Keyword: collider
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MOXC01 Combined Effect of Beam-Beam Interaction and Beam Coupling Impedance in Future Circular Colliders impedance, synchrotron, luminosity, simulation 25
 
  • Y. Zhang, N. Wang
    IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  • E. Carideo
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • M. Migliorati
    SBAI, Roma, Italy
  • M. Zobov
    INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
  
  Funding: This work is supported by National Key Programme for S&T Research and Development, China (Grant No. 2016YFA0400400), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11775238, No. 11775239).
The future large scale electron-positron colliders, such as FCC-ee in Europe and CEPC in China, will rely on the crab waist collision scheme with a large Piwinski angle. Differently from the past generation colliders both luminosity and beam-beam tune shifts depend on the bunch length in such a collision scheme. In addition, for the future circular colliders with extreme beam parameters in collision several new effects become important such as beamstrahlung, coherent X-Z instability and 3D flip-flop. For all these effects the longitudinal beam dynamics plays an essential role and should be taken into account for the collider luminosity optimization. In this paper we discuss an impact of the longitudinal beam coupling impedance on the collider performance. 		 
slides icon Slides MOXC01 [2.269 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOXC01  
About • paper received ※ 17 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 27 July 2021       issue date ※ 17 August 2021  
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MOPAB006 Optics Configurations for Improved Machine Impedance and Cleaning Performance of a Multi-Stage Collimation Insertion optics, collimation, impedance, scattering 57
 
  • R. Bruce, R. De Maria, M. Giovannozzi, N. Mounet, S. Redaelli
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  
  For a two-stage collimation system, the betatron phase advance between the primary and secondary stages is usually set to maximise the absorption of secondary particles outscattered from the primary. Another constraint is the contribution to the ring impedance of the collimation system, which can be decreased through an optimized insertion optics, featuring large values of the beta functions. In this article we report on first studies of such an optics for the CERN LHC. In addition to a gain in impedance, we show that the cleaning efficiency can be improved thanks to the large beta functions, even though the phase advance is not set at the theoretical optimum.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB006  
About • paper received ※ 17 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 28 May 2021       issue date ※ 11 August 2021  
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MOPAB017 Influence of Injection Kicker Post-pulses on Storage of Ion Stack in NICA Collider kicker, electron, injection, betatron 93
 
  • E. Syresin, A. Tuzikov, N.O. Zagibin
    JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
  
  The peculiarity of the injection kicker power supply in NICA collider is related to same post pulse of the magnetic field which is appeared after a regular injection pulse. The magnetic field of this post pulse became to an increase of the stack ion angle spread during each injection cycle. When the stack ion angles reaches the acceptance angle the ions are lost in the collider. Influence of the injection kicker post pulse on the storage of the ion stack is considered in this paper in presence of the electron cooling and ion electron recombination losses.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB017  
About • paper received ※ 17 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 20 May 2021       issue date ※ 13 August 2021  
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MOPAB027 Improving the Luminosity Burn-Off Estimate by Considering Single-Diffractive Effects scattering, luminosity, proton, simulation 130
 
  • F.F. Van der Veken, H. Burkhardt, M. Giovannozzi, V.K.B. Olsen
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  
  Collisions in a high-luminosity collider result in a continuous burn-off of the circulating beams that is the dominant effect that reduces the instantaneous luminosity over time. In order to obtain a good estimate of the luminosity evolution, it is imperative to have an accurate understanding of the burn-off. Typically, this is calculated based on the inelastic cross-section, as it provides a direct estimate of the number of protons that participate in inelastic collisions, and are hence removed. Likewise, protons that participate in elastic collisions will remain in the machine acceptance, still contributing to luminosity. In between these two regimes lie diffractive collisions, for which the protons have a certain probability to remain in the machine acceptance. Recent developments of the SixTrack code allow it to interface with Pythia, thus allowing for more precise simulations to obtain a better estimate of the diffractive part of the cross-section. In this paper, we will mainly concentrate on slowly-drifting protons that are close to the acceptance limit, resulting from single-diffractive scattering.  
poster icon Poster MOPAB027 [1.193 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB027  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 31 May 2021       issue date ※ 11 August 2021  
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MOPAB028 Using Machine Learning to Improve Dynamic Aperture Estimates simulation, dynamic-aperture, hadron, operation 134
 
  • F.F. Van der Veken, M. Giovannozzi, E.H. Maclean
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • C.E. Montanari
    Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
  • G. Valentino
    University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta
  
  The dynamic aperture (DA) is an important concept in the study of nonlinear beam dynamics. Several analytical models used to describe the evolution of DA as a function of time, and to extrapolate to realistic time scales that would not be reachable otherwise due to computational limitations, have been successfully developed. Even though these models have been quite successful in the past, the fitting procedure is rather sensitive to several details. Machine Learning (ML) techniques, which have been around for decades and have matured into powerful tools ever since, carry the potential to address some of these challenges. In this paper, two applications of ML approaches are presented and discussed in detail. Firstly, ML has been used to efficiently detect outliers in the DA computations. Secondly, ML techniques have been applied to improve the fitting procedures of the DA models, thus improving their predictive power.  
poster icon Poster MOPAB028 [1.764 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB028  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 25 May 2021       issue date ※ 12 August 2021  
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MOPAB033 Monochromatization of e+e− Colliders with a Large Crossing Angle emittance, resonance, luminosity, radiation 152
 
  • V.I. Telnov
    BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
  
  The relative center-of-mass energy spread at e+e− colliders is much larger than the widths of narrow resonances, which greatly lowers the resonance production rates of J/Psi, Psi-prime, Upsililon(nS), n=1-3. Thus, a significant reduction of the center-of-mass energy spread would open up great opportunities in the search for new physics in rare decays of narrow resonances, the search for new narrow states with small partial e+e− width. The existing monochromatization scheme is only suitable for head-on collisions, while e+e− colliders with crossing angles (the so-called Crab Waist collision scheme) can provide much higher luminosity. In this report, a new monochromatization method for colliders with a large crossing angle is discussed*. The contribution of the beam energy spread to the spread of the center-of-mass energy is canceled by introducing an appropriate energy-angle correlation at the interaction point; the relative RMS mass spread of about (3-5)10-6 seems possible. Limitations of the proposed method are also considered. This monochromatization scheme is very attractive for the Upsilon-meson region and below.
* V.I.Telnov, Monochromatization of e+e− colliders with a large crossing angle, arXiv:2008.13668 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB033  
About • paper received ※ 22 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 26 May 2021       issue date ※ 31 August 2021  
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MOPAB034 VEPP-4M Collider Operation at High Energy experiment, luminosity, electron, positron 155
 
  • P.A. Piminov, G.N. Baranov, A.V. Bogomyagkov, V.M. Borin, V.L. Dorokhov, S.E. Karnaev, K.Yu. Karyukina, V.A. Kiselev, E.B. Levichev, O.I. Meshkov, S.I. Mishnev, I.A. Morozov, I.N. Okunev, E.A. Simonov, S.V. Sinyatkin, E.V. Starostina, A.N. Zhuravlev
    BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
  
  VEPP-4M is an electron positron collider equipped with the universal KEDR detector for HEP experiments in the beam energy range from 1 GeV to 6 GeV. A unique feature of VEPP-4M is the high precision beam energy calibration by resonant polarization technique which allows conducting of interesting experiments despite the low luminosity of the collider. Recently we have started new luminosity acquisition run above 2 GeV. The hadron cross section was measured from 2.3 GeV to 3.5 GeV has been done. The luminosity run for gamma-gamma physics has been started. The luminosity at ψ(1S)-meson has been obtained. For the beam energy calibration the laser polarimeter is used. The paper discusses recent results from VEPP-4M collider.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB034  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 31 May 2021       issue date ※ 22 August 2021  
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MOPAB149 Ion Motion in Flat Beam Plasma Accelerators plasma, emittance, electron, linear-collider 521
 
  • M. Yadav, C.E. Hansel, J.B. Rosenzweig
    UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
  • O. Apsimon, C.P. Welsch
    The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  • O. Apsimon, C.P. Welsch
    Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
  
  Funding: This work was supported by UCLA and the STFC Liverpool Centre for Doctoral Training on Data Intensive Science (LIV. DAT) under grant agreement ST/P006752/1. This work is done on SCARF Cluster.
Intense beams, such as those in proposed plasma based linear colliders, can not only blow out electrons to form a bubble but can also attract ions towards the beam. This violates the assumption that the ions are stationary on the timescale of the beam, which is a common assumption for shorter and less intense beams. While some research has been done on understanding the physics of ion motion in blowout Plasma Wakefield Accelerators (PWFAs), this research has almost exclusively focused on cylindrically symmetric beams, rather than flat asymmetric emittance beams which are often used in linear colliders in order to minimize beamstrahlung at the final focus. This contribution investigates both analytically and computationally ion motion of a flat beam scenario in order to understand the basic physics as well as how to mitigate emittance growth, beam hosing and quadrupole. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB149  
About • paper received ※ 24 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 17 June 2021       issue date ※ 11 August 2021  
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MOPAB258 Corrections of Non-Linear Field Errors with Asymmetric Optics in LHC and HL-LHC Insertion Regions optics, simulation, hadron, insertion 817
 
