power supply instabilities and injection parameters.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB259

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 26 July 2021 issue date ※ 17 August 2021

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WEPAB279

On Wire-Corrector Optimization in the HL-LHC and the Appearance of Special Aspect Ratios

optics, coupling, insertion, resonance

3297

D. Kaltchev
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

For the two high-luminosity insertions of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) current bearing wire correctors are intended to mitigate the detrimental effect of long-range beam-beam interactions. With respect to finding the optimum longitudinal location of the wire, two special locations corresponding to the special values 2 and 1/2 of the beta-function aspect ratio have been previously shown to provide simultaneous cancellation of multiple two-dimensional Resonance Driving Terms. This paper attempts to explain the appearance of such special aspect ratios.

Poster WEPAB279 [1.238 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB279

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paper received ※ 14 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 19 July 2021 issue date ※ 13 August 2021

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WEPAB289

Machine Learning Based Spatial Light Modulator Control for the Photoinjector Laser at FLUTE

laser, electron, network, experiment

3332

C. Xu, E. Bründermann, A.-S. Müller, M.J. Nasse, A. Santamaria Garcia, C. Sax, C. Widmann
KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
A. Eichler
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Funding: C. Xu acknowledges the support by the DFG-funded Doctoral School "Karlsruhe School of Elementary and Astroparticle Physics: Science and Technology".
FLUTE (Ferninfrarot Linac- und Test-Experiment) at KIT is a compact linac-based test facility for novel accelerator technology and a source of intense THz radiation. FLUTE is designed to provide a wide range of electron bunch charges from the pC- to nC-range, high electric fields up to 1.2 GV/m, and ultra-short THz pulses down to the fs-timescale. The electrons are generated at the RF photoinjector, where the electron gun is driven by a commercial titanium sapphire laser. In this kind of setup the electron beam properties are determined by the photoinjector, but more importantly by the characteristics of the laser pulses. Spatial light modulators can be used to transversely and longitudinally shape the laser pulse, offering a flexible way to shape the laser beam and subsequently the electron beam, influencing the produced THz pulses. However, nonlinear effects inherent to the laser manipulation (transportation, compression, third harmonic generation) can distort the original pulse. In this paper we propose to use machine learning methods to manipulate the laser and electron bunch, aiming to generate tailor-made THz pulses. The method is demonstrated experimentally in a test setup.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB289

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 06 July 2021 issue date ※ 26 August 2021

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WEPAB292

Application of Machine Learning to Predict the Response of the Liquid Mercury Target at the Spallation Neutron Source

neutron, simulation, proton, experiment

3340

L. Lin, S. Gorti, J.C. Mach, H. Tran, D.E. Winder
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Funding: Basic Energy Sciences U.S. Department of Energy SC-22/Germantown Building 1000 Independence Avenue., SW Washington, DC 20585 P: (301) 903 - 3081 F: (301) 903 - 6594
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is currently the most powerful accelerator-driven neutron source in the world. The intense proton pulses strike on SNS’s mercury target to provide bright neutron beams, which also leads to severe fluid-structure interactions inside the target. Prediction of resultant loading on the target is difficult particularly when helium gas is intentionally injected into mercury to reduce the loading and mitigate the pitting damage on the target’s internal walls. Leveraging the power of machine learning and the measured target strain, we have developed machine learning surrogates for modeling the discrepancy between simulations and experimental strain data. We then employ these surrogates to guide the refinement of the high-fidelity mercury/helium mixture model to predict a better match of target strain response.

Poster WEPAB292 [0.930 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB292

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 July 2021 issue date ※ 10 August 2021

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WEPAB328

Rapid Surface Microanalysis Using a Low Temperature Plasma

plasma, cathode, electron, radiation

3440

V.G. Dudnikov, M.A. Cummings, R.P. Johnson
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA

There is a need for rapid, high-resolution (micron or sub-micron) scanning of surfaces of special nuclear materials (SNM) and surrogate materials to locate and identify regions of abnormalities. One technique that is commonly used to analyze the composition of solid surfaces and thin films is secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). SIMS devices are very complex and expensive. We propose to develop simpler, less expensive surface analysis devices, based on glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GOES) that can provide excellent spatial resolution. Ions from a plasma discharge sputtered atoms from the surface and the discharge electrons effectively excite and ionize the sputtered atoms. GOES uses the light emitted by the excited particles for quantitative analysis. In the GOES device, the ion flux is extracted from the gas-discharge plasma and focused to a micron size on the sample, providing very local sputtering and local elemental analysis. The radiation from the sputtered atoms is passed through an optical fiber to an optical spectrometer and recorded. To register the distribution of elements over the sample, the sample is scanned electro-mechanically.

