IPAC2022 - List of Keywords (operation)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOPLXGD1	The SuperKEKB Has Broken the World Record of the Luminosity	luminosity, injection, impedance, simulation	1
	Y. Funakoshi, T. Abe, K. Akai, Y. Arimoto, K. Egawa, S. Enomoto, H. Fukuma, K. Furukawa, N. Iida, H. Ikeda, T. Ishibashi, S.H. Iwabuchi, H. Kaji, T. Kamitani, T. Kawamoto, M. Kikuchi, T. Kobayashi, K. Kodama, H. Koiso, M. Masuzawa, K. Matsuoka, T. Mimashi, G. Mitsuka, F. Miyahara, T. Miyajima, T. Mori, A. Morita, S. Nakamura, T.T. Nakamura, K. Nakanishi, H.N. Nakayama, M. Nishiwaki, S. Ogasawara, K. Ohmi, Y. Ohnishi, N. Ohuchi, T. Okada, T. Oki, M.A. Rehman, Y. Seimiya, K. Shibata, Y. Suetsugu, H. Sugimoto, H. Sugimura, M. Tawada, S. Terui, M. Tobiyama, R. Ueki, X. Wang, K. Watanabe, S.I. Yoshimoto, T. Yoshimoto, D. Zhou, X. Zhou, Z.G. Zong KEK, Ibaraki, Japan A. Natochii University of Hawaii, Honolulu,, USA K. Oide CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland R.J. Yang CAEP/IAE, Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China K. Yoshihara Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
	The SuperKEKB broke the world record of the luminosity in June 2020 in the Phase 3 operation. The luminosity has been increasing since then and the present highest luminosity is 4.65 x 10³⁴ cm^-2s^-1 with β_y^* of 1 mm. The increase of the luminosity was brought with an application of crab waist, by increasing beam currents and by other improvements in the specific luminosity. In this paper, we describe what we have achieved and what we are struggling with. Finally, we mention a future plan briefly.
	Slides MOPLXGD1 [6.235 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPLXGD1
About •	Received ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 08 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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MOPOST005	The HL-LHC Project Gets Ready for Its Deployment	cavity, luminosity, civil-engineering, collimation	50
	M. Zerlauth, O.S. Brüning, B. Di Girolamo, P. Fessia, C. Gaignant, H. Garcia Gavela, E.H. Maclean, M. Modena, Th. Otto, L.J. Tavian, G. Vandoni CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Following the successful completion of the second long shutdown (LS2), the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is preparing for its final operational run before the majority of the High Luminosity Upgrade (HL-LHC) will be installed during the third Long Shutdown starting in 2026. The HL-LHC upgrade will enable a further tenfold increase in integrated luminosity delivered to the ATLAS and CMS experiments, starting by an upgrade of the machine protection, collimation and shielding systems in LS2, and followed by the deployment of novel key technologies, including Nb₃Sn based insertion region magnets, cold powering by MgB₂ superconducting links and integration of Nb crab-cavities to compensate the effects of a larger crossing angle. After a period of intensive R&D and prototyping, the project is now entering the phase of industrialization and series production for all main components. In this contribution, we provide an overview of the project status and plans for deployment and performance ramp-up. Progress on the validation of key technologies, status of prototypes and series production as well as the final integration studies for the HL equipment are summarized. These are accompanied by the imminent completion of major civil engineering work and the start of infrastructure installations. Initial operational experience will be gained at the Inner Triplet (IT) String, presently in assembly at CERN’s Superconducting Magnet Test Facility, which will enable a fully integrated test of the main magnets, powering, and protection systems in the actual HL-LHC insertion configuration.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST005
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022
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MOPOST006	Beam Commissioning and Optimisation in the CERN Proton Synchrotron After the Upgrade of the LHC Injectors	MMI, vacuum, proton, synchrotron	54
	A. Huschauer, M.R. Coly, D.G. Cotte, H. Damerau, M. Delrieux, J.-C. Dumont, Y. Dutheil, S.E.R. Easton, M.A. Fraser, O. Hans, G.I. Imesch, S. Joly, A. Lasheen, C.L. Lombard, R. Maillet, B. Mikulec, J.-M. Nonglaton, S. Sainz Perez, B. Salvant, R. Suykerbuyk, F. Tecker, R. Valera Teruel CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The CERN LHC injector chain underwent a major upgrade during the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) in the framework of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project. After 2 years of installation work, the Proton Synchrotron (PS) was restarted in 2021 with the goal to achieve pre-LS2 beam quality by the end of 2021. This contribution details the main beam commissioning milestones, encountered difficulties and lessons learned. The status of the fixed-target and LHC beams will be given and improvements in terms of performance, controls and tools described.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST006
About •	Received ※ 01 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022
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MOPOST007	Summary of the First Fully Operational Run of LINAC4 at CERN	linac, MMI, cavity, injection	58
	P.K. Skowroński, G. Bellodi, B. Bielawski, R.B. Borner, G.P. Di Giovanni, E. Gousiou, J.-B. Lallement, A.M. Lombardi, B. Mikulec, J. Parra-Lopez, F. Roncarolo, J.L. Sanchez Alvarez, R. Scrivens, L. Timeo, R. Wegner CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	In December 2020 the newly commissioned LINAC4 started delivering beam for the CERN proton accelerator chain, replacing the old LINAC2. LINAC4 is a 352 MHz normal conducting linac, providing a beam of negative hydrogen ions at 160 MeV that are converted into protons at injection into the PS Booster synchrotron. In this paper we report on the achieved beam performance, availability, reproducibility and other operational aspects of LINAC4 during its first fully operational year. We also present the machine developments performed and the plans for future improvements.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST007
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
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MOPOST012	High Current Heavy Ion Beam Investigations at GSI-UNILAC	emittance, heavy-ion, brilliance, target	78
	H. Vormann, W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, U. Scheeler, M. Vossberg, S. Yaramyshev GSI, Darmstadt, Germany W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, S. Yaramyshev HIM, Mainz, Germany
	The GSI Universal Linear Accelerator UNILAC and the synchrotron SIS18 will serve as injector for the upcoming FAIR-facility. The UNILAC-High Current Injector will be improved and modernized until FAIR is commissioned and the Alvarez poststripper accelerator is replaced. The reference heavy ion for future FAIR-operation is uranium, with highest intensity requirements. To re-establish uranium beam operation and to improve high current beam operation, different subjects have been explored in dedicated machine investigation campaigns. After a beam line modification in 2017 the RFQ-performance had deteriorated significantly; new rods have been installed and the RF-working point has been redefined. Also the Superlens-performance had become unsatisfactory; improved with a modified RF-coupler. With a pulsed hydrogen gas stripper target the uranium beam stripping efficiency could be increased by 65%. Various work has already been carried out to establish this stripper device in routine operation. With medium heavy ion beams a very high beam brilliance at the end of transfer line to SIS18 was achieved. Results of the measurement campaigns and the UNILAC upgrade activities will be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST012
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022
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MOPOST022	Upgrade of the Radio Frequency Quadrupole of the ReAccelerator at NSCL/FRIB	rfq, vacuum, MMI, RF-structure	104
	A.S. Plastun, J. Brandon, A.I. Henriques, S.H. Kim, D.G. Morris, S. Nash, P.N. Ostroumov, A.C.C. Villari, Q. Zhao, S. Zhao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA D.B. Crisp, D.P. Sanderson NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant PHY15-65546 The ReA-RFQ is a four-rod room-temperature structure aimed to be the first step acceleration of rare isotopes as well as stable beams before injection into the ReA SRF linac. The beams of charge to mass ratios of 1/5 to 1/2 from the Electron Beam Ion Trap at 12 keV/u should be accelerated to at least 500 keV/u to be efficiently accelerated in the main SRF linac. Since the commissioning of the original ReA RFQ in 2010 the design voltage has never been reached, and CW operation was never achieved due to cooling issues. In 2016 a new design including trapezoidal modulation was proposed, which permitted achieving increased reliability, and would allow reaching the original required specifications. The proposed new rods were built and installed in 2019 and commissioned in the same year. Since then, the RFQ has been working very successfully. Recently it was opened for inspection and verification of its internal status. No damage and discoloration were observed. This contribution will describe the RFQ rebuild process, involving specific RF protections and other technical aspects related to the assembly of the structure. Results of the operation with a variety of beams will be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST022
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 July 2022
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MOPOST035	Operational Experience and Performance of the REX/HIE-ISOLDE Linac	ISOL, linac, experiment, MMI	140
	J.A. Rodriguez, N. Bidault, E. Fadakis, P. Fernier, M.L. Lozano, S. Mataguez, E. Piselli, E. Siesling CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Located at CERN, ISOLDE is one of the world’s lead-ing research facilities in the field of nuclear science. Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) are produced when 1.4 GeV protons transferred from the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) to the facility impinge on one of the two available targets. The RIB of interest is extracted, mass-separated and transported to one of the experimental stations, either directly, or after being accelerated in the REX/HIE-ISOLDE post-accelerator. In addition to a Penning trap (REXTRAP) to accumulate and transversely cool the beam and a charge breeder (REXEBIS) to boost the charge state of the ions, the post-accelerator includes a linac with both room temperature (REX linac) and superconducting (HIE-ISOLDE linac) sections followed by three HEBT lines to deliver the beam to the different experimental stations. The latest upgrades of the facility as well as a comprehensive list of the RIBs delivered to the users of the facility and the operational experience gained during the last physics campaigns will be presented in this contribution.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST035
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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MOPOST040	On a Framework to Analyze Single-Particle Non-Linear Beam Dynamics: Normal Form on a Critical Point	lattice, framework, status, resonance	160
	M. Titze HZB, Berlin, Germany
	Funding: Work supported by German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Land Berlin, and grants of Helmholtz Association. Normal form analysis around a stable fixed point is a well-established tool in accelerator physics and has proven to be invaluable for an understanding of non-linear beam dynamics. In this work we present progress in developing a modular Python framework to analyze some of the non-linear aspects of a storage ring, by directly operating with the given Hamiltonians. Hereby we have implemented Birkhoff’s normal form and Magnus expansion. This leads to a flexible framework to perform calculations to high order and, moreover, to relax the constraint of stability to also include certain unstable fixed points in the analysis.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST040
About •	Received ※ 31 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022
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MOPOST050	Third-Order Resonance Compensation at the FNAL Recycler Ring	resonance, sextupole, proton, experiment	195
	C.E. Gonzalez-Ortiz MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA R. Ainsworth Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA P.N. Ostroumov FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	The Recycler Ring (RR) at the Fermilab Accelerator Complex performs slip-stacking on 8 GeV protons, doubling the beam intensity delivered to the Main Injector (MI). At MI, the beam is accelerated to 120 GeV and delivered to the high energy neutrino experiments. Femilab’s Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) will require the Recycler to store 50% more beam. Simulations have shown that the space charge tune shift at this new intensity will lead to the excitation of multiple resonance lines. Specifically, this study looks at normal sextupole lines 3 Q_x=76 and Q_x+2Q_y=74, plus skew sextupole lines 3 Q_y=73 and 2 Q_x+Q_y=75. Dedicated normal and skew sextupoles have been installed in order to compensate for these resonance lines. By measuring and calculating the Resonance Driving Terms (RDT), this study shows how each of the resonance lines can be compensated independently. Furthermore, this study shows and discusses initial investigations into compensating multiple lines simultaneously.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST050
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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MOPOPT002	Improvements on Sirius Beam Stability	controls, network, feedback, experiment	226
	S.R. Marques, M.B. Alves, F.C. Arroyo, M.P. Calcanha, H.F. Canova, B.E. Limeira, L. Liu, R.T. Neuenschwander, A.G.C. Pereira, D.O. Tavares, F.H. de Sá LNLS, Campinas, Brazil G.O. Brunheira, A.C.T. Cardoso, R.B. Cardoso, R. Junqueira Leão, L.R. Leão, P.H.S. Martins, Moreira, S.S. Moreira, R. Oliveira Neto, M.G. Siqueira CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
	Sirius is a Synchrotron Light Source based on a 3 GeV electron storage ring with 518 meters circumference and 250 pm.rad emittance. The facility is built and operated by the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), located in the CNPEM campus, in Campinas. A beam stability task force was recently created to identify and mitigate the orbit disturbances at various time scales. This work presents studies regarding ground motion (land subsidence caused by groundwater extraction), improvements in the temperature control of the storage ring (SR) tunnel air conditioning (AC) system, vibration measurements in accelerator components and the efforts concerning the reduction of the power supplies’ ripple. The fast orbit feedback implementation and other future perspectives will also be discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT002
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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MOPOPT012	Concept of a Beam Diagnostics System for the Multi-Turn ERL Operation at the S-DALINAC	cavity, linac, electron, recirculation	254
	M. Dutine, M. Arnold, R. Grewe, L.E. Jürgensen, N. Pietralla, F. Schließmann, M. Steinhorst TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
	Funding: Work supported by DFG (GRK 2128), BMBF (05H21RDRB1), the State of Hesse within the Research Cluster ELEMENTS (Project ID 500/10.006) and the LOEWE Research Group Nuclear Photonics. The S-DALINAC is a thrice-recirculating electron accelerator operating in cw-mode at a frequency of 3 GHz. Due to the implementation of a path-length adjustment system capable of a 360° phase shift, it is possible to operate the accelerator as an Energy-Recovery LINAC. The multi-turn ERL operation has been demonstrated in 2021. While operating the accelerator in this mode, there are two sets of bunches, the still-to-be accelerated and the already decelerated beam, with largely different absolute longitudinal coordinates in the same beamline acting effectively as a 6 GHz beam. For this mode, a non-destructive, sensitive beam diagnostics system is necessary in order to measure the position of both beams simultaneously. The status of a 6 GHz resonant cavity beam position monitor (BPM) will be given together with the results of a wire scanner measurement of the multi-turn ERL beam.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT012
About •	Received ※ 02 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022
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MOPOPT025	Development of an Electro-Optical Longitudinal Bunch Profile Monitor at KARA Towards a Beam Diagnostics Tool for FCC-ee	laser, electron, collider, polarization	296
	M. Reißig, M. Brosi, E. Bründermann, S. Funkner, B. Härer, A.-S. Müller, G. Niehues, M.M. Patil, R. Ruprecht, C. Widmann KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
	Funding: The Future Circular Collider Innovation Study (FCCIS) project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant No 951754. M. R. and M. M. P. acknowledge the support by the Doctoral School "Karlsruhe School of Elementary and Astroparticle Physics: Science and Technology". C. W. achnowledges funding by BMBF contract number 05K19VKD. The Karlsruhe Research Accelerator (KARA) at KIT features an electro-optical (EO) near-field diagnostics setup to conduct turn-by-turn longitudinal bunch profile measurements in the storage ring using electro-optical spectral decoding (EOSD). Within the Future Circular Collider Innovation Study (FCCIS) an EO monitor using the same technique is being conceived to measure the longitudinal profile and center-of-charge of the bunches in the future electron-positron collider FCC-ee. This contribution provides an overview of the EO near-field diagnostics at KARA and discusses the development and its challenges towards an effective beam diagnostics concept for the FCC-ee.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT025
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022
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MOPOPT028	Beam Diagnostics and Instrumentation for MESA	experiment, cavity, diagnostics, instrumentation	307
	M. Dehn, K. Aulenbacher, J. Diefenbach, F. Fichtner, P. Heil, R.G. Heine, R.F.K. Kempf, C. Matejcek IKP, Mainz, Germany C.L. Lorey KPH, Mainz, Germany
	Funding: Work supported by PRISMA and the German federal state of Rheinland-Pfalz For the new Mainz Energy recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA) a wide range of beam currents is going to be used during machine optimization and for the physics experiments. To be able to monitor beam parameters like beam current, phases and beam positions several different kinds of beam instrumentation is foreseen. Some components have already been tested at the Mainz Microtron (MAMI) and others have been used at the MELBA test accelerator. In this paper we will present the current status of the instrumentation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT028
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022
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MOPOPT032	Improvement of Matching Circuit for J-PARC Main Ring Injection Kicker Magnet	kicker, injection, simulation, impedance	316
	T. Sugimoto, K. Ishii, S. Iwata, H. Matsumoto, T. Shibata KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	In this paper, present status of improvements of the impedance matching circuit for the J-PARC main ring injection kicker magnet to achieve 1.3MW beam operation planed after 2022 is described. In order to reduce the temperature-rise of resistors under the higher repetition rate pulse excitation, number of paralleled resistors was doubled and volume of each resistor was enlarged 2.6 times. Ceramic-made beads with diameter of 3 mm were filled in the cylinder of the resistor to increase the heat conductivity. An aluminum-made water-cooled heat sink was attached to the resistors directly and an air-cooling fan was mounted to the side of the box containing the resistors. All resistors and their support structure have been replaced in March 2022. Temperature-rise of resistors during continuous pulse excitation was measured by commercial thermo camera and compared with numerical calculations. In addition, predictions about the beam induced heating of the resistors are discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT032
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022
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MOPOPT040	Summary of the Post-Long Shutdown 2 LHC Hardware Commissioning Campaign	MMI, dipole, target, hardware	335
	A. Apollonio, O.O. Andreassen, A. Antoine, T. Argyropoulos, M.C. Bastos, M. Bednarek, B. Bordini, K. Brodzinski, A. Calia, Z. Charifoulline, G.-J. Coelingh, G. D’Angelo, D. Delikaris, R. Denz, L. Fiscarelli, V. Froidbise, M.A. Galilée, J.C. Garnier, R. Gorbonosov, P. Hagen, M. Hostettler, D. Jacquet, S. Le Naour, D. Mirarchi, V. Montabonnet, B.I. Panev, T.H.B. Persson, T. Podzorny, M. Pojer, E. Ravaioli, F. Rodriguez-Mateos, A.P. Siemko, M. Solfaroli, J. Spasic, A. Stanisz, J. Steckert, R. Steerenberg, S. Sudak, H. Thiesen, E. Todesco, G. Trad, J.A. Uythoven, S. Uznanski, A.P. Verweij, J. Wenninger, G.P. Willering, D. Wollmann, S. Yammine CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland V. Vizziello INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
	In this contribution we provide a summary of the LHC hardware commissioning campaign following the second CERN Long Shutdown (LS2), initially targeting the nominal LHC energy of 7 TeV. A summary of the test procedures and tools used for testing the LHC superconducting circuits is given, together with statistics on the successful test execution. The paper then focuses on the experience and observations during the main dipole training campaign, describing the encountered problems, the related analysis and mitigation measures, ultimately leading to the decision to reduce the energy target to 6.8 TeV. The re-commissioning of two powering sectors, following the identified problems, is discussed in detail. The paper concludes with an outlook to the future hardware commissioning campaigns, discussing the lessons learnt and possible strategies moving forward.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT040
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022
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MOPOPT046	Linearity and Response Time of the LHC Diamond Beam Loss Monitors in the CLEAR Beam Test Facility at CERN	target, detector, electron, beam-losses	355
	S. Morales Vigo, E. Calvo Giraldo, L.A. Dyks, E. Effinger, W. Farabolini, P. Korysko, A.T. Lernevall, B. Salvachúa, C. Zamantzas CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland S. Morales Vigo, C.P. Welsch, J. Wolfenden Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) diamond detectors have been tested during the Run 2 operation period (2015-2018) as fast beam loss monitors for the Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) system of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. However, the lack of raw data recorded during this operation period restrains our ability to perform a deep analysis of their signals. For this reason, a test campaign was carried out at the CLEAR beam test facility at CERN with the aim of studying the linearity and response time of the diamond detectors against losses from electron beams of different intensities. The signal build-up from multi-bunched electron beams was also analyzed. The conditions and procedures of the test campaign are explained, as well as the most significant results obtained.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT046
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022
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MOPOPT051	Optical Fiber Based Beam Loss Monitor for SPS Machine	radiation, beam-losses, injection, septum	374
	T. Pulampong, W. Phacheerak, P. Sudmuang, N. Suradet SLRI, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
	At the Siam Photon Source (SPS) beam loss monitors based on PIN diode have been used. The existing system allow beam loss detection very locally at the monitor position close to the vacuum chamber. For optical fiber, Cherenkov radiation can be detected when a lost particle travel in the fiber. Thus optical fiber based loss monitor with sufficient length can cover parts of the machine conveniently. Fast beam loss event can be detected with more accurate position. In this paper, the design and result of the optical fiber based beam loss monitor system at SPS machine are discussed. The system will be a prototype for the new 3 GeV machine SPS-II.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT051
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022
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MOPOPT069	A Data-Driven Beam Trajectory Monitoring at the European XFEL	FEL, lattice, undulator, experiment	418
	A. Sulc, R. Kammering, T. Wilksen DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	Funding: This work was supported by HamburgX grant LFF-HHX-03 to the Center for Data and Computing in Natural Sciences (CDCS) from the Hamburg Ministry of Science, Research, Equalities and Districts. Interpretation of data from beam position monitors is a crucial part of the reliable operation of European XFEL. The interpretation of beam positions is often handled by a physical model, which can be prone to modeling errors or can lead to the high complexity of the computational model. In this paper, we show two data-driven approaches that provide insights into the operation of the SASE beamlines at European XFEL. We handle the analysis as a data-driven problem, separate it from physical peculiarities and experiment with available data based only on our empirical evidence and the data.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT069
About •	Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022
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MOPOMS019	The New SPARC_LAB RF Photo-Injector	gun, solenoid, vacuum, quadrupole	671
	D. Alesini, M.P. Anania, M. Bellaveglia, A. Biagioni, F. Cardelli, G. Costa, M. Del Franco, G. Di Pirro, L. Faillace, M. Ferrario, G. Franzini, A. Gallo, A. Giribono, L. Piersanti, L. Sabbatini, A. Stella, A. Vannozzi INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy A. Battisti, E. Chiadroni, G. Di Raddo, A. Liedl, V.L. Lollo, L. Pellegrino, R. Pompili, S. Romeo, V. Shpakov, C. Vaccarezza, F. Villa LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy M. Carillo, E. Chiadroni Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy A. Cianchi, M. Galletti Università di Roma II Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
	A new RF photo-injector has been designed, realized and successfully installed at the SPARC_LAB facility (INFN-LNF, Frascati, Rome). It is based on a 1.6 cell RF gun fabricated with the new brazing free technology recently developed at the National Laboratories of Frascati. The electromagnetic design has been optimized to have a full compensation of the dipole and quadrupole field components introduced by the coupling hole with an improvement of the effective pumping speed with two added pumping ports. The gun is overcoupled (\beta=2) to reduce the filling time and to allow the operation with short RF pulses. The overall injector integrates a new solenoid with a remote control of the transverse position and a variable skew quadrupole for the compensation of residual quadrupole field components. It also allows an on axis laser injection system with the last mirror in air, and the possibility of a future integration of an X/C band cavity linearizer. In the paper we report the main characteristics of the electromagnetic and mechanical design and the low and high power test results that shows the extremely good perfomances of the new device.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS019
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022
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MOPOMS021	The New C Band Gun for the Next Generation RF Photo-Injectors	gun, cathode, brightness, quadrupole	679
	D. Alesini, M. Ferrario, A. Giribono, A. Gizzi, L. Piersanti, A. Vannozzi INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy F. Cardelli, G. Di Raddo, L. Faillace, S. Lauciani, A. Liedl, L. Pellegrino, C. Vaccarezza LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy G. Castorina AVO-ADAM, Meyrin, Switzerland M. Croia ENEA Casaccia, Roma, Italy L. Ficcadenti INFN-Roma, Roma, Italy G. Pedrocchi SBAI, Roma, Italy
	Funding: European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under GA No 101004730 and INFN Commission V. RF photo-injectors are widely used in modern facilities, especially in FEL, as very low-emittance and high-brightness electron sources. Presently, the RF technology mostly used for RF guns is the S band (3 GHz) with typical cathode peak fields of 80-120 MV/m and repetition rates lower than 120 Hz. There are solid reasons to believe that the frequency step-up from S band to C band (6 GHz) can provide a strong improvement of the beam quality due to the potential higher achievable cathode field (>160 MV/m) and higher repetition rate (that can reach the kHz level). In the contest of the European I.FAST project, a new C band gun has been designed and will be realized and tested. It is a 2.5 cell standing wave cavity with a four port mode launcher, designed to operate with short RF pulses (<300 ns) and cathode peak field larger than 160 MV/m. In the paper we present the electromagnetic and thermo-mechanical design and the results of the prototyping activity and rf measurements.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS021
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022
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MOPOMS040	Radiation Shielding Design for the X-Band Laboratory for Radio-Frequency Test Facility - X-Lab - at the University of Melbourne	radiation, electron, controls, simulation	724
	M. Volpi, R.P. Rassool, S.L. Sheehy, G. Taylor, S.D. Williams The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia D. Banon-Caballero IFIC, Valencia, Spain M. Boronat, N. Catalán Lasheras CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland R.T. Dowd AS - ANSTO, Clayton, Australia S.L. Sheehy ANSTO, Kirrawee DC New South Wales, Australia
	Here we report radiation dose estimates calculated for the X-band Laboratory for Accelerators and Beams (X-LAB) under construction at the University of Melbourne (UoM). The lab will host a CERN X-band test stand containing two 12 GHz 6 MW klystron amplifiers. By power combination through hybrid couplers and the use of pulse compressors, up to 50 MW of peak power can be sent to any of to either of the two test slots at pulse repetition rates up to 400 Hz. The test stand is dedicated to RF conditioning and testing CLIC’s high gradient accelerating structures beyond 100 MV/m. This paper also gives a brief overview of the general principles of radiation protection legislation; explains radiological quantities and units, including some basic facts about radioactivity and the biological effects of radiation; and gives an overview of the classification of radiological areas at X-LAB, radiation fields at high-energy accelerators, and the radiation monitoring system used at X-LAB. The bunker design to achieve a dose rate less than annual dose limit of 1 mSv is also shown.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS040
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022
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MOPOMS042	Comparison Between Run 2 TID Measurements and FLUKA Simulations in the CERN LHC Tunnel of the Atlas Insertion Region	radiation, simulation, experiment, luminosity	732
	D. Prelipcean, K. Biłko, F. Cerutti, A. Ciccotelli, D. Di Francesca, R. García Alía, B. Humann, G. Lerner, D. Ricci, M. Sabaté-Gilarte CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland B. Humann TU Vienna, Wien, Austria
	In this paper we present a systematic benchmark between the simulated and the measured data for the radiation monitors useful for Radiation to Electronics (R2E) studies at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. For this purpose, the radiation levels in the main LHC tunnel on the right side of the Interaction Point 1 (ATLAS detector) are simulated using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code and compared against Total Ionising Dose (TID) measurements performed with the Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) system, and 180 m of Distributed Optical Fibre Radiation Sensor (DOFRS). Considering the complexity and the scale of the simulations as well as the variety of the LHC operational parameters, we find a generally good agreement between measured and simulated radiation levels, typically within a factor of 2 or better.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS042
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 23 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022
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MOPOMS043	Automated Analysis of the Prompt Radiation Levels in the CERN Accelerator Complex	radiation, proton, synchrotron, extraction	736
	K. Biłko, R. García Alía, J.B. Potoine CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The CERN injector complex is essential in providing high-energy beams to various experiments and to the world’s largest accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Beam losses linked to its operation result in a mixed radiation field which, through both cumulative and single-event effects poses a threat to the electronic equipment exposed in the tunnel. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the radiation distribution and evolution is necessary in order to implement adequate Radiation to Electronics mitigation and prevention measures, resulting in an improvement of the accelerator efficiency and availability. In this study, we present the automated analysis scheme put in place to efficiently process and visualise the radiation data produced by various radiation monitors, distributed at the four largest CERN accelerators, namely the Proton Synchrotron Booster, Proton Synchrotron, Super Proton Synchrotron, and the LHC, where a proton beam is accelerated gradually from 160 MeV up to 7 TeV.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS043
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2022
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MOPOMS044	Implications and Mitigation of Radiation Effects on the CERN SPS Operation during 2021	radiation, shielding, electronics, electron	740
	Y.Q. Aguiar, A. Apollonio, K. Biłko, M. Brucoli, M. Cecchetto, S. Danzeca, R. García Alía, T. Ladzinski, G. Lerner, J.B. Potoine, A. Zimmaro CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	During the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2, 2019-2020), the CERN accelerator complex has undergone major upgrades, mainly in preparation for the High-Luminosity (HL) LHC era, the ultimate capacity for its physics production. Therefore, several novel equipment and systems were designed and deployed throughout the accelerator complex. To comply with the radiation level specifications and avoid machine downtime due to radiation effects, the electronics systems exposed to radiation need to follow Radiation Hardness Assurance (RHA) methodologies developed and validated by the Radiation to Electronics (R2E) project at CERN. However, the establishment of such procedures is not yet fully implemented in the LHC injector chain, and some R2E failures were detected in the SPS during the 2021 operation. This work is devoted to describing and analysing the R2E failures and their impact on operation, in the context of the related radiation levels and equipment sensitivity.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS044
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 21 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022
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MOPOMS046	Reliability Analysis of the HL-LHC Energy Extraction System	extraction, target, simulation, monitoring	747
	M.R. Blaszkiewicz, A. Apollonio, T. Cartier-Michaud, B.I. Panev, M. Pojer, D. Wollmann CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The energy extraction systems for the protection of the new HL-LHC superconducting magnet circuits are based on vacuum breakers. This technology allows to significantly reduce the switch opening time and increases the overall system reliability with reduced maintenance needs. This paper presents the results of detailed reliability studies performed on these new energy extraction systems. The study quantifies the risk of a failure which prevents correct protection of a magnet circuit and identifies the most critical components of the system. For this, the model considers factors such as block or component level failure probabilities, different maintenance strategies and repair procedures. The reliability simulations have been performed with AvailSim4, a novel Monte Carlo code for availability and reliability simulations. The results are compared with the system reliability requirements and provides insights into the most critical components.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS046
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022
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TUOXSP3	Evaluation of Geometrical Precision and Surface Roughness Quality for the Additively Manufactured Radio Frequency Quadrupole Prototype	rfq, laser, radio-frequency, radio-frequency-quadrupole	787
	T. Torims, D. Krogere, G. Pikurs, A. Ratkus Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia A. Cherif, M. Vretenar CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland N. Delerue Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France M. Foppa Pedretti, M. Pozzi Rösler Italiana s.r.l., Concorezzo, Italy S. Gruber, E. Lopez Fraunhofer IWS, Dresden, Germany T. Otto TalTech, Tallinn, Estonia M. Thielmann, P. Wagenblast TRUMPF, Ditzingen, Germany M. Vedani POLIMI, Milano, Italy
	A multidisciplinary collaboration within the I.FAST project teamed-up to develop additive manufacturing (AM) technology solutions for accelerators. The first prototype of an AM pure-copper radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) has been produced, corresponding to 1/4 of a 4-vane RFQ. It was optimised for production with state-of-the-art laser powder bed fusion technology. Geometrical precision and roughness of the critical surfaces were measured. Alt-hough the obtained values were beyond standard RFQ specifications, these first results are promising and con-firmed the feasibility of AM manufactured complex cop-per accelerator cavities. Therefore, further post-processing trials have been conducted with the sample RFQ to im-prove surface roughness. Algorithms for the AM techno-logical processes have also been improved, allowing for higher geometrical precision. This resulted in the design of a full 4-vane RFQ prototype. At the time of the paper submission the full-size RFQ is being manufactured and will undergo through the stringent surface quality meas-urements. This paper is discussing novel technological developments, is providing an evaluation of the obtained surface roughness and geometrical precision as well as outlining the potential post-processing scenarios along with future tests plans. Torims T, et al. First Proof-of-Concept Prototype of an Additive Manufactured Radio Frequency Quadrupole. Instruments. 2021; 5(4):35. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments5040035
	Slides TUOXSP3 [10.031 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUOXSP3
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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TUIYGD3	FRIB Commissioning and Early Operations	MMI, linac, target, controls	802
	J. Wei, H. Ao, S. Beher, G. Bollen, N.K. Bultman, F. Casagrande, W. Chang, Y. Choi, S. Cogan, C. Compton, M. Cortesi, J.C. Curtin, K.D. Davidson, X.-J. Du, K. Elliott, B. Ewert, A. Facco, A. Fila, K. Fukushima, V. Ganni, A. Ganshyn, T. Glasmacher, J.-W. Guo, Y. Hao, W. Hartung, N.M. Hasan, M. Hausmann, K. Holland, H.-C. Hseuh, M. Ikegami, D.D. Jager, S. Jones, N. Joseph, T. Kanemura, S.H. Kim, C. Knowles, P. Knudsen, T. Konomi, B.R. Kortum, T. Lange, M. Larmann, T.L. Larter, K. Laturkar, R.E. Laxdal, J. LeTourneau, Z. Li, S.M. Lidia, G. Machicoane, C. Magsig, P.E. Manwiller, F. Marti, T. Maruta, E.S. Metzgar, S.J. Miller, Y. Momozaki, D.G. Morris, M. Mugerian, I.N. Nesterenko, C. Nguyen, P.N. Ostroumov, M.S. Patil, A.S. Plastun, J.T. Popielarski, L. Popielarski, M. Portillo, J. Priller, X. Rao, M.A. Reaume, H.T. Ren, K. Saito, B.M. Sherrill, A. Stolz, B.P. Tousignant, R. Walker, X. Wang, J.D. Wenstrom, G. West, K. Witgen, M. Wright, T. Xu, T. Xu, Y. Yamazaki, T. Zhang, Q. Zhao, S. Zhao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA B. Arend, T.N. Ginter, E. Kwan, M.K. Smith, M. Steiner, O. Tarasov NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA A. Facco INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy K. Hosoyama KEK, Ibaraki, Japan M.P. Kelly, Y. Momozaki ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA R.E. Laxdal TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada M. Wiseman JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661. The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) project has completed technical construction in January 2022, five months ahead of schedule baselined about 10 years ago. Beam commissioning has been planned in seven phases starting from 2017 when the normal-conducting ion source and RFQ were commissioned. In April 2021, FRIB driver linac commissioning was completed with heavy ion beams being accelerated to energies above 200 MeV/u using 324 superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) resonators contained in 46 cryomodules. In preparation for high-power operations, a liquid lithium charge strip-per was used to strip uranium beam from average charge state of 33+ to 78+, and multiple charge states were accelerated simultaneously in the linac. By January 2022, FRIB target and fragment separator commissioning was completed with rare-isotope beams produced and identified. In May 2022, the first FRIB user scientific experiment was successfully conducted. This talk summarizes the FRIB accelerator project commissioning and early operations experience with discussions on strategic planning, operational envelope conformance, technical risk mitigation, and lessons learned.
	Slides TUIYGD3 [23.483 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIYGD3
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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TUIZSP1	Status of the e⁺e⁻ Collider Projects in Asia and Europe: CEPC and FCC-ee	collider, cavity, booster, positron	815
	X.C. Lou IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China M. Boscolo LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy F. Zimmermann CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Since the Higgs boson discovery at CERN, precision measurement of its properties has become the first priority in the field of High Energy Physics. Two laboratories, CERN from Europe and IHEP from China, have proposed large scale circular electron-positron colliders, namely FCC-ee and CEPC. Record luminosities are expected in the center of mass energy range from 90 to about 365 GeV. In this talk the statuses of both projects are reviewed: Following the publication of the first CDR FCC-ee and CEPC entering the phase of consolidation and feasibility study. Special focus will be put on R&D plans, prototyping and key technologies.
	Slides TUIZSP1 [6.718 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIZSP1
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022
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TUPOST007	New Generation of Very Low Noise Beam Position Measurement System for the LHC Transverse Feedback	pick-up, feedback, controls, injection	849
	D. Valuch CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland V. Stopjakova Slovak University of Technology (STU), Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
	Recent studies showed that the transverse feedback system noise floor in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) must be reduced by at least factor of two in order to operate the machine with large beam-beam tune shift as foreseen in the High Luminosity (HL) LHC. Also, the future feedback system foreseen to suppress the LHC Crab Cavity noise relies on improved noise performance of the beam position measurement system. An upgrade program was launched to lower the LHC transverse feedback system noise floor during the LHC Long Shutdown II. A new generation, very low noise beam position measurement module was developed and tested with beam. Innovative methods in the RF receiver, digital signal processing, thorough optimization of every element in the signal chain from pickup to the kickers allowed to achieve a significant reduction of the system noise floor. This unprecedented noise performance opens also new possibilities for auxiliary instruments, using the position data from the transverse feedback. The paper presents the new system, notable implementation details and measured performance.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST007
About •	Received ※ 18 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2022
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TUPOST008	Digital Low-Level RF System for the CERN Linac3 Accelerator	cavity, linac, controls, LLRF	853
	D. Valuch, R. Alemany-Fernández, Y. Brischetto, S.J. Faeroe, G. Piccinini, M.E. Soderen CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	A major consolidation of the aging RF system of the CERN Linac3, the ion source for the whole CERN accelerator chain, started during the Long Shutdown II. The main changes were an upgrade of the analogue Low-Level RF system (LLRF) and replacement of the 350 kW tube amplifiers by a solid-state equivalent. The state-of-the-art digital LLRF system enabled new sophisticated features in field manipulations, significantly increased the operational flexibility and improved operational reliability and availability. The paper presents the new architecture, a low noise master clock generator, digital signal processing with direct sampling of the RF signals, pulse parameter measurement or cavity resonance control.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST008
About •	Received ※ 27 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022
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TUPOST013	Concept and Development of 65 kW Solid-State RF Amplifiers for Sirius	cavity, storage-ring, synchrotron, controls	868
	M. Hoffmann Wallner, A.P.B. Lima LNLS, Campinas, Brazil R.H.A. Farias CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
	Sirius is a 4th generation synchrotron light source currently operating with 100 mA stored beam and one room temperature RF cavity driven by two 65 kW solid-state amplifiers (SSAs). After installation of the cryogenic plant, two superconducting (SC) RF cavities are planned to replace the room temperature cavity. Each SC cavity is going to be driven by a 250 kW RF signal at 500 MHz, resulting from the combination of four 65 kW RF SSAs. Due to the recent development of 900 W solid-state power amplifier modules, a new topology is proposed for the four amplifiers that still need to be constructed. For the amplifier’s combining stage, a cavity combiner with 80 input ports was simulated. For the dividing stage, 8-way and 10-way power splitters were designed. The general scheme of the amplifier is presented, as well as simulation and measurement results.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST013
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022
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TUPOST014	Sirius Storage Ring RF System Status Update	cavity, LLRF, storage-ring, cryogenics	872
	A.P.B. Lima, D. Daminelli, M. Hoffmann Wallner, F.K.G. Hoshino LNLS, Campinas, Brazil I. Carvalho de Almeida, R.H.A. Farias CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
	Sirius’s nominal operation phase consists of two 500 MHz CESR-B type superconducting cavities, each being driven by four 65 kW solid-state amplifiers, and a passive superconducting third harmonic cavity. Currently a normal conducting 7-cell PETRA cavity is being used along with two 65 kW RF amplifiers and was recently able to achieve 100 mA stored current. The performance of the storage ring RF system and the updated installation plans update are presented and discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST014
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
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TUPOST016	Status of LLRF and Resonance Control Dedicated Algorithms Extension for PolFEL	controls, cavity, resonance, FEL	880
	W. Jalmuzna, W. Cichalewski, A. Napieralski, P.S. Sekalski TUL-DMCS, Łódź, Poland
	PolFEL (POLish Free Electron Laser) is the new super-conducting based facility, which is under construction in Poland. It will provide a continuous electron beam with energy up to 160 MeV, which will be converted to light pulses with wavelengths as short as 150 nm. CW (Continuous Wave) operation of the superconducting linear accelerator with narrow bandwidth and high electromagnetic field gradient (presumably above 30 MV/m for single structure) creates new challenges while dealing with RF field stability, the influence of mechanical de-tuning of resonating structures and must take into account all limits induced by power amplifiers and cryo-system. The real-time control algorithm responsible for RF field, motor tuners, and piezo control must strictly interact with each other to provide the satisfactory performance of the whole facility. In addition, constant monitoring of such parameters as detuning, bandwidth, power margins of the amplifier, state of cavities must be done. The paper presents the current status of implementation of PolFEL’s LLRF Controller (extending GDR to other modes of operation as SEL, PLL) and Piezo Controller (both hardware and firmware layers).
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST016
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022