  • J. Dilly, E.H. Maclean, R. Tomás García
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  
  Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project, CERN and the german Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
Existing correction schemes to locally suppress resonance driving terms in the error-sensitive high-beta regions of the LHC and HL-LHC have operated on the assumption of symmetric beta-functions of the optics in the two rings. As this assumption can fail for a multitude of reasons, such as inherently asymmetric optics and unevenly distributed errors, an extension of this correction scheme has been developed removing the need for symmetry by operating on the two separate optics of the beams at the same time. Presented here is the impact of this novel approach on dynamic aperture as an important measure of particle stability. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB258  
About • paper received ※ 10 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 23 July 2021       issue date ※ 16 August 2021  
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MOPAB259 Corrections of Feed-Down of Non-Linear Field Errors in LHC and HL-LHC Insertion Regions optics, simulation, hadron, insertion 821
 
  • J. Dilly, E.H. Maclean, R. Tomás García
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  
  Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project, CERN and the german Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
The optics in the insertion regions of the LHC and its upgrade project the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) are very sensitive to local magnetic errors, due to the extremely high beta-functions present. In collision optics, the non-zero closed orbit in the same region leads to a "feed-down" of high-order errors to lower orders, causing additional effects detrimental to beam lifetime. An extension to the proven method for correcting these errors by locally suppressing resonance driving terms has been undertaken, not only taking this feed-down into account, but also adding the possibility of utilizing it such that the powering of higher-order correctors will compensate for lower order errors. The impact of these corrections on measures of particle stability, namely dynamic aperture and amplitude detuning are presented in this contribution. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB259  
About • paper received ※ 10 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 23 July 2021       issue date ※ 15 August 2021  
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MOPAB273 Nonlinear Coupling Resonances in X-Y Coupled Betatron Oscillations Near the Main Coupling Resonance in VEPP-2000 Collider resonance, betatron, coupling, experiment 863
 
  • S.A. Kladov, E. Perevedentsev
    BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
  • S.A. Kladov, E. Perevedentsev
    NSU, Novosibirsk, Russia
  
  In the vicinity of the linear coupling resonance where the working point of the collider is positioned, we study the effect of nonlinear coupling resonances on the single-particle phase space, beam sizes and the waveform of coherent beam motion. The latter is interesting for diagnostics of the nonlinear dynamics.  
poster icon Poster MOPAB273 [1.142 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB273  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 28 May 2021       issue date ※ 21 August 2021  
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MOPAB274 Two-Stream Effects in Coherent Beam-Beam Oscillations in VEPP-2000 Collider Near the Linear Coupling Resonance betatron, coupling, synchrotron, resonance 866
 
  • S.A. Kladov, E. Perevedentsev
    BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
  • S.A. Kladov, E. Perevedentsev
    NSU, Novosibirsk, Russia
  
  Synchro-betatron motion of colliding bunches may cause limitations of the high-luminosity performance. For a round beam collider operated near the linear coupling resonance, we present theoretical predictions of the beam-beam coherent synchro-betatron oscillation behavior under the influence of x-y coupling.  
poster icon Poster MOPAB274 [0.968 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB274  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 02 June 2021       issue date ※ 02 September 2021  
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MOPAB365 Construction and First Test Results of the Barrier and Harmonic RF Systems for the NICA Collider cavity, vacuum, injection, electron 1136
 
  • A.G. Tribendis, Y.A. Biryuchevsky, K.N. Chernov, A.N. Dranitchnikov, E. Kenzhebulatov, A.A. Kondakov, A.A. Krasnov, Ya.G. Kruchkov, S.A. Krutikhin, G.Y. Kurkin, A.M. Malyshev, A.Yu. Martynovsky, N.V. Mityanina, S.V. Motygin, A.A. Murasev, V.N. Osipov, V.M. Petrov, E. Pyata, E. Rotov, V.V. Tarnetsky, I.A. Zapryagaev, A.A. Zhukov
    BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
  • O.I. Brovko, A.M. Malyshev, I.N. Meshkov, E. Syresin
    JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
  • I.N. Meshkov
    Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
  • E. Rotov
    NSU, Novosibirsk, Russia
  • A.G. Tribendis
    NSTU, Novosibirsk, Russia
  • A.V. Zinkevich
    Triada-TV, Novosibirsk, Russia
  
  This paper reports on the design features and construction progress of the three RF systems for the NICA collider being built at JINR, Dubna. Each of the two collider rings has three RF systems named RF1 to 3. RF1 is a barrier bucket system used for particles capturing and accumulation during injection, RF2 and 3 are resonant systems operating at 22nd and 66th harmonics of the revolution frequency and used for the 22 bunches formation. The RF systems are designed and produced by Budker INP. Solid state RF power amplifiers developed by the Triada-TV company, Novosibirsk, are used for driving the RF2 and three cavities. Two RF1 stations were already delivered to JINR, the prototypes of the RF2 and 3 stations were built and successfully tested at BINP. Series production of all eight RF2 and sixteen RF3 stations is in progress. The design modifications and test results are presented.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB365  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 24 May 2021       issue date ※ 14 August 2021  
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MOPAB374 Creating Exact Multipolar Fields in Accelerating RF Cavities via an Azimuthally Modulated Design cavity, simulation, quadrupole, dipole 1154
 
  • L.M. Wroe, S.L. Sheehy
    JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • R. Apsimon
    Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
  • M. Dosanjh
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • S.L. Sheehy
    The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  
  In this paper, we present a novel method for designing RF structures with specifically tailored multipolar field contributions. This has a range of applications, including the suppression of unwanted multipolar fields or the introduction of wanted terms, such as for quadrupole focusing. In this article, we outline the general design methodology and compare the expected results to 3D CST simulations.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB374  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 08 June 2021       issue date ※ 23 August 2021  
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TUXA04 Coherent Excitations and Circular Attractors in Cooled Ion Bunches electron, operation, experiment, proton 1279
 
  • S. Seletskiy, A.V. Fedotov, D. Kayran
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy
In electron coolers, under certain conditions, a mismatch in either gamma-factors or trajectory angles between an electron and an ion beam can cause the formation of a circular attractor in the ion beam phase space. This leads to coherent excitations of the ions with a small synchrotron or betatron amplitude and results in unusual beam dynamics, including bifurcations. In this paper, we consider the effect of coherent excitations and discuss its implications both for Low Energy RHIC Electron Cooler (LEReC) and for high energy electron coolers proposed for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUXA04  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 20 July 2021       issue date ※ 11 August 2021  
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TUXA05 Measurements of Beam-Beam Interactions in Gear-Changing Collisions in DESIREE experiment, beam-beam-effects, HOM, framework 1283
 
  • E.A. Nissen
    JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
  • A. Källberg, A. Simonsson
    Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
  
  Funding: Notice: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177. The U.S. Government retains a license to publish or reproduce this manuscript.
In this work, we perform measurements on the interactions of colliding beams in a gear-changing system. Gear-changing was first demonstrated in DESIREE in May of 2020 and showed several promising avenues to measure beam-beam effects. DESIREE has a unique collision scheme where the beams are moving in the same direction, which provides for unique interactions. This experiment used a 4 on 3 gear changing system with one bucket in each ring left empty, this allows us to see the bunch profile while undergoing collisions. We then measured the bunch length over time and used a Fourier transform to extract longitudinal evolution data and compared it to baseline data of uncollided beams. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUXA05  
About • paper received ※ 21 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 14 June 2021       issue date ※ 26 August 2021  
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TUXA06 Loss of Transverse Landau Damping by Diffusion in High-Energy Hadron Colliders wakefield, damping, hadron, feedback 1286
 
  • S.V. Furuseth, X. Buffat
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • S.V. Furuseth
    EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
  
  Circular hadron colliders rely on Landau damping to stabilize the beams. Landau damping depends strongly on the bunch distribution, which is often assumed to be Gaussian in the transverse planes. In this paper, we introduce and explain an instability mechanism observed in the LHC, where Landau damping is eventually lost due to a diffusion that modifies the transverse bunch distribution. The mechanism is caused by a wide-spectrum noise that excites the transverse motion of the beam, which consequently produces wakefields that drive a narrow-spectrum diffusion. It is shown that this diffusion efficiently lowers the stability diagram at the frequency of the least stable coherent mode, leading to a loss of Landau damping after a latency. A semi-analytical model agrees with measurements in dedicated latency experiments performed in the LHC. This instability mechanism explains the need for a stability margin in octupole current in the LHC, relative to the amount needed to stabilize a Gaussian beam. We detail the impact of this mechanism and possible mitigations for the LHC and HL-LHC.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUXA06  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 25 June 2021       issue date ※ 10 August 2021  
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TUXC07 Modified Halbach Magnets for Emerging Accelerator Applications permanent-magnet, quadrupole, dipole, electron 1315
 
  • S.J. Brooks
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The original circular Halbach magnet design creates a strong pure multipole field from permanent magnet pieces without intervening iron. This design has been extended recently at the CBETA 4-turn ERL, whose return loop includes combined-function (dipole+quadrupole) Halbach-derived magnets, plus a modular system of tuning shims to improve all 216 magnets’ relative field accuracy to better than 10-3. This paper describes further modifications of the Halbach design enable a larger range of accelerator applications in the future: (1) open-midplane designs to allow synchrotron radiation in light sources and other high-energy electron rings, ERLs or RLAs to escape. (2) Quadrupole magnets with an oval aperture allow larger gradients than a circular aperture, provided the beam is more extended in one axis than the other, as usual for a quadrupole in a focussing system. These can be used in compact hadron therapy gantries. (3) New collider complexes often require multiple rings for acceleration or top-up, accumulation, collision and cooling. Multi-aperture permanent magnets are possible to cheaply and compactly build ring systems with several stable orbits separated by a few cm. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUXC07  
About • paper received ※ 14 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 08 July 2021       issue date ※ 23 August 2021  
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TUPAB001 DAΦNE Commissioning for SIDDHARTA-2 Experiment luminosity, optics, feedback, positron 1322
 