Poster WEPAB328 [0.385 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB328

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 29 July 2021 issue date ※ 02 September 2021

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WEPAB333

Installation and Commissioning of the Sirius Vacuum System

vacuum, booster, storage-ring, MMI

3455

R.M. Seraphim, R.O. Ferraz, H.G. Filho, G.R. Gomes, P.H. Lima, R.F. Oliveira, B.M. Ramos, T.M. Rocha, D.R. Silva, M.B. Silva
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil

The installation of the Sirius accelerators was completed in 2019. The vacuum installation of the booster took place in October 2018. The booster vacuum chambers were baked-out ex-situ and the vacuum pumps, gauges and valves were assembled prior to the installation in the tunnel. The vacuum installation of the storage ring took place from May to August 2019. The vacuum system of the storage ring is based on fully NEG-coated chambers and each sector was baked-out in-situ for NEG activation. The average static pressure in the booster is in the range of low 10^-9 mbar. In the storage ring, 95% of the pressures are in 10-11 mbar range and 5% are in 10-10 mbar range. The first beam was stored in the storage ring in December 2019. The vacuum system has been performing well, and an effective beam cleaning effect has been observed for the NEG-coated chambers. At a beam dose of 70 A-h, the storage ring already achieved the design normalized average dynamic pressure of 3x10 12 mbar/mA. A summary of the installation and the commissioning status of the vacuum system will be presented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB333

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paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 14 June 2021 issue date ※ 22 August 2021

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WEPAB338

Amorphous Carbon Coating in SPS

vacuum, electron, operation, multipactoring

3475

W. Vollenberg, P. Chiggiato, P. Costa Pinto, P. Cruikshank, H. Moreno, C. Pasquino, J. Perez Espinos, M. Taborelli
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Within the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) project, the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) needs to be upgraded to inject into the LHC higher intensity and brighter 25-ns bunch spaced beams. To mitigate the Electron Multipacting (E.M.) phenomenon, a well-known limiting factor for high-intensity positively charged beams, CERN developed carbon coatings with a low Secondary Electron Yield (SEY). During the 2016 & 2017 year-end technical stops, such coatings were deposited on the inner wall of the vacuum chambers of some SPS quadrupole and dipole magnets by a dedicated in-situ setup. A much larger scale deployment was implemented during the Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2020) to coat all beam pipes of focussing quadrupoles (QF) and their adjacent short straight sections. In this contribution, we remind the motivation of the project, and present the results and the quality control of the carbon coating campaign during the latter phase of implementation.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB338

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 16 June 2021 issue date ※ 13 August 2021

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WEPAB363

Dynamic Response of Spallation Volume to Beam Raster on the European Spallation Source Target

resonance, operation, simulation, proton

3552

Y. Lee
ESS, Lund, Sweden

To achieve a desirably low beam intensity on the target, the European Spallation Source (ESS) adopted a beam raster system at the high beta beam transport part of the linac. The raster system paints the beam on the target with frequencies up to 40 kHz within the 2.86 ms beam pulse, to form a uniformly expanded beam footprint. While the beam raster reduces the time-averaged beam current density to a level that the 5 years of design lifetime of the target system can be achieved with a high operational reliability, it could potentially induce deleterious dynamic excitations in the spallation volume made of tungsten. The stress wavelets created by raster sweeps can be amplified if the sweep frequency is in tune with a resonance mode of the tungsten volume. This coherent interference of the wavelets could lead to a high dynamic stress in tungsten, posing a risk of premature failure of the target. In this paper, the dynamic response of the spallation volume of the ESS target to different beam raster frequencies has been analysed, using multi-physics simulations based on measured material data. Finally, a safe operational range of the beam raster frequency band is proposed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB363