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TUPOST018	Long Pulse Operation of the E-XFEL Cryomodule	cavity, controls, LLRF, FEL	888
	W. Cichalewski TUL-DMCS, Łódź, Poland J.K. Sekutowicz DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The CW operation becomes more attractive mode of beam and RF operation, even for infrastructures initially developed as pulsed experiments. Compared to the short (single ms) pulse the CW or long pulse (LP) operation allows for a more relaxed bunch scheme and enables higher bunch quantities during the experiment run. The Long Pulse operation scenario is one of the possible EXFEL modes of work in the future. LLRF systems that work in CW (and LP) are in operation worldwide. Most of them are dedicated to single cavity control. The XFEL dedicated system is capable of multicavity cryomodules vector-sum operation. In such a configuration switching from short-pulse operation into long-pulse with the existing limitations from the allowed cryo heat load level, average input power per coupler (and others) can be extremely challenging. For this setup the support from the dynamic resonance control system is essential. This paper summarizes efforts towards the successful vector-sum operation of the X-FEL type cryomodule in the LP operation mode. Modifications to the original LLRF setup together with challenges of narrow bandwidth operation in moderate and high gradients are discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST018
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 21 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
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TUPOST024	A New Beam Loading Compensation and Blowup Control System Using Multi-Harmonic Digital Feedback Loops in the CERN Proton Synchrotron Booster	cavity, controls, feedback, LLRF	907
	D. Barrientos, S.C.P. Albright, M.E. Angoletta, A. Findlay, M. Jaussi, J.C. Molendijk CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	As part of the LHC Injectors Upgrade, the CERN Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) has been upgraded with new wide-band Finemet cavities and a renovated Low-Level Radio Frequency system with digital cavity controllers implemented in FPGAs. Each controller synchronously receives the computed revolution frequency, used to generate 16 harmonic references. These are then used to IQ demodulate the voltage gap and modulate the 16 RF drive signals each controlled through a Cartesian feedback loop (with individual voltage and phase control). The sum of these digital drive signals is then sent to the cavities. In addition, a configurable blow-up system providing a sinusoidal or custom noise pattern can be used to excite the beam. An embedded network analyzer allows studying the stability of the feedback loops of the individual harmonics. The 16 harmonic feedback loops have been successfully operated during 2021, allowing to reduce the beam induced voltage and control the longitudinal emittance of the beam. In this paper we present the system architecture as well as the performance of the complete cavity controller during operation in the PSB.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST024
About •	Received ※ 23 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022
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TUPOST025	Beam Commissioning of the New Digital Low-Level RF System for CERN’s AD	LLRF, MMI, timing, proton	911
	M.E. Angoletta, S.C.P. Albright, D. Barrientos, A. Findlay, M. Jaussi, A. Rey, M. Sumiński CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	CERN’s Antiproton Decelerator (AD) has been re-furbished to provide reliable operation for the Extra Low ENergy Antiproton ring (ELENA). In particular, AD was equipped with a new digital Low-Level RF (LLRF) system that was successfully commissioned during the summer 2021. The new AD LLRF system has routinely captured and decelerated more than 3·10⁷ antiprotons from 3.5 GeV/c to 100 MeV/c in successive steps, referred to as RF segments, interleaved by cooling periods. The LLRF system implements the frequency program from Btrain data received over optical fiber. Beam phase/radial and cavity amplitude/phase feedback loops are operated during each RF segment. An extraction synchronization loop is triggered on the extraction RF segment to transfer a single bunch of antiprotons to ELENA. Extensive diagnostics features are available and operational modes such as bunched beam cooling and bunch rotation have been successfully deployed. The LLRF parameters can be different for each RF segment and are controlled by a dedicated application. This paper gives an overview of the AD LLRF beam commissioning results obtained and challenges overcome. Hints on future steps are also provided.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST025
About •	Received ※ 25 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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TUPOST033	A Python Framework for High-level Applications in Accelerator Operations	framework, controls, EPICS, interface	929
	J.T.M Chriń, V. Erçağlar, T. Schietinger PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	A Python graphical framework providing reusable components to facilitate the development of accelerator applications, that meet the basic requirements of experts and operators alike, is presented. Such a collective approach serves to bridge the gap between the expert developer and the operational team, resulting in applications that are inherently cohesive, durable and easily navigable. The operational advantages and underlying principles are exemplified in a reference application that provides executable examples of customary practices, and further highlights several composite and control system-enabled widgets.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST033
About •	Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 19 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022
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TUPOST040	Automated Intensity Optimisation Using Reinforcement Learning at LEIR	linac, target, injection, electron	941
	N. Madysa, R. Alemany-Fernández, N. Biancacci, B. Goddard, V. Kain, F.M. Velotti CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	High intensities in the CERN Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) are achieved by stacking up to seven consecutive multi-turn injections from Linac3. Two inclined septa combined with a collapsing horizontal orbit bump allow a 6-D phase space painting via a linearly ramped mean momentum along the Linac3 pulse and injection at high dispersion. The beam is cooled and dragged longitudinally via electron cooling (e-cooling) into a stacking momentum. For optimal accumulation, the electron energy and trajectory need to match the ion energy and orbit at the e-cooler section. In this paper, a reinforcement learning (RL) agent is trained to adjust various e-cooler and Linac3 parameters to maximise the intensity at the end of the injection plateau. Variational Auto-Encoders (VAE) are used to compress longitudinal Schottky spectra into a compact representation as input for the RL agent. The RL agent is pre-trained on a surrogate model of the LEIR e-cooling dynamics, which in turn is learned from the data collected for the training of the VAE. The performance of the VAE, the surrogate model, and the RL agent is investigated in this paper. An overview of planned tests in the upcoming LEIR runs is given.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST040
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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TUPOST043	A Novel Method for Detecting Unidentified Falling Object Loss Patterns in the LHC	network, Windows, ECR, machine-protect	953
	L. Coyle, F. Blanc, D. Di Croce, T. Pieloni EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland L. Coyle, A. Lechner, D. Mirarchi, M. Solfaroli Camillocci, J. Wenninger CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Understanding and mitigating particle losses in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is essential for both machine safety and efficient operation. Abnormal loss distributions are telltale signs of abnormal beam behaviour or incorrect machine configuration. By leveraging the advancements made in the field of Machine Learning, a novel data-driven method of detecting anomalous loss distributions during machine operation has been developed. A neural network anomaly detection model was trained to detect Unidentified Falling Object events using stable beam, Beam Loss Monitor (BLM) data acquired during the operation of the LHC. Data-driven models, such as the one presented, could lead to significant improvements in the autonomous labelling of abnormal loss distributions, ultimately bolstering the ever ongoing effort toward improving the understanding and mitigation of these events.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST043
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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TUPOST044	Fortune Telling or Physics Prediction? Deep Learning for On-Line Kicker Temperature Forecasting	kicker, simulation, injection, network	957
	F.M. Velotti, M.J. Barnes, B. Goddard, I. Revuelta CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The injection kicker system MKP of the Super Proton Synchrotron SPS at CERN is composed of 4 kicker tanks. The MKP-L tank provides additional kick needed to inject 26 GeV Large Hadron Collider LHC 25 ns type beams. This device has been a limiting factor for operation with high intensity, due to the magnet’s broadband beam coupling impedance and consequent beam induced heating. To optimise the usage of the SPS and avoid idle (kicker cooling) time, studies were conducted to develop a recurrent deep learning model that could predict the measured temperature evolution of the MKP-L, using the beam conditions and temperature history as input. In a second stage, the ferrite temperature is also estimated putting together the external temperature predictions from accurate thermo-mechanical simulations of the kicker magnet. In this paper, the methodology is described and details of the neural network architecture used, together with the implementation of an ad-hoc loss function, are given. The results applied to the SPS 2021 operational data are presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST044
About •	Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022
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TUPOST046	Machine Learning Applied for the Calibration of the Hard X-Ray Single-Shot Spectrometer at the European XFEL	FEL, photon, controls, laser	965
	C. Grech, M.W. Guetg DESY, Hamburg, Germany G. Geloni EuXFEL, Schenefeld, Germany
	Single-crystal monochromators are used in free electron lasers for hard x-ray self-seeding, selecting a very narrow spectral range of the original SASE signal for further amplification. When rotating the crystal around the roll and pitch axes, one can exploit several symmetric and asymmetric reflections as established by Bragg’s law. This work describes the implementation of a machine learning classifier to identify the crystal indices corresponding to a given reflection, and eventually calculate the difference between the photon energy as measured by a single-shot spectrometer and the actual one. The image processing techniques to extract the properties of the crystal reflection are described, as well as how this information is used to calibrate two spectrometer parameters.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST046
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 24 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022
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TUPOST053	Beam Tuning at the FRIB Front End Using Machine Learning	simulation, rfq, controls, status	983
	K. Hwang, K. Fukushima, T. Maruta, S. Nash, P.N. Ostroumov, A.S. Plastun, T. Zhang, Q. Zhao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) at Michigan State University produced and identified the first rare isotopes demonstrating the key performance parameter and completion of the project. An important next step toward FRIB user operation includes fast tuning of the Front End (FE) decision parameters to maintain optimal beam optics. The FE consists of the ion source, charge selection system, LEBT, RFQ, and MEBT. The strong coupling of many ion source parameters, strong space-charge effects in multi-component ion beams, and a not well-known neutralization factor in the beamline from the ion source to the charge selection system make the FE modeling difficult. In this paper, we present our first effort toward the Machine Learning (ML) application for automatic control of the beam exiting the FE.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST053
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022
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TUPOST058	Badger: The Missing Optimizer in ACR	interface, controls, GUI, framework	999
	Z. Zhang, A.L. Edelen, J.R. Garrahan, C.E. Mayes, S.A. Miskovich, D.F. Ratner, R.J. Roussel, J. Shtalenkova SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA M. Böse, S. Tomin DESY, Hamburg, Germany Y. Hidaka, G.M. Wang BNL, Upton, New York, USA
	Badger is an optimizer specifically designed for Accelerator Control Room (ACR). It’s the spiritual successor of Ocelot optimizer. Badger abstracts an optimization run as an optimization algorithm interacts with an environment, by following some pre-defined rules. The environment is controlled by the algorithm and tunes/observes the control system/machine through an interface, while the users control/monitor the optimization flow through a graphical user interface (GUI) or a command line interface (CLI). This paper would introduce the design principles and applications of Badger.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST058
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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TUPOPT005	Status of the Superconducting Soft X-Ray Free-Electron Laser User Facility FLASH	laser, undulator, FEL, experiment	1006
	M. Vogt, C. Gerth, K. Honkavaara, M. Kuhlmann, J. Rönsch-Schulenburg, L. Schaper, S. Schreiber, R. Treusch, J. Zemella DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The XUV and soft X-ray free-electron laser FLASH at DESY is capable of operating two undulator beamlines simultaneously with up to several thousand bunches per second. It is driven by a normal conducting RF photo-cathode gun and a superconducting L-band linac. FLASH is currently undergoing a substantial refurbishment and upgrade program (FLASH2020+). The first 9-months installation shutdown started in November 2021. Here we report on the operation in 2021 and present main upgrades during the ongoing shutdown.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT005
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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TUPOPT024	Recent Developments at SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre	synchrotron, radiation, vacuum, plasma	1051
	A.I. Wawrzyniak, P. Andryszczak, G. Cios, K. Gula, G.W. Kowalski, A.M. Marendziak, A. Maximenko, R. Panaś, T. Sobol, M. Szczepaniak, J.J. Wiechecki, M. Wiśniowski, M. Zając NSRC SOLARIS, Kraków, Poland A. Curcio CLPU, Villamayor, Spain H. Lichtenberg Hochschule Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, Germany
	SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre is under constant development of the research infrastructure. In 2018 first users were welcomed at three different experimental stations. Up to now 5 end stations are available at SOLARIS for experiments at 4 beamlines, and 4 new beamlines are under construction. In 2021 new front end for POLYX beamline was installed and de-gassed. Moreover, ASTRA beamline components were installed and first commissioning stage has stared. Additionally, a plasma cleaning station has been designed, built and is currently tested. Apart of the beamlines, up-grades to the linac and storage ring operation have been done. During the COVID-19 pandemic the software for remote injection process was developed and is used on daily basis. The transverse beam emittance measurement on the visible light beamline LUMOS was implemented and gives results that are complementary to the Pinhole beamline. Within this presentation the overview of the recent developments with insight to the details to be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT024
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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TUPOPT051	Reconstruction and Beam-Transport Study of the cERL Dump Line for High-Power IR-FEL Operation	FEL, cavity, beam-transport, electron	1117
	N. Nakamura, K. Harada, N. Higashi, R. Kato, S. Nagahashi, K.N. Nigorikawa, T. Nogami, T. Obina, H. Sagehashi, H. Sakai, M. Shimada, R. Takai, O.A. Tanaka, Y. Tanimoto, T. Uchiyama, A. Ueda KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	Funding: This work is supported by a NEDO project "Development of advanced laser processing with intelligence based on high-brightness and high-efficiency laser technologies." A significant FEL pulse energy was successfully generated at the cERL IR-FEL in Burst mode where a macro pulse of about 1 microsecond or less is repeated at the maximum frequency of 5 Hz. In the next step, high-power FEL operation in CW mode should be carried out with energy recovery by increasing electron bunches drastically. However, momentum spread of the electron beam increases due to the FEL-light emission and the space charge effects and may cause serious beam loss by exceeding the momentum acceptance of the cERL downstream of the FEL. Therefore, we reconstructed the dump line in Autumn 2020 in order to greatly increase the momentum acceptance with improvement of the beam-tuning flexibility. Then we performed the beam-transport study of the reconstructed dump line in March 2021 by injecting the beam directly from the injector without passing the recirculation loop. In this paper, we present the reconstructed dump line and the beam-transport study.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT051
About •	Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 13 June 2022
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TUPOPT057	Using Surrogate Models to Assist Accelerator Tuning at ISIS	simulation, synchrotron, controls, injection	1133
	A.A. Saoulis, K.R.L. Baker, H.V. Cavanagh, R.E. Williamson STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom S. Basak, J. Cha, J. Thiyagalingam STFC/RAL/SCD, Didcot, United Kingdom
	Funding: STFC and UKRI High intensity hadron accelerator performance is often dominated by the need to minimise and control beam losses. Operator efforts to tune the machine during live operation are often restricted to local parameter space searches, while existing physics-based simulations are generally too computationally expensive to aid tuning in real-time. To this end, Machine Learning-based surrogate models can be trained on data produced by physics-based simulations, and serve to produce fast, accurate predictions of key beam properties, such as beam phase and bunch shape over time. These models can be used as a virtual diagnostic tool to explore the parameter space of the accelerator in real-time, without making changes on the live machine. At the ISIS Neutron and Muon source, major beam losses in the synchrotron are caused by injection and longitudinal trapping processes, as well as high intensity effects. This paper describes the training and inference performance of a neural network surrogate model of the longitudinal beam dynamics in the ISIS synchrotron, from injection at 70 MeV to 800 MeV extraction, and evaluates the model’s ability to assist accelerator tuning.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT057
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022
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TUPOPT060	EPICS-Based Telegram Integration for Control and Alarm Handling at TEX Facility	EPICS, framework, controls, status	1145
	S. Pioli, D. Moriggi LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy F. Cardelli, P. Ciuffetti, C. Di Giulio INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
	We report the status of the development of an High Power RF Laboratory in X-Band called TEX (TEst-stand for X-Band). TEX is part of the LATINO (Laboratory in Advanced Technologies for INnOvation) initiative that is ongoing at the Frascati National Laboratories (LNF) of the Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) that covers many different areas focused on particle accelerator technologies. TEX is a RF test facility based on solid-state K400 modulator from ScandiNova with a 50 MW class X-band (11.994 GHz) klystron tube model VKX8311A operating at 50 Hz. TeXbot is a Telegram bot used to notify in asynchronous way event at TEX. The application has been realized making use of framework such as telepot and pysmlib, to interface with Telegram and with EPICS environment respectively. The bot make able the user to subscribe to multiple topic in order to be automatically notified in case of different set up of the machine or when an interlock occurs on a single component. Furthermore the user can request detailed information about subsystem of the accelerator by simply make use of special commands and token in Telegram app.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT060
About •	Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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TUPOTK003	High Power RF Conditioning of the ESS RFQ	rfq, cavity, vacuum, interlocks	1189
	O. Piquet, A.C. Chauveau, P. Hamel CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France M. Baudrier, M.J. Desmons CEA-DRF-IRFU, France B. Jones, D. Noll, A.G. Sosa, E. Trachanas, R. Zeng ESS, Lund, Sweden
	The 352.21 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) for the European Spallation Source ERIC (ESS) has been delivered by the end of 2019 by CEA/IRFU. The RFQ is designed to accelerate a 70 mA proton beam from 75 keV up to 3.62 MeV. It consists of a 4-vane resonant cavity with a total length of 4.6 m. Two coaxial power loop couplers feed the RFQ with the 1.4 MW of RF power required for beam operation. This paper first presents the main systems required for the RFQ conditioning. Then it summarizes the main steps and results of this high power RF conditioning completed at ESS from June 9 to July 29, 2021 in order to achieve the nominal field for a pulse length of 3.2ms at the repetition rate of 14Hz.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK003
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022
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TUPOTK020	Status of LASA-INFN R&D Activity on PIP-II Low-beta Prototypes	cavity, radiation, SRF, experiment	1241
	M. Bertucci, A. Bosotti, A. D’Ambros, E. Del Core, A.T. Grimaldi, P. Michelato, L. Monaco, C. Pagani, R. Paparella, D. Sertore INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy A. Gresele Zanon Research & Innovation, Schio, VI, Italy C. Pagani Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy
	LASA-INFN is developing some PIP-II β=0.61 cavity prototypes so to set up a high-Q recipe allowing to reach the PIP-II performance target in view of the series production. A single-cell cavity was treated with a XFEL-like baseline recipe, whereas a multicell cavity underwent a mid-T bake step as final surface treatment. Both cavities have been then tested at the LASA vertical experimental facility. The test results are here reported and discussed. Basing on the satisfactory results so far obtained, a strategy for the qualification and upgrade of the LASA vertical test facility is outlined.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK020
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
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TUPOTK021	Recent Update on ESS Medium Beta Cavities at INFN LASA	cavity, SRF, cryomodule, status	1245
	D. Sertore, M. Bertucci, M. Bonezzi, A. Bosotti, D. Cardelli, A. D’Ambros, A.T. Grimaldi, L. Monaco, R. Paparella, G.M. Zaggia INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy C. Pagani Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy
	The INFN LASA contribution to the European Spallation Source ERIC (European Research Infrastructure Consortium) Superconducting Linac is focused on supplying 36 cavities for the Medium Beta section of the proton accelerator. Twenty eight cavities have been fully qualified and delivered to CEA for integration into the cryomodules. We present the status of the activities dedicated to completing our contribution both by applying alternative surface treatments with respect to the series vertical BCP and by procuring new cavities.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK021
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022
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TUPOTK026	ESS Elliptical Cryomodules Tests at Lund Test Stand	cavity, cryomodule, vacuum, LLRF	1261
	C.G. Maiano, E. Asensi Conejero, N. Elias, P. Goudket, W. Hees, P. Pierini, L. Sagliano, F. Schlander, M.Y. Wang ESS, Lund, Sweden D. Bocian, W. Gaj, P. Halczynski, M. Sienkiewicz, F.D. Skalka, J. Swierblewski, K.M. Wartak, M. Wartak IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland
	We present an overview and description of the elliptical cryomodules test activities at Lund Test Stand 2. During 2021 the test facility was commissioned with one prototype, and four series medium beta modules have now been successfully tested at ESS in Lund. This activity allowed the joint ESS and IFJ PAN team to develop all the procedures and the necessary automated tools for the different phases of the site acceptance test campaign (e.g. incoming inspections, coupler conditioning, cooldown strategies, tuning to resonance and electromagnetic/cryogenic performance verification). During the initial test period techniques for diagnostics of limiting mechanisms have been developed and improved up to a consolidated and mature state for the rest of the test campaign. Tests results and the initial statistics is presented and commented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK026
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
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TUPOTK028	Tuning of Superconducting Cavities Using the FFT of Transmitted Power	cavity, klystron, resonance, SRF	1268
	E. Laface, C.G. Maiano, P. Pierini, M.Y. Wang ESS, Lund, Sweden
	We implemented a method to tune the ESS superconducting cavities based on the spectral analysis of the high resolution data available from the Low Level RF system (LLRF) for the transmitted power, without the need of connecting a network analyzer or any other dedicated instrumentation along the RF chain. A frequency peak up to 4 MHz off from the resonating frequency can be detected and used to control the stepper motor of the tuner until the cavity is stretched to the proper length to reach the correct operation frequency. Experience of its use at the ESS Test Stand 2 (TS2) facility at Lund during cryomodule acceptance testing is presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK028
About •	Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022
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TUPOTK037	Status Update on Cornell’s SRF Compact Conduction Cooled Cryomodule	cavity, cryomodule, SRF, radio-frequency	1299
	N.A. Stilin, A.T. Holic, M. Liepe, T.I. O’Connell, J. Sears, V.D. Shemelin, J. Turco Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	A new frontier in Superconducting RF (SRF) development is increasing the accessibility of SRF technology to small-scale accelerator operations which are used in various industrial or research applications. This is made possible by using commercial cryocoolers as a cooling source, which removes the need for expensive liquid cryogenics and their supporting infrastructure. Cornell University is currently developing a new cryomodule based on a conduction cooling scheme. This cryomodule will use two pulse tube cryocoolers in place of liquid cryogenics in order to cool the system. A new 1.3 GHz cavity has been designed with a set of four niobium rings welded at the equator and irises which allow for a direct thermal link between the cavity and cryocooler cold heads. The cavity will use two coaxial RF input couplers capable of delivering up to 100 kW total RF power for high-current beam operation. This coupler design was modified from the Cornell ERL injector couplers, including simplifications such as removing the cold RF window and most outer bellows, while retaining inner bellows for adjustable coupling.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK037
About •	Received ※ 12 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
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TUPOTK040	Design of the Electron Ion Collider Electron Storage Ring SRF Cavity	cavity, HOM, impedance, simulation	1307
	J. Guo, E. Daly, J. Henry, J. Matalevich, G.-T. Park, R.A. Rimmer, H. Wang, S. Wang JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA D. Holmes, K.S. Smith, W. Xu, A. Zaltsman BNL, Upton, New York, USA
	Funding: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory is a high luminosity collider as the next major research facility for the nuclear physics community. Among the numerous RF subsystems in the EIC, the electron storage ring (ESR) fundamental RF cavities system is one of the most challenging. This system will handle a high beam current of up to 2.5 A and replenish up to 10 MW of beam power losses from synchrotron radiation and HOM. Variable coupling is required in the cavities due to the wide range of required total RF voltage and beam current combinations. In this paper, we will present the status of the design and future plans.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK040
About •	Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022
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TUPOTK049	Upgrade of ELSA’s Booster Synchrotron RF with a Solid State Power Amplifier	synchrotron, controls, booster, cavity	1327
	M.T. Switka, K. Desch, D. Elsner, F. Frommberger, P. Hänisch ELSA, Bonn, Germany
	The 1.6 GeV booster synchrotron of the ELSA facility at the University of Bonn uses a DESY-type RF resonator which has been driven by a conventional klystron amplifier since its early days in 1967. The setup was modified to serve the ELSA stretcher ring as booster synchrotron in 1987, but the RF infrastructure was barely altered. As repairs of the reliable, but antiquated RF source became foreseeingly impossible due to the lack of spare part availability, the replacement of the klystron amplifier chain in favour of a state-of-the-art solid state amplifier was carried out. We describe the replacement and the operation experience with the new RF power amplifier.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK049
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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TUPOTK052	Influence of a Positive Grid Biasing on RF System in J-PARC RCS	controls, acceleration, power-supply, vacuum	1336
	M. Yamamoto, M. Nomura, H. Okita, T. Shimada, F. Tamura JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan K. Hara, K. Hasegawa, C. Ohmori, Y. Sugiyama, M. Yoshii KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
	In order to accelerate a high intensity beam in the RCS, a large amplitude of the anode current is provided by a tube amplifier to compensate a heavy beam loading. Tetrode vacuum tubes are used in the RCS, and the control grid voltage enters into a positive region to feed such a large current. The positive grid biasing affects the waveform of the control grid voltage; it is deformed due to the induced control grid current under the condition of the multi-harmonic rf driving. Furthermore, the DC bias voltage drop on the control grid is observed because of the exceeding the ability for the control grid power supply. We describe the influence of the positive grid biasing in the RCS.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK052
About •	Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 17 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022
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TUPOTK054	Solid State Amplifiers for Beam Test System of PAPS at IHEP	superconducting-cavity, cavity, SRF, status	1342
	O. Xiao, Y.L. Chi, N. Gan, X.P. Li, Z.D. Zhang IHEP, People’s Republic of China
	Solid state amplifiers are being increasingly used as RF power sources in accelerators around the world. Two solid state amplifiers with different output power and frequen-cy have been applied in beam test system of PAPS at IHEP. A 10kW solid state amplifier operating at 1.3 GHz is used to feed a normal conducting buncher. A 650 MHz solid state amplifier with the output power of 150 kW is used to feed two 2-cell superconducting cavities. So far, the debugging and acceptance test of solid state amplifi-ers have been finished. During the beam test system commissioning and operation, all solid state amplifiers operate stably. In this paper, the specifications and high power test results of solid state amplifiers are presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK054
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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TUPOTK055	One Year of Operation of the New Wideband RF System of the Proton Synchrotron Booster	MMI, network, cavity, controls	1344
	G.G. Gnemmi, S. Energico, M. Haase, M.M. Paoluzzi, C. Rossi CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Within the LHC Injectors Upgrade project, the PS Booster(PSB) has been upgraded. Both the injection (160 MeV) and extraction (2 GeV) energies have been increased, bringing also changes in the injection beam revolution frequency, the maximum revolution frequency, and the beam intensity. To meet the requirements of the High Luminosity LHC a new RF system has been designed, based on the wideband frequency characteristics of Finemet® Magnetic Alloy and solid-state amplifiers. The wideband frequency response (1 MHz to 18 MHz) covers all the required frequency schemes in the PSB, allowing multi-harmonics operation. The system is based on a cellular configuration in which each cell provides a fraction of the total RF voltage. The new RF system has been installed in 3 locations replacing the old systems. The installation has been performed during 2019/2020, while the commissioning started later in 2020 and relevant results for the physics have been already observed. This paper describes the new RF chain, the results achieved and the issues that occurred during this year of operation, together with the changes made to the system to improve performance and reliability.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK055
About •	Received ※ 02 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022
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TUPOTK057	Innovative Magnetron Power Sources for Superconducting RF (SRF) Accelerators	SRF, controls, cavity, injection	1348
	M.L. Neubauer, R.P. Johnson, R.R. Lentz, M. Popovic, T. Wynn Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA R.A. Rimmer, H. Wang JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: Work supported by DOE SBIR grant # DE-SC0022484 A magnetron suitable for 1497 MHz klystron replacements at Jefferson Lab will be constructed and tested with our novel patented subcritical voltage operation methods to drive an SRF cavity. The critical areas of magnetron manufacturing and design affecting life-cycle costs that will be modeled for improvement include: Q_ext, filaments, magnetic field, vane design, and novel control of outgassing. The most immediate benefit of this project is to make SRF accelerator projects more affordable for NP and other users of SRF Linacs. One of the most attractive commercial applications for SRF accelerators is to drive subcritical nuclear reactors to burn Light Water Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel (LWR SNF). A 1 GeV proton beam hitting an internal uranium spallation neutron target can produce over 30 neutrons for each incident proton to allow the reactor to operate far below criticality to generate electricity or process heat while reducing high-level waste disposal costs. This commercial application has the additional attribute of addressing climate change.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK057
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022
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TUPOTK061	Prospects to Apply Machine Learning to Optimize the Operation of the Crystal Collimation System at the LHC	collimation, collider, hadron, network	1362
	M. D’Andrea, G. Azzopardi, M. Di Castro, E. Matheson, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli, G. Valentino CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland G. Ricci Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
	Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project. Crystal collimation relies on the use of bent crystals to coherently deflect halo particles onto dedicated collimator absorbers. This scheme is planned to be used at the LHC to improve the betatron cleaning efficiency with high-intensity ion beams. Only particles with impinging angles below 2.5 urad relative to the crystalline planes can be efficiently channeled at the LHC nominal top energy of 7 Z TeV. For this reason, crystals must be kept in optimal alignment with respect to the circulating beam envelope to maximize the efficiency of the channeling process. Given the small angular acceptance, achieving optimal channeling conditions is particularly challenging. Furthermore, the different phases of the LHC operational cycle involve important dynamic changes of the local orbit and optics, requiring an optimized control of position and angle of the crystals relative to the beam. To this end, the possibility to apply machine learning to the alignment of the crystals, in a dedicated setup and in standard operation, is considered. In this paper, possible solutions for automatic adaptation to the changing beam parameters are highlighted and plans for the LHC ion runs starting in 2022 are discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK061
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 21 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022
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TUPOTK063	CERN Linac4 Chopper Dump: Operational Experience and Future Upgrades	linac, site, ISOL, radiation	1370
	C.J. Sharp, P. Andreu Muñoz, M. Calviani, G. Costa, L.S. Esposito, R. Franqueira Ximenes, D. Grenier, E. Grenier-Boley, J.R. Hunt, A.M. Krainer, C.Y. Mucher, C. Torregrosa CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The Chopper Dump in the Linac4 accelerator at CERN is a beam-intercepting device responsible for the absorption of the 3 MeV H⁻ ion beam produced by the Linac4 source and deflected upstream by an electromagnetic chopper. It allows a portion of the beam, which would otherwise fall into the unstable region of the radiofrequency buckets in the Proton Synchrotron Booster, to be dumped at low energy with minimal induced radiation. It may also be used to absorb the entire beam. With peak currents of 25 to 45 mA and shallow penetration, this results in large deposited energy densities, thermal gradients and mechanical stresses. Additional constraints arise from geometric integration, vacuum and radiation protection requirements. Material selection, beam-matter interaction studies and thermo-structural analyses are important aspects of the design process. The Chopper Dump underwent modification in 2019 following observed material degradation in the original version of the device. The experience gained, modifications made and observations noted since then are detailed herein. Against this background, the design and analysis of an upgraded device, intended to cope with future operational conditions, is outlined and discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK063
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022
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TUPOMS001	Conceptual Design of a Future Australian Light Source	synchrotron, lattice, storage-ring, emittance	1381
	R.T. Dowd, M.P. Atkinson, R. Auchettl, W.J. Chi, Y.E. Tan, D. Zhu, K. Zingre AS - ANSTO, Clayton, Australia
	ANSTO currently operates the Australian Synchrotron, a 3 GeV, 3rd generation light source that begun user operations in 2007. The Australian synchrotron is now halfway through its expected life span and we have begun planning the next light source facility that will eventually replace it. This paper describes the conceptual design of an entirely new light source facility for Australia, which makes use of the latest advances in compact acceleration technology and 4th generation lattices.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS001
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022
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TUPOMS002	Status of Sirius Operation	storage-ring, cavity, MMI, emittance	1385
	L. Liu, M.B. Alves, A.C.S. Oliveira, X.R. Resende, R.M. Seraphim, H. Westfahl Jr., F.H. de Sá LNLS, Campinas, Brazil R.H.A. Farias, S.R. Marques CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil
	SIRIUS is a Synchrotron Light Source Facility based on a 3 GeV electron storage ring with 518 m circumfer-ence and 250 pm.rad emittance. The facility was built and is operated by the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), located in the CNPEM campus, in Campinas, Brazil. The accelerator commissioning and operation has been split into 2 phases: Phase0, corresponding to the initial accelerator commissioning with 6 beamlines, has been completed, and the project is now in preparation for Phase1, with full accelerator design performance and 14 beamlines in operation. We report on the status of SIRI-US last year operation and ongoing activities towards achieving completion of Phase1.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS002
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022
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TUPOMS003	CLS Operational Status and Future Operational Plans	cavity, linac, storage-ring, booster	1389
	M.J. Boland, F. Le Pimpec CLS, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
	The Canadian Light Source (CLS) has been in operation for users since 2005 and recently commissioned the 22^nd photon beamline. In 2021 the CLS commenced top-up operations at 220 mA, which has been a big success for the user experiments. The storage ring is now RF power limited and will require a second RF cavity to realise the design goal of 500 mA. The 250 MeV electron injector complex for the CLS booster synchrotron ring dates back to the original linac from 1962 and the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory. This paper will give an overview of the present status of the accelerator systems for user operations and the operational improvement plans for a second RF cavity in the storage ring and a new linac.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS003
About •	Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 18 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022
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TUPOMS006	FILO: A New Application to Correct Optics in the ESRF-EBS Storage Ring	optics, SRF, quadrupole, lattice	1401
	S.M. Liuzzo, N. Carmignani, L.R. Carver, L. Farvacque, L. Hoummi, T.P. Perron, B. Roche, B. Vedder, S.M. White ESRF, Grenoble, France
	A new optics correction application (Fit and Improvement of Linear Optics, FILO) was designed and set in place for the ESRF-EBS storage ring. The widely used software LOCO* is not available at ESRF and despite a few trials to set it in operation, it has been decided to write a new code. The application is flexible, may be used via the control system simulators and is adapted to a user friendly operation thanks to a wizard mode. Some features of LOCO are copied over, some others are yet to be implemented. The measurement of on and off-energy response matrices using slow or fast steerers is integrated in the same application. Results obtained with this application are presented together with an overview of the future developments. *J Safranek, Experimental determination of storage ring optics using orbit response measurements, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00309-4
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS006
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022
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TUPOMS008	Lifetime Correction Using Fast-Off-Energy Response Matrix Measurements	sextupole, simulation, optics, lattice	1409
	S.M. Liuzzo, N. Carmignani, L.R. Carver, L. Hoummi, T.P. Perron, B. Roche, S.M. White ESRF, Grenoble, France
	Following the measurements done at MAX-IV * we try to exploit for the ESRF-EBS Storage Ring (SR) off-energy response matrix measurement for the optimization of Touschek lifetime. The measurements performed with fast AC steerers on- and off-energy are analyzed and fitted producing an effective model including quadrupole and sextupole errors. Several alternatives to extrapolate sextupoles strengths for correction are compared in terms of lifetime. For the time being none of the corrections could produce better lifetime than the existing empirically optimized set of sextupoles. *D.Olsson et al., Nonlinear optics from off-energy closed orbits, 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.23.102803
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS008
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022
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TUPOMS009	First Year of Operation of the ESRF-EBS Ligth Source	SRF, injection, emittance, cavity	1413
	J.-L. Revol, C. Benabderrahmane, P.B. Borowiec, E. Buratin, N. Carmignani, L.R. Carver, A. D’Elia, M. Dubrulle, F. Ewald, A. Franchi, G. Gautier, L. Hardy, L. Hoummi, J. Jacob, L. Jolly, G. Le Bec, I. Leconte, S.M. Liuzzo, M. Morati, T.P. Perron, Q. Qin, B. Roche, K.B. Scheidt, V. Serrière, R. Versteegen, S.M. White ESRF, Grenoble, France
	The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility - Extremely Brilliant Source (ESRF-EBS) is a facility upgrade allowing its scientific users to take advantage of the first high-energy 4th generation light source. In December 2018, after 30 years of operation, the beam stopped for a 12-month shutdown to dismantle the old storage ring and to install the new X-ray source. On 25 August 2020, the user programme was restarted with beam parameters very close to nominal values. This paper reports on the present operation performance of the source, highlighting the ongoing and planned development.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS009
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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TUPOMS016	A Pipeline for Orchestrating Machine Learning and Controls Applications	simulation, software, controls, framework	1439
	I.V. Agapov, M. Böse, L. Malina DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	Machine learning and artificial intelligence are becoming widespread paradigms in control of complex processes. Operation of accelerator facilities is not an exception, with a number of advances having happened over the last years. In the domain of intelligent control of accelerator facilities, the research has mostly been focused on feasibility demonstration of ML-based agents, or application of ML-based agents to a well-defined problem such as parameter tuning. The main challenge on the way to a more holistic AI-based operation, in our opinion, is of engineering nature and is related to the need of significant reduction of the amount of human intervention. The areas where such intervention is still significant are: training and tuning of ML models; scheduling and orchestrating of multiple intelligent agents; data stream handling; configuration management; and software testing and verification requiring advanced simulation environment. We have developed a software framework which attempts to address all these issues. The design and implementation of this system will be presented, together with application examples for the PETRA III storage ring.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS016
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022
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TUPOMS020	Long-Term Orbit Stability in the PETRA III Storage Ring	alignment, experiment, storage-ring, status	1449
	L. Liao, M. Bieler, J. Keil, C. Li, M. Schaumann, R. Wanzenberg DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The study of long-term orbit stability in the PETRA III light source plays an important role for the design of its upgrade to PETRA IV. The PETRA III tunnel is made of individual segments that move against each other. Here, the long-term drifts of the tunnel ground that are mostly introduced by temperature variations, are of the highest concern for the PETRA IV alignment tolerances and orbit stability. This paper studies the evolution of the beam orbit and corrector magnet currents over several years and correlates tunnel movement to RMS orbit drifts.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS020
About •	Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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TUPOMS021	PETRA III Operational Performance and Availability	synchrotron, experiment, synchrotron-radiation, dipole	1453
	R. Wanzenberg, M. Bieler, J. Keil, L. Liao, G.K. Sahoo, M. Schaumann DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	At DESY the Synchrotron Light Source PETRA III offers scientists outstanding opportunities for experiments with hard X-rays of exceptionally high brilliance since 2009. The light source is operated mainly in two operation modes with 480 and 40 bunches at a beam energy of 6 GeV. With the completion of the last milestone of the extension project in summer 2021 that brought the new dipole beamline P66 into operation, 2022 is the first year where almost 5000 hours of user run time could be scheduled. This paper will review the statistics of availability and failures over the years and provides a detailed description of the operation in 2021. Additionally, an outlook for the next runs is given.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS021
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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MOPLXGD1