  • C. Milardi, D. Alesini, O.R. Blanco-García, M. Boscolo, B. Buonomo, S. Cantarella, A. D’Uffizi, A. De Santis, C. Di Giulio, G. Di Pirro, A. Drago, L.G. Foggetta, G. Franzini, A. Gallo, S. Incremona, A. Michelotti, L. Pellegrino, L. Piersanti, R. Ricci, U. Rotundo, L. Sabbatini, A. Stecchi, A. Stella, A. Vannozzi, M. Zobov
    INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
  • J. Chavanne, G. Le Bec, P. Raimondi
    ESRF, Grenoble, France
  
  DAΦNE, the Frascati lepton collider, has completed the preparatory phase in order to deliver luminosity to the SIDDHARTA-2 detector. DAΦNE colliding rings rely on a new interaction region, which implements the well-established Crab-Waist collision scheme, and includes a low-beta section equipped with newly designed permanent magnet quadrupoles, and vacuum components. Diagnostics tools have been improved, especially the ones used to keep under control the beam-beam interaction. The horizontal feedback in the positron ring has been potentiated in order to achieve a higher positron current. Luminosity diagnostics have been also updated so to be compatible with the new detector design. The commissioning was initially focused on recovering the optimal dynamical vacuum conditions, outlining alignment errors, and optimizing ring optics. For this reason, a detuned optics, featured by relaxed low-b condition at the interaction point and Crab-Waist Sestupoles off, has been applied. In a second stage a low-b optics has been implemented to test collisions with a preliminary setup of the experiment detector. Machine preparation and the first luminosity results are presented and discussed.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB001  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 09 June 2021       issue date ※ 10 August 2021  
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TUPAB002 Round Colliding Beams: Successful Operation Experience luminosity, emittance, solenoid, beam-beam-effects 1326
 
  • D.B. Shwartz, O.V. Belikov, D.E. Berkaev, D.B. Burenkov, V.S. Denisov, A.S. Kasaev, A.N. Kirpotin, S.A. Kladov, I. Koop, A.A. Krasnov, A.V. Kupurzhanov, G.Y. Kurkin, M.A. Lyalin, A.P. Lysenko, S.V. Motygin, E. Perevedentsev, V.P. Prosvetov, Yu.A. Rogovsky, A.M. Semenov, A.I. Senchenko, L.E. Serdakov, D.N. Shatilov, P.Yu. Shatunov, Y.M. Shatunov, M.V. Timoshenko, I.M. Zemlyansky, Yu.M. Zharinov
    BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
  • S.A. Kladov, I. Koop, A.A. Krasnov, M.A. Lyalin, E. Perevedentsev, Yu.A. Rogovsky, Y.M. Shatunov, D.B. Shwartz
    NSU, Novosibirsk, Russia
  
  VEPP-2000 electron-positron collider operating in the beam energy range of 150-1000 MeV is the only machine originally designed for and successfully exploiting Round Beams Concept. After injection chain upgrade including link to the new BINP injection complex VEPP-2000 proceeded with data taking since 2017 with luminosity limited only by beam-beam effects. At the low energies (300-600 MeV/beam) the novel technique of effective emittance controlled increase by weak coherent beam shaking allowed to suppress the limiting flip-flop effect and resulted in additional luminosity gain factor of 4. The averaged delivered luminosity at the omega-meson production energy (2*391 MeV) achieved L = 2*1031cm-2s−1/IP. At the top energies above nucleon-antinucleon production threshold the stable operation with luminosity of L = 5*1031cm-2s−1/IP resulted in high average data taking rate of 2 pb-1/day in 2020.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB002  
About • paper received ※ 20 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 07 June 2021       issue date ※ 31 August 2021  
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TUPAB003 Final Focus Solenoids Beam-Based Positioning Tests solenoid, alignment, lattice, positron 1330
 
  • D.B. Shwartz
    BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
  • D.B. Shwartz
    NSU, Novosibirsk, Russia
  
  The final focusing at the VEPP-2000 electron-positron collider is done by 13 T superconducting solenoids. The misalignment of solenoids not only provides closed orbit distortions but also harmful for dynamic aperture reduction due to strong nonlinear fringe fields. The final beam-based alignment of solenoids was foreseen but turned out to be not a trivial procedure. Here we present the test study of solenoids positioning reconstruction procedure based on circulating beam orbit responses.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB003  
About • paper received ※ 22 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 02 June 2021       issue date ※ 28 August 2021  
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TUPAB009 SuperKEKB Optics Measurements Using Turn-by-Turn Beam Position Data optics, closed-orbit, damping, positron 1352
 
  • J. Keintzel, R. Tomás García
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • H. Koiso, G. Mitsuka, A. Morita, K. Ohmi, Y. Ohnishi, H. Sugimoto, M. Tobiyama, R.J. Yang
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  
  SuperKEKB, an asymmetric electron-positron collider, has recently achieved the world record instantaneous luminosity of 2.8 × 1034 \si{cm-2s-1} using crab-waist collision scheme. In order to reach the design value of 6×1035 \si{cm-2s-1} a vertical beta function at the interaction point of §I{0.3}{mm} is required, demanding unprecedented optics control. Turn-by-turn beam position data could enable fast optics measurements for rapid identification of unexpected error sources. Experiments exploring various data acquisition techniques at different squeezing steps during commissioning are presented and compared to results obtained from closed orbit distortion.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB009  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 10 June 2021       issue date ※ 24 August 2021  
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TUPAB011 Momentum Compaction Factor Measurements in the Large Hadron Collider optics, quadrupole, synchrotron, hadron 1360
 
  • J. Keintzel, L. Malina, R. Tomás García
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  
  The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and its planned luminosity upgrade, the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) demand well-controlled on- and off-momentum optics. Optics measurements are performed by analysing Turn-by-Turn (TbT) data of excited beams. Different techniques to measure the momentum compaction factor from these data are explored, taking into account the possibility to combine them with RF-voltage scans in future experiments.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB011  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 16 June 2021       issue date ※ 18 August 2021  
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TUPAB013 A CLIC Dual Beam Delivery System for Two Interaction Regions solenoid, luminosity, detector, linear-collider 1364
 
  • V. Cilento, R. Tomás García
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • A. Faus-Golfe
    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
  
  The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) could provide e+e− collisions in two detectors simultaneously possibly at a repetition frequency twice the design value. In this paper, a novel dual Beam Delivery System (BDS) design is presented including optics designs and the evaluation of luminosity performance with synchrotron radiation (SR) and solenoid effects for both energy stages of CLIC, 380 GeV and 3 TeV. In order to develop the novel optics design, parameters such as the longitudinal and the transverse detector separations were optimized. The luminosity performance of the novel CLIC scheme was evaluated by comparing the different BDS designs for both energy stages of CLIC. The dual CLIC BDS design provides a good luminosity and proves to be a viable candidate for future linear collider projects.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB013  
About • paper received ※ 17 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 09 June 2021       issue date ※ 31 August 2021  
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TUPAB019 A High-Resolution, Low-Latency, Bunch-by-Bunch Feedback System for Nano-Beam Stabilization feedback, cavity, dipole, kicker 1378
 
  • R.L. Ramjiawan, D.R. Bett, N. Blaskovic Kraljevic, T. Bromwich, P. Burrows, G.B. Christian, C. Perry
    JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • D.R. Bett
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • N. Blaskovic Kraljevic
    ESS, Lund, Sweden
  • G.B. Christian
    DLS, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
  
  A low-latency, bunch-by-bunch feedback system employing high-resolution cavity Beam Position Monitors (BPMs) has been developed and tested at the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF2) at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Japan. The feedback system was designed to demonstrate nanometer-level vertical stabilization at the focal point of the ATF2 and can be operated using either a single BPM to provide local beam stabilization, or by using two BPMs to stabilize the beam at an intermediate location. The feedback correction is implemented using a stripline kicker and the feedback calculations are performed on a digital board constructed around a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The feedback performance was tested with trains of two bunches, separated by 280ns, at a charge of ~1nC, where the vertical offset of the first bunch was measured and used to calculate the correction to be applied to the second bunch. The BPMs have been demonstrated to achieve an operational resolution of ~20nm. With the application of single-BPM and two-BPM feedback, beam stabilization of below 50nm and 41nm respectively has been achieved with a latency of 232ns.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB019  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 09 June 2021       issue date ※ 14 August 2021  
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TUPAB027 Review of Accelerator Limitations and Routes to Ultimate Beams acceleration, electron, luminosity, photon 1397
 
  • F. Zimmermann
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • R.W. Aßmann
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  • M. Bai, G. Franchetti
    GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
  
  Funding: This work was supported in part by the European Commission under the HORIZON 2020 project I.FAST, no. 101004730.
Various physical and technology-dependent limits are encountered for key performance parameters of accelerators such as high-gradient acceleration, high-field bending, beam size, beam brightness, beam intensity and luminosity. This paper will review these limits and the associated challenges. Possible figures-of-merit and pathways to ultimate colliders will also be explored. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB027  
About • paper received ※ 16 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 02 August 2021       issue date ※ 23 August 2021  
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TUPAB028 Permanent Magnets Future Electron Ion Colliders at RHIC and LHeC linac, electron, permanent-magnet, focusing 1401
 