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paper received ※ 12 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 July 2021 issue date ※ 01 September 2021

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WEPAB364

Third-Generation CERN n_TOF Spallation Target: Final Design and Examinations of Irradiated Prototype

neutron, radiation, proton, experiment

3555

R. Esposito, O. Aberle, M. Calviani, T. Coiffet, M.D. Crouvizier, R. Franqueira Ximenes, V. Maire, A.T. Perez Fontenla, M.A. Timmins
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The new neutron spallation target for the CERN neutron Time-Of-Flight (n_TOF) facility is based on a nitrogen-cooled Pb core impacted by short high-intensity proton beam pulses. An extensive material characterization campaign has been carried out to define the constitutive behavior of lead and assess its response under pulsed proton beam irradiation. The activities carried out include a beam irradiation test in the CERN HiRadMat facility. The tests and inspections performed show a robust behavior of the core material during operation and prominent static hardening recovery already at room temperature.

Poster WEPAB364 [1.011 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB364

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 11 June 2021 issue date ※ 20 August 2021

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WEPAB365

CERN BDF Prototype Target Operation, Removal and Autopsy Steps

radiation, extraction, interface, operation

3559

R. Franqueira Ximenes, O. Aberle, C. Ahdida, P. Avigni, M. Battistin, L. Bianchi, L.R. Buonocore, S. Burger, J. Busom, M. Calviani, J.P. Canhoto Espadanal, M. Casolino, M. Di Castro, M.A. Fraser, S.S. Gilardoni, S. Girod, J.L. Grenard, D. Grenier, M. Guinchard, R. Jacobsson, M. Lamont, E. Lopez Sola, A. Ortega Rolo, A. Perillo-Marcone, Y. Pira, B. Riffaud, V. Vlachoudis, L. Zuccalli
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The Beam Dump Facility (BDF), currently in the study phase, is a proposed general-purpose fixed target facility at CERN. Initially will host the Search for Hidden Particles (SHiP) experiment, intended to investigate the origin of dark matter and other weakly interacting particles. The BDF particle production target is located at the core of the facility and is employed to fully absorb the high intensity (400 GeV/c) Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) beam. To validate the design of the production target, a downscaled prototype was tested with the beam at CERN in 2018 in the North Area primary area in a dedicated test at 35 kW average beam power. This contribution details the BDF prototype target operation, fully remote removal intervention, and foreseen post-irradiation examination plans.

Poster WEPAB365 [1.691 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB365

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 15 June 2021 issue date ※ 25 August 2021

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WEPAB366

Towards the Last Stages of the CERN’s AD-Target Area Consolidation Project and Recommissioning Plans to Resume Operation

proton, antiproton, operation, MMI

3563

C. Torregrosa, C. Ahdida, A. Bouvard, A. Broche, S. Burger, M.E.J. Butcher, M. Calviani, V. Clerc, A. De Macedo, S. De Man, F.A. Deslande, M. Di Castro, T. Dobers, T. Feniet, R. Ferriere, E. Fornasiere, R. Franqueira Ximenes, T.J. Giles, J.L. Grenard, E. Grenier-Boley, G. Gräwer, M. Guinchard, M.D. Jedrychowski, K. Kershaw, B. Lefort, E. Lopez Sola, J.M. Martin Ruiz, A. Martínez Sellés, G. Matulenaite, C.Y. Mucher, A. Newborough, M. Perez Ornedo, E. Perez-Duenas, A. Perillo-Marcone, L. Ponce, N. Solieri, M.B. Szewczyk, P.A. Thonet, M.A. Timmins, A. Tursun, W. Van den Broucke, F.M. Velotti, C. Vendeuvre, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
J.C. Espadanal
LIP, Lisboa, Portugal