The SuperKEKB Has Broken the World Record of the Luminosity

luminosity, injection, impedance, simulation

1

Y. Funakoshi, T. Abe, K. Akai, Y. Arimoto, K. Egawa, S. Enomoto, H. Fukuma, K. Furukawa, N. Iida, H. Ikeda, T. Ishibashi, S.H. Iwabuchi, H. Kaji, T. Kamitani, T. Kawamoto, M. Kikuchi, T. Kobayashi, K. Kodama, H. Koiso, M. Masuzawa, K. Matsuoka, T. Mimashi, G. Mitsuka, F. Miyahara, T. Miyajima, T. Mori, A. Morita, S. Nakamura, T.T. Nakamura, K. Nakanishi, H.N. Nakayama, M. Nishiwaki, S. Ogasawara, K. Ohmi, Y. Ohnishi, N. Ohuchi, T. Okada, T. Oki, M.A. Rehman, Y. Seimiya, K. Shibata, Y. Suetsugu, H. Sugimoto, H. Sugimura, M. Tawada, S. Terui, M. Tobiyama, R. Ueki, X. Wang, K. Watanabe, S.I. Yoshimoto, T. Yoshimoto, D. Zhou, X. Zhou, Z.G. Zong
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
A. Natochii
University of Hawaii, Honolulu,, USA
K. Oide
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
R.J. Yang
CAEP/IAE, Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
K. Yoshihara
Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

The SuperKEKB broke the world record of the luminosity in June 2020 in the Phase 3 operation. The luminosity has been increasing since then and the present highest luminosity is 4.65 x 10³⁴ cm^-2s^-1 with β_y^* of 1 mm. The increase of the luminosity was brought with an application of crab waist, by increasing beam currents and by other improvements in the specific luminosity. In this paper, we describe what we have achieved and what we are struggling with. Finally, we mention a future plan briefly.

Slides MOPLXGD1 [6.235 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPLXGD1

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Received ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 08 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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MOPOST005

The HL-LHC Project Gets Ready for Its Deployment

cavity, luminosity, civil-engineering, collimation

50

M. Zerlauth, O.S. Brüning, B. Di Girolamo, P. Fessia, C. Gaignant, H. Garcia Gavela, E.H. Maclean, M. Modena, Th. Otto, L.J. Tavian, G. Vandoni
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Following the successful completion of the second long shutdown (LS2), the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is preparing for its final operational run before the majority of the High Luminosity Upgrade (HL-LHC) will be installed during the third Long Shutdown starting in 2026. The HL-LHC upgrade will enable a further tenfold increase in integrated luminosity delivered to the ATLAS and CMS experiments, starting by an upgrade of the machine protection, collimation and shielding systems in LS2, and followed by the deployment of novel key technologies, including Nb₃Sn based insertion region magnets, cold powering by MgB₂ superconducting links and integration of Nb crab-cavities to compensate the effects of a larger crossing angle. After a period of intensive R&D and prototyping, the project is now entering the phase of industrialization and series production for all main components. In this contribution, we provide an overview of the project status and plans for deployment and performance ramp-up. Progress on the validation of key technologies, status of prototypes and series production as well as the final integration studies for the HL equipment are summarized. These are accompanied by the imminent completion of major civil engineering work and the start of infrastructure installations. Initial operational experience will be gained at the Inner Triplet (IT) String, presently in assembly at CERN’s Superconducting Magnet Test Facility, which will enable a fully integrated test of the main magnets, powering, and protection systems in the actual HL-LHC insertion configuration.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST005

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022

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MOPOST006

Beam Commissioning and Optimisation in the CERN Proton Synchrotron After the Upgrade of the LHC Injectors

MMI, vacuum, proton, synchrotron

54

A. Huschauer, M.R. Coly, D.G. Cotte, H. Damerau, M. Delrieux, J.-C. Dumont, Y. Dutheil, S.E.R. Easton, M.A. Fraser, O. Hans, G.I. Imesch, S. Joly, A. Lasheen, C.L. Lombard, R. Maillet, B. Mikulec, J.-M. Nonglaton, S. Sainz Perez, B. Salvant, R. Suykerbuyk, F. Tecker, R. Valera Teruel
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The CERN LHC injector chain underwent a major upgrade during the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) in the framework of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project. After 2 years of installation work, the Proton Synchrotron (PS) was restarted in 2021 with the goal to achieve pre-LS2 beam quality by the end of 2021. This contribution details the main beam commissioning milestones, encountered difficulties and lessons learned. The status of the fixed-target and LHC beams will be given and improvements in terms of performance, controls and tools described.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST006

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Received ※ 01 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022

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MOPOST007

Summary of the First Fully Operational Run of LINAC4 at CERN

linac, MMI, cavity, injection

58

P.K. Skowroński, G. Bellodi, B. Bielawski, R.B. Borner, G.P. Di Giovanni, E. Gousiou, J.-B. Lallement, A.M. Lombardi, B. Mikulec, J. Parra-Lopez, F. Roncarolo, J.L. Sanchez Alvarez, R. Scrivens, L. Timeo, R. Wegner
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

In December 2020 the newly commissioned LINAC4 started delivering beam for the CERN proton accelerator chain, replacing the old LINAC2. LINAC4 is a 352 MHz normal conducting linac, providing a beam of negative hydrogen ions at 160 MeV that are converted into protons at injection into the PS Booster synchrotron. In this paper we report on the achieved beam performance, availability, reproducibility and other operational aspects of LINAC4 during its first fully operational year. We also present the machine developments performed and the plans for future improvements.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST007

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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MOPOST012

High Current Heavy Ion Beam Investigations at GSI-UNILAC

emittance, heavy-ion, brilliance, target

78

H. Vormann, W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, U. Scheeler, M. Vossberg, S. Yaramyshev
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
W.A. Barth, M. Miski-Oglu, S. Yaramyshev
HIM, Mainz, Germany

The GSI Universal Linear Accelerator UNILAC and the synchrotron SIS18 will serve as injector for the upcoming FAIR-facility. The UNILAC-High Current Injector will be improved and modernized until FAIR is commissioned and the Alvarez poststripper accelerator is replaced. The reference heavy ion for future FAIR-operation is uranium, with highest intensity requirements. To re-establish uranium beam operation and to improve high current beam operation, different subjects have been explored in dedicated machine investigation campaigns. After a beam line modification in 2017 the RFQ-performance had deteriorated significantly; new rods have been installed and the RF-working point has been redefined. Also the Superlens-performance had become unsatisfactory; improved with a modified RF-coupler. With a pulsed hydrogen gas stripper target the uranium beam stripping efficiency could be increased by 65%. Various work has already been carried out to establish this stripper device in routine operation. With medium heavy ion beams a very high beam brilliance at the end of transfer line to SIS18 was achieved. Results of the measurement campaigns and the UNILAC upgrade activities will be presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST012

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Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022

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MOPOST022

Upgrade of the Radio Frequency Quadrupole of the ReAccelerator at NSCL/FRIB

rfq, vacuum, MMI, RF-structure

104

A.S. Plastun, J. Brandon, A.I. Henriques, S.H. Kim, D.G. Morris, S. Nash, P.N. Ostroumov, A.C.C. Villari, Q. Zhao, S. Zhao
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
D.B. Crisp, D.P. Sanderson
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant PHY15-65546
The ReA-RFQ is a four-rod room-temperature structure aimed to be the first step acceleration of rare isotopes as well as stable beams before injection into the ReA SRF linac. The beams of charge to mass ratios of 1/5 to 1/2 from the Electron Beam Ion Trap at 12 keV/u should be accelerated to at least 500 keV/u to be efficiently accelerated in the main SRF linac. Since the commissioning of the original ReA RFQ in 2010 the design voltage has never been reached, and CW operation was never achieved due to cooling issues. In 2016 a new design including trapezoidal modulation was proposed, which permitted achieving increased reliability, and would allow reaching the original required specifications. The proposed new rods were built and installed in 2019 and commissioned in the same year. Since then, the RFQ has been working very successfully. Recently it was opened for inspection and verification of its internal status. No damage and discoloration were observed. This contribution will describe the RFQ rebuild process, involving specific RF protections and other technical aspects related to the assembly of the structure. Results of the operation with a variety of beams will be presented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST022

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 11 July 2022

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MOPOST035

Operational Experience and Performance of the REX/HIE-ISOLDE Linac

ISOL, linac, experiment, MMI

140

J.A. Rodriguez, N. Bidault, E. Fadakis, P. Fernier, M.L. Lozano, S. Mataguez, E. Piselli, E. Siesling
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Located at CERN, ISOLDE is one of the world’s lead-ing research facilities in the field of nuclear science. Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) are produced when 1.4 GeV protons transferred from the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) to the facility impinge on one of the two available targets. The RIB of interest is extracted, mass-separated and transported to one of the experimental stations, either directly, or after being accelerated in the REX/HIE-ISOLDE post-accelerator. In addition to a Penning trap (REXTRAP) to accumulate and transversely cool the beam and a charge breeder (REXEBIS) to boost the charge state of the ions, the post-accelerator includes a linac with both room temperature (REX linac) and superconducting (HIE-ISOLDE linac) sections followed by three HEBT lines to deliver the beam to the different experimental stations. The latest upgrades of the facility as well as a comprehensive list of the RIBs delivered to the users of the facility and the operational experience gained during the last physics campaigns will be presented in this contribution.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST035

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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MOPOST040

On a Framework to Analyze Single-Particle Non-Linear Beam Dynamics: Normal Form on a Critical Point

lattice, framework, status, resonance

160

M. Titze
HZB, Berlin, Germany

Funding: Work supported by German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Land Berlin, and grants of Helmholtz Association.
Normal form analysis around a stable fixed point is a well-established tool in accelerator physics and has proven to be invaluable for an understanding of non-linear beam dynamics. In this work we present progress in developing a modular Python framework to analyze some of the non-linear aspects of a storage ring, by directly operating with the given Hamiltonians. Hereby we have implemented Birkhoff’s normal form and Magnus expansion. This leads to a flexible framework to perform calculations to high order and, moreover, to relax the constraint of stability to also include certain unstable fixed points in the analysis.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST040

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Received ※ 31 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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MOPOST050

Third-Order Resonance Compensation at the FNAL Recycler Ring

resonance, sextupole, proton, experiment

195

C.E. Gonzalez-Ortiz
MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
R. Ainsworth
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
P.N. Ostroumov
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

The Recycler Ring (RR) at the Fermilab Accelerator Complex performs slip-stacking on 8 GeV protons, doubling the beam intensity delivered to the Main Injector (MI). At MI, the beam is accelerated to 120 GeV and delivered to the high energy neutrino experiments. Femilab’s Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) will require the Recycler to store 50% more beam. Simulations have shown that the space charge tune shift at this new intensity will lead to the excitation of multiple resonance lines. Specifically, this study looks at normal sextupole lines 3 Q_x=76 and Q_x+2Q_y=74, plus skew sextupole lines 3 Q_y=73 and 2 Q_x+Q_y=75. Dedicated normal and skew sextupoles have been installed in order to compensate for these resonance lines. By measuring and calculating the Resonance Driving Terms (RDT), this study shows how each of the resonance lines can be compensated independently. Furthermore, this study shows and discusses initial investigations into compensating multiple lines simultaneously.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST050