  • D. Trbojevic, S.J. Brooks, V. Litvinenko, T. Roser
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
  • G.H. Hoffstaetter
    Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
  • V. Litvinenko
    Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
We present a new ’green energy’ approach to the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) and Recirculating Linac Accelerators (RLA) for the future Electron Ion Colliders (EIC) using single beam line made of very strong focusing combined function permanent magnets and the Fixed Field Alternating Linear Gradient (FFA-LG) principle. We are basing our design on recent very successful commissioning results of the Cornell University and Brookhaven National Laboratory ERL Test Accelerator. 		 
poster icon Poster TUPAB028 [2.720 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB028  
About • paper received ※ 17 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 27 May 2021       issue date ※ 30 August 2021  
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TUPAB076 High-Gradient Breakdown Studies of an X-Band Accelerating Structure Operated in the Reversed Taper Direction linac, accelerating-gradient, linear-collider, klystron 1543
 
  • X.W. Wu, N. Catalán Lasheras, A. Grudiev, G. McMonagle, I. Syratchev, W. Wuensch
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • M. Boronat
    IFIC, Valencia, Spain
  • A. Castilla, A.V. Edwards, W.L. Millar
    Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
  
  The results of high-gradient tests of a tapered X-band traveling-wave accelerator structure powered in reversed direction are presented. Powering the tapered structure from the small aperture, normally output, at the end of the structure provides unique conditions for the study of gradient limits. This allows high fields in the first cell for a comparatively low input power and a field distribution that rapidly falls off along the length of the structure. A maximum gradient of 130 MV/m in the first cell at a pulse length of 100 ns was reached for an input power of 31.9 MW. Details of the conditioning and operation at high-gradient are presented. Various breakdown rate measurements were conducted at different power levels and rf pulse widths. The structure was standard T24 CLIC test structure and was tested in Xbox-3 at CERN.  
poster icon Poster TUPAB076 [1.077 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB076  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 12 July 2021       issue date ※ 12 August 2021  
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TUPAB182 The Electron Cooling for High Energy electron, high-voltage, gun, experiment 1831
 
  • V.B. Reva, E.A. Bekhtenev, O.V. Belikov, M.I. Bryzgunov, A.V. Bubley, V.A. Chekavinskiy, A.P. Denisov, M.G. Fedotov, A.D. Goncharov, K. Gorchakov, V.C. Gosteyev, I.A. Gusev, G.V. Karpov, M.N. Kondaurov, V.R. Kozak, N.S. Kremnev, V.M. Panasyuk, V.V. Parkhomchuk, A.V. Petrozhitskii, D.N. Pureskin, A.A. Putmakov, D.V. Senkov, K.S. Shtro, D.N. Skorobogatov, R.V. Vakhrushev, A.A. Zharikov
    BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
  
  The project of new accelerator complex NICA relating to nuclear and hadron physics require a more powerful longitudinal and transverse cooling that stimulates searching new technical solutions. The new accelerator complex NICA is designed at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR, Dubna, Russia) to do experiment with ion-ion and ion-proton collision in the energy range 1-4.5 GeV/u for studying the properties of dense baryonic matter at extreme values of temperature and density with planned luminosity 1027 cm-2s-1. This value can be obtained with help of very short bunches with small transverse size. This beam quality can be realized with help of stochastic and electron cooling at energy of the physics experiment. The electron cooling system on 2.5 MeV consists of two coolers, which cool both ion beams simultaneously. The Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP SB RAS) has already built and commissioned the electron cooling system for the NICA booster, and now it develops the high voltage electron cooling system for the collider. The article describes the construction and status of the cooler development.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB182  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 22 June 2021       issue date ※ 11 August 2021  
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TUPAB216 Modeling Particle Stability Plots for Accelerator Optimization Using Adaptive Sampling network, simulation, resonance, dynamic-aperture 1923
 
  • M. Schenk, L. Coyle, T. Pieloni
    EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
  • M. Giovannozzi, A. Mereghetti
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • E. Krymova, G. Obozinski
    SDSC, Lausanne, Switzerland
  
  Funding: This work is partially funded by the Swiss Data Science Center (SDSC), project C18-07.
One key aspect of accelerator optimization is to maximize the dynamic aperture (DA) of a ring. Given the number of adjustable parameters and the compute-intensity of DA simulations, this task can benefit significantly from efficient search algorithms of the available parameter space. We propose to gradually train and improve a surrogate model of the DA from SixTrack simulations while exploring the parameter space with adaptive sampling methods. Here we report on a first model of the particle stability plots using convolutional generative adversarial networks (GAN) trained on a subset of SixTrack numerical simulations for different ring configurations of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB216  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 17 June 2021       issue date ※ 22 August 2021  
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TUPAB233 Diffusive Models for Nonlinear Beam Dynamics hadron, dynamic-aperture, experiment, beam-losses 1976
 
  • C.E. Montanari, A. Bazzani
    Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
  • M. Giovannozzi, C.E. Montanari
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  
  Diffusive models for representing the nonlinear beam dynamics in a circular accelerator ring have been developed in recent years. The novelty of the work presented here with respect to older approaches is that the functional form of the diffusion coefficient is derived from the time stability estimate of the Nekhoroshev theorem. In this paper, we discuss the latest results obtained for simple models of nonlinear betratron motion.  
poster icon Poster TUPAB233 [0.574 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB233  
About • paper received ※ 11 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 23 June 2021       issue date ※ 23 August 2021  
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TUPAB235 Dynamic Aperture Optimization in the EIC Electron Storage Ring with Two Interaction Points electron, lattice, sextupole, dynamic-aperture 1984
 
  • D. Marx, Y. Li, C. Montag, S. Tepikian, F.J. Willeke
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
  • Y. Cai, Y.M. Nosochkov
    SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
  • G.H. Hoffstaetter, J.E. Unger
    Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 and by SLAC under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
In the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), which is currently being designed for construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory, electrons from the electron storage ring will collide with hadrons, producing luminosities up to 1034 cm-2 s-1. The baseline design includes only one interaction point (IP), and optics have been found with a suitable dynamic aperture in each dimension. However, the EIC project asks for the option of a second IP. The strong focusing required at the IPs creates a very large natural chromaticity (about -125 in the vertical plane for the ring). Compensating this linear chromaticity while simultaneously controlling the nonlinear chromaticity to high order to achieve a sufficient momentum acceptance of 1% (10 σ) at 18 GeV is a considerable challenge. A scheme to compensate higher-order chromatic effects from 2 IPs by setting the phase advance between them does not, by itself, provide the required momentum acceptance for the EIC Electron Storage Ring. A thorough design of the nonlinear optics is underway to increase the momentum acceptance using multiple sextupole families, and the latest results are presented here. 		 
poster icon Poster TUPAB235 [3.426 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB235  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 19 July 2021       issue date ※ 20 August 2021  
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TUPAB252 Minimization of NICA Collider Impedance impedance, simulation, space-charge, resonance 2043
 
  • S.A. Melnikov, I.N. Meshkov
    JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
  • K.G. Osipov
    JINR/VBLHEP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
  
  The paper presents the results of the longitudinal impedance minimization for the beam tube section in the arches of the NICA collider ring, consisting of a pumping pipe, a BPM station, and a bellows assembly, and considers the contribution of the impedance of this section to the ion beam stability in the NICA collider ring. To confirm the efficiency of the optimized design, a BPM prototype was fabricated, and a test bench was built for further laboratory measurements.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB252  
About • paper received ※ 13 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 14 June 2021       issue date ※ 10 August 2021  
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TUPAB257 Analysis of Multibunch Spectrum for an Uneven Bunch Distribution in a Storage Ring electron, impedance, storage-ring, distributed 2058
 
  • R. Li, F. Marhauser
    JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
  
  Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DE-AC05-06OR23177.
Modern storage-ring designs often require an uneven bunch distribution pattern. An uneven bunch fill pattern can result in complex structures for the beam current spectra. Particularly at high average beam currents, these complex current spectra need to be taken into account in concern of beam-dynamical effects. In this study, we analyze a beam current spectrum for various filling patterns with bunch trains and gaps. The characteristics of the resulting beam current spectra are illustrated and discussed. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB257  
About • paper received ※ 21 June 2021       paper accepted ※ 28 June 2021       issue date ※ 12 August 2021  
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TUPAB260 A Beam Screen to Prepare the RHIC Vacuum Chamber for EIC Hadron Beams: Conceptual Design and Requirements vacuum, electron, hadron, dipole 2066
 
  • S. Verdú-Andrés, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, X. Gu, R.C. Gupta, A. Hershcovitch, M. Mapes, G.T. McIntyre, J.F. Muratore, S.K. Nayak, S. Peggs, V. Ptitsyn, R. Than, J.E. Tuozzolo, D. Weiss
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The Electon Ion Collider (EIC) hadron ring will use the existing Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider storage rings, including the superconducting magnet arcs. The vacuum chambers in the superconducting magnets and the cold mass interconnects were not designed for EIC beams and so must be updated to reduce its resistive-wall heating and to suppress electron clouds. To do so without compromising the EIC luminosity goal, a stainless steel beam screen with co-laminated copper and a thin layer of amorphous carbon will be installed. This paper describes the main requirements that our solution for the hadron ring vacuum chamber needs to satisfy, including impedance, aperture limitations, vacuum, thermal and structural stability, mechanical design, installation and operation. The conceptual design of the beam screen currently under development is introduced. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB260  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 25 August 2021       issue date ※ 12 August 2021  
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TUPAB299 Tuned Delay Unit for a Stochastic Cooling System at NICA Collider pick-up, FPGA, kicker, controls 2186
 
  • S.V. Barabin, T. Kulevoy, D.A. Liakin, A.Y. Orlov
    ITEP, Moscow, Russia
  • I.V. Gorelyshev, K.G. Osipov, V.V. Peshkov, A.O. Sidorin
    JINR/VBLHEP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
  