Antiprotons are produced at CERN at the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) Target Area by impacting 26 GeV/c proton beams onto a fixed target. Further collection, momentum selection, and transport of the secondary particles - including antiprotons - towards the AD ring is realised by a 400 kA pulsed magnetic horn and a set of magnetic dipoles and quadrupoles. A major consolidation of the area - in operation since the 80s - has taken place during the CERN Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2021). Among other activities, such upgrade included: (i) Installation of a new air-cooled target design and manufacturing of a new batch of magnetic horns, including a surface pulsing test-bench for their validation and fine-tuning (ii) Installation of a new positioning and maintenance system for the target and horn (iii) Refurbishment and decontamination of the Target Area and its equipment, (iv) Construction of a new surface service building to house new nuclear ventilation systems. This contribution presents an overview of such activities and lesson learnt. In addition, it provides the latest results from refractory metals R&D for the antiproton target and a summary of the recommissioning and optimization plans.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB366

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 01 September 2021

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WEPAB367

Bubble Generation in the SNS 2 MW Mercury Target

injection, proton, experiment, operation

3567

C.N. Barbier, M.P. Costa, K.C. Johns, D. Ottinger, F. Rasheed, B.W. Riemer, R.L. Sangrey, J.R. Weinmeister, D.E. Winder
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

The accelerator at the Spallation Neutron Source is currently being upgraded to increase the proton beam power from 1.4 MW to 2.8 MW. About 2 MW will go to the first target station, while the rest will go to the future second target station. The first target station uses a mercury target. When the short proton beam pulse hits it, strong pressure waves are developed inside the mercury and the vessel itself, causing weld failures and cavitation erosion. The pressure wave can be significantly mitigated by injecting small helium bubbles into the mercury. SNS has been injecting helium since 2017 using small orifices but has met challenges in fabrication and operations with them. Thus, for the 2 MW target, swirl bubblers will be used to increase gas injection and improve reliability. A 2 MW prototypical target was built and tested in a mercury process loop available at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Acrylic viewports on the top of the target were used to determine the bubble size distribution (BSD) generated by the swirl bubblers. It was found that the bubblers were not only capable of generating small bubbles but that the BSD was independent of gas injection rate.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB367

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paper received ※ 10 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 22 June 2021 issue date ※ 20 August 2021

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WEPAB368

Sigraflex® Studies for LHC CERN Beam Dump: Summary and Perspective

operation, experiment, radiation, extraction

3571

J.M. Heredia, M. Calviani, R. Franqueira Ximenes, D. Grenier, K. Kershaw, A. Lechner, P.A. Andreu-Muñoz, F.-X. Nuiry, A. Perillo-Marcone, V. Rizzoglio, C. Torregrosa
CERN, Geneva 23, Switzerland
A. Alvaro
SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway
F. Berto, S. Solfiti
NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam dump (TDE) is essential for safe and reliable operation of the collider. It absorbs particles extracted from the accelerator whenever required. The original design of the TDE dates from the mid 2000 and it is constituted of an eight-meter-long cylindrical stainless-steel tube, filled with low-Z carbon-based materials from different grades and densities. The Sigraflex®, an expanded low-density graphite, is employed in the middle section of the TDE core. Due to unexpected behaviour observed in the past LHC runs, several major upgrades were recently implemented in order for the TDE to be ready for LHC Run3 (2021-2024), where up to 555 MJ beam energy is expected to be dumped every few hours. According simulations, temperatures in the Sigraflex core will reach locally up to 1500°C in the regular dump cases, and above 2300°C for failure scenarios. The objective of this contribution is to summarize the LS2 hardware upgrades and the plan for the evaluation of the Sigraflex performance during LHC Run3. This work will also detail the last experimental and numerical findings applied to the Sigraflex®, and possible alternative materials for the future.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB368

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paper received ※ 18 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 11 August 2021 issue date ※ 16 August 2021

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WEPAB390

High-Quality, Conformal Bellows Coatings Using Ultra-Fast HiPIMS with Precision Ion Energy Control

plasma, vacuum, operation, experiment

3626

T.J. Houlahan, I. Haehnlein, W.M. Huber, B.E. Jurczyk, I.A. Shchelkanov, R.A. Stubbers
Starfire Industries LLC, Champaign, USA

Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Award Number DE-SC0020481.
In this paper we demonstrate a replacement for traditional ’wet’ chemical deposition processes using a vacuum, ionized physical vapor deposition (iPVD) process that results in a conformal metal film, capable of coating complex, convoluted parts that are common in modern particle accelerators (e.g., bellows, RF cavities). Results are presented for a process utilizing the combined deposition and etching that are achieved using ultra-fast high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) coupled with precision control of the ion energy using a positive voltage reversal. This process results in a conformal film and has been used to coat both test coupons and full bellows assemblies. The resulting Cu films, which are 5-10 µm in thickness, exhibit excellent adhesion. Further, they have been shown to tolerate temperature extremes ranging from 77 K to a 400 C vacuum bakeout as well as extreme plastic deformation of the substrate without any buckling, cracking, or delamination.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB390

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 July 2021 issue date ※ 31 August 2021

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THXC03

Evolution of the High-Power Spallation Neutron Mercury Target at the SNS

operation, neutron, injection, proton

3735

D.E. Winder
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Funding: UT-Battelle, LLC, under Grant DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE).
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) began operation in 2006 and first operated at its full 1.4 MW power in 2013. Targets, which receive the pulsed proton beam, were a limiting factor for reliable full power operation for several years. Reaching reliable target operation at 1.4 MW required not only changes to the target design but also support and coordination across the entire SNS enterprise. The history and some key lessons learned are presented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THXC03

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021 issue date ※ 01 September 2021

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THPAB017

The International Muon Collider Collaboration

collider, luminosity, emittance, radiation

3792

D. Schulte
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

A muon collider offers a unique opportunity for high-energy, high-luminosity lepton collisions and could push the frontiers of particle physics by providing excellent discovery reach with excellent precision. A scheme has been developed by the MAP collaboration. The updated European Strategy for Particle Physics recommended the development of an Accelerator R&D Roadmap for Europe and CERN Council has charged the LDG to develop it. LDG has initiated panels to provide input including one on the use of muon beams, in particular in view of a high-energy, high luminosity muon collider. A new international collaboration, is forming to develop a muon collider design and address the associated challenges, which are mainly due to the limited muon lifetime. The focus is on two energy ranges, around 3 TeV and above 10 TeV. Ambitious magnets, RF systems, targets and shielding are key for the design.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB017

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 26 July 2021 issue date ※ 11 August 2021

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THPAB031

Dump Line Layout and Beam Dilution Pattern Optimization of the Future Circular Collider

kicker, quadrupole, extraction, hardware

3815

B. Facskó, D. Barna
Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest, Hungary
A. Lechner, E. Renner
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

To avoid any damage to the beam dump target in the Future Circular Collider, the beam will be swept over its surface using oscillating kickers in the x/y planes with a 90-degree phase difference, and an amplitude changing in time, creating a spiral pattern. The ideal pattern must have an increasing spiral pitch towards smaller radii to produce an even energy deposition density. We recommend the realization of the optimal pattern using two beating frequencies. This method enables a flat energy deposition density while only using simple independent damped oscillators. In this poster, we also present the study of the beamline optics and hardware that can realize the needed pattern. Two different possible hardware layouts were examined and optimized as well.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB031

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 28 July 2021 issue date ※ 18 August 2021

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THPAB041

Design of Photon Masks for the ILC Positron Source

photon, undulator, positron, site

3834

K.S. Alharbi, G.A. Moortgat-Pick, A. Ushakov
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
K.S. Alharbi, S. Riemann
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
K.S. Alharbi, A.O. Alrashdi
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), The National Center for Accelerator Technology, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
G.A. Moortgat-Pick
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
P. Sievers
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

A long superconducting helical undulator is planned as baseline to produce polarized positrons at the International Linear Collider (ILC). To protect the undulator walls from synchrotron radiation, masks must be inserted along the undulator line. The power distribution deposited at these masks is studied in order to design the photon masks.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB041

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 07 July 2021 issue date ※ 12 August 2021

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THPAB055

Reconstruction of Linear Optics Observables Using Supervised Learning

optics, simulation, operation, MMI

3875

E. Fol, H. Garcia, R. Tomás García
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

In the LHC, most of the optical functions can be obtained from turn-by-turn beam centroid data. However, the measurement of such observables as β^* and the dispersion function require special dedicated techniques and additional operational time. In this work, we propose an alternative approach to estimate these observables using supervised machine learning, in case the dedicated measurements are not available but turn-by-turn data are. The performance of developed estimators is demonstrated on LHC simulations. Comparison to traditional techniques for the computation of beta-function will be also provided.