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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MOPOPT002

Improvements on Sirius Beam Stability

controls, network, feedback, experiment

226

S.R. Marques, M.B. Alves, F.C. Arroyo, M.P. Calcanha, H.F. Canova, B.E. Limeira, L. Liu, R.T. Neuenschwander, A.G.C. Pereira, D.O. Tavares, F.H. de Sá
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
G.O. Brunheira, A.C.T. Cardoso, R.B. Cardoso, R. Junqueira Leão, L.R. Leão, P.H.S. Martins, Moreira, S.S. Moreira, R. Oliveira Neto, M.G. Siqueira
CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Sirius is a Synchrotron Light Source based on a 3 GeV electron storage ring with 518 meters circumference and 250 pm.rad emittance. The facility is built and operated by the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), located in the CNPEM campus, in Campinas. A beam stability task force was recently created to identify and mitigate the orbit disturbances at various time scales. This work presents studies regarding ground motion (land subsidence caused by groundwater extraction), improvements in the temperature control of the storage ring (SR) tunnel air conditioning (AC) system, vibration measurements in accelerator components and the efforts concerning the reduction of the power supplies’ ripple. The fast orbit feedback implementation and other future perspectives will also be discussed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT002

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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MOPOPT012

Concept of a Beam Diagnostics System for the Multi-Turn ERL Operation at the S-DALINAC

cavity, linac, electron, recirculation

254

M. Dutine, M. Arnold, R. Grewe, L.E. Jürgensen, N. Pietralla, F. Schließmann, M. Steinhorst
TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

Funding: Work supported by DFG (GRK 2128), BMBF (05H21RDRB1), the State of Hesse within the Research Cluster ELEMENTS (Project ID 500/10.006) and the LOEWE Research Group Nuclear Photonics.
The S-DALINAC is a thrice-recirculating electron accelerator operating in cw-mode at a frequency of 3 GHz. Due to the implementation of a path-length adjustment system capable of a 360° phase shift, it is possible to operate the accelerator as an Energy-Recovery LINAC. The multi-turn ERL operation has been demonstrated in 2021. While operating the accelerator in this mode, there are two sets of bunches, the still-to-be accelerated and the already decelerated beam, with largely different absolute longitudinal coordinates in the same beamline acting effectively as a 6 GHz beam. For this mode, a non-destructive, sensitive beam diagnostics system is necessary in order to measure the position of both beams simultaneously. The status of a 6 GHz resonant cavity beam position monitor (BPM) will be given together with the results of a wire scanner measurement of the multi-turn ERL beam.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT012

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Received ※ 02 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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MOPOPT025

Development of an Electro-Optical Longitudinal Bunch Profile Monitor at KARA Towards a Beam Diagnostics Tool for FCC-ee

laser, electron, collider, polarization

296

M. Reißig, M. Brosi, E. Bründermann, S. Funkner, B. Härer, A.-S. Müller, G. Niehues, M.M. Patil, R. Ruprecht, C. Widmann
KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

Funding: The Future Circular Collider Innovation Study (FCCIS) project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant No 951754. M. R. and M. M. P. acknowledge the support by the Doctoral School "Karlsruhe School of Elementary and Astroparticle Physics: Science and Technology". C. W. achnowledges funding by BMBF contract number 05K19VKD.
The Karlsruhe Research Accelerator (KARA) at KIT features an electro-optical (EO) near-field diagnostics setup to conduct turn-by-turn longitudinal bunch profile measurements in the storage ring using electro-optical spectral decoding (EOSD). Within the Future Circular Collider Innovation Study (FCCIS) an EO monitor using the same technique is being conceived to measure the longitudinal profile and center-of-charge of the bunches in the future electron-positron collider FCC-ee. This contribution provides an overview of the EO near-field diagnostics at KARA and discusses the development and its challenges towards an effective beam diagnostics concept for the FCC-ee.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT025

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022

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MOPOPT028

Beam Diagnostics and Instrumentation for MESA

experiment, cavity, diagnostics, instrumentation

307

M. Dehn, K. Aulenbacher, J. Diefenbach, F. Fichtner, P. Heil, R.G. Heine, R.F.K. Kempf, C. Matejcek
IKP, Mainz, Germany
C.L. Lorey
KPH, Mainz, Germany

Funding: Work supported by PRISMA and the German federal state of Rheinland-Pfalz
For the new Mainz Energy recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA) a wide range of beam currents is going to be used during machine optimization and for the physics experiments. To be able to monitor beam parameters like beam current, phases and beam positions several different kinds of beam instrumentation is foreseen. Some components have already been tested at the Mainz Microtron (MAMI) and others have been used at the MELBA test accelerator. In this paper we will present the current status of the instrumentation.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT028

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022

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MOPOPT032

Improvement of Matching Circuit for J-PARC Main Ring Injection Kicker Magnet

kicker, injection, simulation, impedance

316

T. Sugimoto, K. Ishii, S. Iwata, H. Matsumoto, T. Shibata
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

In this paper, present status of improvements of the impedance matching circuit for the J-PARC main ring injection kicker magnet to achieve 1.3MW beam operation planed after 2022 is described. In order to reduce the temperature-rise of resistors under the higher repetition rate pulse excitation, number of paralleled resistors was doubled and volume of each resistor was enlarged 2.6 times. Ceramic-made beads with diameter of 3 mm were filled in the cylinder of the resistor to increase the heat conductivity. An aluminum-made water-cooled heat sink was attached to the resistors directly and an air-cooling fan was mounted to the side of the box containing the resistors. All resistors and their support structure have been replaced in March 2022. Temperature-rise of resistors during continuous pulse excitation was measured by commercial thermo camera and compared with numerical calculations. In addition, predictions about the beam induced heating of the resistors are discussed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT032

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022

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MOPOPT040

Summary of the Post-Long Shutdown 2 LHC Hardware Commissioning Campaign

MMI, dipole, target, hardware

335

A. Apollonio, O.O. Andreassen, A. Antoine, T. Argyropoulos, M.C. Bastos, M. Bednarek, B. Bordini, K. Brodzinski, A. Calia, Z. Charifoulline, G.-J. Coelingh, G. D’Angelo, D. Delikaris, R. Denz, L. Fiscarelli, V. Froidbise, M.A. Galilée, J.C. Garnier, R. Gorbonosov, P. Hagen, M. Hostettler, D. Jacquet, S. Le Naour, D. Mirarchi, V. Montabonnet, B.I. Panev, T.H.B. Persson, T. Podzorny, M. Pojer, E. Ravaioli, F. Rodriguez-Mateos, A.P. Siemko, M. Solfaroli, J. Spasic, A. Stanisz, J. Steckert, R. Steerenberg, S. Sudak, H. Thiesen, E. Todesco, G. Trad, J.A. Uythoven, S. Uznanski, A.P. Verweij, J. Wenninger, G.P. Willering, D. Wollmann, S. Yammine
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
V. Vizziello
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy

In this contribution we provide a summary of the LHC hardware commissioning campaign following the second CERN Long Shutdown (LS2), initially targeting the nominal LHC energy of 7 TeV. A summary of the test procedures and tools used for testing the LHC superconducting circuits is given, together with statistics on the successful test execution. The paper then focuses on the experience and observations during the main dipole training campaign, describing the encountered problems, the related analysis and mitigation measures, ultimately leading to the decision to reduce the energy target to 6.8 TeV. The re-commissioning of two powering sectors, following the identified problems, is discussed in detail. The paper concludes with an outlook to the future hardware commissioning campaigns, discussing the lessons learnt and possible strategies moving forward.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT040

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022

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MOPOPT046

Linearity and Response Time of the LHC Diamond Beam Loss Monitors in the CLEAR Beam Test Facility at CERN

target, detector, electron, beam-losses

355

S. Morales Vigo, E. Calvo Giraldo, L.A. Dyks, E. Effinger, W. Farabolini, P. Korysko, A.T. Lernevall, B. Salvachúa, C. Zamantzas
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
S. Morales Vigo, C.P. Welsch, J. Wolfenden
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) diamond detectors have been tested during the Run 2 operation period (2015-2018) as fast beam loss monitors for the Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) system of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. However, the lack of raw data recorded during this operation period restrains our ability to perform a deep analysis of their signals. For this reason, a test campaign was carried out at the CLEAR beam test facility at CERN with the aim of studying the linearity and response time of the diamond detectors against losses from electron beams of different intensities. The signal build-up from multi-bunched electron beams was also analyzed. The conditions and procedures of the test campaign are explained, as well as the most significant results obtained.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT046

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022

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MOPOPT051

Optical Fiber Based Beam Loss Monitor for SPS Machine

radiation, beam-losses, injection, septum

374

T. Pulampong, W. Phacheerak, P. Sudmuang, N. Suradet
SLRI, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

At the Siam Photon Source (SPS) beam loss monitors based on PIN diode have been used. The existing system allow beam loss detection very locally at the monitor position close to the vacuum chamber. For optical fiber, Cherenkov radiation can be detected when a lost particle travel in the fiber. Thus optical fiber based loss monitor with sufficient length can cover parts of the machine conveniently. Fast beam loss event can be detected with more accurate position. In this paper, the design and result of the optical fiber based beam loss monitor system at SPS machine are discussed. The system will be a prototype for the new 3 GeV machine SPS-II.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT051

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022

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MOPOPT069

A Data-Driven Beam Trajectory Monitoring at the European XFEL

FEL, lattice, undulator, experiment

418

A. Sulc, R. Kammering, T. Wilksen
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Funding: This work was supported by HamburgX grant LFF-HHX-03 to the Center for Data and Computing in Natural Sciences (CDCS) from the Hamburg Ministry of Science, Research, Equalities and Districts.
Interpretation of data from beam position monitors is a crucial part of the reliable operation of European XFEL. The interpretation of beam positions is often handled by a physical model, which can be prone to modeling errors or can lead to the high complexity of the computational model. In this paper, we show two data-driven approaches that provide insights into the operation of the SASE beamlines at European XFEL. We handle the analysis as a data-driven problem, separate it from physical peculiarities and experiment with available data based only on our empirical evidence and the data.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT069

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022

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MOPOMS019

The New SPARC_LAB RF Photo-Injector

gun, solenoid, vacuum, quadrupole

671

D. Alesini, M.P. Anania, M. Bellaveglia, A. Biagioni, F. Cardelli, G. Costa, M. Del Franco, G. Di Pirro, L. Faillace, M. Ferrario, G. Franzini, A. Gallo, A. Giribono, L. Piersanti, L. Sabbatini, A. Stella, A. Vannozzi
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
A. Battisti, E. Chiadroni, G. Di Raddo, A. Liedl, V.L. Lollo, L. Pellegrino, R. Pompili, S. Romeo, V. Shpakov, C. Vaccarezza, F. Villa
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy
M. Carillo, E. Chiadroni
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
A. Cianchi, M. Galletti
Università di Roma II Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy

A new RF photo-injector has been designed, realized and successfully installed at the SPARC_LAB facility (INFN-LNF, Frascati, Rome). It is based on a 1.6 cell RF gun fabricated with the new brazing free technology recently developed at the National Laboratories of Frascati. The electromagnetic design has been optimized to have a full compensation of the dipole and quadrupole field components introduced by the coupling hole with an improvement of the effective pumping speed with two added pumping ports. The gun is overcoupled (\beta=2) to reduce the filling time and to allow the operation with short RF pulses. The overall injector integrates a new solenoid with a remote control of the transverse position and a variable skew quadrupole for the compensation of residual quadrupole field components. It also allows an on axis laser injection system with the last mirror in air, and the possibility of a future integration of an X/C band cavity linearizer. In the paper we report the main characteristics of the electromagnetic and mechanical design and the low and high power test results that shows the extremely good perfomances of the new device.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS019

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022

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MOPOMS021

The New C Band Gun for the Next Generation RF Photo-Injectors

gun, cathode, brightness, quadrupole

679

D. Alesini, M. Ferrario, A. Giribono, A. Gizzi, L. Piersanti, A. Vannozzi
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
F. Cardelli, G. Di Raddo, L. Faillace, S. Lauciani, A. Liedl, L. Pellegrino, C. Vaccarezza
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy
G. Castorina
AVO-ADAM, Meyrin, Switzerland
M. Croia
ENEA Casaccia, Roma, Italy
L. Ficcadenti
INFN-Roma, Roma, Italy
G. Pedrocchi
SBAI, Roma, Italy

Funding: European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under GA No 101004730 and INFN Commission V.
RF photo-injectors are widely used in modern facilities, especially in FEL, as very low-emittance and high-brightness electron sources. Presently, the RF technology mostly used for RF guns is the S band (3 GHz) with typical cathode peak fields of 80-120 MV/m and repetition rates lower than 120 Hz. There are solid reasons to believe that the frequency step-up from S band to C band (6 GHz) can provide a strong improvement of the beam quality due to the potential higher achievable cathode field (>160 MV/m) and higher repetition rate (that can reach the kHz level). In the contest of the European I.FAST project, a new C band gun has been designed and will be realized and tested. It is a 2.5 cell standing wave cavity with a four port mode launcher, designed to operate with short RF pulses (<300 ns) and cathode peak field larger than 160 MV/m. In the paper we present the electromagnetic and thermo-mechanical design and the results of the prototyping activity and rf measurements.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS021

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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MOPOMS040

Radiation Shielding Design for the X-Band Laboratory for Radio-Frequency Test Facility - X-Lab - at the University of Melbourne

radiation, electron, controls, simulation

724

M. Volpi, R.P. Rassool, S.L. Sheehy, G. Taylor, S.D. Williams
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
D. Banon-Caballero
IFIC, Valencia, Spain
M. Boronat, N. Catalán Lasheras
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
R.T. Dowd
AS - ANSTO, Clayton, Australia
S.L. Sheehy
ANSTO, Kirrawee DC New South Wales, Australia

Here we report radiation dose estimates calculated for the X-band Laboratory for Accelerators and Beams (X-LAB) under construction at the University of Melbourne (UoM). The lab will host a CERN X-band test stand containing two 12 GHz 6 MW klystron amplifiers. By power combination through hybrid couplers and the use of pulse compressors, up to 50 MW of peak power can be sent to any of to either of the two test slots at pulse repetition rates up to 400 Hz. The test stand is dedicated to RF conditioning and testing CLIC’s high gradient accelerating structures beyond 100 MV/m. This paper also gives a brief overview of the general principles of radiation protection legislation; explains radiological quantities and units, including some basic facts about radioactivity and the biological effects of radiation; and gives an overview of the classification of radiological areas at X-LAB, radiation fields at high-energy accelerators, and the radiation monitoring system used at X-LAB. The bunker design to achieve a dose rate less than annual dose limit of 1 mSv is also shown.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS040

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022

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MOPOMS042

Comparison Between Run 2 TID Measurements and FLUKA Simulations in the CERN LHC Tunnel of the Atlas Insertion Region

radiation, simulation, experiment, luminosity

732

D. Prelipcean, K. Biłko, F. Cerutti, A. Ciccotelli, D. Di Francesca, R. García Alía, B. Humann, G. Lerner, D. Ricci, M. Sabaté-Gilarte
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
B. Humann
TU Vienna, Wien, Austria

In this paper we present a systematic benchmark between the simulated and the measured data for the radiation monitors useful for Radiation to Electronics (R2E) studies at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. For this purpose, the radiation levels in the main LHC tunnel on the right side of the Interaction Point 1 (ATLAS detector) are simulated using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code and compared against Total Ionising Dose (TID) measurements performed with the Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) system, and 180 m of Distributed Optical Fibre Radiation Sensor (DOFRS). Considering the complexity and the scale of the simulations as well as the variety of the LHC operational parameters, we find a generally good agreement between measured and simulated radiation levels, typically within a factor of 2 or better.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS042

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 23 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022

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MOPOMS043

Automated Analysis of the Prompt Radiation Levels in the CERN Accelerator Complex

radiation, proton, synchrotron, extraction

736

K. Biłko, R. García Alía, J.B. Potoine
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The CERN injector complex is essential in providing high-energy beams to various experiments and to the world’s largest accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Beam losses linked to its operation result in a mixed radiation field which, through both cumulative and single-event effects poses a threat to the electronic equipment exposed in the tunnel. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the radiation distribution and evolution is necessary in order to implement adequate Radiation to Electronics mitigation and prevention measures, resulting in an improvement of the accelerator efficiency and availability. In this study, we present the automated analysis scheme put in place to efficiently process and visualise the radiation data produced by various radiation monitors, distributed at the four largest CERN accelerators, namely the Proton Synchrotron Booster, Proton Synchrotron, Super Proton Synchrotron, and the LHC, where a proton beam is accelerated gradually from 160 MeV up to 7 TeV.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS043

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2022

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MOPOMS044

Implications and Mitigation of Radiation Effects on the CERN SPS Operation during 2021

radiation, shielding, electronics, electron

740

Y.Q. Aguiar, A. Apollonio, K. Biłko, M. Brucoli, M. Cecchetto, S. Danzeca, R. García Alía, T. Ladzinski, G. Lerner, J.B. Potoine, A. Zimmaro
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

During the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2, 2019-2020), the CERN accelerator complex has undergone major upgrades, mainly in preparation for the High-Luminosity (HL) LHC era, the ultimate capacity for its physics production. Therefore, several novel equipment and systems were designed and deployed throughout the accelerator complex. To comply with the radiation level specifications and avoid machine downtime due to radiation effects, the electronics systems exposed to radiation need to follow Radiation Hardness Assurance (RHA) methodologies developed and validated by the Radiation to Electronics (R2E) project at CERN. However, the establishment of such procedures is not yet fully implemented in the LHC injector chain, and some R2E failures were detected in the SPS during the 2021 operation. This work is devoted to describing and analysing the R2E failures and their impact on operation, in the context of the related radiation levels and equipment sensitivity.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS044

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 21 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022

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MOPOMS046

Reliability Analysis of the HL-LHC Energy Extraction System

extraction, target, simulation, monitoring

747

M.R. Blaszkiewicz, A. Apollonio, T. Cartier-Michaud, B.I. Panev, M. Pojer, D. Wollmann
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The energy extraction systems for the protection of the new HL-LHC superconducting magnet circuits are based on vacuum breakers. This technology allows to significantly reduce the switch opening time and increases the overall system reliability with reduced maintenance needs. This paper presents the results of detailed reliability studies performed on these new energy extraction systems. The study quantifies the risk of a failure which prevents correct protection of a magnet circuit and identifies the most critical components of the system. For this, the model considers factors such as block or component level failure probabilities, different maintenance strategies and repair procedures. The reliability simulations have been performed with AvailSim4, a novel Monte Carlo code for availability and reliability simulations. The results are compared with the system reliability requirements and provides insights into the most critical components.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOMS046

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022

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TUOXSP3

Evaluation of Geometrical Precision and Surface Roughness Quality for the Additively Manufactured Radio Frequency Quadrupole Prototype

rfq, laser, radio-frequency, radio-frequency-quadrupole

787

T. Torims, D. Krogere, G. Pikurs, A. Ratkus
Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
A. Cherif, M. Vretenar
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
N. Delerue
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
M. Foppa Pedretti, M. Pozzi
Rösler Italiana s.r.l., Concorezzo, Italy
S. Gruber, E. Lopez
Fraunhofer IWS, Dresden, Germany
T. Otto
TalTech, Tallinn, Estonia
M. Thielmann, P. Wagenblast
TRUMPF, Ditzingen, Germany
M. Vedani
POLIMI, Milano, Italy

A multidisciplinary collaboration within the I.FAST project teamed-up to develop additive manufacturing (AM) technology solutions for accelerators. The first prototype of an AM pure-copper radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) has been produced, corresponding to 1/4 of a 4-vane RFQ*. It was optimised for production with state-of-the-art laser powder bed fusion technology. Geometrical precision and roughness of the critical surfaces were measured. Alt-hough the obtained values were beyond standard RFQ specifications, these first results are promising and con-firmed the feasibility of AM manufactured complex cop-per accelerator cavities. Therefore, further post-processing trials have been conducted with the sample RFQ to im-prove surface roughness. Algorithms for the AM techno-logical processes have also been improved, allowing for higher geometrical precision. This resulted in the design of a full 4-vane RFQ prototype. At the time of the paper submission the full-size RFQ is being manufactured and will undergo through the stringent surface quality meas-urements. This paper is discussing novel technological developments, is providing an evaluation of the obtained surface roughness and geometrical precision as well as outlining the potential post-processing scenarios along with future tests plans.
* Torims T, et al. First Proof-of-Concept Prototype of an Additive Manufactured Radio Frequency Quadrupole. Instruments. 2021; 5(4):35. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments5040035

Slides TUOXSP3 [10.031 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUOXSP3

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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TUIYGD3

FRIB Commissioning and Early Operations

MMI, linac, target, controls

802

J. Wei, H. Ao, S. Beher, G. Bollen, N.K. Bultman, F. Casagrande, W. Chang, Y. Choi, S. Cogan, C. Compton, M. Cortesi, J.C. Curtin, K.D. Davidson, X.-J. Du, K. Elliott, B. Ewert, A. Facco, A. Fila, K. Fukushima, V. Ganni, A. Ganshyn, T. Glasmacher, J.-W. Guo, Y. Hao, W. Hartung, N.M. Hasan, M. Hausmann, K. Holland, H.-C. Hseuh, M. Ikegami, D.D. Jager, S. Jones, N. Joseph, T. Kanemura, S.H. Kim, C. Knowles, P. Knudsen, T. Konomi, B.R. Kortum, T. Lange, M. Larmann, T.L. Larter, K. Laturkar, R.E. Laxdal, J. LeTourneau, Z. Li, S.M. Lidia, G. Machicoane, C. Magsig, P.E. Manwiller, F. Marti, T. Maruta, E.S. Metzgar, S.J. Miller, Y. Momozaki, D.G. Morris, M. Mugerian, I.N. Nesterenko, C. Nguyen, P.N. Ostroumov, M.S. Patil, A.S. Plastun, J.T. Popielarski, L. Popielarski, M. Portillo, J. Priller, X. Rao, M.A. Reaume, H.T. Ren, K. Saito, B.M. Sherrill, A. Stolz, B.P. Tousignant, R. Walker, X. Wang, J.D. Wenstrom, G. West, K. Witgen, M. Wright, T. Xu, T. Xu, Y. Yamazaki, T. Zhang, Q. Zhao, S. Zhao
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
B. Arend, T.N. Ginter, E. Kwan, M.K. Smith, M. Steiner, O. Tarasov
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
A. Facco
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
K. Hosoyama
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
M.P. Kelly, Y. Momozaki
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
R.E. Laxdal
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
M. Wiseman
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661.
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) project has completed technical construction in January 2022, five months ahead of schedule baselined about 10 years ago. Beam commissioning has been planned in seven phases starting from 2017 when the normal-conducting ion source and RFQ were commissioned. In April 2021, FRIB driver linac commissioning was completed with heavy ion beams being accelerated to energies above 200 MeV/u using 324 superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) resonators contained in 46 cryomodules. In preparation for high-power operations, a liquid lithium charge strip-per was used to strip uranium beam from average charge state of 33+ to 78+, and multiple charge states were accelerated simultaneously in the linac. By January 2022, FRIB target and fragment separator commissioning was completed with rare-isotope beams produced and identified. In May 2022, the first FRIB user scientific experiment was successfully conducted. This talk summarizes the FRIB accelerator project commissioning and early operations experience with discussions on strategic planning, operational envelope conformance, technical risk mitigation, and lessons learned.

Slides TUIYGD3 [23.483 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIYGD3

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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TUIZSP1

Status of the e⁺e⁻ Collider Projects in Asia and Europe: CEPC and FCC-ee

collider, cavity, booster, positron

815

X.C. Lou
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
M. Boscolo
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy
F. Zimmermann
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Since the Higgs boson discovery at CERN, precision measurement of its properties has become the first priority in the field of High Energy Physics. Two laboratories, CERN from Europe and IHEP from China, have proposed large scale circular electron-positron colliders, namely FCC-ee and CEPC. Record luminosities are expected in the center of mass energy range from 90 to about 365 GeV. In this talk the statuses of both projects are reviewed: Following the publication of the first CDR FCC-ee and CEPC entering the phase of consolidation and feasibility study. Special focus will be put on R&D plans, prototyping and key technologies.

Slides TUIZSP1 [6.718 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUIZSP1

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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TUPOST007

New Generation of Very Low Noise Beam Position Measurement System for the LHC Transverse Feedback

pick-up, feedback, controls, injection

849

D. Valuch
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
V. Stopjakova
Slovak University of Technology (STU), Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

Recent studies showed that the transverse feedback system noise floor in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) must be reduced by at least factor of two in order to operate the machine with large beam-beam tune shift as foreseen in the High Luminosity (HL) LHC. Also, the future feedback system foreseen to suppress the LHC Crab Cavity noise relies on improved noise performance of the beam position measurement system. An upgrade program was launched to lower the LHC transverse feedback system noise floor during the LHC Long Shutdown II. A new generation, very low noise beam position measurement module was developed and tested with beam. Innovative methods in the RF receiver, digital signal processing, thorough optimization of every element in the signal chain from pickup to the kickers allowed to achieve a significant reduction of the system noise floor. This unprecedented noise performance opens also new possibilities for auxiliary instruments, using the position data from the transverse feedback. The paper presents the new system, notable implementation details and measured performance.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST007

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Received ※ 18 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2022

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TUPOST008

Digital Low-Level RF System for the CERN Linac3 Accelerator

cavity, linac, controls, LLRF

853

D. Valuch, R. Alemany-Fernández, Y. Brischetto, S.J. Faeroe, G. Piccinini, M.E. Soderen
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

A major consolidation of the aging RF system of the CERN Linac3, the ion source for the whole CERN accelerator chain, started during the Long Shutdown II. The main changes were an upgrade of the analogue Low-Level RF system (LLRF) and replacement of the 350 kW tube amplifiers by a solid-state equivalent. The state-of-the-art digital LLRF system enabled new sophisticated features in field manipulations, significantly increased the operational flexibility and improved operational reliability and availability. The paper presents the new architecture, a low noise master clock generator, digital signal processing with direct sampling of the RF signals, pulse parameter measurement or cavity resonance control.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST008

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Received ※ 27 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022

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TUPOST013

Concept and Development of 65 kW Solid-State RF Amplifiers for Sirius

cavity, storage-ring, synchrotron, controls

868

M. Hoffmann Wallner, A.P.B. Lima
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
R.H.A. Farias
CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Sirius is a 4th generation synchrotron light source currently operating with 100 mA stored beam and one room temperature RF cavity driven by two 65 kW solid-state amplifiers (SSAs). After installation of the cryogenic plant, two superconducting (SC) RF cavities are planned to replace the room temperature cavity. Each SC cavity is going to be driven by a 250 kW RF signal at 500 MHz, resulting from the combination of four 65 kW RF SSAs. Due to the recent development of 900 W solid-state power amplifier modules, a new topology is proposed for the four amplifiers that still need to be constructed. For the amplifier’s combining stage, a cavity combiner with 80 input ports was simulated. For the dividing stage, 8-way and 10-way power splitters were designed. The general scheme of the amplifier is presented, as well as simulation and measurement results.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST013

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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TUPOST014

Sirius Storage Ring RF System Status Update

cavity, LLRF, storage-ring, cryogenics

872

A.P.B. Lima, D. Daminelli, M. Hoffmann Wallner, F.K.G. Hoshino
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
I. Carvalho de Almeida, R.H.A. Farias
CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Sirius’s nominal operation phase consists of two 500 MHz CESR-B type superconducting cavities, each being driven by four 65 kW solid-state amplifiers, and a passive superconducting third harmonic cavity. Currently a normal conducting 7-cell PETRA cavity is being used along with two 65 kW RF amplifiers and was recently able to achieve 100 mA stored current. The performance of the storage ring RF system and the updated installation plans update are presented and discussed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST014

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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TUPOST016

Status of LLRF and Resonance Control Dedicated Algorithms Extension for PolFEL

controls, cavity, resonance, FEL

880

W. Jalmuzna, W. Cichalewski, A. Napieralski, P.S. Sekalski
TUL-DMCS, Łódź, Poland

PolFEL (POLish Free Electron Laser) is the new super-conducting based facility, which is under construction in Poland. It will provide a continuous electron beam with energy up to 160 MeV, which will be converted to light pulses with wavelengths as short as 150 nm. CW (Continuous Wave) operation of the superconducting linear accelerator with narrow bandwidth and high electromagnetic field gradient (presumably above 30 MV/m for single structure) creates new challenges while dealing with RF field stability, the influence of mechanical de-tuning of resonating structures and must take into account all limits induced by power amplifiers and cryo-system. The real-time control algorithm responsible for RF field, motor tuners, and piezo control must strictly interact with each other to provide the satisfactory performance of the whole facility. In addition, constant monitoring of such parameters as detuning, bandwidth, power margins of the amplifier, state of cavities must be done. The paper presents the current status of implementation of PolFEL’s LLRF Controller (extending GDR to other modes of operation as SEL, PLL) and Piezo Controller (both hardware and firmware layers).