  Stochastic cooling is one of the crucial NICA (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility) subsystems. This system requires fine tuning of the response delay to the kicker, for both longitudinal and transverse stochastic cooling systems. The use of a digital delay line allows to add additional features such as a frequency dependent group velocity correction. To analyse the capabilities of the digital delay unit, a prototype of the device was created and tested. The article presents the characteristics of the prototype, its architecture and principle of operation, test results and estimations for the future developments.  
poster icon Poster TUPAB299 [0.493 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB299  
About • paper received ※ 17 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 10 June 2021       issue date ※ 16 August 2021  
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TUPAB386 Design Study of the Nb3Sn Cos-Theta Dipole Model for FCC-hh dipole, superconductivity, FEL, FEM 2421
 
  • R.U. Valente
    La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  • S. Burioli, P. Fabbricatore, S. Farinon, F. Levi, R. Musenich, A. Pampaloni
    INFN Genova, Genova, Italy
  • E. De Matteis, M. Statera
    INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
  • F. Lackner, D. Tommasini
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • S. Mariotto, M. Prioli
    INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy
  • M. Sorbi
    Universita’ degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy
  
  In the context of the Future Circular Collider hadron-hadron (FCC-hh) R&D program, the Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), in collaboration with CERN, is responsible for designing and constructing the Falcon Dipole (Future Accelerator post-LHC Costheta Optimized Nb3Sn Dipole), which is an important step towards the construction of High Field Nb3Sn magnets for a post LHC collider. The magnet is a short model with one aperture of 50 mm and the target bore field is 12 T (14 T ’ultimate’ field). The dipole is pre-loaded with the Bladder&Key technique to minimize the stress on the coils at room temperature, which are prone to degradation because of the Nb3Sn cable strain-sensitivity. The electro-mechanical 2D design is focused on the performance, the field quality and the quench protection, with emphasis to the stresses on the the conductor. The Falcon Dipole has been modelled in a 3D FEM to determine the peak field distribution and the influence of the coil ends on the field quality.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB386  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021       issue date ※ 19 August 2021  
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TUPAB392 Conceptual Design of the Vacuum System for the Future Circular Collider FCC-ee Main Rings vacuum, photon, quadrupole, scattering 2438
 
  • R. Kersevan, C. Garion
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  
  The Future Circular Collider study program comprises several machine concepts for the future of high-energy particle physics. Among them there is a twin-ring e−e+ collider capable to run at beam energies between 45.6 and 182.5 GeV, i.e. the energies corresponding to the resonances of the Z, W, H bosons and the top quark. The conceptual design of the two 100-km rings has advanced to what is believed to be a working solution, i.e. capability to deal with low-energy (45.6 GeV) high-current (1390 mA) version as well as the high-energy (182.5 GeV) low-current (5.4 mA) one, with intermediate energy and current steps for the other 2 resonances. The limit for all of the versions is given by the 50 MW/beam allotted to the synchrotron radiation (SR) losses. The paper will outline the main beam/machine parameters, the vacuum requirements, and the choices made concerning the vacuum chamber geometry, material, surface treatments, pumping system, and the related pressure profiles. The location of lumped SR photon absorbers for the generic arc cell has been determined. An outline of the studies needed and envisaged for the near future will also be given.  
poster icon Poster TUPAB392 [3.036 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB392  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 31 May 2021       issue date ※ 25 August 2021  
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TUPAB399 RF Characterisation of New Coatings for Future Circular Collider Beam Screens impedance, laser, electron, cavity 2453
 
  • P. Krkotić, F. Pérez, M. Pont, N.D. Tagdulang
    ALBA-CELLS Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
  • S. Calatroni
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • X. Granados, J. Gutierrez, T. Puig, A. Romanov, G.T. Telles
    ICMAB, Bellatera, Spain
  • A.N. Hannah, O.B. Malyshev, R. Valizadeh
    STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
  • J.M. O’Callaghan Castella
    Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
  • D. Whitehead
    The University of Manchester, Laser Processing Research Center, Manchester, United Kingdom
  
  For the future high energy colliders being under the design at this moment, the choice of a low surface impedance beam screen coating material has become of fundamental importance to ensure sufficiently low beam impedance and consequently guaranteed stable operation at high currents. We have studied the use of high-temperature superconducting coated conductors as possible coating materials for the beam screen of the FCC-hh. In addition, amorphous carbon coating and laser-based surface treatment techniques are effective surface treatments to lower the secondary electron yield and minimise the electron cloud build-up. We have developed and adapted different experimental setups based on resonating structures at frequencies below 10 GHz to study the response of these coatings and their modified surfaces under the influence of RF fields and DC magnetic fields up to 9 T. Taking the FCC-hh as a reference, we will show that the surface resistance for REBCO-CCs is much lower than that of Cu. Further we show that the additional surface modifications can be optimised to minimise their impact on the surface impedance. Results from selected coatings will be presented.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-TUPAB399  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 25 June 2021       issue date ※ 02 September 2021  
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WEXA01 Successful Crabbing of Proton Beams cavity, luminosity, emittance, impedance 2510
 
  • R. Calaga
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  
  Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project and by the DOE and UK-STFC.
Many future particle colliders require beam crabbing to recover the geometric luminosity loss from the non-zero crossing angle at the interaction point. A first demonstration experiment of crabbing with hadron beams was successfully carried out with high energy protons. This breakthrough result is fundamental to achieve the physics goals of the high luminosity LHC upgrade project (HL-LHC) and the future circular collider (FCC). The expected peak luminosity gain (related to collision rate) is 65% for HL-LHC, and even greater for the FCC. Novel beam physics experiments with proton beams in CERN’s Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) were performed to demonstrate several critical aspects for the operation of crab cavities in the future HL-LHC including transparency with a pair of cavities, a full characterization of the cavity impedance with high beam currents and controlled emittance growth from crab cavity induced RF noise. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEXA01  
About • paper received ※ 14 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 28 July 2021       issue date ※ 24 August 2021  
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WEXA02 Operational Electron Cooling in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider electron, operation, cathode, cavity 2516
 
  • A.V. Fedotov, K.A. Drees, W. Fischer, X. Gu, D. Kayran, J. Kewisch, C. Liu, K. Mernick, M.G. Minty, V. Schoefer, H. Zhao
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Since the invention of the electron cooling technique its application to cool hadron beams in colliders was considered for numerous accelerator physics projects worldwide. However, achieving the required high-brightness electron beams of required quality and cooling of ion beams in collisions was deemed to be challenging. An electron cooling of ion beams employing a high-energy approach with RF-accelerated electron bunches was recently successfully implemented at BNL. It was used to cool ion beams in both collider rings with ion beams in collision. Electron cooling in RHIC became fully operational during the 2020 physics run and led to substantial improvements in luminosity. This presentation will discuss implementation, optimization and challenges of electron cooling for colliding ion beams in RHIC. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEXA02  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 15 June 2021       issue date ※ 31 August 2021  
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WEXA05 Solving for Collider Beam Profiles from Luminosity Jitter with Ghost Imaging luminosity, operation, GUI, diagnostics 2524
 
  • D.F. Ratner, A. Chao
    SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
  
  Large accelerator facilities must balance the need to achieve user performance requirements while also maximizing delivery time. At the same time, accelerators have advanced data-acquisition systems that acquire synchronous data at high-rate from a large variety of diagnostics. Here we discuss the application of ghost-imaging (GI) to measure beam parameters, switching the emphasis from beam control to data collection: rather than intentionally manipulating the accelerator, we instead passively monitor jitter gathered over thousands to millions of events to reconstruct the target of interest. Passive monitoring during routine operation builds large data sets that can even deliver higher resolution than brief periodic scans, and can provide experiments with event-by-event information. In this presentation we briefly present applications of GI to light-sources, and then discuss a potential new application for colliders: measuring the transverse beam shapes at a collider’s interaction point to determine both the integrated luminosity and the spatial distribution of collision vertices.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEXA05  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 27 July 2021       issue date ※ 10 August 2021  
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WEPAB003 Overview of the Magnets Required for the Interaction Region of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) electron, dipole, hadron, quadrupole 2578
 
  • H. Witte, K. Amm, M. Anerella, J. Avronsart, A. Ben Yahia, J.P. Cozzolino, R.C. Gupta, H.M. Hocker, P. Kovach, G.J. Mahler, A. Marone, R.B. Palmer, B. Parker, S.R. Plate, C.E. Runyan, J. Schmalzle
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The planned electron-ion collider (EIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is designed to deliver a peak luminosity of 1x1034 cm-2 s-1. This paper presents an overview of the magnets required for the interaction region of the BNL EIC. To reduce risk and cost the IR is designed to employ conventional NbTi superconducting magnets. In the forward direction the magnets for the hadrons are required to pass a large neutron cone and particles with a transverse momentum of up to 1.3 GeV/c, which leads to large aperture requirements. In the rear direction the synchrotron radiation fan produced by the electron beam must not hit the magnet apertures, which determines their aperture. For the forward direction a mostly interleaved scheme is used for the optics, whereas for the rear side 2-in-1 magnets are employed. We present an overview of the EIC IR magnet design including the forward spectrometer magnet B0. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB003  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021       issue date ※ 29 August 2021  
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WEPAB004 Electron-Ion Luminosity Maximization in the EIC luminosity, electron, emittance, hadron 2582
 