Poster THPAB055 [0.713 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB055

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 19 July 2021 issue date ※ 15 August 2021

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THPAB113

The Extended Operative Range of the LNF LINAC and BTF Facilities

linac, experiment, positron, klystron

3987

L.G. Foggetta, M. Belli, B. Buonomo, F. Cardelli, R. Ceccarelli, A. Cecchinelli, R. Clementi, D. Di Giovenale, C. Di Giulio, G. Piermarini, L.A. Rossi, S. Strabioli, R. Zarlenga
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy

Funding: These activities has been partially supported by AIDA-2020 Grant Agreement 654168 and ERAD projects.
In 2020 the INFN-LNF LINAC and BTF have performed long-term runs for test beams and fixed-target experiments. The scientific needs of these items have been leading our groups to continuous improvements of the LINAC operative range both in pulse time at maximum energy and on the minimum transported energy, until the reset to DAΦNE injections at the beginning of 2021. We will also show the BTF recent developments in the transported beams and the second line installation.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB113

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 27 July 2021 issue date ※ 27 August 2021

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THPAB123

Pytomic: A Python Tool for Polarized Atomic Beam Tracking

simulation, detector, sextupole, polarization

4002

J.L. Martinez Marin, W. Armstrong, B.M. Mustapha
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. DOE under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357 through ANL’s LDRD program.
Pytomic is a new tool for the simulation and analysis of atomic beams through magnetic systems. It is written in Python and based on the same fundamentals as other particle tracking codes but for atomic beams instead of charged beams. In this case, the manipulation and control of neutral atomic beams is via a force due to the spin interacting with a magnetic field gradient. An object-oriented tool was developed to aid in the design of a beamline through the manipulation of modular elements. The Python language allowed for a smooth implementation and kept the code clear and simple. The primary purpose of developing this code was to have a tool to design, simulate, and optimize a Breit-Rabi Polarimeter to measure the polarization of an atomic beam. Therefore, different set-ups with different magnets need to be simulated and optimized for direct comparison. In addition to simulation and tracking modules, a new data analysis module was developed to be able to quickly analyze simulation results, gaining insight from each iteration of the simulation, leading to an efficient and rapid design process. Example applications to design polarimeters for atomic beams will be presented.

Poster THPAB123 [7.765 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB123

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paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021 issue date ※ 27 August 2021

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THPAB130

Design of a Very Low Energy Beamline for NA61/SHINE

experiment, hadron, simulation, optics

4017

C.A. Mussolini, N. Charitonidis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
P. Burrows
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
P. Burrows
Oxford University, Physics Department, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom
Y. Nagai
Colorado University at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Y. Nagai
ELTE, Budapest, Hungary
E.D. Zimmerman
CIPS, Boulder, Colorado, USA

A new, low-energy beamline branch is currently under consideration for the H₂ beamline at the CERN North Area. This new branch would extend the capabilities of the current infrastructure enabling the study of particles in the very low, 1-13 GeV/c, momentum range. The design of this new beamline involves various stages. Firstly, a study of the secondary targets to maximise the yield of secondary hadrons. Secondly, the development of high acceptance transverse optics with high momentum resolution on the order of a few %. Finally, we discuss the first considerations on instrumentation to enable particle identification and background rejection. The first experiment to profit from this new line could be NA61/SHINE, but other possible future fixed target experiments or test-beams installed in the downstream zones could also use the low-energy particles provided. The aim is to arrive at a complete design of this branch by the end of 2021, which, pending the approval of the CERN scientific committees, could be envisaged for construction after 2024. This timescale is compatible with requests for measurements by various large international collaborations, in the next 10-year horizon.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB130