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST016

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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TUPOST018

Long Pulse Operation of the E-XFEL Cryomodule

cavity, controls, LLRF, FEL

888

W. Cichalewski
TUL-DMCS, Łódź, Poland
J.K. Sekutowicz
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The CW operation becomes more attractive mode of beam and RF operation, even for infrastructures initially developed as pulsed experiments. Compared to the short (single ms) pulse the CW or long pulse (LP) operation allows for a more relaxed bunch scheme and enables higher bunch quantities during the experiment run. The Long Pulse operation scenario is one of the possible EXFEL modes of work in the future. LLRF systems that work in CW (and LP) are in operation worldwide. Most of them are dedicated to single cavity control. The XFEL dedicated system is capable of multicavity cryomodules vector-sum operation. In such a configuration switching from short-pulse operation into long-pulse with the existing limitations from the allowed cryo heat load level, average input power per coupler (and others) can be extremely challenging. For this setup the support from the dynamic resonance control system is essential. This paper summarizes efforts towards the successful vector-sum operation of the X-FEL type cryomodule in the LP operation mode. Modifications to the original LLRF setup together with challenges of narrow bandwidth operation in moderate and high gradients are discussed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST018

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 21 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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TUPOST024

A New Beam Loading Compensation and Blowup Control System Using Multi-Harmonic Digital Feedback Loops in the CERN Proton Synchrotron Booster

cavity, controls, feedback, LLRF

907

D. Barrientos, S.C.P. Albright, M.E. Angoletta, A. Findlay, M. Jaussi, J.C. Molendijk
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

As part of the LHC Injectors Upgrade, the CERN Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) has been upgraded with new wide-band Finemet cavities and a renovated Low-Level Radio Frequency system with digital cavity controllers implemented in FPGAs. Each controller synchronously receives the computed revolution frequency, used to generate 16 harmonic references. These are then used to IQ demodulate the voltage gap and modulate the 16 RF drive signals each controlled through a Cartesian feedback loop (with individual voltage and phase control). The sum of these digital drive signals is then sent to the cavities. In addition, a configurable blow-up system providing a sinusoidal or custom noise pattern can be used to excite the beam. An embedded network analyzer allows studying the stability of the feedback loops of the individual harmonics. The 16 harmonic feedback loops have been successfully operated during 2021, allowing to reduce the beam induced voltage and control the longitudinal emittance of the beam. In this paper we present the system architecture as well as the performance of the complete cavity controller during operation in the PSB.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST024

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Received ※ 23 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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TUPOST025

Beam Commissioning of the New Digital Low-Level RF System for CERN’s AD

LLRF, MMI, timing, proton

911

M.E. Angoletta, S.C.P. Albright, D. Barrientos, A. Findlay, M. Jaussi, A. Rey, M. Sumiński
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

CERN’s Antiproton Decelerator (AD) has been re-furbished to provide reliable operation for the Extra Low ENergy Antiproton ring (ELENA). In particular, AD was equipped with a new digital Low-Level RF (LLRF) system that was successfully commissioned during the summer 2021. The new AD LLRF system has routinely captured and decelerated more than 3·10⁷ antiprotons from 3.5 GeV/c to 100 MeV/c in successive steps, referred to as RF segments, interleaved by cooling periods. The LLRF system implements the frequency program from Btrain data received over optical fiber. Beam phase/radial and cavity amplitude/phase feedback loops are operated during each RF segment. An extraction synchronization loop is triggered on the extraction RF segment to transfer a single bunch of antiprotons to ELENA. Extensive diagnostics features are available and operational modes such as bunched beam cooling and bunch rotation have been successfully deployed. The LLRF parameters can be different for each RF segment and are controlled by a dedicated application. This paper gives an overview of the AD LLRF beam commissioning results obtained and challenges overcome. Hints on future steps are also provided.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST025

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Received ※ 25 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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TUPOST033

A Python Framework for High-level Applications in Accelerator Operations

framework, controls, EPICS, interface

929

J.T.M Chriń, V. Erçağlar, T. Schietinger
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

A Python graphical framework providing reusable components to facilitate the development of accelerator applications, that meet the basic requirements of experts and operators alike, is presented. Such a collective approach serves to bridge the gap between the expert developer and the operational team, resulting in applications that are inherently cohesive, durable and easily navigable. The operational advantages and underlying principles are exemplified in a reference application that provides executable examples of customary practices, and further highlights several composite and control system-enabled widgets.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST033

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 19 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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TUPOST040

Automated Intensity Optimisation Using Reinforcement Learning at LEIR

linac, target, injection, electron

941

N. Madysa, R. Alemany-Fernández, N. Biancacci, B. Goddard, V. Kain, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

High intensities in the CERN Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) are achieved by stacking up to seven consecutive multi-turn injections from Linac3. Two inclined septa combined with a collapsing horizontal orbit bump allow a 6-D phase space painting via a linearly ramped mean momentum along the Linac3 pulse and injection at high dispersion. The beam is cooled and dragged longitudinally via electron cooling (e-cooling) into a stacking momentum. For optimal accumulation, the electron energy and trajectory need to match the ion energy and orbit at the e-cooler section. In this paper, a reinforcement learning (RL) agent is trained to adjust various e-cooler and Linac3 parameters to maximise the intensity at the end of the injection plateau. Variational Auto-Encoders (VAE) are used to compress longitudinal Schottky spectra into a compact representation as input for the RL agent. The RL agent is pre-trained on a surrogate model of the LEIR e-cooling dynamics, which in turn is learned from the data collected for the training of the VAE. The performance of the VAE, the surrogate model, and the RL agent is investigated in this paper. An overview of planned tests in the upcoming LEIR runs is given.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST040

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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TUPOST043

A Novel Method for Detecting Unidentified Falling Object Loss Patterns in the LHC

network, Windows, ECR, machine-protect

953

L. Coyle, F. Blanc, D. Di Croce, T. Pieloni
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
L. Coyle, A. Lechner, D. Mirarchi, M. Solfaroli Camillocci, J. Wenninger
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Understanding and mitigating particle losses in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is essential for both machine safety and efficient operation. Abnormal loss distributions are telltale signs of abnormal beam behaviour or incorrect machine configuration. By leveraging the advancements made in the field of Machine Learning, a novel data-driven method of detecting anomalous loss distributions during machine operation has been developed. A neural network anomaly detection model was trained to detect Unidentified Falling Object events using stable beam, Beam Loss Monitor (BLM) data acquired during the operation of the LHC. Data-driven models, such as the one presented, could lead to significant improvements in the autonomous labelling of abnormal loss distributions, ultimately bolstering the ever ongoing effort toward improving the understanding and mitigation of these events.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST043

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Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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TUPOST044

Fortune Telling or Physics Prediction? Deep Learning for On-Line Kicker Temperature Forecasting

kicker, simulation, injection, network

957

F.M. Velotti, M.J. Barnes, B. Goddard, I. Revuelta
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The injection kicker system MKP of the Super Proton Synchrotron SPS at CERN is composed of 4 kicker tanks. The MKP-L tank provides additional kick needed to inject 26 GeV Large Hadron Collider LHC 25 ns type beams. This device has been a limiting factor for operation with high intensity, due to the magnet’s broadband beam coupling impedance and consequent beam induced heating. To optimise the usage of the SPS and avoid idle (kicker cooling) time, studies were conducted to develop a recurrent deep learning model that could predict the measured temperature evolution of the MKP-L, using the beam conditions and temperature history as input. In a second stage, the ferrite temperature is also estimated putting together the external temperature predictions from accurate thermo-mechanical simulations of the kicker magnet. In this paper, the methodology is described and details of the neural network architecture used, together with the implementation of an ad-hoc loss function, are given. The results applied to the SPS 2021 operational data are presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST044

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022

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TUPOST046

Machine Learning Applied for the Calibration of the Hard X-Ray Single-Shot Spectrometer at the European XFEL

FEL, photon, controls, laser

965

C. Grech, M.W. Guetg
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
G. Geloni
EuXFEL, Schenefeld, Germany

Single-crystal monochromators are used in free electron lasers for hard x-ray self-seeding, selecting a very narrow spectral range of the original SASE signal for further amplification. When rotating the crystal around the roll and pitch axes, one can exploit several symmetric and asymmetric reflections as established by Bragg’s law. This work describes the implementation of a machine learning classifier to identify the crystal indices corresponding to a given reflection, and eventually calculate the difference between the photon energy as measured by a single-shot spectrometer and the actual one. The image processing techniques to extract the properties of the crystal reflection are described, as well as how this information is used to calibrate two spectrometer parameters.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST046

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 24 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022

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TUPOST053

Beam Tuning at the FRIB Front End Using Machine Learning

simulation, rfq, controls, status

983

K. Hwang, K. Fukushima, T. Maruta, S. Nash, P.N. Ostroumov, A.S. Plastun, T. Zhang, Q. Zhao
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) at Michigan State University produced and identified the first rare isotopes demonstrating the key performance parameter and completion of the project. An important next step toward FRIB user operation includes fast tuning of the Front End (FE) decision parameters to maintain optimal beam optics. The FE consists of the ion source, charge selection system, LEBT, RFQ, and MEBT. The strong coupling of many ion source parameters, strong space-charge effects in multi-component ion beams, and a not well-known neutralization factor in the beamline from the ion source to the charge selection system make the FE modeling difficult. In this paper, we present our first effort toward the Machine Learning (ML) application for automatic control of the beam exiting the FE.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST053

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022

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TUPOST058

Badger: The Missing Optimizer in ACR

interface, controls, GUI, framework

999

Z. Zhang, A.L. Edelen, J.R. Garrahan, C.E. Mayes, S.A. Miskovich, D.F. Ratner, R.J. Roussel, J. Shtalenkova
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
M. Böse, S. Tomin
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
Y. Hidaka, G.M. Wang
BNL, Upton, New York, USA

Badger is an optimizer specifically designed for Accelerator Control Room (ACR). It’s the spiritual successor of Ocelot optimizer. Badger abstracts an optimization run as an optimization algorithm interacts with an environment, by following some pre-defined rules. The environment is controlled by the algorithm and tunes/observes the control system/machine through an interface, while the users control/monitor the optimization flow through a graphical user interface (GUI) or a command line interface (CLI). This paper would introduce the design principles and applications of Badger.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOST058

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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TUPOPT005

Status of the Superconducting Soft X-Ray Free-Electron Laser User Facility FLASH

laser, undulator, FEL, experiment

1006

M. Vogt, C. Gerth, K. Honkavaara, M. Kuhlmann, J. Rönsch-Schulenburg, L. Schaper, S. Schreiber, R. Treusch, J. Zemella
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The XUV and soft X-ray free-electron laser FLASH at DESY is capable of operating two undulator beamlines simultaneously with up to several thousand bunches per second. It is driven by a normal conducting RF photo-cathode gun and a superconducting L-band linac. FLASH is currently undergoing a substantial refurbishment and upgrade program (FLASH2020+). The first 9-months installation shutdown started in November 2021. Here we report on the operation in 2021 and present main upgrades during the ongoing shutdown.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT005

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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TUPOPT024

Recent Developments at SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre

synchrotron, radiation, vacuum, plasma

1051

A.I. Wawrzyniak, P. Andryszczak, G. Cios, K. Gula, G.W. Kowalski, A.M. Marendziak, A. Maximenko, R. Panaś, T. Sobol, M. Szczepaniak, J.J. Wiechecki, M. Wiśniowski, M. Zając
NSRC SOLARIS, Kraków, Poland
A. Curcio
CLPU, Villamayor, Spain
H. Lichtenberg
Hochschule Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, Germany

SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre is under constant development of the research infrastructure. In 2018 first users were welcomed at three different experimental stations. Up to now 5 end stations are available at SOLARIS for experiments at 4 beamlines, and 4 new beamlines are under construction. In 2021 new front end for POLYX beamline was installed and de-gassed. Moreover, ASTRA beamline components were installed and first commissioning stage has stared. Additionally, a plasma cleaning station has been designed, built and is currently tested. Apart of the beamlines, up-grades to the linac and storage ring operation have been done. During the COVID-19 pandemic the software for remote injection process was developed and is used on daily basis. The transverse beam emittance measurement on the visible light beamline LUMOS was implemented and gives results that are complementary to the Pinhole beamline. Within this presentation the overview of the recent developments with insight to the details to be presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT024

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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TUPOPT051

Reconstruction and Beam-Transport Study of the cERL Dump Line for High-Power IR-FEL Operation

FEL, cavity, beam-transport, electron

1117

N. Nakamura, K. Harada, N. Higashi, R. Kato, S. Nagahashi, K.N. Nigorikawa, T. Nogami, T. Obina, H. Sagehashi, H. Sakai, M. Shimada, R. Takai, O.A. Tanaka, Y. Tanimoto, T. Uchiyama, A. Ueda
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

Funding: This work is supported by a NEDO project "Development of advanced laser processing with intelligence based on high-brightness and high-efficiency laser technologies."
A significant FEL pulse energy was successfully generated at the cERL IR-FEL in Burst mode where a macro pulse of about 1 microsecond or less is repeated at the maximum frequency of 5 Hz. In the next step, high-power FEL operation in CW mode should be carried out with energy recovery by increasing electron bunches drastically. However, momentum spread of the electron beam increases due to the FEL-light emission and the space charge effects and may cause serious beam loss by exceeding the momentum acceptance of the cERL downstream of the FEL. Therefore, we reconstructed the dump line in Autumn 2020 in order to greatly increase the momentum acceptance with improvement of the beam-tuning flexibility. Then we performed the beam-transport study of the reconstructed dump line in March 2021 by injecting the beam directly from the injector without passing the recirculation loop. In this paper, we present the reconstructed dump line and the beam-transport study.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT051

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 13 June 2022

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TUPOPT057

Using Surrogate Models to Assist Accelerator Tuning at ISIS

simulation, synchrotron, controls, injection

1133

A.A. Saoulis, K.R.L. Baker, H.V. Cavanagh, R.E. Williamson
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
S. Basak, J. Cha, J. Thiyagalingam
STFC/RAL/SCD, Didcot, United Kingdom

Funding: STFC and UKRI
High intensity hadron accelerator performance is often dominated by the need to minimise and control beam losses. Operator efforts to tune the machine during live operation are often restricted to local parameter space searches, while existing physics-based simulations are generally too computationally expensive to aid tuning in real-time. To this end, Machine Learning-based surrogate models can be trained on data produced by physics-based simulations, and serve to produce fast, accurate predictions of key beam properties, such as beam phase and bunch shape over time. These models can be used as a virtual diagnostic tool to explore the parameter space of the accelerator in real-time, without making changes on the live machine. At the ISIS Neutron and Muon source, major beam losses in the synchrotron are caused by injection and longitudinal trapping processes, as well as high intensity effects. This paper describes the training and inference performance of a neural network surrogate model of the longitudinal beam dynamics in the ISIS synchrotron, from injection at 70 MeV to 800 MeV extraction, and evaluates the model’s ability to assist accelerator tuning.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT057

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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TUPOPT060

EPICS-Based Telegram Integration for Control and Alarm Handling at TEX Facility

EPICS, framework, controls, status

1145

S. Pioli, D. Moriggi
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy
F. Cardelli, P. Ciuffetti, C. Di Giulio
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy

We report the status of the development of an High Power RF Laboratory in X-Band called TEX (TEst-stand for X-Band). TEX is part of the LATINO (Laboratory in Advanced Technologies for INnOvation) initiative that is ongoing at the Frascati National Laboratories (LNF) of the Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) that covers many different areas focused on particle accelerator technologies. TEX is a RF test facility based on solid-state K400 modulator from ScandiNova with a 50 MW class X-band (11.994 GHz) klystron tube model VKX8311A operating at 50 Hz. TeXbot is a Telegram bot used to notify in asynchronous way event at TEX. The application has been realized making use of framework such as telepot and pysmlib, to interface with Telegram and with EPICS environment respectively. The bot make able the user to subscribe to multiple topic in order to be automatically notified in case of different set up of the machine or when an interlock occurs on a single component. Furthermore the user can request detailed information about subsystem of the accelerator by simply make use of special commands and token in Telegram app.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT060

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Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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TUPOTK003

High Power RF Conditioning of the ESS RFQ

rfq, cavity, vacuum, interlocks

1189

O. Piquet, A.C. Chauveau, P. Hamel
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
M. Baudrier, M.J. Desmons
CEA-DRF-IRFU, France
B. Jones, D. Noll, A.G. Sosa, E. Trachanas, R. Zeng
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The 352.21 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) for the European Spallation Source ERIC (ESS) has been delivered by the end of 2019 by CEA/IRFU. The RFQ is designed to accelerate a 70 mA proton beam from 75 keV up to 3.62 MeV. It consists of a 4-vane resonant cavity with a total length of 4.6 m. Two coaxial power loop couplers feed the RFQ with the 1.4 MW of RF power required for beam operation. This paper first presents the main systems required for the RFQ conditioning. Then it summarizes the main steps and results of this high power RF conditioning completed at ESS from June 9 to July 29, 2021 in order to achieve the nominal field for a pulse length of 3.2ms at the repetition rate of 14Hz.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK003

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022

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TUPOTK020

Status of LASA-INFN R&D Activity on PIP-II Low-beta Prototypes

cavity, radiation, SRF, experiment

1241

M. Bertucci, A. Bosotti, A. D’Ambros, E. Del Core, A.T. Grimaldi, P. Michelato, L. Monaco, C. Pagani, R. Paparella, D. Sertore
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
A. Gresele
Zanon Research & Innovation, Schio, VI, Italy
C. Pagani
Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy

LASA-INFN is developing some PIP-II β=0.61 cavity prototypes so to set up a high-Q recipe allowing to reach the PIP-II performance target in view of the series production. A single-cell cavity was treated with a XFEL-like baseline recipe, whereas a multicell cavity underwent a mid-T bake step as final surface treatment. Both cavities have been then tested at the LASA vertical experimental facility. The test results are here reported and discussed. Basing on the satisfactory results so far obtained, a strategy for the qualification and upgrade of the LASA vertical test facility is outlined.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK020

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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TUPOTK021

Recent Update on ESS Medium Beta Cavities at INFN LASA

cavity, SRF, cryomodule, status

1245

D. Sertore, M. Bertucci, M. Bonezzi, A. Bosotti, D. Cardelli, A. D’Ambros, A.T. Grimaldi, L. Monaco, R. Paparella, G.M. Zaggia
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
C. Pagani
Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy

The INFN LASA contribution to the European Spallation Source ERIC (European Research Infrastructure Consortium) Superconducting Linac is focused on supplying 36 cavities for the Medium Beta section of the proton accelerator. Twenty eight cavities have been fully qualified and delivered to CEA for integration into the cryomodules. We present the status of the activities dedicated to completing our contribution both by applying alternative surface treatments with respect to the series vertical BCP and by procuring new cavities.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK021

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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TUPOTK026

ESS Elliptical Cryomodules Tests at Lund Test Stand

cavity, cryomodule, vacuum, LLRF

1261

C.G. Maiano, E. Asensi Conejero, N. Elias, P. Goudket, W. Hees, P. Pierini, L. Sagliano, F. Schlander, M.Y. Wang
ESS, Lund, Sweden
D. Bocian, W. Gaj, P. Halczynski, M. Sienkiewicz, F.D. Skalka, J. Swierblewski, K.M. Wartak, M. Wartak
IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland

We present an overview and description of the elliptical cryomodules test activities at Lund Test Stand 2. During 2021 the test facility was commissioned with one prototype, and four series medium beta modules have now been successfully tested at ESS in Lund. This activity allowed the joint ESS and IFJ PAN team to develop all the procedures and the necessary automated tools for the different phases of the site acceptance test campaign (e.g. incoming inspections, coupler conditioning, cooldown strategies, tuning to resonance and electromagnetic/cryogenic performance verification). During the initial test period techniques for diagnostics of limiting mechanisms have been developed and improved up to a consolidated and mature state for the rest of the test campaign. Tests results and the initial statistics is presented and commented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK026

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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TUPOTK028

Tuning of Superconducting Cavities Using the FFT of Transmitted Power

cavity, klystron, resonance, SRF

1268

E. Laface, C.G. Maiano, P. Pierini, M.Y. Wang
ESS, Lund, Sweden

We implemented a method to tune the ESS superconducting cavities based on the spectral analysis of the high resolution data available from the Low Level RF system (LLRF) for the transmitted power, without the need of connecting a network analyzer or any other dedicated instrumentation along the RF chain. A frequency peak up to 4 MHz off from the resonating frequency can be detected and used to control the stepper motor of the tuner until the cavity is stretched to the proper length to reach the correct operation frequency. Experience of its use at the ESS Test Stand 2 (TS2) facility at Lund during cryomodule acceptance testing is presented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK028

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022

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TUPOTK037

Status Update on Cornell’s SRF Compact Conduction Cooled Cryomodule

cavity, cryomodule, SRF, radio-frequency

1299

N.A. Stilin, A.T. Holic, M. Liepe, T.I. O’Connell, J. Sears, V.D. Shemelin, J. Turco
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

A new frontier in Superconducting RF (SRF) development is increasing the accessibility of SRF technology to small-scale accelerator operations which are used in various industrial or research applications. This is made possible by using commercial cryocoolers as a cooling source, which removes the need for expensive liquid cryogenics and their supporting infrastructure. Cornell University is currently developing a new cryomodule based on a conduction cooling scheme. This cryomodule will use two pulse tube cryocoolers in place of liquid cryogenics in order to cool the system. A new 1.3 GHz cavity has been designed with a set of four niobium rings welded at the equator and irises which allow for a direct thermal link between the cavity and cryocooler cold heads. The cavity will use two coaxial RF input couplers capable of delivering up to 100 kW total RF power for high-current beam operation. This coupler design was modified from the Cornell ERL injector couplers, including simplifications such as removing the cold RF window and most outer bellows, while retaining inner bellows for adjustable coupling.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK037

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Received ※ 12 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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TUPOTK040

Design of the Electron Ion Collider Electron Storage Ring SRF Cavity

cavity, HOM, impedance, simulation

1307

J. Guo, E. Daly, J. Henry, J. Matalevich, G.-T. Park, R.A. Rimmer, H. Wang, S. Wang
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
D. Holmes, K.S. Smith, W. Xu, A. Zaltsman
BNL, Upton, New York, USA

Funding: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177
The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory is a high luminosity collider as the next major research facility for the nuclear physics community. Among the numerous RF subsystems in the EIC, the electron storage ring (ESR) fundamental RF cavities system is one of the most challenging. This system will handle a high beam current of up to 2.5 A and replenish up to 10 MW of beam power losses from synchrotron radiation and HOM. Variable coupling is required in the cavities due to the wide range of required total RF voltage and beam current combinations. In this paper, we will present the status of the design and future plans.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK040

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Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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TUPOTK049

Upgrade of ELSA’s Booster Synchrotron RF with a Solid State Power Amplifier

synchrotron, controls, booster, cavity

1327

M.T. Switka, K. Desch, D. Elsner, F. Frommberger, P. Hänisch
ELSA, Bonn, Germany

The 1.6 GeV booster synchrotron of the ELSA facility at the University of Bonn uses a DESY-type RF resonator which has been driven by a conventional klystron amplifier since its early days in 1967. The setup was modified to serve the ELSA stretcher ring as booster synchrotron in 1987, but the RF infrastructure was barely altered. As repairs of the reliable, but antiquated RF source became foreseeingly impossible due to the lack of spare part availability, the replacement of the klystron amplifier chain in favour of a state-of-the-art solid state amplifier was carried out. We describe the replacement and the operation experience with the new RF power amplifier.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK049

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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TUPOTK052

Influence of a Positive Grid Biasing on RF System in J-PARC RCS

controls, acceleration, power-supply, vacuum

1336

M. Yamamoto, M. Nomura, H. Okita, T. Shimada, F. Tamura
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
K. Hara, K. Hasegawa, C. Ohmori, Y. Sugiyama, M. Yoshii
KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan

In order to accelerate a high intensity beam in the RCS, a large amplitude of the anode current is provided by a tube amplifier to compensate a heavy beam loading. Tetrode vacuum tubes are used in the RCS, and the control grid voltage enters into a positive region to feed such a large current. The positive grid biasing affects the waveform of the control grid voltage; it is deformed due to the induced control grid current under the condition of the multi-harmonic rf driving. Furthermore, the DC bias voltage drop on the control grid is observed because of the exceeding the ability for the control grid power supply. We describe the influence of the positive grid biasing in the RCS.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK052

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 17 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022

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TUPOTK054

Solid State Amplifiers for Beam Test System of PAPS at IHEP

superconducting-cavity, cavity, SRF, status

1342

O. Xiao, Y.L. Chi, N. Gan, X.P. Li, Z.D. Zhang
IHEP, People’s Republic of China

Solid state amplifiers are being increasingly used as RF power sources in accelerators around the world. Two solid state amplifiers with different output power and frequen-cy have been applied in beam test system of PAPS at IHEP. A 10kW solid state amplifier operating at 1.3 GHz is used to feed a normal conducting buncher. A 650 MHz solid state amplifier with the output power of 150 kW is used to feed two 2-cell superconducting cavities. So far, the debugging and acceptance test of solid state amplifi-ers have been finished. During the beam test system commissioning and operation, all solid state amplifiers operate stably. In this paper, the specifications and high power test results of solid state amplifiers are presented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK054

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Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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TUPOTK055

One Year of Operation of the New Wideband RF System of the Proton Synchrotron Booster

MMI, network, cavity, controls

1344

G.G. Gnemmi, S. Energico, M. Haase, M.M. Paoluzzi, C. Rossi
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Within the LHC Injectors Upgrade project, the PS Booster(PSB) has been upgraded. Both the injection (160 MeV) and extraction (2 GeV) energies have been increased, bringing also changes in the injection beam revolution frequency, the maximum revolution frequency, and the beam intensity. To meet the requirements of the High Luminosity LHC a new RF system has been designed, based on the wideband frequency characteristics of Finemet® Magnetic Alloy and solid-state amplifiers. The wideband frequency response (1 MHz to 18 MHz) covers all the required frequency schemes in the PSB, allowing multi-harmonics operation. The system is based on a cellular configuration in which each cell provides a fraction of the total RF voltage. The new RF system has been installed in 3 locations replacing the old systems. The installation has been performed during 2019/2020, while the commissioning started later in 2020 and relevant results for the physics have been already observed. This paper describes the new RF chain, the results achieved and the issues that occurred during this year of operation, together with the changes made to the system to improve performance and reliability.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK055

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Received ※ 02 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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TUPOTK057

Innovative Magnetron Power Sources for Superconducting RF (SRF) Accelerators

SRF, controls, cavity, injection

1348

M.L. Neubauer, R.P. Johnson, R.R. Lentz, M. Popovic, T. Wynn
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA
R.A. Rimmer, H. Wang
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Work supported by DOE SBIR grant # DE-SC0022484
A magnetron suitable for 1497 MHz klystron replacements at Jefferson Lab will be constructed and tested with our novel patented subcritical voltage operation methods to drive an SRF cavity. The critical areas of magnetron manufacturing and design affecting life-cycle costs that will be modeled for improvement include: Q_ext, filaments, magnetic field, vane design, and novel control of outgassing. The most immediate benefit of this project is to make SRF accelerator projects more affordable for NP and other users of SRF Linacs. One of the most attractive commercial applications for SRF accelerators is to drive subcritical nuclear reactors to burn Light Water Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel (LWR SNF). A 1 GeV proton beam hitting an internal uranium spallation neutron target can produce over 30 neutrons for each incident proton to allow the reactor to operate far below criticality to generate electricity or process heat while reducing high-level waste disposal costs. This commercial application has the additional attribute of addressing climate change.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK057

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022

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TUPOTK061

Prospects to Apply Machine Learning to Optimize the Operation of the Crystal Collimation System at the LHC

collimation, collider, hadron, network

1362

M. D’Andrea, G. Azzopardi, M. Di Castro, E. Matheson, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli, G. Valentino
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
G. Ricci
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project.
Crystal collimation relies on the use of bent crystals to coherently deflect halo particles onto dedicated collimator absorbers. This scheme is planned to be used at the LHC to improve the betatron cleaning efficiency with high-intensity ion beams. Only particles with impinging angles below 2.5 urad relative to the crystalline planes can be efficiently channeled at the LHC nominal top energy of 7 Z TeV. For this reason, crystals must be kept in optimal alignment with respect to the circulating beam envelope to maximize the efficiency of the channeling process. Given the small angular acceptance, achieving optimal channeling conditions is particularly challenging. Furthermore, the different phases of the LHC operational cycle involve important dynamic changes of the local orbit and optics, requiring an optimized control of position and angle of the crystals relative to the beam. To this end, the possibility to apply machine learning to the alignment of the crystals, in a dedicated setup and in standard operation, is considered. In this paper, possible solutions for automatic adaptation to the changing beam parameters are highlighted and plans for the LHC ion runs starting in 2022 are discussed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK061

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 21 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022

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TUPOTK063

CERN Linac4 Chopper Dump: Operational Experience and Future Upgrades

linac, site, ISOL, radiation

1370

C.J. Sharp, P. Andreu Muñoz, M. Calviani, G. Costa, L.S. Esposito, R. Franqueira Ximenes, D. Grenier, E. Grenier-Boley, J.R. Hunt, A.M. Krainer, C.Y. Mucher, C. Torregrosa
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The Chopper Dump in the Linac4 accelerator at CERN is a beam-intercepting device responsible for the absorption of the 3 MeV H⁻ ion beam produced by the Linac4 source and deflected upstream by an electromagnetic chopper. It allows a portion of the beam, which would otherwise fall into the unstable region of the radiofrequency buckets in the Proton Synchrotron Booster, to be dumped at low energy with minimal induced radiation. It may also be used to absorb the entire beam. With peak currents of 25 to 45 mA and shallow penetration, this results in large deposited energy densities, thermal gradients and mechanical stresses. Additional constraints arise from geometric integration, vacuum and radiation protection requirements. Material selection, beam-matter interaction studies and thermo-structural analyses are important aspects of the design process. The Chopper Dump underwent modification in 2019 following observed material degradation in the original version of the device. The experience gained, modifications made and observations noted since then are detailed herein. Against this background, the design and analysis of an upgraded device, intended to cope with future operational conditions, is outlined and discussed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK063

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022

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TUPOMS001

Conceptual Design of a Future Australian Light Source

synchrotron, lattice, storage-ring, emittance

1381

R.T. Dowd, M.P. Atkinson, R. Auchettl, W.J. Chi, Y.E. Tan, D. Zhu, K. Zingre
AS - ANSTO, Clayton, Australia