  • W. Fischer, E.C. Aschenauer, M. Blaskiewicz, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, H. Huang, C. Montag, V. Ptitsyn, D. Raparia, V. Schoefer, K.S. Smith, P. Thieberger, F.J. Willeke
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
  • Y. Zhang
    JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The electron-ion luminosity in EIC has a number of limits, including the ion intensity available from the injectors, the total ion beam current, the electron bunch intensity, the total electron current, the synchrotron radiation power, the beam-beam effect, the achievable beta functions at the interaction points (IPs), the maximum angular spreads at the IP, the ion emittances reachable with stochastic or strong cooling, the ratio of horizontal to vertical emittance, and space charge effects. We map the e-A luminosity over the center-of-mass energy range for some ions ranging from deuterons to uranium ions. For e-Au collisions the present design provides for electron-nucleon (e-Au) peak luminosities of 1.7x1033 cm-2s−1 with stochastic cooling, and 4.7x1033 cm-2s−1 with strong hadron cooling. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB004  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 21 June 2021       issue date ※ 20 August 2021  
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WEPAB005 Design Status Update of the Electron-Ion Collider electron, hadron, storage-ring, interaction-region 2585
 
  • C. Montag, E.C. Aschenauer, G. Bassi, J. Beebe-Wang, J.S. Berg, M. Blaskiewicz, A. Blednykh, J.M. Brennan, S.J. Brooks, K.A. Brown, Z.A. Conway, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C. Folz, D.M. Gassner, X. Gu, R.C. Gupta, Y. Hao, A. Hershcovitch, C. Hetzel, D. Holmes, H. Huang, W.A. Jackson, J. Kewisch, Y. Li, C. Liu, H. Lovelace III, Y. Luo, M. Mapes, D. Marx, G.T. McIntyre, F. Méot, M.G. Minty, S.K. Nayak, R.B. Palmer, B. Parker, S. Peggs, B. Podobedov, V. Ptitsyn, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize, S. Seletskiy, V.V. Smaluk, K.S. Smith, S. Tepikian, R. Than, P. Thieberger, D. Trbojevic, N. Tsoupas, J.E. Tuozzolo, S. Verdú-Andrés, E. Wang, D. Weiss, F.J. Willeke, H. Witte, Q. Wu, W. Xu, A. Zaltsman, W. Zhang
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
  • S.V. Benson, J.M. Grames, F. Lin, T.J. Michalski, V.S. Morozov, E.A. Nissen, J.P. Preble, R.A. Rimmer, T. Satogata, A. Seryi, M. Wiseman, W. Wittmer, Y. Zhang
    JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
  • Y. Cai, Y.M. Nosochkov, G. Stupakov, M.K. Sullivan
    SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
  • K.E. Deitrick, C.M. Gulliford, G.H. Hoffstaetter, J.E. Unger
    Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
  • E. Gianfelice-Wendt
    Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
  • T. Satogata
    ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
  • D. Xu
    FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by BSA, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704, by JSA, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177, and by SLAC under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The design of the electron-ion collider EIC to be constructed at Brookhaven National Laboratory has been continuously evolving towards a realistic and robust design that meets all the requirements set forth by the nuclear physics community in the White Paper. Over the past year activities have been focused on maturing the design, and on developing alternatives to mitigate risk. These include improvements of the interaction region design as well as modifications of the hadron ring vacuum system to accommodate the high average and peak beam currents. Beam dynamics studies have been performed to determine and optimize the dynamic aperture in the two collider rings and the beam-beam performance. We will present the EIC design with a focus on recent developments. 		 
poster icon Poster WEPAB005 [2.095 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB005  
About • paper received ※ 14 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 22 June 2021       issue date ※ 16 August 2021  
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WEPAB006 EIC Crab Cavity Multipole Analysis cavity, multipole, dynamic-aperture, simulation 2589
 
  • Q. Wu, Y. Luo, B.P. Xiao
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
  • S.U. De Silva
    ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
  • J.A. Mitchell
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  
  Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Crab cavities are specialized RF devices designed for colliders targeting high luminosities. It is a straightforward solution to retrieve head-on collision with crossing angle existing to fast separate both beams after collision. The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) has a crossing angle of 25 mrad, and will use local crabbing to minimize the dynamic aperture requirement throughout the rings. The current crab cavity design for the EIC lacks axial symmetry. Therefore, their higher order components of the fundamental deflecting mode have a potential of affecting the long-term beam stability. We present here the multipole analysis and preliminary particle tracking results from the current crab cavity design. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB006  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 25 June 2021       issue date ※ 16 August 2021  
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WEPAB016 Snowmass’21 Accelerator Frontier hadron, target, electron, luminosity 2621
 
  • V.D. Shiltsev
    Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
  • S.A. Gourlay
    LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
  • T.O. Raubenheimer
    SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
  
  Snowmass’21 is decadal particle physics community planning study. It provides an opportunity for the entire particle physics community to come together to identify and document a scientific vision for the future of particle physics in the U.S. and its international partners. Snowmass will define the most important questions for the field of particle physics and identify promising opportunities to address them. The P5, Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel, will take the scientific input from Snowmass and develop a strategic plan for U.S. particle physics that can be executed over a 10 year timescale, in the context of a 20-year global vision for the field. Here we present the goals, progress and plans of the Snowmass’21 Accelerator Frontier.  
poster icon Poster WEPAB016 [1.108 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB016  
About • paper received ※ 17 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 23 June 2021       issue date ※ 12 August 2021  
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WEPAB017 General Approach to Physics Limits of Ultimate Colliders luminosity, acceleration, plasma, radiation 2624
 
  • V.D. Shiltsev
    Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
  
  The future of the particle physics is critically dependent on feasibility of future energy frontier colliders. The concept of the feasibility is complex and includes at least three factors: feasibility of energy, feasibility of luminosity, and feasibility of cost and construction time. Here we discuss major beam physics limits of ultimate accelerators, take a look into ultimate energy reach of possible future colliders. We also foresee a looming paradigm change for the HEP research as the thrust for higher energies by necessity will mean lower luminosity.  
poster icon Poster WEPAB017 [1.720 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB017  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 24 June 2021       issue date ※ 17 August 2021  
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WEPAB023 Crystal Collimation of 20 MJ Heavy-Ion Beams at the HL-LHC collimation, operation, hadron, luminosity 2644
 
  • M. D’Andrea, R. Bruce, M. Di Castro, I. Lamas Garcia, A. Masi, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli, R. Rossi, B. Salvachua, W. Scandale
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • F. Galluccio
    INFN-Napoli, Napoli, Italy
  • L.J. Nevay
    Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
  
  The concept of crystal collimation at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) relies on the use of bent crystals that can deflect halo particles by a much larger angle than the standard multi-stage collimation system. Following an extensive campaign of studies and performance validations, a number of crystal collimation tests with Pb ion beams were performed in 2018 at energies up to 6.37 Z TeV. This paper describes the procedure and outcomes of these tests, the most important of which being the demonstration of the capability of crystal collimation to improve the cleaning efficiency of the machine. These results led to the inclusion of crystal collimation into the LHC baseline for operation with ion beams in Run 3 as well as for the HL-LHC era. A first set of operational settings was defined.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB023  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 23 June 2021       issue date ※ 27 August 2021  
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WEPAB024 Release of Crystal Routine for Multi-Turn Proton Simulations within SixTrack v5 simulation, collimation, proton, hadron 2648
 
  • M. D’Andrea, A. Mereghetti, D. Mirarchi, V.K.B. Olsen, S. Redaelli
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  
  Crystal collimation is studied as a possible scheme to further improve the efficiency of ion collimation at the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), as well as for possible applications in the CERN program of Physics Beyond Colliders. This concept relies on the use of bent crystals that can deflect high-energy halo particles at large angles, of the order of tens of urad. In order to reproduce key experimental results of crystal collimation tests and predict the performance of this system when applied to present and future machines, a dedicated simulation routine was developed. This routine is capable of modeling both coherent and incoherent interactions of beam particles with crystal collimators, and is fully integrated into the magnetic tracking and collimator modeling provided by the single-particle tracking code SixTrack. This paper describes the implementation of the routine in the latest version of SixTrack and its most recent improvements, in particular regarding the treatment of the crystal miscut angle.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB024  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 23 June 2021       issue date ※ 14 August 2021  
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WEPAB025 Collimation Strategies for Secondary Beams in FCC-hh Ion-Ion Operation secondary-beams, simulation, site, heavy-ion 2652
 
  • J.R. Hunt, R. Bruce, F. Carra, F. Cerutti, J. Guardia, J. Molson
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  
  The target peak luminosity of the CERN FCC-hh during Pb-Pb collisions is more than a factor of 50 greater than that achieved by the LHC in 2018. As a result, the intensity of secondary beams produced in collisions at the interaction points will be significantly higher than previously experienced. With up to 72 kW deposited in a localised region by a single secondary beam type, namely the one originated by Bound Free Pair Production (BFPP), it is essential to develop strategies to safely intercept these beams, including the ones from ElectroMagnetic Dissociation (EMD), in order to ensure successful FCC-hh Pb-Pb operation. A series of beam tracking and energy deposition simulations were performed to determine the optimal solution for handling the impact of such beams. In this contribution the most advanced results are presented, with a discussion of different options.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB025  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 02 July 2021       issue date ※ 18 August 2021  
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WEPAB028 MAD-X for Future Accelerators solenoid, radiation, lattice, simulation 2664
 
  • T.H.B. Persson, H. Burkhardt, L. Deniau, A. Latina, P.K. Skowroński
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  
  The feasibility and performance of the future accelerators must, to a large extent, be predicted by simulation codes. This implies that simulation codes need to include effects that previously played a minor role. For example, in large electron machines like the FCC-ee the large energy variation along the ring requires that the magnets strength is adjusted to the beam energy at that location, normally referred to as tapering. In this article, we present new features implemented in the MAD-X code to enable and facilitate simulations of future colliders.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB028  
About • paper received ※ 17 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 06 July 2021       issue date ※ 27 August 2021  
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WEPAB029 Challenges for the Interaction Region Design of the Future Circular Collider FCC-ee photon, detector, simulation, background 2668
 