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paper received ※ 15 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 27 July 2021 issue date ※ 27 August 2021

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THPAB175

nuSTORM Accelerator Challenges and Opportunities

collider, storage-ring, experiment, emittance

4104

C.T. Rogers, J.-B. Lagrange
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
N. Gall
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
J. Pasternak
STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
J. Pasternak
Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom

The nuSTORM facility uses a stored muon beam to generate a neutrino source. Muons are captured and stored in a storage ring using stochastic injection. The facility will aim to measure neutrino-nucleus scattering cross-sections with uniquely well-characterized neutrino beams; to facilitate the search for sterile neutrino and other Beyond Standard Model processes with exquisite sensitivity, and to provide a muon source that makes an excellent technology test-bed required for the development of muon beams capable of serving as a multi-TeV collider. In this paper, we describe the latest status of the development of nuSTORM, the R&D needs, and the potential for nuSTORM as a Muon Collider test facility.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB175

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 19 July 2021 issue date ※ 31 August 2021

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THPAB257

Fast Orbit Corrector Power Supply in MTCA.4 Form Factor for Sirius Light Source

controls, power-supply, feedback, hardware

4307

A.F. Giachero, G.B.M. Bruno, L.M. Russo, D.O. Tavares
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil

A new fast orbit feedback (FOFB) hardware architecture has been pursued at Sirius. The fast corrector magnets’ are fed by power supply modules which are placed in the same MicroTCA.4 crates where the BPM digitizers and FOFB controllers are located. Each channel is made of a 3-Watt linear amplifier whose output currents are digitally controlled by the same FPGA where the distributed orbit feedback controller is processed. The amplifier is specified to reach up to 10 kHz small-signal bandwidth on a 3.5 mH inductance magnet and ±1 A full scale, which translates to 30 urad deflection on Sirius’ 3 GeV beam. Such a high level of integration aims at minimizing the overall latency of the FOFB loop while leveraging the crate infrastructure, namely electronics enclosure, DC power, cooling, and hardware management support already provided by the MTCA.4 crates. The fast corrector power supply channels are placed on Rear Transition Modules (RTMs) which are attached to the front AMC FPGA module where the FOFB controller is implemented. This paper will describe the main design concepts and report on the experimental results of the first prototypes.

Poster THPAB257 [48.881 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB257

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paper received ※ 22 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 27 July 2021 issue date ※ 20 August 2021

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THPAB318

Uniformization of the Transverse Beam Profile with Nonlinear Magnet

HOM, synchrotron, radiation, extraction

4413

Y. Li, X. Guan, X.Y. Liu, X.W. Wang, Q.Z. Xing, Y. Yang, H.J. Yao, W.B. Ye, S.X. Zheng
TUB, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Y. Yang
NINT, Shannxi, People’s Republic of China

The beam generated after slow extraction of the synchrotron is always not uniform and asymmetrical in transverse distribution. In practice, radiation therapy or radiation irradiation requires a high degree of uniformity of beam spot. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the beam distribution with a nonlinear magnet and other elements on the transport line from synchrotron ring to beam target station. Nonlinear magnet has high requirements on beam quality. Before passing through the nonlinear magnet field, the beam center can be adjusted by taking advantage of the gradient change distribution of the nonlinear magnet’s transverse field map to achieve uniform distribution at the target station. As an example, we use the parameters of heavy ions of XiPAF (Xi’an 200MeV Proton Application Facility) to simulate the beam transport from synchrotron ring to beam target station.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB318

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paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 08 July 2021 issue date ※ 21 August 2021

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THPAB351

INFN-LASA Experimental Activities on PIP-II Low-Beta Cavity Prototypes

cavity, experiment, SRF, superconductivity

4481

M. Bertucci, A. Bosotti, A. D’Ambros, A.T. Grimaldi, P. Michelato, L. Monaco, C. Pagani, R. Paparella, D. Sertore
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
A. Gresele, A. Torri
Ettore Zanon S.p.A., Nuclear Division, Schio, Italy
M. Rizzi
Ettore Zanon S.p.A., Schio, Italy