ANSTO currently operates the Australian Synchrotron, a 3 GeV, 3rd generation light source that begun user operations in 2007. The Australian synchrotron is now halfway through its expected life span and we have begun planning the next light source facility that will eventually replace it. This paper describes the conceptual design of an entirely new light source facility for Australia, which makes use of the latest advances in compact acceleration technology and 4th generation lattices.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS001

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022

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TUPOMS002

Status of Sirius Operation

storage-ring, cavity, MMI, emittance

1385

L. Liu, M.B. Alves, A.C.S. Oliveira, X.R. Resende, R.M. Seraphim, H. Westfahl Jr., F.H. de Sá
LNLS, Campinas, Brazil
R.H.A. Farias, S.R. Marques
CNPEM, Campinas, SP, Brazil

SIRIUS is a Synchrotron Light Source Facility based on a 3 GeV electron storage ring with 518 m circumfer-ence and 250 pm.rad emittance. The facility was built and is operated by the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), located in the CNPEM campus, in Campinas, Brazil. The accelerator commissioning and operation has been split into 2 phases: Phase0, corresponding to the initial accelerator commissioning with 6 beamlines, has been completed, and the project is now in preparation for Phase1, with full accelerator design performance and 14 beamlines in operation. We report on the status of SIRI-US last year operation and ongoing activities towards achieving completion of Phase1.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS002

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022

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TUPOMS003

CLS Operational Status and Future Operational Plans

cavity, linac, storage-ring, booster

1389

M.J. Boland, F. Le Pimpec
CLS, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

The Canadian Light Source (CLS) has been in operation for users since 2005 and recently commissioned the 22^nd photon beamline. In 2021 the CLS commenced top-up operations at 220 mA, which has been a big success for the user experiments. The storage ring is now RF power limited and will require a second RF cavity to realise the design goal of 500 mA. The 250 MeV electron injector complex for the CLS booster synchrotron ring dates back to the original linac from 1962 and the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory. This paper will give an overview of the present status of the accelerator systems for user operations and the operational improvement plans for a second RF cavity in the storage ring and a new linac.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS003

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Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 18 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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TUPOMS006

FILO: A New Application to Correct Optics in the ESRF-EBS Storage Ring

optics, SRF, quadrupole, lattice

1401

S.M. Liuzzo, N. Carmignani, L.R. Carver, L. Farvacque, L. Hoummi, T.P. Perron, B. Roche, B. Vedder, S.M. White
ESRF, Grenoble, France

A new optics correction application (Fit and Improvement of Linear Optics, FILO) was designed and set in place for the ESRF-EBS storage ring. The widely used software LOCO* is not available at ESRF and despite a few trials to set it in operation, it has been decided to write a new code. The application is flexible, may be used via the control system simulators and is adapted to a user friendly operation thanks to a wizard mode. Some features of LOCO are copied over, some others are yet to be implemented. The measurement of on and off-energy response matrices using slow or fast steerers is integrated in the same application. Results obtained with this application are presented together with an overview of the future developments.
*J Safranek, Experimental determination of storage ring optics using orbit response measurements, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00309-4

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS006

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Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022

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TUPOMS008

Lifetime Correction Using Fast-Off-Energy Response Matrix Measurements

sextupole, simulation, optics, lattice

1409

S.M. Liuzzo, N. Carmignani, L.R. Carver, L. Hoummi, T.P. Perron, B. Roche, S.M. White
ESRF, Grenoble, France

Following the measurements done at MAX-IV * we try to exploit for the ESRF-EBS Storage Ring (SR) off-energy response matrix measurement for the optimization of Touschek lifetime. The measurements performed with fast AC steerers on- and off-energy are analyzed and fitted producing an effective model including quadrupole and sextupole errors. Several alternatives to extrapolate sextupoles strengths for correction are compared in terms of lifetime. For the time being none of the corrections could produce better lifetime than the existing empirically optimized set of sextupoles.
*D.Olsson et al., Nonlinear optics from off-energy closed orbits, 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.23.102803

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS008

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Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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TUPOMS009

First Year of Operation of the ESRF-EBS Ligth Source

SRF, injection, emittance, cavity

1413

J.-L. Revol, C. Benabderrahmane, P.B. Borowiec, E. Buratin, N. Carmignani, L.R. Carver, A. D’Elia, M. Dubrulle, F. Ewald, A. Franchi, G. Gautier, L. Hardy, L. Hoummi, J. Jacob, L. Jolly, G. Le Bec, I. Leconte, S.M. Liuzzo, M. Morati, T.P. Perron, Q. Qin, B. Roche, K.B. Scheidt, V. Serrière, R. Versteegen, S.M. White
ESRF, Grenoble, France

The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility - Extremely Brilliant Source (ESRF-EBS) is a facility upgrade allowing its scientific users to take advantage of the first high-energy 4th generation light source. In December 2018, after 30 years of operation, the beam stopped for a 12-month shutdown to dismantle the old storage ring and to install the new X-ray source. On 25 August 2020, the user programme was restarted with beam parameters very close to nominal values. This paper reports on the present operation performance of the source, highlighting the ongoing and planned development.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS009

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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TUPOMS016

A Pipeline for Orchestrating Machine Learning and Controls Applications

simulation, software, controls, framework

1439

I.V. Agapov, M. Böse, L. Malina
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Machine learning and artificial intelligence are becoming widespread paradigms in control of complex processes. Operation of accelerator facilities is not an exception, with a number of advances having happened over the last years. In the domain of intelligent control of accelerator facilities, the research has mostly been focused on feasibility demonstration of ML-based agents, or application of ML-based agents to a well-defined problem such as parameter tuning. The main challenge on the way to a more holistic AI-based operation, in our opinion, is of engineering nature and is related to the need of significant reduction of the amount of human intervention. The areas where such intervention is still significant are: training and tuning of ML models; scheduling and orchestrating of multiple intelligent agents; data stream handling; configuration management; and software testing and verification requiring advanced simulation environment. We have developed a software framework which attempts to address all these issues. The design and implementation of this system will be presented, together with application examples for the PETRA III storage ring.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS016

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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TUPOMS020

Long-Term Orbit Stability in the PETRA III Storage Ring

alignment, experiment, storage-ring, status

1449

L. Liao, M. Bieler, J. Keil, C. Li, M. Schaumann, R. Wanzenberg
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The study of long-term orbit stability in the PETRA III light source plays an important role for the design of its upgrade to PETRA IV. The PETRA III tunnel is made of individual segments that move against each other. Here, the long-term drifts of the tunnel ground that are mostly introduced by temperature variations, are of the highest concern for the PETRA IV alignment tolerances and orbit stability. This paper studies the evolution of the beam orbit and corrector magnet currents over several years and correlates tunnel movement to RMS orbit drifts.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS020

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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TUPOMS021

PETRA III Operational Performance and Availability

synchrotron, experiment, synchrotron-radiation, dipole

1453

R. Wanzenberg, M. Bieler, J. Keil, L. Liao, G.K. Sahoo, M. Schaumann
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

At DESY the Synchrotron Light Source PETRA III offers scientists outstanding opportunities for experiments with hard X-rays of exceptionally high brilliance since 2009. The light source is operated mainly in two operation modes with 480 and 40 bunches at a beam energy of 6 GeV. With the completion of the last milestone of the extension project in summer 2021 that brought the new dipole beamline P66 into operation, 2022 is the first year where almost 5000 hours of user run time could be scheduled. This paper will review the statistics of availability and failures over the years and provides a detailed description of the operation in 2021. Additionally, an outlook for the next runs is given.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS021

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Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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TUPOMS023

The Elettra 2.0 Project

insertion, cavity, insertion-device, emittance

1459

E. Karantzoulis, A. Fabris, S. Krecic
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy

The project status of the future Italian 2.4 GeV fourth generation light source Elettra 2.0 that will replace the third-generation light source Elettra is presented. Elettra 2.0 will be the ultra-low emittance light source that will provide ultra-high brilliance and coherence and at the same time aims to provide very short pulses for time resolved experiments.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS023

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Received ※ 23 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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TUPOMS029

Status of the PETRA IV Machine Project

cavity, alignment, dipole, emittance

1475

R. Bartolini, I.V. Agapov, A. Aloev, R. Bacher, R. Böspflug, H.-J. Eckoldt, J. Hauser, M. Hüning, P. Hülsmann, N. Koldrack, B. Krause, L. Lilje, G. Loisch, R. Onken, A. Petrov, S. Pfeiffer, J. Prenting, H. Schlarb, M. Thede, M. Tischer
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

DESY is planning the upgrade of PETRA III to a fourth generation light source, providing high brightness, quasi diffraction limited hard X-ray photons. The project is underpinned by the construction of a new storage ring PETRA IV, based on a 20 pm accelerator lattice using a hybrid 6-bend achromat concept. We review here the status of the machine project, the latest development in the different technical subsystems, the status of the engineering integration and the plans for the implementation of the new ring in the existing PETRA III tunnel.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS029

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Received ※ 14 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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TUPOMS036

Commissioning of the Lower Emittance Lattice at SPEAR3

lattice, emittance, septum, simulation

1502

K. Tian, W.J. Corbett, S.M. Gierman, X. Huang, J. Kim, J.B. Langton, NL. Parry, J.A. Safranek, J.J. Sebek, M. Song, Z. Zhang
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

SPEAR3, commissioned in 2004, is a third generation light source at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The low emittance lattice with an emittance of 10 nm had been operated for over a decade until the recent commission of the new lower emittance lattice with 7 nm emittance. The new lattice, based on the same double-bend achromat lattice, has pushed toward the design limit of such type of lattice in SPEAR3. In this paper, we will elaborate our commissioning experience for the new lattice in SPEAR3.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS036

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022

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TUPOMS037

RCDS-S: An Optimization Method to Compensate Accelerator Performance Drifts

kicker, experiment, simulation, storage-ring

1506

Z. Zhang, X. Huang, M. Song
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

We propose an optimization algorithm, Safe Robust Conjugate Direction Search (RCDS-S), which can perform accelerator tuning while keeping the machine performance within a designated safe envelope. The algorithm builds probability models of the objective function using Lipschitz continuity of the function as well as characteristics of the drifts and applies to the selection of trial solutions to ensure the machine operates safely during tuning. The algorithm can run during normal user operation constantly, or periodically, to compensate for the performance drifts. Simulation and online tests have been done to validate the performance of the algorithm.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS037

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 30 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2022

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TUPOMS041

High Power RF-Cavity Development for the HBS-Driver LINAC

cavity, heavy-ion, neutron, linac

1516

M. Basten, K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu, M. Vossberg, S. Yaramyshev
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, M. Basten, C. Burandt, F.D. Dziuba, V. Gettmann, T. Kürzeder, S. Lauber, J. List, M. Miski-Oglu
HIM, Mainz, Germany
K. Aulenbacher, W.A. Barth, F.D. Dziuba, S. Lauber, J. List
KPH, Mainz, Germany
T. Gutberlet
JCNS, Jülich, Germany
H. Podlech
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
H. Podlech
HFHF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Neutron research in Europe is mainly based on various nuclear reactors that will be successively decommissioned over the next years. This means that despite the commissioning of the European Spallation Source ESS, many neutron research centres, especially in the medium flux regime, will disappear. In response to this situation, the Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) has begun the development of a scalable, compact, accelerator-based High Brilliance neutron Source (HBS). A total of three different neutron target stations are planned, which can be operated with a 100 mA proton beam of up to 70 MeV and a duty cycle of up to 6%. The driver Linac consists of an Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source followed by a LEBT section, a 2.5 MeV double Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) and 35 normal conducting (NC) Crossbar H-Mode (CH) cavities. The development of the cavities is carried out by the Institute for Applied Physics (IAP) at the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main. Due to the high beam current, all cavities as well as the associated tuners and couplers have to be optimised for operation under high thermal load to ensure safe operation. In collaboration with the GSI Centre for Heavy Ion Research as the ideal test facility for high power tests, two cavities and the associated hardware are being designed and will be tested. The design and latest status of both cavities will be presented in this paper.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS041

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Received ※ 18 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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TUPOMS043

High Power Tests of a New 4-Rod RFQ with Focus on its Mechanical Vibrations

simulation, rfq, laser, experiment

1523

S.R. Wagner, D. Koser, K. Kümpel, H. Podlech
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
K.B. Bahrke-Rein
TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
M. Basten
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
M. Basten
HIM, Mainz, Germany
H. Podlech
HFHF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Because of strong mechanical vibrations of the electrodes and its sensitivity to changes of thermal load, the operational stability of the existing 4-rod RFQ at the High Charge State Injector (HLI) at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany, could not be ensured for all planned operating states. To resolve this issue and ensure stable injection into the HLI, a new RFQ-prototype, optimized in terms of vibration suppression and cooling efficiency, was designed at the Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) of Goethe University Frankfurt. To test the performance of this prototype and demonstrate the operational stability in terms of mechanical vibration as well as thermal load, high power tests with more than 25’kW/m were performed at GSI. After initial conditioning, detailed vibrational measurements during high power RF operation using a laser Doppler vibrometer were performed, which were then compared to previously conducted simulations using ANSYS. Ultimately, the ability for stable operation up to high power levels with an efficient vibration suppression and moderate heating have clearly been demonstrated.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS043

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022

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TUPOMS049

Digital LLRF for the Canadian Light Source

cavity, LLRF, booster, controls

1538

P. Solans, F. Pérez, A. Salom
ALBA-CELLS Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
D.R. Beauregard, C.J. Boyle, J.M. Patel, H. Shaker, J. Stampe
CLS, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

The Canadian Light Source, at the University of Saskatchewan, is a 3rd generation synchrotron light source located in the city of Saskatoon, Canada. The facility comprises a 250 MeV LINAC, a full energy booster and a 2.9 GeV storage ring. The radiofrequency system in the booster consist of two 5-cell cavities feed with a single SSPA. The analogue LLRF for the booster has been recently replaced by a digital LLRF based in the ALBA design with a Picodigitizer, a stand-alone commercial solution provided by Nutaq. Also, the firmware of the new DLLRF is configurable to allow operation with a superconducting cavity feed with one amplifier, thus providing the possibility to replace the CLS SR LLRF as well. The main hardware components, the basic firmware functionalities and the commissioning measurements of the new DLLRF for the CLS booster will be presented in this paper.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS049

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2022

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TUPOMS054

Data Augmentation for Breakdown Prediction in CLIC RF Cavities

cavity, network, experiment, ECR

1553

H.S. Bovbjerg, M. Shen, Z.H. Tan
Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
A. Apollonio, H.S. Bovbjerg, T. Cartier-Michaud, W.L. Millar, C. Obermair, D. Wollmann
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
C. Obermair
TUG, Graz, Austria

One of the primary limitations on the achievable accelerating gradient in normal-conducting accelerator cavities is the occurrence of vacuum arcs, also known as RF breakdowns. A recent study on experimental data from the CLIC XBOX2 test stand at CERN proposes the use of supervised machine learning methods for predicting RF breakdowns. As RF breakdowns occur relatively infrequently during operation, the majority of the data was instead comprised of non-breakdown pulses. This phenomenon is known in the field of machine learning as class imbalance and is problematic for the training of the models. This paper proposes the use of data augmentation methods to generate synthetic data to counteract this problem. Different data augmentation methods like random transformations and pattern mixing are applied to the experimental data from the XBOX2 test stand, and their efficiency is compared.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS054

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 15 June 2022

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TUPOMS055

A Modernized Architecture for the Post Mortem System at CERN

database, controls, framework, injection

1557

J.F. Barth, F. Bogyai, J.C. Garnier, M.L. Majewski, T. Martins Ribeiro, A. Mnich, M.P. Pocwierz, R.S. Selvek, R. Simpson, A. Stanisz, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The control system of the accelerators at CERN stores and analyses more than 200 million dumps of high resolution data recordings every year in the Post Mortem (PM) system. A continuous increase in the complexity of the Large Hadron Collider’s (LHC) systems and the desire to collect more accurate data requires continuous improvement of the PM system. Recently, the PM system has been modernized ahead of the third operational Run of the LHC. The upgraded system implements well known data engineering principles such as horizontal scaling, stateless services and readiness for extensions. This paper recalls the purpose of the PM service and its current use cases. It presents its modernized architecture, reviews the current performance and limitations of the system, and draws perspectives for the next steps in its evolution.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS055

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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TUPOMS060

High Gradient Conditioning and Performance of C-Band ß=0.5 Proton Normal- Conducting Copper and Copper-Silver Radio-Frequency Accelerating Cavities

cavity, proton, klystron, coupling

1567

M.R.A. Zuboraj, R.L. Fleming, V. Gorelov, J.W. Lewellen, M.E. Middendorf, E.I. Simakov
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
S.V. Baryshev, M.E. Schneider
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
V.A. Dolgashev, E.A. Nanni, E.J.C. Snively, S.G. Tantawi
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
E. Jevarjian
MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: LANL-LDRD
This work presents the results of high gradient testing of the two C-band (5.712 GHz) normal conducting ß=0.5 accelerating cavities. The first cavity was made of copper and second was made of copper-silver alloy with 0.08% silver concentration. The tests were conducted at the C-Band Engineering Research Facility of New Mexico (CERF-NM) located at Los Alamos National Laboratory Both cavities achieved gradients in excess of 200 MV/m and surface electric fields in excess of 300 MV/m. The breakdown rates were mapped as functions of the gradient and peak surface fields. The gradients and peak surface fields observed in the copper-silver cavity were about 20% higher than those in the pure copper cavity with the same breakdown rate. It was concluded that the dominant breakdown mechanism in these cavities was not the pulse heating but the breakdown due to very high surface electric fields.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS060

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 June 2022

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TUPOMS061

RF System Design for Elettra 2.0

cavity, storage-ring, HOM, booster

1570

C. Pasotti, M. Bocciai, L. Bortolossi, M. Rinaldi
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy

The Elettra 2.0 low emittance light source project aims to a substantial increase of the brilliance and coherence fraction of the source improving, at the same time, the storage ring stability and reliability. The Radio Frequency (RF) system plays a pivotal role in the beam quality, stability and reliability for the user operation. This paper will cover the design and the implemented strategy to meet these features for the Elettra 2.0 RF system. Starting point of the new RF design is the final choice of the RF frequency, 500 MHz, and the available room, 1260 mm, to install the accelerating cavities. Thanks to the 500 MHz frequency choice, some components of the new RF system for Elettra 2.0 are already installed and set into operation in the current Elettra storage ring. Their features and performance’s optimization can therefore start well in advance with respect to the foreseen operation the new Elettra 2.0 storage ring.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOMS061

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 21 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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WEOYGD1

Recent Results of Beam Loss Mitigation and Extremely Low Beam Loss Operation of J-PARC RCS

injection, scattering, radiation, proton

1616

P.K. Saha, H. Harada, T. Nakanoya, K. Okabe, H. Okita, Y. Shobuda, F. Tamura, M. Yoshimoto
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
H. Hotchi
KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan

In the 3-GeV RCS (Rapid Cycling Synchrotron) of J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex), multi-turn charge-exchange injection of H⁻ by using a thin stripper foil is performed to achieve high-intensity proton beam of 1 MW. The beam loss at 1 MW has already been well controlled, but for further minimizing both uncontrolled and controlled beam losses caused by the foil scattering of the circulating beam, recently we have implemented a lower vertical injection beam size and installed a corresponding smaller size stripper foil. A smaller foil gives a significant reduction of the foil scattering uncontrolled beam loss at the injection area, while an optimization of the vertical transverse painting area matching with a smaller beam size further gives an extremely reduction of the beam loss at the collimator section. The corresponding residual radiation at the recent operation with 700 kW beam power was also measured to extremely reduced.

Slides WEOYGD1 [1.161 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEOYGD1

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022

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WEOYSP3

Operation Experience with SESAME RF System

cavity, injection, LLRF, controls

1636

D.S. Foudeh, A.I. Kurdi, N.Kh. Sawai
SESAME, Allan, Jordan

SESAME RF system has been in operation since 2017 where the operational electron beam current has been increased from 100mA to 300mA since then. The higher operational beam current together with the need to have longer beam lifetime to reduce number of injections per day required higher forward RF power, On the other hand; more attention needed to be paid to monitor and tackle the current driven High Order Modes and to respect the limitation on the forward RF power coming from the solid state amplifiers. In this paper we describe the RF system and report on the challenges we faced in addition to the operational experience we had with the RF system and solid state amplifiers.

Slides WEOYSP3 [4.207 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEOYSP3

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Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022

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WEOZSP4

Full Coupling Studies at ALBA

coupling, emittance, lattice, simulation

1667

Z. Martí, G. Benedetti, M. Carlà, U. Iriso, L. Torino
ALBA-CELLS Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

As other low emittance machine upgrades ALBA-II proposal considers operating in full coupling. In such configuration the horizontal emittance is further reduced while the lifetime is increased at the price of working close to equal fractional tunes. This mode of operation has not been adopted by any existing light source to date, and it presents a few disadvantages, like the optics degradation, injection efficiency reduction and beam size stability. In this paper the above mentioned difficulties are studied for the present ALBA storage ring in full coupling conditions.

Slides WEOZSP4 [1.694 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEOZSP4

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 22 June 2022

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WEPOST012

Feasibility of Slow-Extracted High-Energy Ions From the CERN Proton Synchrotron for CHARM

extraction, proton, heavy-ion, controls

1703

M.A. Fraser, P.A. Arrutia Sota, K. Biłko, N. Charitonidis, S. Danzeca, M. Delrieux, M. Duraffourg, N. Emriskova, L.S. Esposito, R. García Alía, A. Guerrero, O. Hans, G.I. Imesch, E.P. Johnson, G. Lerner, I. Ortega Ruiz, G. Pezzullo, D. Prelipcean, F. Ravotti, F. Roncarolo, A. Waets
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The CHARM High-energy Ions for Micro Electronics Reliability Assurance (CHIMERA) working group at CERN is investigating the feasibility of delivering high energy ion beams to the CHARM facility for the study of radiation effects to electronics components engineered to operate in harsh radiation environments, such as space or high-energy accelerators. The Proton Synchrotron has the potential of delivering the required high energy and high-Z (in this case, Pb) ions for radiation tests over the relevant range of Linear Energy Transfer of ~ 10 - 40 MeV cm²/mg with a > 1 mm penetration depth in silicon, specifically for single event effect tests. This contribution summarises the working group’s progress in demonstrating the feasibility of variable energy slow extraction and over a wide range of intensities. The results of a dedicated 6 GeV/u Pb ion beam test are reported to understand the performance limitations of the beam instrumentation systems needed to characterise the beam in CHARM.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST012

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Received ※ 02 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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WEPOST013

Exploitation of Crystal Shadowing via Multi-Crystal Array, Optimisers and Reinforcement Learning

extraction, septum, simulation, proton

1707

F.M. Velotti, M. Di Castro, L.S. Esposito, M.A. Fraser, S.S. Gilardoni, B. Goddard, V. Kain, E. Matheson
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) routinely delivers proton and heavy ion beams to the North experimental Area (NA) in the form of 4.8 s spills. To produce such a long flux of particles, resonant third integer slow extraction is used, which, by design, foresees primary beam lost on the electrostatic septum wires to separate circulating from extracted beam. Shadowing with thin bent crystal has been proposed and successfully tested in the SPS, as detailed in *. In 2021, a thin crystal was used for physics production showing results compatible with what measured during early testing. In this paper, the results from the 2021 physics run are presented also comparing particle losses at extraction with previous operational years. The setting up of the crystal using numerical optimisers is detailed, with possible implementation of reinforcement learning (RL) agents to improve the setting up time. Finally, the full exploitation of crystal shadowing via multi-array crystals is discussed, together with the performance reach in the SPS.
F.Velotti, et. al, "Septum shadowing by means of a bent crystal to reduce slow extraction beam loss", Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 22, 093502 - Published 27 September 2019

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST013

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022

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WEPOST015

Implementation of a Tune Sweep Slow Extraction with Constant Optics at MedAustron

extraction, simulation, betatron, optics

1715

P.A. Arrutia Sota, M.A. Fraser, B. Goddard, V. Kain, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
P. Burrows
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
A. De Franco
QST Rokkasho, Aomori, Japan
F. Kuehteubl, M.T.F. Pivi, D.A. Prokopovich
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria

Conventional slow extraction driven by a tune sweep perturbs the optics and changes the presentation of the beam separatrix to the extraction septum during the spill. The constant optics slow extraction (COSE) technique, recently developed and deployed operationally at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron to reduce beam loss on the extraction septum, was implemented at MedAustron to facilitate extraction with a tune sweep of operational beam quality. COSE fixes the optics of the extracted beam by scaling all machine settings with the beam rigidity following the extracted beam’s momentum. In this contribution the implementation of the COSE extraction technique is described before it is compared to the conventional tune sweep and operational betatron core driven cases using both simulations and recent measurements.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST015

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022

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WEPOST017

Design of a Collimation Section for the FCC-ee

collimation, collider, optics, quadrupole

1722

M. Hofer, A. Abramov, R. Bruce, K. Oide, F. Zimmermann
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
M. Moudgalya, T. Pieloni
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
K. Oide
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

The design parameters of the FCC-ee foresee operation with a total stored beam energy of about 20 MJ, exceeding those of previous lepton colliders by almost two orders of magnitude. Given the inherent damage potential, a halo collimation system is studied to protect the machine hardware, in particular superconducting equipment such as the final focus quadrupoles, from sudden beam loss. The different constraints that led to dedicating one straight section to collimation will be outlined. In addition, a preliminary layout and optics for a collimation insertion are presented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST017

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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WEPOST018

Power Deposition Studies for Crystal-Based Heavy Ion Collimation in the LHC

collimation, simulation, heavy-ion, hadron

1726

J.B. Potoine, R. Bruce, R. Cai, L.S. Esposito, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, S. Redaelli, A. Waets
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
F. Wrobel
IES, Montpellier, France

The LHC heavy-ion program with 208Pb⁸²⁺ beams is foreseen to benefit from a significant intensity upgrade in 2022. A performance limitation may arise from ion fragments scattered out of the collimators in the betatron cleaning insertion, which risk quenching superconducting magnets during periods of short beam lifetime. In order to mitigate this risk, an alternative collimation technique, relying on bent crystals as primary collimators, will be used in future heavy-ion runs. In this paper, we study the power deposition in superconducting magnets by means of FLUKA shower simulations, comparing the standard collimation system against the crystal-based one. The studies focus on the dispersion suppressor regions downstream of the betatron cleaning insertion, where the ion fragment losses are the highest. Based on these studies, we quantify the expected quench margin expected in future runs with 208Pb⁸²⁺ beams.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST018

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 24 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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WEPOST019

Benchmarks of Energy Deposition Studies for Heavy-Ion Collimation Losses at the LHC

collimation, simulation, heavy-ion, betatron

1730

J.B. Potoine, R. Bruce, R. Cai, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, S. Redaelli, A. Waets
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
F. Wrobel
IES, Montpellier, France

During some periods in its second physics run (2015-2018), the LHC has been operated with 208Pb⁸²⁺ ion beams at an energy of 6.37 ZTeV. The LHC is equipped with a betatron collimation system, which intercepts the transverse beam halo and protects sensitive equipment such as superconducting magnets against beam losses. However, hadronic fragmentation and electromagnetic dissociation of heavy ions in collimators generate off-rigidity particles, which can be lost in the downstream dispersion suppressor, putting the magnets at risk to quench. An accurate modelling of the beam-induced energy deposition in the collimation system and superconducting magnets is important for quantifying possible performance limitations arising from magnet quenches. In this paper, we compare FLUKA shower simulations against beam loss monitor measurements recorded during the 2018 208Pb⁸²⁺ run. In particular, we investigate fast beam loss events, which lead to recurring beam aborts in 2018 operation. Based on these studies, we assess the ability of the simulation model to reproduce the observed loss patterns in the collimation region and dispersion suppressor.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST019

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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WEPOST025

A High Power Prototype of a Harmonic Kicker Cavity

kicker, cavity, MMI, electron

1749

G.-T. Park, G.A. Grose, J. Guo, A. OBrien, R.A. Rimmer, H. Wang, R.S. Williams
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
S.A. Overstreet
ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

A harmonic kicker, a beam exchange device that can deflect the beam at an ultra-fast time scale (a few ns), has been developed in Jefferson Lab *, **. The high power prototype that can deliver more than a 100 kV kick at 7 kW was fabricated. The RF performance of cavity such as the harmonic resonant frequencies, kick profiles, it’s stability, and electric center is tested at bench. The cavity will eventually be tested with a beam at Upgraded Injector Test Facility (UITF) in Jefferson Lab. In this paper, we report some features of fabrication and bench test results. We also briefly describe our beam test plan in the future.
* G.Park, H.Wang, R.A.Rimmer, S. Wang, and J.Guo, THP092, Proceedings of IPAC2018, Vancouver, Canada (2018).
** G.Park, et al, WEPRBO99, Proceedings of IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia (2019).