  • M. Boscolo, A. Ciarma, F. Fransesini, L. Pellegrino
    INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
  • N. Bacchetta
    INFN- Sez. di Padova, Padova, Italy
  • M. Benedikt, H. Burkhardt, M.A. Jones, R. Kersevan, M. Lueckhof, E. Montbarbon, K. Oide, L. Watrelot, F. Zimmermann
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • L. Brunetti, M. Serluca
    IN2P3-LAPP, Annecy-le-Vieux, France
  • M. Dam
    NBI, København, Denmark
  • M. Koratzinos
    MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
  • M. Migliorati
    INFN-Roma1, Rome, Italy
  • A. Novokhatski, M.K. Sullivan
    SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
  • F. Poirier
    CNRS - DR17, RENNES, France
  
  Funding: This work was partially supported by the EC HORIZON 2020 project FCC-IS, grant agreement n.951754, and by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF-00515.
The FCC-ee is a proposed future high-energy, high-intensity and high precision lepton collider. Here, we present the latest developments for the FCC-ee interaction regions, which shall ensure optimum conditions for the particle physics experiments. We discuss measures of background reduction and a revised interaction region layout including a low impedance compact beam chamber design. We also discuss the possible impact of the radiation generated in the interaction region including beamstrahlung. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB029  
About • paper received ※ 11 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 23 June 2021       issue date ※ 30 August 2021  
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WEPAB033 Lattice Design of the CEPC Collider Ring for a High Luminosity Scheme luminosity, lattice, dynamic-aperture, quadrupole 2679
 
  • Y. Wang, S. Bai, J. Gao, B. Wang, D. Wang, Y. Wei, J. Wu, C.H. Yu, J.Y. Zhai, Y. Zhang, Y.S. Zhu
    IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  • Y. Zhang
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
  
  A high luminosity scheme of the CEPC has been proposed aiming to increase the luminosity mainly at Higgs and Z modes. In this paper, the high luminosity scheme will be introduced briefly, including the beam parameters and RF staging. Then, the lattice design of the CEPC collider ring for the high luminosity scheme will be presented, including the bare lattice design and dynamic aperture optimization at Higgs energy.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB033  
About • paper received ※ 20 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 05 July 2021       issue date ※ 27 August 2021  
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WEPAB225 Transverse and Longitudinal Single Bunch Instabilities in FCC-ee wakefield, impedance, simulation, coupling 3153
 
  • E. Carideo, D. Quartullo, F. Zimmermann
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • D. De Arcangelis
    Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  • M. Migliorati, M. Zobov
    INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
  
  Improving the accuracy of the impedance model of an accelerator is important for keeping beam instabilities and power loss under control. Here, by means of the PyHEAD- TAIL tracking code, we first review the longitudinal mi- crowave instability threshold for FCC-ee by taking into ac- count the longitudinal impedance model evaluated so far. Moreover, we present the results of beam dynamics simula- tions, including both the longitudinal and transverse wake- fields due to the resistive wall, in order to evaluate the influ- ence of the bunch length on the transverse mode coupling instability. The results of the transverse beam dynamics are also compared with the Vlasov solver DELPHI.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB225  
About • paper received ※ 10 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021       issue date ※ 18 August 2021  
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WEPAB277 Transverse Emittance Change and Canonical Angular Momentum Growth in MICE ‘Solenoid Mode’ with Muon Ionization Cooling solenoid, emittance, detector, focusing 3289
 
  • T.W. Lord
    University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  
  Emittance reduction of muon beams is an important requirement in the design of a Neutrino Factory or Muon Collider. Ionization cooling, whereby beam emittance is reduced by passing a beam through an energy-absorbing material, requires tight focusing in the transverse plane which is achieved in many designs using solenoid focusing. In solenoid focusing, the beam acquires kinetic angular momentum due to the radial field in the solenoid fringe. Cooling in ‘flip’ mode, where the beam-focusing solenoid field changes polarity at the absorber, has already been demonstrated in the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE). In this mode the absorber is near to the field flip, so the kinetic angular momentum is zero at the absorber. ‘Solenoid mode’ cooling, where the field polarity does not change across the absorber leading to a beam crossing the absorber with significant kinetic angular momentum, has been considered for the final section of the muon collider design due to potentially stronger focussing that it enables. In this paper, we present the performance of MICE in ‘solenoid mode’.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB277  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 06 July 2021       issue date ※ 12 August 2021  
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WEPAB278 Beam-Beam Simulations for Lepton-Hadron Colliders: ALOHEP Software luminosity, hadron, lepton, linac 3293
 
  • B.B. Oner
    Gazi University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey
  • B. Dagli, S. Sultansoy
    TOBB ETU, Ankara, Turkey
  • B. Ketenoğlu
    Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
  
  It is known that rough luminosity estimations for ll, lh, and hh colliders can be performed easily using nominal beam parameters. In principle, more precise results can be obtained by analytical solutions. However, beam dynamics is usually neglected in this case since it is almost impossible to cope with beam size fluctuations. In this respect, several beam-beam simulation programs for linear e+e− and photon colliders have been proposed while no similar open-access simulation exists for all types of colliders (i.e. linac-ring ep colliders). Here, we present the software ALOHEP (A Luminosity Optimizer for High Energy Physics), a luminosity calculator for linac-ring and ring-ring lh colliders, which also computes IP parameters such as beam-beam tune shift, disruption arising out of electromagnetic interactions. In addition, the program allows taking crossing-angle effects on luminosity into account.
* Y.C. Acar et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 871 (2017). 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB278  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 26 July 2021       issue date ※ 27 August 2021  
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WEPAB343 Inductive Adder Prototype for FCC-hh Injection Kicker System kicker, injection, flattop, simulation 3494
 
  • D. Woog, M.J. Barnes, T. Kramer
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • H. De Gersem
    TEMF, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
  
  The future circular collider (FCC) requires a highly reliable injection kicker system. Present day kicker systems often rely on thyratron-based pulse generators and a pulse forming network or line: the thyratron is susceptible to self-triggering. Hence, an alternative pulse generator topology, based on fast semiconductor switches, is considered for the FCC. One possibility is an inductive adder (IA). A prototype IA has been designed and built: the main challenges are the fast rise time, high output current, low system impedance and a 2.3 us pulse duration combined with low droop. This paper presents the results of measurements on the prototype IA where the rated output current and output voltage were achieved separately. Suggested improvements to the IA hardware are identified and proposals are presented that could help improve the kicker system performance.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB343  
About • paper received ※ 16 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 01 July 2021       issue date ※ 17 August 2021  
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WEPAB416 Industrialization Study of the Accelerating Structures for a 380 GeV Compact Linear Collider operation, survey, linear-collider, factory 3674
 
  • A. Magazinik
    Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  • N. Catalán Lasheras
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • S. Mäkinen
    Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
  • J. Sauza-Bedolla
    Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
  
  The LHC at CERN will continue its operation for approximately 20 years. In parallel, diverse studies are conducted for the design of a future large-scale accelerator. One of the options is the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) who aims to provide a very high accelerating gradient (100 MV/m) achieved by using normal conducting radiofrequency (RF) cavities operating in the X-band range (12 GHz). Each accelerating structure is a challenging component involving ultra-precise machining and diffusion bonding techniques. The first stage of CLIC operates at a collision energy of 380 GeV with an accelerator length of 11 km, consisting of 21630 accelerating structures. Even though the prototypes have shown a mature and ready to build concept, the present number of qualified suppliers is limited. Therefore, an industrialization study was done through a technical survey with hi-tech companies. The aim is to evaluate current capabilities, to ensure the necessary manufacturing yield, schedule, and cost for mass production. This paper presents the results of the industrialization study for 12 GHz accelerating structures for CLIC 380 GeV, highlighting the principal challenges towards mass production.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB416  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 22 June 2021       issue date ※ 14 August 2021  
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THPAB011 Monte Carlo Driven MDI Optimization at a Muon Collider detector, simulation, optics, interaction-region 3769
 
  • C. Curatolo, D. Lucchesi
    Univ. degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
  • F. Collamati
    INFN-Roma1, Rome, Italy
  • C. Curatolo, D. Lucchesi
    INFN- Sez. di Padova, Padova, Italy
  • A. Mereghetti
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • A. Mereghetti
    CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy
  • N.V. Mokhov
    Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
  • M.A. Palmer
    BNL, Upton, New York, USA
  • P.R. Sala
    INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy
  
  A Muon Collider represents a very interesting possibility for a future machine to explore the energy frontier in particle physics. However, to reach the needed luminosity, beam intensities of the order of 109–1012 muons per bunch are needed. In this context, the Beam-Induced Background must be taken into account for its effects on magnets and detector. Several mitigation strategies can however be conceived. In this view, it is of crucial importance to develop a flexible tool that allows to easily reconstruct the machine geometry in a Monte Carlo code, allowing to simulate in detail the interaction of muon decay products in the machine, while being able to change the machine optics itself to find the best configuration. In this contribution, a possible approach to such a purpose is presented, based on FLUKA for the Monte Carlo simulation and on LineBuilder for the geometry reconstruction. Results based on the 1.5 TeV machine optics developed by the MAP collaboration are discussed, as well as a first approach to possible mitigation strategies.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB011  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 13 July 2021       issue date ※ 01 September 2021  
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THPAB017 The International Muon Collider Collaboration luminosity, emittance, target, radiation 3792
 