This paper reports on the first results obtained by INFN-LASA on PIP-II low-beta cavity prototypes. The goal of this activity was to validate the reference surface treatment based on Electropolishing as a bulk removal step. The cavity treatment procedures are here presented together with the strategy used for their optimization. The experimental results of cavity cold tests for a single cell prototype are presented and discussed. Having this cavity achieved the requested performance, the baseline procedure is considered as validated and a plan for a future high-Q cavity surface treatment is proposed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB351

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 23 July 2021 issue date ※ 29 August 2021

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THPAB352

Computer Vision Techniques Used to Monitor the Alignment of Cavities and Solenoids in the PIP-II Prototype SSR1 Cryomodule

cavity, solenoid, alignment, cryomodule

4485

S. Zorzetti, J. Bernardini, D. Passarelli
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

The alignment of the SRF PIP-II string components is studied as the acceptable beam deflection, offset and defocusing, which may otherwise cause beam loss. Simulations and measurements established that the maximum deviation of the beam pipe from the reference orbit should not exceed a small fraction of the beam aperture. To observe the translations and rotations of each single component within the cryomodule, optical instruments (H-BCAM) surveying highly reflective targets, installed in the internal assembly of the module were used. The alignment monitoring concept for the PIP II SSR1 prototype cryomodule, along with relevant measurements of the components’ position monitoring during coldmass cooldown is presented in this contribution. This development paves the way to new computer vision applications in the field of cryomodule assemblies in cleanroom environment, in which robotically-assisted operations have the potential to dramatically reduce the risk of chemical and particulate contamination.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB352

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 02 August 2021 issue date ※ 31 August 2021

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THPAB359

Simulations of the Stage 2 FFA Injection Line of LhARA for Evaluating Beam Transport Performance

space-charge, injection, simulation, laser

4495

W. Shields
JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
A. Kurup, H.T. Lau, K.R. Long, J. Pasternak
Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom

A new, novel facility for radiobiological research, the Laser-hybrid Accelerator for Radiobiological Applications (LhARA), has recently been proposed. LhARA will be a two-stage facility with the first stage employing laser-target acceleration to produce intense proton bunches of energies up to 15 MeV. The second stage will accelerate the beam in an FFA ring up to 127 MeV. Optimal performance of stage 2, however, will require an emittance reduction of the stage 1 beam due to the FFA’s nominal dynamical acceptance. Here, we demonstrate a new optical configuration of LhARA’s stage 1 lattice that will provide this reduced emittance. The profile of the laser-target generated beam is far from an ideal Gaussian, therefore two start-to-end Monte Carlo particle tracking codes have been used to model beam transport performance from the laser-target source through to the end of the stage 2 FFA injection line. The Geant4-based Beam Delivery Simulation (BDSIM) was used to model beam losses and the collimation that is crucial to LhARA’s energy selection system, and General Particle Tracer (GPT) was used to model the space-charge effects that may impact performance given the emittance reduction.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB359

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paper received ※ 19 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 07 July 2021 issue date ※ 18 August 2021

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THPAB364

Mu*STAR: A System to Consume Spent Nuclear Fuel While Economically Generating Nuclear Power

site, neutron, operation, proton

4499

R.P. Johnson, R.J. Abrams, M.A. Cummings, S.A. Kahn, J.D. Lobo, T.J. Roberts
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA

Mu*STAR is a superconducting-accelerator driven, subcritical, molten-salt reactor designed to consume the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) from today’s commercial fleet of light water reactors. In the process of doing so it will: 1. generate electricity in a cost-competitive manner, 2. significantly reduce the waste-stream volume per Gigawatt-hour generated, 3. greatly reduce the radio-toxic lifetime of the waste stream. As many states and countries now prohibit licensing of new nuclear plants until a national strategy has been established for the long-term disposal of their nuclear waste, Mu*STAR can be an important enabler for new nuclear facilities. This is especially important in the light of climate change, as nuclear energy is the only carbon-free technology for a base-load generation that is readily expandable.

Poster THPAB364 [0.497 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB364

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paper received ※ 20 May 2021 paper accepted ※ 12 July 2021 issue date ※ 02 September 2021

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