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST025

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Received ※ 11 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022

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WEPOST026

Conceptual Design of the FCC-ee Beam Dumping System

radiation, extraction, dumping, simulation

1753

A.M. Krainer, P. Andreu Muñoz, W. Bartmann, M. Calviani, Y. Dutheil, A. Lechner, F.-X. Nuiry, A. Perillo-Marcone
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
R.L. Ramjiawan
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom

The Future Circular electron-positron Collider (FCC-ee) will have stored beam energies of up to 20 MJ. This is a factor 100 higher than any current or past lepton collider. A safe and reliable disposal of the beam onto a beam dump block is therefore critical for operation. To ensure the survival of the dump core blocks, transversal dilution of the beam is necessary. To reduce the complexity of the system and guarantee high availability, an optimized, semi-passive beam dumping system has been designed. The main dump absorber design has been optimized following recent studies for high energy dump block materials for the LHC High Luminosity upgrade. First simulations regarding the radiation environment of the dumping system have been carried out, allowing the definition of preliminary constraints for the integration with respect to radiation sensitive equipment. The performance of the system has been evaluated using Monte-Carlo simulations as well as thermomechanical Finite-Element-Analysis to investigate potential material failure and assess safety margins. An experiment at the CERN HiRadMat facility has been carried out and preliminary results show good agreement with simulations.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST026

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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WEPOST031

RHIC Polarized Proton Operation in Run 22

polarization, proton, luminosity, dipole

1765

V. Schoefer, E.C. Aschenauer, D. Bruno, K.A. Drees, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, K. Hock, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, C. Liu, Y. Luo, I. Marneris, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, F. Méot, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, J. Morris, A. Poblaguev, V. Ptitsyn, V.H. Ranjbar, D. Raparia, G. Robert-Demolaize, J. Sandberg, W.B. Schmidke, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, P. Thieberger, J.E. Tuozzolo, M. Valette, K. Yip, A. Zaltsman, A. Zelenski, K. Zeno
BNL, Upton, New York, USA

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) Run 22 physics program consisted of collisions with vertically po- larized proton beams at a single collision point (the STAR detector). During initial startup of the collider, power out- ages damaged two of the coils in one of the RHIC helical dipole snake magnets used for polarization preservation in the Blue ring. That snake was reconfigured for use as a partial snake. We will outline some of the remediating mea- sures taken to maximize polarization transmission in this configuration. These measures included changing the col- liding beam energy from 255 GeV to 254.2 GeV to adjust the spin closed orbit at store and adjustment of the field in the other helical dipole in the Blue ring to improve injection spin matching. Later in the run, the primary motor gener- ator for the AGS (the injector to RHIC) failed and a lower voltage backup had to be used, resulting in a period of lower polarization. Other efforts include detailed measurement of the stable spin direction at store and the commissioning of a machine protection relay system to prevent spurious firing of the RHIC abort kickers.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST031

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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WEPOST053

Extraction of High-Charge State Argon and α-Particles from D-Pace Penning Ion Source Test Stand

ion-source, extraction, cathode, experiment

1816

N. Savard
UBC, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
M.P. Dehnel, J.J. Munich
D-Pace, Nelson, British Columbia, Canada

At D-Pace’s Ion Source Test Facility (ISTF), we measure the extracted current of high-charge state ions from a hot cathode Penning ion source. Producing high-charge states of Boron, Arsenic, and Phosphorous is of interest to the ion implantation community. Higher-charge states allow these doping agents to be accelerated to higher energies within the same accelerating electric fields. When used for doping silicon semiconductors, this allows for deeper implantation of the ions. We use Argon and Helium gas as a proxy to determine whether the Penning ion source could be used for this application as it is less toxic to work with. The ability to reach charge states of greater than 4+ with Argon and 1+ with Helium leads to the possibility of producing highe-charge states of ions used in the ion implantation industry. This paper shows the extracted beam currents of Ar³⁺ - Ar⁶⁺ and alpha-ions for the hot cathode Penning ion source with variations in the confining magnetic field (0.4 - 0.95 T), gas flow (0.3 - 10 sccm), and arc discharge current (1 - 3 A).

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST053

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Received ※ 27 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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WEPOPT003

Challenges of Low Energy Hadron Colliders

collider, electron, luminosity, emittance

1825

G.V. Trubnikov, V.A. Lebedev
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
A.V. Butenko, S.A. Kostromin, I.N. Meshkov, A.V. Philippov, A.O. Sidorin, E. Syresin, A. Tuzikov
JINR/VBLHEP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

NICA collider complex is under construction at JINR. The initial configuration of the collider will perform collisions of fully stripped heavy ions, 209 Bi and others, for a study of phase transition in the quark-gluon plasma in the energy range 1/4.5 GeV/u per beam. Commissioning of the collider injection chain has been recently started. The complex includes 2 linacs, 2 Booster synchrotrons (Booster and Nuclotron to support the beam injection to the collider), and 2 collider rings of 503 m circumference. The design luminosity is ~10²⁷ 1/(cm*s) at 4.5 GeV/u. The heavy ions are generated in the ESIS-type ion source with intensity ~10 9 /pulse. Then they are accelerated into the linac and Booster and directed to stripping target. Next, fully stripped ions are accelerated in the Nuclotron and injected into Collider. The electron and stochastic cooling are used in each of the collider rings to support beam accumulation and to prevent the emittance growth due to intrabeam scattering. Three RF systems are used for longitudinal phase space manipulations. An achievement of design luminosity requires overcoming many technological and beam physics problems which are discussed in this paper.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT003

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Received ※ 30 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022

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WEPOPT009

Operational Scenario of First High Luminosity LHC Run

luminosity, emittance, injection, sextupole

1846

R. Tomás García, G. Arduini, P. Baudrenghien, R. Bruce, O.S. Brüning, X. Buffat, R. Calaga, F. Cerutti, R. De Maria, J. Dilly, I. Efthymiopoulos, M. Giovannozzi, P.D. Hermes, G. Iadarola, O.R. Jones, S. Kostoglou, E.H. Maclean, N. Mounet, E. Métral, Y. Papaphilippou, S. Redaelli, G. Sterbini, H. Timko, F.F. Van der Veken, J. Wenninger, M. Zerlauth
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

A new scenario for the first operational run of the HL-LHC era (Run 4) has been recently developed to accommodate a period of performance ramp-up to achieve an annual integrated luminosity close to the nominal HL-LHC design. The operational scenario in terms of beam parameters and machine settings, as well as the different phases, are described here along with the impact of potential delays on key hardware components.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT009

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Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 09 July 2022

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WEPOPT010

Progress on Action Phase Jump for LHC Local Optics Correction

optics, simulation, quadrupole, interaction-region

1850

J.F. Cardona, Y. Rodriguez Garcia
UNAL, Bogota D.C, Colombia
H. García Morales, M. Hofer, E.H. Maclean, T.H.B. Persson, R. Tomás García
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
Y. Rodriguez Garcia
UAN, Bogotá D.C., Colombia

The correction of the local optics at the Interaction Regions of the LHC is crucial to ensure a good performance of the machine. This is even more important for the future LHC upgrade, HL-LHC, where the optics is more sensitive to magnetic errors. For that reason, it is important to explore alternative techniques for local optics corrections. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the Action Phase Jump method for optics correction in the LHC and the HL-LHC and explore ways to integrate this technique in regular operations.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT010

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 18 June 2022

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WEPOPT016

Beam-Based Reconstruction of the Shielded Quench-Heater Fields for the LHC Main Dipoles

dipole, shielding, optics, injection

1874

L.C. Richtmann, L. Bortot, E. Ravaioli, C. Wiesner, D. Wollmann
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Small orbit oscillations of the circulating particle beams have been observed immediately following quenches in the LHC’s superconducting main dipole magnets. Magnetic fields generated during the discharge into the quench heaters were identified as the cause. Since the resulting, shielded field inside the beam screen cannot be measured in-situ, the time evolution of the field has to be reconstructed from the measured beam excursions. In this paper, the field-reconstruction method using rotation in normalized phase space and the optimized fitting algorithm are described. The resulting rise times and magnetic field levels are presented for quench events that occurred during regular operation as well as for dedicated beam experiments. Finally, different approaches to model the shielding behavior of the beam screen are discussed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT016

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022

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WEPOPT019

RHIC Blue Snake Blues

polarization, closed-orbit, optics, simulation

1881

F. Méot, E.C. Aschenauer, H. Huang, A. Marusic, V. Ptitsyn, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize, V. Schoefer
BNL, Upton, New York, USA

Funding: Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Two helical full snakes are used in both Blue and Yellow rings of RHIC collider, in order to preserve beam polarization during acceleration to collision energy and polarization lifetime at store. A snake in RHIC is comprised of four 2.4m long modules, powered by pair. During the startup of RHIC Run 22 in December 2021, two successive power dips have caused the 9 o’clock RHIC BlBrookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.ue ring snake to loose two of its four modules. In spite of this regrettable loss, it has been possible to maintain near 180deg snake precession, by proper powering of the remaining two modules, as well as, by re-tuning the 3 o’clock sister snake, vertical spin precession axis around the ring and spin tune 1/2. Determining these new settings, in order to salvage polarization with the handicapped Blue snake pair, has required series of numerical simulations, a brief overview is given here.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT019

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Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 17 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022

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WEPOPT032

Summary of the 3-year Beam Energy Scan II operation at RHIC

luminosity, electron, space-charge, cavity

1908

C. Liu, P. Adams, E.N. Beebe, S. Binello, I. Blackler, M. Blaskiewicz, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, B.D. Coe, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, C.E. Giorgio, X. Gu, T. Hayes, K. Hock, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, T. Kanesue, D. Kayran, N.A. Kling, B. Lepore, Y. Luo, D. Maffei, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, J. Morris, C. Naylor, S. Nemesure, M. Okamura, I. Pinayev, S. Polizzo, D. Raparia, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Roser, J. Sandberg, V. Schoefer, S. Seletskiy, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, P. Thieberger, M. Valette, A. Zaltsman, I. Zane, K. Zeno, W. Zhang
BNL, Upton, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Beam Energy Scan phase II (BES-II) operation in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), aiming to explore the phase transition between quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and hadronic gas, exceeded the goal of a four-fold increase in the average luminosity over the range of five gold beam energies (9.8, 7.3, 5.75, 4.59 and 3.85 GeV/nucleon) compared to those achieved during Beam Energy Scan phase I (BES-I). We will present the achievements in BES-II together with a summary of the measures taken to improve RHIC performance in the presence of several beam dynamics effects, and details on improvements made during the operation at 3.85 GeV/nucleon in 2021.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT032

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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WEPOPT033

Report of RHIC Beam Operation in 2021

luminosity, target, electron, experiment

1912

C. Liu, P. Adams, E.N. Beebe, S. Binello, I. Blackler, M. Blaskiewicz, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, B.D. Coe, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, C.E. Giorgio, X. Gu, T. Hayes, K. Hock, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, T. Kanesue, D. Kayran, N.A. Kling, B. Lepore, Y. Luo, D. Maffei, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, J. Morris, C. Naylor, S. Nemesure, M. Okamura, I. Pinayev, S. Polizzo, D. Raparia, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Roser, J. Sandberg, V. Schoefer, S. Seletskiy, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, P. Thieberger, M. Valette, A. Zaltsman, I. Zane, K. Zeno, W. Zhang
BNL, Upton, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The first priority of RHIC operation in 2021 was the Au+Au collisions at 3.85 GeV/nucleon, which is the lowest energy to complete the 3-year Beam Energy Scan II physics program, with RF-based electron cooling. In addition, RHIC also operated for several other physics programs including fixed target experiments, O+O at 100 GeV/nucleon, Au+Au at 8.65 GeV/nucleon, and d+Au at 100 GeV/nucleon. This report presents the operational experience and the results from RHIC operation in 2021. With Au+Au collisions at 3.85 GeV/nucleon reported in a separate report, this paper focuses on the operation conditions for the other programs mentioned above.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT033

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022

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WEPOPT055

Linac3, LEIR and PS Performance with Ions in 2021 and Prospects for 2022

linac, LLRF, cavity, injection

1983

N. Biancacci, S.C.P. Albright, R. Alemany-Fernández, D. Alves, M.E. Angoletta, D. Barrientos, H. Bartosik, G. Bellodi, S.B. Bertolo, D. Bodart, M. Bozzolan, H. Damerau, F.D.L. Di Lorenzo, A. Frassier, D. Gamba, A. Huschauer, S. Jensen, V. Kain, T. Koevener, G. Kotzian, D. Küchler, A. Lasheen, G. Le Godec, T.E. Levens, N. Madysa, E. Mahner, O. Marqversen, C.M. Mastrostefano, P.D. Meruga, C. Mutin, M. O’Neil, G. Piccinini, R. Scrivens, P.S. Solvang, D. Valuch, F.M. Velotti, R. Wegner, C. Wetton, M. Zampetakis
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

CERN accelerators underwent a period of long shutdown from the end of 2018 to 2020. During this time frame, significant hardware and software upgrades have been put in place to increase the performance of both proton and ion accelerator chains in the High Luminosity LHC era. In the context of the CERN lead ion chain, 2021 has been mainly devoted to restore the injectors’ performance and to successfully prove the slip-stacking technique in SPS. In this paper we summarise the key milestones of the ion beam commissioning and the achieved beam performance for the Linac 3 (including the source), LEIR and PS accelerators, together with an outlook on 2022 operation.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT055

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Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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WEPOTK004

Status and Upgrade Plan of the MR Ring RF Systems in J-PARC

cavity, power-supply, proton, experiment

2031

K. Hasegawa, K. Hara, C. Ohmori, Y. Sugiyama, M. Yoshii
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
M. Nomura, H. Okita, T. Shimada, F. Tamura, M. Yamamoto
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan

The J-PARC Main Ring (MR) is a high intensity proton accelerator and delivers 30 GeV proton beams for the long-base line neutrino experiment and the hadron experiments. At present, the beam intensity supplied to the neutrino experiment reached 520 kW with a cycle time of 2.48 s. Toward the design beam power of 750 kW and future goal of 1.3 MW, we chose shortening the MR operation cycle. Accelerating time is shortened in order to shorten the cycle, so a high accelerating voltage is required. Therefore, it is necessary to upgrade the RF systems. This RF upgrade expands the current nine RF systems to a total of thirteen. We are planning to fabricate four RF power sources and add four additional cavities that are recombined with existing cavities. The present status and upgrade plan of the MR RF systems are reported.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK004

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022

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WEPOTK009

Processes and Tools to Manage CERN Programmed Stops Applied to the Second Long Shutdown of the Accelerator Complex

MMI, database, proton, synchrotron

2048

E. Vergara Fernandez, A. Ansel, M. Barberan Marin, M. Bernardini, S. Chemli, J. Coupard, K. Foraz, D. Hay, J.M. Jimenez, D.J. Mcfarlane, F. Pedrosa, M. Pirozzi, J.Ph.G.L. Tock
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The preparation and follow-up of CERN accelerator complex programmed stops require clear processes and methodologies. The LHC and its Injectors were stopped in December 2018, to maintain, consolidate and upgrade the different equipment of the accelerator chain. During the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2), major projects were implemented such as the LHC Injectors upgrade and the LHC Dipoles Diodes consolidation. The installation of some equipment of the HL-LHC project took also place. This paper presents the application to the LS2 of the processes and tools to managed CERN programmed stops: it covers the preparation, implementation and follow up phases, as well as the KPIs, the tools used to build a coherent schedule and to follow up and report the progress. The description of the methodology to create a linear schedule, as well the construction of automatised broken lines and progress curves are detailed. It also describes the organizational set-up for the coordination of the works, the main activities and the key milestones. The impact of the COVID-19 on the long shutdown will be described, especially the strategy implemented to minimise its consequences.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK009

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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WEPOTK010

The Second Long Shutdown of the LHC and Its Injectors: Feedback from the Accelerator Coordination and Engineering Group

site, experiment, GUI, database

2052

A.-L. Perrot, M. Bernardini, S. Chemli, J.-P. Corso, J. Coupard, F.B. Dos Santos Pedrosa, J. Etheridge, K. Foraz, S. Grillot, J.M. Jimenez, B. Nicquevert, S. Petit, J.Ph.G.L. Tock, E. Vergara Fernandez
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN started in September 2008. Every 5 or 6 years, Long Shutdowns (LS) are programmed to execute time-intensive ordinary and extra-ordinary maintenance of the LHC and its injectors. The second LS (LS2) started in December 2018 and was completed end 2020 for the injectors and early 2022 for the LHC. A huge number of maintenance, consolidation and upgrade activities, especially the upgrade of the injectors complex, were performed with challenges at various levels, from technical, to organizational and managerial. This paper presents the applied methodology put in place by the Accelerator Coordination & Engineering (EN-ACE) Group, in charge of the technical coordination of the activities for the interventions and changes to the LHC and its injectors, to ensure that the installation activities are performed safely, meeting the required high level of quality, while optimizing the schedule. It highlights key points of success and lessons learnt in terms of general coordination, quality assurance, configuration and layout management, spatial integration, planning and scheduling, operational safety, logistics and worksite coordination

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK010

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Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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WEPOTK011

High Intensity Studies in the CERN Proton Synchrotron Booster

resonance, injection, proton, ISOL

2056

F. Asvesta, S.C.P. Albright, F. Antoniou, H. Bartosik, C. Bracco, G.P. Di Giovanni, G. Rumolo, P.K. Skowroński, C. Zannini
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
E. Renner
TU Vienna, Wien, Austria

After the successful implementation of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project, studies were conducted in the CERN Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) in order to assess the intensity reach with the increased beam brightness. The studies focused on the high intensity beams delivered to the PSB users, both at 1.4 and 2 GeV. In addition, possible intensity limitations in view of the Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) Study were investigated. To this end, various machine configurations were tested including different resonance compensation schemes and chromaticity settings in correlation with the longitudinal parameters. This paper summarizes the results obtained since the machine recommissioning.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK011

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Received ※ 05 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 19 June 2022

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WEPOTK012

Commissioning the New LLRF System of the CERN PS Booster

cavity, injection, LLRF, MMI

2060

S.C.P. Albright, M.E. Angoletta, D. Barrientos, A. Findlay, M. Jaussi, J.C. Molendijk
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The PS Booster (PSB) is the first synchrotron in the injection chain for protons. The beams produced for the LHC and various fixed target experiments cover a very large parameter space. Over the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2), the PSB was heavily upgraded as part of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project. The low-level RF systems now drive the new Finemet-loaded cavities, control RF synchronisation for the new injection mechanism, and cope with the increased injection and extraction energies. The Finemet cavities provide exceptional flexibility, allowing an arbitrary distribution of voltage at different revolution frequency harmonics, but at the cost of significant broadband impedance. The new injection mechanism allows bunch-to-bucket multi-turn injection, which significantly reduces the amount of beam loss at the start of the cycle. The longitudinal beam production schema for each beam-type was developed based on simulations during LS2, and then adapted during the setting-up phase to suit the final operational configuration. This paper discusses the commissioning of the new LLRF, and the consequences of the LIU upgrades on the production of various beams.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK012

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Received ※ 25 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022

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WEPOTK023

Simulation Study of Fast Extraction in the Absence of One Septum Magnet for J-Parc Main Ring

septum, extraction, kicker, vacuum

2100

S. Iwata, S. Igarashi, K. Ishii, H. Matsumoto, N. Matsumoto, Y. Sato, T. Shibata, T. Sugimoto, T.Y. Yasui
KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan

At J-PARC main ring (MR), the two fast extracting beamlines to the neutrino facility and to the abort dump have a symmetrical layout of 6 septum magnets each, a total of 12. Since there are many magnets, it is necessary to be careful about failure. It is important to consider how to continue beam supply even if one of the septum mag-nets is missing. From July 2021, upgrade works of the FX septum magnets commenced with an aim of increasing the beam power of MR to 1.3 MW from 500 kW. We simulated the beam extraction without one of the septum magnets under the conditions of the new geometry of septum magnets and the new aperture. We found that the beam can be extracted by increasing the current of the surrounding septum magnets and compensating for the output.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK023

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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WEPOTK024

Upgrade of Septum Magnets for Fast Extraction in J-Parc Main Ring

septum, extraction, vacuum, power-supply

2103

S. Iwata, K. Ishii, H. Matsumoto, N. Matsumoto, Y. Sato, T. Shibata, T. Sugimoto, M. Uota
KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan

We aim to supply a high-power proton beam of 1.3 MW to the neutrino facility from J-PARC Main Ring (MR) by shortening the repetition cycle to 1.16 s from 2.48 s and increasing the number of particles by 30%. The six sep-tum magnets for fast extraction (FX) need to be replaced to reduce the heat that is generated as a result of shorten-ing the repetition cycle. The replacement of the septum magnets began in July 2021 and was completed at the end of May 2022. The beam commissioning starts in June 2022. We report the details of the replacement work and operation test of the new septum magnets. We found a defect in the magnetic coil of the septum (SM32) in August 2021. We decided to postpone its installation to around August 2022 and produce new magnet coils for the SM32. The beam extraction in June 2022 will be per-formed using a temporary vacuum duct instead of the SM32 magnet, and the extraction beam orbit will be maintained by increasing the magnetic field of the other five septum magnets.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK024

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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WEPOTK034

LHC Beam Collimation During Extended β*-Levelling in Run 3

collimation, luminosity, experiment, optics

2138

F.F. Van der Veken, R. Bruce, M. Hostettler, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

During the third operational Run of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, starting in 2022, the bunch population will be increased to unprecedented levels requiring to deploy β^*-levelling of the luminosity over a wide range of values to cope with the limitations imposed by event pile-up at the experiments and heat load on the triplets induced by collision debris. During this levelling, both beam optics and orbit change in various areas of the ring, in particular around the high-luminosity experiments, where several collimators are installed. This requires adapting the collimation system settings adequately, in particular for the tertiary collimators (TCTs) that protect the inner-triplet magnets. To this end, two strategies are considered: keeping collimators at fixed physical openings while shifting their centres following the beam orbit, or varying also the collimator openings. The latter strategy is planned when the larger optics range will be deployed. In this paper, we investigate several loss scenarios at the TCTs in different steps of the levelling, and present the proposed collimator settings during Run 3.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK034

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022

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WEPOTK035

Layout of the 12 O’clock Collimation Straight Section for the EIC Hadron Storage Ring

hadron, dipole, electron, storage-ring

2142

G. Robert-Demolaize, J.S. Berg, K.A. Drees, D. Holmes, H. Lovelace III, S. Peggs, M. Valette
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
B. Bhandari
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by the US Department of Energy under contract No. DE-SC0012704.
The design of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) calls for using parts of both of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) Blue and Yellow beamlines. With the HSR having to circulate low (41 GeV) and high (100+ GeV) energy hadron beams while matching the time of flight in the Electron Storage Ring (ESR), it becomes necessary for the ring lattice to switch from an outer arc to an inner arc in order to accommodate for the change in circumference. To do so, a switchyard is planned for installation in the HSR straight section at 12 o’clock with the other switchyard being placed in the straight section immediately downstream, 10 o’clock. The 12 o’clock straight section is simultaneously dedicated to the EIC 2-stage collimation system. The following reviews the layout constraints in the12 o’clock straight section that come with installing such a switchyard, along with the implications on the linear optics for that straight section at all HSR rigidities. The space allocation, twiss parameters and the mechanical requirements of the HSR betatron collimators that will be installed in this section are also discussed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK035

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022

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WEPOTK043

Matching Studies Between the CERN PSB and PS Using Turn-by-Turn Beam Profile Acquisitions with a Residual Beam Gas Ionisation Monitor

injection, emittance, electron, proton

2161

M.A. Fraser, M.R. Coly, A. Guerrero, A. Huschauer, S. Jensen, S. Levasseur, F. Roncarolo, A. Rossi, H.S. Sandberg, J.W. Storey
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

In the framework of the LHC Injectors Upgrade project, the Beam Gas Ionisation (BGI) profile monitors installed in the Proton Synchrotron (PS) were fitted with a gas injection system capable of boosting the signal rate high enough to capture single turn acquisitions immediately after injection. This contribution reports on the studies carried out during the beam commissioning of the BGI system in a turn-by-turn matching monitor mode for its eventual implementation in an optimisation framework to preserve emittance during transfer between the PS Booster and PS. The BGI commissioning included a benchmarking with data from a wire-grid secondary emission monitor inserted into the circulating beam.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK043

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Received ※ 02 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2022

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WEPOMS003

Beam Dynamics with a Superconducting Harmonic Cavity for the SOLEIL Upgrade

cavity, simulation, synchrotron, SRF

2229

A. Gamelin, W. Foosang, P. Marchand, R. Nagaoka
SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
N. Yamamoto
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

In 4th generation low emittance synchrotron light sources, harmonic cavities are critical components needed to reach the required performance. However, RF systems with harmonic cavities can be limited by their own set of instabilities. An instability dominated by the coupled-bunch mode l=1 can prevent the RF system from reaching the flat potential condition, hence limiting the maximum bunch lengthening. Here we report how this instability impacts the performance of 3rd and 4th harmonic superconducting cavities for the SOLEIL Upgrade.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS003

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022

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WEPOMS004

Investigation of RF Heating for the Multipole Injection Kicker Installed at SOLEIL

impedance, injection, kicker, simulation

2233

A. Gamelin, P. Alexandre, R. Ben El Fekih, J. Da Silva Castro, M. El Ajjouri, A. Letresor, L.S. Nadolski, R. Ollier, T.S. Thoraud
SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
M. Sacko, S. Taurines
Avantis Concept, SAINT-CERE, France

During the commissioning of the new Multipole Injection Kicker (MIK) pulsed magnet at SOLEIL synchrotron, an anomalously high heating of the MIK chamber and flanges was found. To better manage the heat load, fans directed toward the MIK were added to improve the air-cooling flow. This allowed the nominal current to be reached in all operation modes while keeping reasonable temperatures on the MIK. Post-installation investigations subsequently showed that the initial estimate of the maximal heat load was in agreement with the measured temperature in several operation modes both with and without the additional fans. In this article, we present the complete study, starting from the impedance calculation to thermal simulations, and comparison with the measured data with beam.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS004

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Received ※ 18 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022

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WEPOMS018

Minimum Emittance Growth during RF-Phase Slip

synchrotron, emittance, focusing, ECR

2276

S.R. Koscielniak
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

This paper is concerned with finding operations consistent with the absolute minimum emittance growth. The system is an RF bucket containing a bunch of hadrons in a synchrotron; and the operation performed is to sweep the RF phase. As a result, the bunch centroid moves from one value of position and momentum to another. For given start and end points, we shall find the ideal RF phase-slip time-variation that minimizes emittance growth of the bunch

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS018

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Received ※ 27 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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WEPOMS024

Present Status of the Injector at the Compact ERL at KEK

FEL, gun, emittance, linac

2296

O.A. Tanaka, T. Miyajima, T. Tanikawa
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

The Compact ERL at KEK is a test accelerator to develop ERL technologies and their possible applications. The first target of injector operation to demonstrate IR-FEL was to generate high bunch charge electron beams with low longitudinal emittance and short bunch length. In 2020, the injector was operated with the bunch charge of 60 pC, the DC gun voltage of 480 kV, the injector energy of 5 MeV and the bunch length of 2 ps rms, and the required beam quality for the IR-FEL has been achieved for a single-pass operation mode. The next target is to demonstrate IR-FEL generation for recirculation mode. The injector energy is decreased to 3.5 MeV due to a limitation of the energy ratio between injection and recirculation beams. Moreover, the DC gun voltage decreases to 390 kV due to the troubles of the DC gun. Therefore, control of the space charge effect is more important to design and optimize the beam transport condition of the injector. In this report, a strategy of the injector optimization together with its realization results and future prospects are summarized.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS024

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 19 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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WEPOMS035

Harpy: A Fast, Simple and Accurate Harmonic Analysis with Error Propagation

optics, betatron, synchrotron, coupling

2326

L. Malina
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Traditionally, in the accelerator physics field, accurate harmonic analysis has been performed by iteratively interpolating the result of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in the frequency domain. Such an approach becomes computationally demanding when relatively small effects are being studied, which is especially evident in the typical example of harmonic analysis of turn-by-turn beam position monitor data, i.e. many correlated but noisy signals. A new harmonic analysis algorithm, called Harpy, is about an order of magnitude faster than other methods, while often being also more accurate. Harpy combines standard techniques such as zero-padded FFT and noise-cleaning based on singular value decomposition. This combination also allows estimating errors of phases and amplitudes of beam-related harmonics calculated from cleaned data.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS035

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022

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THOXGD1

ELENA - From Commissioning to Operation

proton, antiproton, MMI, experiment

2391

L. Ponce, L. Bojtár, C. Carli, B. Dupuy, Y. Dutheil, P. Freyermuth, D. Gamba, L.V. Jørgensen, B. Lefort, S. Pasinelli
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

In 2021 the Extra Low ENergy Antiproton ring (ELENA) moved from commissioning into the physics production phase providing 100 keV antiprotons to the newly connected experiments paving the way to an improved trapping efficiency by one to two orders of magnitude compared to the AD era. After recalling the major work undertaken during the CERN Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2020) in the antiproton deceleration complex, details will be given on the ELENA ring and the new electrostatic transfer line beam commissioning using an ion source. Sub-sequentially, the progress from commissioning with ions to operation with antiprotons will be described with emphasis on the achieved beam performance. Finally, the impact on the performance of the main hardware systems will be reviewed.

Slides THOXGD1 [9.720 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THOXGD1

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 July 2022

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THOYSP2

The New Eddy Current Type Septum Magnet for Upgrading of Fast Extraction in Main Ring of J-PARC

septum, extraction, power-supply, injection

2428

T. Shibata, K. Ishii, S. Iwata, H. Matsumoto, T. Sugimoto
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
K. Fan
HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

For our first goal of the beam power of Main Ring for Fast eXtraction (FX), 750 kW, we have been evaluating a new Low-Field FX Septum magnets which are induced eddy current type (Eddy-Septum) since 2014. The pending technical issues are disagreement in two current monitor systems and the long switching time of the Main-charger to Sub-charger at low charging voltage. We measured a gap field during measurement of current, and found no drift in time variation of gap field. Our conclusion was that the cause of the disagreement is electric and radiative noise which make the drift in the time variation. The long-term stability of the output pulsed current depends on the switching time and charging voltage. We investigated the correlation between the keeping time of flat-top charging voltage and long-time stability with various charging voltages. In June 2021, we have first conducted the 1 Hz operation and high-voltage test of the Eddy-Septum which is mounted in a vacuum chamber, and we found no problem. A new pure iron duct type magnetic shield for reducing the leakage field were produced in July 2021. The new LF FX-Septum will be installed in MR in early of 2022.