  • D. Schulte
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  
  A muon collider offers a unique opportunity for high-energy, high-luminosity lepton collisions and could push the frontiers of particle physics by providing excellent discovery reach with excellent precision. A scheme has been developed by the MAP collaboration. The updated European Strategy for Particle Physics recommended the development of an Accelerator R&D Roadmap for Europe and CERN Council has charged the LDG to develop it. LDG has initiated panels to provide input including one on the use of muon beams, in particular in view of a high-energy, high luminosity muon collider. A new international collaboration, is forming to develop a muon collider design and address the associated challenges, which are mainly due to the limited muon lifetime. The focus is on two energy ranges, around 3 TeV and above 10 TeV. Ambitious magnets, RF systems, targets and shielding are key for the design.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB017  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 26 July 2021       issue date ※ 11 August 2021  
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THPAB025 A Proposed Beam-Beam Test Facility COMBINE experiment, electron, linac, beam-beam-effects 3802
 
  • E.A. Nissen, G.A. Krafft
    JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
  • J.R. Delayen
    ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
  
  Funding: Notice: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177. The U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, license to publish or reproduce this manuscript.
The COmpact Machine for Beam-beam Interactions in Non-Equilibrium systems (COMBINE) is a proposed, dedicated, beam-beam test facility. The base design would make use of a pair of identical octagonal rings (2.5 meters per side) one rotated 180 degrees from the other, meeting at their common interaction point. These would be fed by an electron gun producing up to 125 keV electrons. The low energy will allow for beam-beam tune shifts commensurate with existing colliders, some linac-ring type systems, and will also allow for an exploration of the predicted effects of gear-changing, which would be performed using a variable pathlength scheme. The low energy, and small size will allow for cost effective research, simulation code benchmarking, as well as training opportunities for students. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB025  
About • paper received ※ 20 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 01 September 2021       issue date ※ 16 August 2021  
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THPAB026 Final Booster Complex Design for the Jefferson Lab Electron Ion Collider booster, electron, solenoid, dipole 3805
 
  • E.A. Nissen
    JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
  
  Funding: Notice: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177. The U.S. retains a license to publish or reproduce this manuscript for U.S. Government purposes.
In this work we show the final iteration of the design for the booster complex of the Jefferson Lab EIC, which would have brought the ions from an energy (proton) of 150 MeV up to 12.1 GeV. This complex would have consisted of two figure-8 rings. The Low Energy Booster (LEB) which would have accelerated its protons from 150 MeV to 8 GeV, and has had its lattice tweaked to increase the effectiveness of chromaticity cancellations. The High Energy Booster (HEB) would have brought the 8 GeV protons up to 12.1 GeV. The HEB would in the tunnel that was designed for the collider rings, sitting on top of them. It has had a bypass around the interaction region added, as well as a cooling solenoid installed. 		 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB026  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 22 June 2021       issue date ※ 31 August 2021  
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THPAB042 Bending Radius Limits of Different Coated REBCO Conductor Tapes - An Experimental Investigation with Regard to HTS Undulators undulator, experiment, wiggler, positron 3837
 
  • S.C. Richter, A. Bernhard, A. Drechsler, A.-S. Müller, B. Ringsdorf, S.I. Schlachter
    KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • S.C. Richter, D. Schoerling
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  
  Funding: This work has been sponsored by the Wolfgang Gentner Programme of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. 05E18CHA).
Compact FELs require short-period, high-field undulators in combination with compact accelerator structures to produce coherent light up to X-rays. Likewise, for the production of low emittance positron beams for future lepton colliders, like CLIC or FCC-ee, high-field damping wigglers are required. Applying high-temperature superconductors in form of coated REBCO tape conductors allows reaching higher magnetic fields and larger operating margins as compared to low-temperature superconductors like Nb-Ti or Nb3Sn. However, short undulator periods like 13 mm may require bending radii of the conductor smaller than 5 mm inducing significant bending strain on the superconducting layer and may harm its conducting properties. In this paper, we present our designed bending rig and experimental results for REBCO tape conductors from various manufacturers and with different properties. Investigated bending radii reach from 20 mm down to 1 mm and optionally include half of a helical twist. To represent magnet winding procedures, the samples were bent at room temperature and then cooled down to T = 77 K in the bent state to test for potential degradation of the superconducting properties. 		 
poster icon Poster THPAB042 [1.871 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB042  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 18 June 2021       issue date ※ 25 August 2021  
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THPAB124 Application of the FFA Concept to a Muon Collider Complex quadrupole, lattice, optics, focusing 4006
 
  • S. Machida, J.-B. Lagrange
    STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
  • M.E. Topp-Mugglestone
    JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
  
  Muon collider complex is one of the places where the concept of fixed field alternating gradient (FFA) optics can be applied with great benefits. Vertical excursion FFA (vFFA) provides the isochronous condition for the ultra-relativistic muon beams after pre-acceleration. Together with the fixed transverse tune, it will be an ideal accelerator of short-lived muon beams with no time variation of magnetic fields and RF frequency. Novel collider ring optics is a design based on skew quadrupole after extracting essential functions from vFFA. That enables control of the momentum compaction factor. Neutrinos from the continuing decay of muons are spread out with orbit wiggling in the vertical direction as well as horizontal. The paper discusses the underline principle and describes some design examples.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB124  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 02 August 2021       issue date ※ 28 August 2021  
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THPAB143 M2 Experimental Beamline Optics Studies for Next Generation Muon Beam Experiments at CERN experiment, optics, hadron, detector 4041
 
  • D. Banerjee, J. Bernhard, M. Brugger, N. Charitonidis, G.L. D’Alessandro, A. Gerbershagen, E. Montbarbon, C.A. Mussolini, E.G. Parozzi, B. Rae, B.M. Veit
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • L. Gatignon
    Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
  
  In the context of the Physics Beyond Colliders Project, various new experiments have been proposed for the M2 beamline at the CERN North Area fixed target experimental facility. The experiments include MUonE, NA64µ, and the successor to the COMPASS experiment, tentatively named AMBER/NA66. The AMBER/NA66 collaboration proposes to build a QCD facility requiring conventional muon and hadron beams for runs up to 2024 in the first phase of the experiment. MUonE aims to measure the hadronic contribution to the vacuum polarization in the context of the (gµ-2) anomaly with a setup longer than 40 m and a 160 GeV/c high intensity, low divergence muon beam. NA64µ is a muon beam program for dark sector physics requiring a 100 - 160 GeV/c muon beam with a 15-25 m long setup. All three experiments request similar beam times up to 2024 with compelling physics programs, which required launching extensive studies for integration, installation, beam optics, and background estimations. The experiments will be presented along with details of the studies performed to check their feasibility and compatibility with an emphasis on the updated optics for these next-generation muon beam experiments.  
poster icon Poster THPAB143 [14.259 MB]  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB143  
About • paper received ※ 17 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 20 July 2021       issue date ※ 25 August 2021  
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THPAB175 nuSTORM Accelerator Challenges and Opportunities storage-ring, target, experiment, emittance 4104
 
  • C.T. Rogers, J.-B. Lagrange
    STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
  • N. Gall
    CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
  • J. Pasternak
    STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
  • J. Pasternak
    Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom
  
  The nuSTORM facility uses a stored muon beam to generate a neutrino source. Muons are captured and stored in a storage ring using stochastic injection. The facility will aim to measure neutrino-nucleus scattering cross-sections with uniquely well-characterized neutrino beams; to facilitate the search for sterile neutrino and other Beyond Standard Model processes with exquisite sensitivity, and to provide a muon source that makes an excellent technology test-bed required for the development of muon beams capable of serving as a multi-TeV collider. In this paper, we describe the latest status of the development of nuSTORM, the R&D needs, and the potential for nuSTORM as a Muon Collider test facility.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB175  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 19 July 2021       issue date ※ 31 August 2021  
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THPAB189 New Techniques to Compute the Linear Tune simulation, damping, betatron, experiment 4142
 
  • G. Russo, M. Giovannozzi
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • G. Franchetti
    GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
  
  Tune determination in numerical simulations is an essential aspect of nonlinear beam dynamics studies. In particular, because it allows probing whether an initial condition is close to resonance, and it enables assessment of the stability of the orbit, i.e. whether the motion is regular or chaotic. In this paper, results of recently developed techniques to obtain accurate tune computation from numerical simulation data are presented and discussed in detail.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THPAB189  
About • paper received ※ 18 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 26 July 2021       issue date ※ 19 August 2021  
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FRXB05 Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment: Results & Prospects emittance, experiment, solenoid, proton 4528
 
  • C.T. Rogers
    STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
  
  A high-energy muon collider could be the most powerful and cost-effective collider approach in the multi-TeV regime, and a neutrino source based on decay of an intense muon beam would be ideal for measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters. Muon beams may be created through the decay of pions produced in the interaction of a proton beam with a target. The muons are subsequently accelerated and injected into a storage ring where they decay producing a beam of neutrinos, or collide with counter-rotating antimuons. Cooling of the muon beam would enable more muons to be accelerated resulting in a more intense neutrino source and higher collider luminosity. Ionization cooling is the novel technique by which it is proposed to cool the beam. The Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment collaboration constructed a section of an ionization cooling channel and used it to provide the first demonstration of ionization cooling. Here the observation of ionization cooling is described. The cooling performance is studied for a variety of beam and magnetic field configurations. The outlook for muon ionization cooling demonstrations is discussed.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-FRXB05  
About • paper received ※ 19 May 2021       paper accepted ※ 19 July 2021       issue date ※ 23 August 2021  
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