Slides THOYSP2 [5.375 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THOYSP2

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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THPOST001

Temperature Effects on the PETRA III Tunnel Stability

experiment, synchrotron, storage-ring, emittance

2432

M. Schaumann, M. Bieler, J. Keil, J. Klute, L. Liao, R. Wanzenberg
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The tunnel of the synchrotron light source PETRA III is build from separate segments that are joint together every 24 m. The normal conducting magnets heat up the tunnel when operating, which leads to an expansion of the concrete walls and floor introducing movements between the tunnels segments. Especially during warm-up periods after shutdowns, this results in a drift of the accelerator elements that is transferred on the circulating beam over a duration of days, weeks or months according to the length of the cool-down period. This paper shows that not only inside temperature effects but also seasonal temperature changes are relevant.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST001

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022

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THPOST010

The Frascati DAΦNE LINAC and the Beam Test Facility (BTF) Setups for Irradiation

linac, radiation, electron, diagnostics

2457

C. Di Giulio, F. Cardelli, D. Di Giovenale
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
B. Buonomo, L.G. Foggetta, D. Moriggi
LNF-INFN, Frascati, Italy

The DAΦNE LINAC could produce bunches of electrons and positrons for the Beam Test Facility. The BTF is used usually for single particle test of detectors but is able to receive up to 10¹⁰ particles per second for irradiation test. The DAΦNE LINAC working point could be deeply changed to obtain low energy beam up to 160 MeV with a primary electron beam with enough pulse charge that fulfills irradiation test requirements. A current monitor was installed in the BTF to provide the particle charge per bunch at the users and a flag with the image acquisition system is in operation too, in order to provide a more precise characterization of the beam delivered for the experiments. In this paper the current status and activities of the BTF facility are described.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST010

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Received ※ 26 May 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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THPOST012

Achievement of 200, 000 Hours of Operation at KEK 7-GeV Electron 4-GeV Positron Injector Linac

injection, linac, positron, electron

2465

K. Furukawa, M. Akemoto, D.A. Arakawa, Y. Arakida, H. Ego, Y. Enomoto, T. Higo, H. Honma, N. Iida, K. Kakihara, T. Kamitani, H. Katagiri, M. Kawamura, S. Matsumoto, T. Matsumoto, H. Matsushita, K. Mikawa, T. Miura, F. Miyahara, H. Nakajima, T. Natsui, Y. Ogawa, S. Ohsawa, Y. Okayasu, T. Oogoe, M.A. Rehman, I. Satake, M. Satoh, Y. Seimiya, T. Shidara, A. Shirakawa, H. Someya, T. Suwada, M. Tanaka, D. Wang, Y. Yano, K. Yokoyama, M. Yoshida, T. Yoshimoto, R. Zhang, X. Zhou
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
Y. Bando
Sokendai, Ibaraki, Japan

KEK electron positron injector linac initiated the injection operation into Photon Factory (PF) light source in 1982. Since then for 39 years, it has served for multiple projects, namely, TRISTAN, PF-AR, KEKB, and SuperKEKB. Its total operation time has accumulated 200 thousand hours on May 7, 2020. We are extremely proud of the achievement following continuous efforts by our seniors. The construction of the injector linac started in 1978, and it was commissioned for PF with 2.5 GeV electron in 1982. In parallel, the positron generator linac was constructed for the TRISTAN collider project. The slow positron facility was also commissioned in 1992. After the KEKB asymmetric-energy collider project was commissioned in 1998 with direct energy injections, the techniques such as two-bunch acceleration and simultaneous injection were developed. As the soft structure design of the linac was too weak against the great east Japan earthquake, it took three years to recover. Then the construction and commissioning for the SuperKEKB project went on, and the simultaneous top-up injection into four storage rings contributes to the both elementary particle physics and photon science.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST012

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022

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THPOST025

Operational Experience with the Improved VSR DEMO Collimating Shielded Bellow in BESSY II

SRF, cavity, vacuum, synchrotron

2497

H.-W. Glock, V. Dürr, F. Glöckner, J. Knobloch, M. Ries, A. Vélez
HZB, Berlin, Germany
J. Knobloch
University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
A. Vélez
Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

Funding: Work supported by grants of the Helmholtz Association
The Collimating Shielded Bellow (CsB) is designed to serve both as a flexible beam pipe connection between two adjacent superconducting cavities as foreseen in VSR DEMO and as a synchrotron light collimator to shield the down-stream cavity from synchrotron radiation. A convoluted inner RF shield was applied to prevent fundamental mode heating of the stainless-steel-made bellow in the cryogenic environment, making the such captured inner volume very difficult to access for inspection and cleaning. A first version of the device was successfully tested as part of the beam pipe of the synchrotron light source BESSY II under regular operation for more than a year. It suffered from an unfavorable long outgassing commissioning. Therefore a detachable design, allowing for rigorous inner surface preparation and cleaning, was built and recently installed in BESSY II. CsB version 2 design and experimental outcomes are described in the paper. First results indicated a significantly improved vacuum commissioning performance, which was confirmed later on.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST025

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Received ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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THPOST027

Fabrication of Robust Thermal Transition Modules and First Cryogenic Experiment with the Refurbished COLDDIAG

vacuum, cryogenics, diagnostics, experiment

2505

H.J. Cha, N. Glamann, A.W. Grau, A.-S. Müller, D. Saez de Jauregui
KIT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

Funding: This work is supported by the BMBF project 05H18VKRB1 HIRING (Federal Ministry of Education and Research).
Two sets of thermal transition modules as a key component for the COLDDIAG (cold vacuum chamber for beam heat load diagnostics) refurbishment were manufactured, based on the previous design study. The modules are installed in the existing COLDDIAG cryostat and tested with an operating temperature of approximately 50 K at both a cold bore and a thermal shield. This cool-down experiment is a preliminary investigation aiming at beam heat-load studies at the FCC-hh where the beam screens will be operated at almost the same temperature. In this contribution, we report the fabrication processes of the mechanically robust transition modules and the first thermal measurement results with the refurbished COLDDIAG in a cryogenic environment. The static heat load in the refurbished cryostat remains unchanged, compared to that in the former one (4-K cold bore and 50-K shield with thin transitions), despite the increase in the transition thickness. It originates from the identical temperature at the cold bore and the shield, which can theoretically allow the heat intakes by thermal conduction and radiation between them to vanish.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST027

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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THPOST045

Temperature Dependent Effects on RF Surface Resistivity

cavity, cryogenics, electron, experiment

2540

G.E. Lawler, A. Fukasawa, N. Majernik, J.B. Rosenzweig
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

Funding: This work was supported by DOE Contract DE-SC0020409
A promising future for linear accelerators such as compact free electron lasers and electron positron colliders is higher gradient RF cavities enabled by cryogenic temperature operation. Breakdown rates have been shown empirically to be significantly reduced at low temperatures allowing for higher gradient. The surface physics associated with this observation is complicated and there many remain questions as to the exact phenomena responsible. One major figure of merit that can better inform the theory of breakdown is the RF surface resistivity which can be used to compute for example the RF pulse heating during operation. We then use techniques developed for previous Xband and Sband low power surface resistivity measurement by way of temperature dependent quality factor measurements to study Cband cavities. We first present a review of low temperature effects that may be responsible for the change in surface resistivity at low temperature. We then explain some of the initial measurements of these low power RF quality factor tests and compare them to a review some of the physical phenomena that could determine the low temperature surface effects.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST045

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022

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THPOST048

RHIC Machine Protection System Upgrades

detector, kicker, power-supply, monitoring

2548

M. Valette, D. Bruno, K.A. Drees, P.S. Dyer, R.L. Hulsart, J.S. Laster, J. Morris, G. Robert-Demolaize, J. Sandberg, C. Schultheiss, T.C. Shrey, G.M. Tustin
BNL, Upton, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
’In order to protect the future sPHENIX detector from spontaneous and asynchronous firing of one of the five RHIC abort kickers, mechanical relays were added to the triggering channel for each of them. The mechanical relays add several milliseconds to the delay between the detection of a failure or beam loss and the beam being safely disposed of. In order to account for this delay new inputs were included into the RHIC Machine Protection System to ensure detection of abnormal conditions as early as possible. These inputs include system diagnostics and beam measurements such as Beam Position Monitor signals. In this paper we detail the upgrades that will allow reliable operations with high intensity and high energy ion beams and the new detector as well as related operational challenges and how they were addressed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOST048

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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THPOPT006

Beam Dynamics Observations at Negative Momentum Compaction Factors at KARA

sextupole, damping, synchrotron, optics

2570

P. Schreiber, M. Brosi, B. Härer, A. Mochihashi, A.-S. Müller, A.I. Papash, R. Ruprecht, M. Schuh
KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

Funding: We are supported by the DFG-funded "Karlsruhe School of Elementary and Astroparticle Physics: Science and Technology" and European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (No 730871)
For the development of future synchrotron light sources new operation modes often have to be considered. One such mode is the operation with a negative momentum compaction factor to provide the possibility of increased dynamic aperture. For successful application in future light sources, the influence of this mode has to be investigated. At the KIT storage ring KARA (Karlsruhe Research Accelerator), operation with negative momentum compaction has been implemented and the dynamics can now be investigated. Using a variety of high-performance beam diagnostics devices it is possible to observe the beam dynamics under negative momentum compaction conditions. This contribution presents different aspects of the results of these investigations in the longitudinal and transversal plane.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT006

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022

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THPOPT007

High Bunch Charges in the Second Injection Beamline of MESA

electron, dipole, simulation, acceleration

2574

A.A. Kalamaiko, K. Aulenbacher, M.A. Dehn, S. Friederich, C.P. Stoll
KPH, Mainz, Germany

MESA (Mainz Energy-recovering Superconducting Accelerator) is an accelerator with two laser-driven electron sources (polarized and unpolarized) operating at 100 kV which is under construction at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz. The unpolarized electron source MIST (MESA Injector Source Two) allows to produce high charged electron bunches with charge up to 7.7 pC. This source and a Mott polarimeter will be arranged on the same height above the MESA injector main beamline. A parallel shifting beamline was developed which allows to transport high charged beam from the source MIST to the main MESA beamline. Moreover, the designed beamline allows to transport beam from the electron source STEAM to the Mott polarimeter. This report is dedicated to the design of the separation beamline which transports and compresses highly charged electron bunches from the electron source MIST to the first acceleration section of MESA.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT007

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 23 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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THPOPT009

Dependency Measurement of BPM Reading in the HLS-II Storage Ring

storage-ring, feedback, electronics, electron

2580

G. Wang, K.M. Chen, G. Feng, M. Hosaka, Z. Wang, W. Xu
USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
L. Guo
Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
S.W. Wang
DLS, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom

Beam orbit stability is essential for the operation of the storage ring based light sources. Orbit feedback systems are commonly adopted to maintain the beam on a reference orbit. However, the BPM reading could be affected by its temperature, beam current, etc, which leads to shift of the beam reference orbit. Online experiment is carried out in the HLS-II storage ring to study the dependence of the beam reference orbit on the BPM temperature and beam current. The result shows that the average change of BPM readings due to BPM temperature is about 37.4 ’m/’C horizontally and 11.5 ’m/’C vertically. The average change of BPM readings induced by beam current is about 0.27 ’m/mA horizontally and 0.20 ’m/mA vertically.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT009

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Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 23 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 27 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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THPOPT020

Status and Plans for the New CLS Electron Source Lab

gun, electron, linac, radiation

2614

M.J. Boland, D. Bertwistle, F. Le Pimpec
CLS, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
X.F.D. Stragier
TUE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

The Canadian Light Source (CLS) has recently created a new Electron Source Lab (ESL) that can run independently from user operations. A section of the old Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory experimental nuclear physics tunnels has been rebuilt with new shielding and a separate entrance. The laboratory will be used to prepare an operational spare electron gun for the 250 MeV linac. In addition, there are plans to develop RF guns for a future branch line to inject into the linac and for possible short pulse production. This paper will give an overview of the ESL space and the first electron guns which plan to be installed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT020

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Received ※ 16 June 2022 — Revised ※ 29 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 04 July 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022

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THPOPT022

Study on QE Evolution of Cs₂Te Photocathodes in ELBE SRF Gun-II

cathode, gun, SRF, vacuum

2617

R. Xiang, A. Arnold, S. Ma, P. Michel, P. Murcek, A.A. Ryzhov, J. Schaber, J. Teichert, P.Z. Zwartek
HZDR, Dresden, Germany

The quality of the photocathodes is critical for the sta-bility and reliability of the photoinjector’s operation. Thanks to the robust magnesium and Cs₂Te photocathodes, SRF gun-II at HZDR has been proven to be a suc-cessful example in CW mode for high current user operation. In this contribution, we will present our observation of the QE evolution of Cs₂Te photocathodes during SRF gun operation. The variables including substrate surface, film thickness, Cs/Te stoichiometric, multipacting, RF loading and charge extract are considered in the analysis.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT022

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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THPOPT025

Photocathode Stress Test Bench at INFN LASA

cathode, laser, gun, electron

2627

D. Sertore, D. Giove, L. Monaco
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
A. Bacci, F. Canella, S. Cialdi, I. Drebot, D. Giannotti, L. Serafini
INFN-Milano, Milano, Italy
D. Cipriani, E. Suerra
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
G. Galzerano
POLIMI, Milano, Italy
G. Guerini Rocco
Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy

A UHV test bench based on a 100 kV DC gun and a 100 MHz repetition rate laser has been setup up at INFN LASA to test Cs₂Te photocathodes. This operation mode is the baseline of the BriXSinO project, currently in the design phase in our laboratory, and the qualification of the Cs₂Te photocathodes is a key issue. In this paper, we present the recent advances in the different aspects of this R&D activity.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT025

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Received ※ 10 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022

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THPOPT027

R&D on High QE Photocathodes at INFN LASA

cathode, gun, FEL, electron

2633

D. Sertore, M. Bertucci, L. Monaco
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
G. Guerini Rocco
Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy
S.K. Mohanty, H.J. Qian, F. Stephan
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany

We present the recent activities on antimonide and telluride alkali based photocathodes at INFN LASA. The R&D on Cs₂Te materials is focused on investigating effects of material thickness and growth procedures on the photocathodes performances during operation in RF guns. We aim to improve thermal emittance and long term stability of these films. The more recent work on alkali antimonide showed the need for substantial improvements in stability and QE during operation. We present here our recent achievements and plans for future activities.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT027

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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THPOPT036

New Microwave Thermionic Electron Gun for APS Upgrade: Test Results and Operation Experience

gun, linac, cathode, injection

2665

S.V. Kutsaev, R.B. Agustsson, A.C. Araujo Martinez, R.D. Berry, O. Chimalpopoca, A.Y. Murokh, M. Ruelas, A.Yu. Smirnov, S.U. Thielk
RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA
J.E. Hoyt, W.G. Jansma, A. Nassiri, Y. Sun, G.J. Waldschmidt
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Science, under contracts DE-SC0015191 and DE- AC02-06CH11357
Recently, RadiaBeam has designed and built a robust thermionic RF gun with optimized electromagnetic per-formance, improved thermal engineering, and a robust cathode mounting technique. This gun allows to improve the performance of existing and future light sources, industrial accelerators, and electron beam driven te-rahertz sources. Unlike conventional electrically or side-coupled RF guns, this new gun operates in ’-mode with the help of magnetic coupling holes. Such a design al-lows operation at longer pulses and has negligible dipole and quadrupole components. The gun prototype was built, then installed and tested at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) injector. This paper presents the results of high power and beam tests of this RF gun, and operation-al experience at APS to this moment.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT036

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Received ※ 31 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022

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THPOPT065

Operation of X-Ray Beam Position Monitors with Zero Bias Voltage at Alba Front Ends

photon, electron, background, radiation

2747

J. Marcos, U. Iriso, V. Massana, R. Monge, D. Yépez
ALBA-CELLS Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

Blade-type X-ray Beam Position Monitors (XBPMs) are customarily operated with a negative bias voltage applied to the blades in order to prevent the transference of photoelectrons between the blades, and hence to maximize the signal at each blade and to avoid cross-talk. This was the selected approach at ALBA since the start of its operation for users in 2012. However, over the years the insulation provided by the ceramic pieces separating the blades from the support structure has degraded progressively, giving rise to an ever-increasing leakage current not related with the photon beam to be monitored. On 2020 the level of these leak currents had already become comparable to the photocurrents generated by the photon beam itself, making the readings from many of the XBPMs unreliable. Following the example from other facilities, we decided to remove the bias voltage from the blades and to test the performance of the XBPMs under these conditions, with such good results that we apply this method also for the new, non degraded, XBPMs. In this paper we present the approach used at ALBA to analyse XBPM data, and our experience operating them with zero bias voltage.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT065

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022

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THPOPT068

Linear Canonical Transform Library for Fast Coherent X-Ray Wavefront Propagation

optics, radiation, synchrotron, synchrotron-radiation

2759

B. Nash, D.T. Abell, P. Moeller, I.V. Pogorelov
RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA
N.B. Goldring
STATE33 Inc., Portland, Oregon, USA

Funding: This work is supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award No. DE-SC0020593.
X-ray beamlines are essential components of all synchrotron light sources, transporting radiation from the stored electron beam passing from the source to the sample. The linear optics of the beamline can be captured via an ABCD matrix computed using a ray tracing code. Once the transport matrix is available, one may then include diffraction effects and arbitrary wavefront structure by using that same information in a Linear Canonical Transform (LCT) applied to the initial wavefront. We describe our implementation of a Python-based LCT library for 2D synchrotron radiation wavefronts. We have thus far implemented the separable case and are in the process of implementing algorithms for the non-separable case. Rectangular apertures are also included. We have tested our work against corresponding wavefront computations using The Synchrotron Radiation Workshop (SRW) code. LCT vs. SRW timing and benchmark comparisons are given for undulator and bending magnet beamlines. This algorithm is being included in the Sirepo implementation of the Shadow ray tracing code. Finally, we describe our plans for application to partially coherent radiation.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOPT068

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Received ※ 15 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 01 July 2022

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THPOTK004

The Reduction of the Leakage Field of the Injection Septum Magnet in Main Ring of J-PARC

septum, injection, proton, quadrupole

2774

T. Shibata, K. Ishii, H. Matsumoto, N. Matsumoto, T. Sugimoto
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

A new injection septum magnet (InjSep) was installed in MR in 2016 for one of the upgrading of beam power of MR. We have measured the leakage field before installation, and it was found from the measurement results that the leakage field at the beam upstream region of the circulating duct was enough smaller than previous InjSep, however we tried to reduce the leakage field further by installation a new magnetic shield. First magnetic shield was produced in 2017, and we installed it in the InjSep. The leakage field was reduced, however the magnetic field of a quadrupole magnet at beam upstream of the InjSep was also reduced slightly. The decrease of the magnetic field of the one of main magnet was not permitted from the requirement of beam optics. In consequently, the first version was failed. The second one was produced in 2018, and we measured the leakage field was measured in Jan. 2019. The leakage field was reduced, while no reduction of the quadrupole magnet. We decided to use the second version for beam operation. The new additional shield was started to use in Nov. 2019.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK004

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 11 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 13 June 2022

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THPOTK005

The New High Field Septum Magnet for Upgrading of Fast Extraction in Main Ring of J-PARC

extraction, flattop, septum, proton

2778

T. Shibata, K. Ishii, S. Iwata, H. Matsumoto, N. Matsumoto, T. Sugimoto
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
K. Fan
HUST, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

Upgrading the beam-power of the J-PARC Main Ring to 750 kW is underway by reducing the cycle from 2.48 s to 1.3 s. Required upgrade of the four High Field (HF) Septa will be completed in 2022. The operation test of a new HF SM31 was conducted in 2020. First was 1 Hz operation test. The power supply had no problem in the operation, and the joule heating at the magnet coil was lower than limit. We found a good linearity between the current and the gap field which has no saturation. The field integral in the magnet gap was measured to calculate the appropriate current for beam operation, and we found it was 3,400 A. We compared the gap field of the neutrino side with that of the beam abort side. The magnitude of gap field had no significant discrepancy larger than its measurement accuracy. The end-fringe field was measured and the we found large leakage field still existed around the end-fringes. We are producing an additional magnetic shield which will be mounted in the circulating beam duct, and it will finished in Feb. 2022. In next March we will install the inner shield and measured the leakage field. After that we will install the new SM31 in MR.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK005

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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THPOTK009

Design of a Permanent Magnet Based Dipole Quadrupole Magnet

dipole, permanent-magnet, quadrupole, multipole

2784

A.G. Hinton
STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
M. Kokole, T. Milharčič
KYMA, Trieste, Italy
A. Shahveh
DLS, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
B.J.A. Shepherd
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
B.J.A. Shepherd
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Permanent magnet technology can facilitate the design of accelerator magnets with much lower power consumption than traditional resistive electromagnets. By reducing the power requirements of magnets, more sustainable accelerators can be designed and built. At STFC, as part of the I.FAST collaboration, we are working to develop sustainable technologies for future accelerators. As part of this work, we have designed a permanent magnet based dipole-quadrupole magnet with parameters suited to meet the requirements of the proposed Diamond-II upgrade. We present here the magnetic design of the dipole-quadrupole magnet. The design, based on a single sided dipole-quadrupole, uses permanent magnets to generate the field in the magnet bore. The design includes the shaping of the pole tips to reduce multipole errors as well as methods of providing thermal stabilisation using thermal shunts and field tuning using resistive coils. The mechanical design of the magnet is being undertaken by colleagues at Kyma and a prototype of the magnet will soon be built and tested.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK009

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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THPOTK020

Recent Experience from the Large-Scale Deployment of Power Converters with Magnet Energy Recovery

controls, quadrupole, experiment, MMI

2809

K.D. Papastergiou, G. Le Godec, V. Montabonnet
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

A new powering solution was deployed at CERN for transfer lines in the injector complex as part of the LHC injectors upgrade. The new powering uses regenerative power converters to recycle the magnet energy between physics operations. This work gives an overview of the developed technology, the way it is used in the accelerators complex and some results of first period of operation with beam.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK020

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Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 25 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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THPOTK034

Vacuum System Performance of the 3 GeV Electron Storage Ring at MAX IV Laboratory

vacuum, storage-ring, MMI, injection

2836

M.J. Grabski, E. Al-Dmour, S.M. Scolari
MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

The 3 GeV electron storage ring at MAX IV laboratory is the first synchrotron light source with compact multi-bend achromat (MBA) magnet lattice to achieve ultra-low emittance. The vacuum system of the accelerator is fully coated with non-evaporable getter (NEG) thin film to ensure low gas density. The storage ring started commissioning in August 2015 and currently delivers photon beams from insertion devices (IDs) to 9 beamlines that are in user operation or commissioning. After over 6 years of operation, the NEG coated vacuum system continues to be reliable, is conditioning well and do not pose any limitation to the accelerator operation. The average dynamic pressure is lower than the design value (below 3·10^-10 mbar) and is reducing with the accumulated beam dose. The vacuum beam lifetime is greater than 39 Ah, and the total beam lifetime is above the design value of 5 Ah - thus is not limited by the residual gas density. Several successful interventions to install new vacuum components were performed on few achromats in the storage ring during shutdowns. Some of them were done utilizing purified neon gas to vent the vacuum system, thus avoiding the need of re-activation of the NEG coating and saving intervention time without compromising the storage ring performance.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK034

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 28 June 2022

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THPOTK045

Branch Module for an Inductive Voltage Adder for Driving Kicker Magnets with a Short Circuit Termination

kicker, injection, impedance, controls

2875

J. Ruf, M.J. Barnes, Y. Dutheil, T. Kramer
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
M. Sack
KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

For driving kicker magnets terminated in a short circuit, a branch module for an inductive voltage adder has been designed and assembled. The module has been designed for a maximum charging voltage of 1.2 kV and an output current of 200 A considering the current doubling due to the short circuit termination. It features three consecutive modes of operation: energy injection, freewheeling, and energy extraction. Therefore, the topology of the branch module consists of two independently controlled SiC MOSFET switches and one diode switch. In order not to extend the field rise time of the kicker magnet significantly beyond the magnet fill time, the pulse must have a fast rise time. Hence, the switch for energy injection is driven by a gate boosting driver featuring a half bridge of GaN HEMTs and a driving voltage of 80 V. Measurements of the drain source voltage of this switch showed a fall time of 2.7 ns at a voltage of 600 V resulting in a voltage rise time of 5.4 ns at the output terminated with a resistive load. To meet both the rise time and current requirements, a parallel configuration of four SiC MOSFETs was implemented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK045

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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THPOTK049

Irradiation of Low-Z Carbon-Based Materials with 440 GeV/c Proton Beam for High Energy & Intensity Beam Absorbers: The CERN HiRadMat-56-HED Experiment

target, experiment, proton, simulation

2883

P. Andreu Muñoz, M. Calviani, N. Charitonidis, A. Cherif, E.M. Farina, A.M. Krainer, A. Lechner, J. Maestre, F.-X. Nuiry, R. Seidenbinder, C. Torregrosa
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
P. Simon
TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

The beam stored energy and the peak intensity of CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will grow in the next few years. The former will increase from the 320 MJ values of Run2 (2015-2018) to almost 540 MJ during Run3 (2022 onwards) and 680 MJ during the HL-LHC era putting stringent requirements on beam intercepting devices, such as absorbers and dumps. The HiRadMat-56-HED (High-Energy Dumps) experiment performed in Autumn 2021 executed at CERN HiRadMat facility employed the Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator (SPS) 440 GeV/c proton beam to impact different low-density carbon-based materials targets to assess their performance to these higher energy beam conditions. The study focused on advanced grades of graphitic materials, including isostatic graphite, carbon-fiber reinforced carbon and carbon-SiC materials in addition to flexible expanded graphite. Some of them specifically tailored in collaboration with industry to very specific properties. The objectives of this experiment are: (i) to assess the performance of existing and potentially suitable advanced materials for the currently operating LHC beam dumps and (ii) to study alternative materials for the HL-LHC main dump or for the Future Circular Collider dump systems. The contribution will detail the R&D phase during design, the execution of the experiment, the pre-irradiation tests as well as the first post irradiation examination of the target materials. Lessons learnt and impact on operational devices will also be drawn.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK049

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Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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THPOTK051

Corrosion of Copper Components in the Deionized Water Cooling System of ALBA Synchrotron Light Source: Current Research Status and Challenges

synchrotron, cavity, experiment, radio-frequency

2891

M. Quispe, E. Ayas, J.J. Casas, C. Colldelram, Ll. Fuentes, J. Iglesias
ALBA-CELLS Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
A. Garcia
La Romanica, Barberà del Vallès, Sabadell, Spain

Currently, the ALBA Synchrotron Light Source is carrying out studies on corrosion in copper components of the deionized water cooling circuit. The preliminary studies, based on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) have shown the presence of intergranular, pitting, and generalized corrosion in the analyzed copper samples. The purpose of this paper is to present new advances in the field of this research, such as: the study of the influence of low velocity water flow in the cooling circuit on the current high dissolved oxygen content (> 6500 ppb), the results of corrosion products found in the cooling circuit, the description of the improper operation of the cooling circuit as a closed loop, and FEA studies of copper components in order to redefine the water flow velocity design criteria to values lower than 3 m/s and thus minimize corrosion by erosion. Finally, in order to attenuate the corrosion rate, preventive solutions are presented such as the viability to install an oxygen content degassing plant, new instrumentation for water quality monitorization, and installation of degassing equipment at strategic positions of the cooling circuit.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK051

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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THPOTK058

CERN’s East Experimental Area: A New Modern Physics Facility

experiment, target, MMI, secondary-beams

2911

S. Evrard, D. Banerjee, J. Bernhard, F. Carvalho, S. Danzeca, M. Lazzaroni, B. Rae, G. Romagnoli
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

CERN’s East Area has hosted a variety of fixed-target experiments since the 1950s, using four beamlines from the Proton Synchrotron (PS). Over the past 4 years, the experimental area - CERN’s second largest - has undergone a complete makeover. New instrumentation and beamline configuration have improved the precision of data collection, and new magnets and power convertors have drastically reduced the area’s energy consumption. This article will summarize the major challenges encountered for the design of the renovated beamlines and for the preparation and test of the components. The infrastructure was carefully fitted resulting in a very smooth beam commissioning, the details of which will also be presented along with the restart of physics in the second half of 2021. With the return of the beams in the accelerator complex, the East Area’s experiments have taken physics measurements again and the facility’s central role in the modern physics landscape has been restored.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOTK058

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2022

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THPOMS007

Beam Diagnostics for FLASH RT in the Varian ProBeam System

controls, radiation, proton, target

2951

M. Schedler, S. Busold
VMS-PT, Troisdorf, Germany
M. Bräuer
Siemens Med, Erlangen, Germany

FLASH RT is a novel ultra-high dose rate radiation therapy technique with the potential of sparing radiation induced damages to healthy tissue while keeping tumor control unchanged. Recent studies indicate that this so-called FLASH effect occurs when applying high doses of several Grays in a fraction of a second only, and thus significantly faster than with conventionally available radiation therapy systems today. Varian’s ProBeam system has been enabled to deliver ultra-high beam currents for FLASH treatments at 250 MeV beam energy. The first clinical trial is currently conducted at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and all involved human patients have been successfully irradiated at FLASH dose rates, operating the system at cw cyclotron beam currents of up to 400 nA. With these modifications, treatment times could be reduced down to less than a second. First automated switching between conventional and FLASH operation modes has been demonstrated in non-clinical environment, including switching of the dose monitor system characteristics and all involved beam diagnostics. Furthermore, for an improved online beam current control system with full control over dose rate in addition to dose Varian has demonstrated first promising results that may improve future applications.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS007

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 15 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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THPOMS011

Beam Optics Studies for a Novel Gantry for Hadrontherapy

dipole, optics, quadrupole, hadrontherapy

2962

E. Felcini, G. Frisella, A. Mereghetti, M.G. Pullia, S. Savazzi
CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy
E. Benedetto
SEEIIST, Geneva, Switzerland
M.T.F. Pivi
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria

Funding: This study was (partially) supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 101008548 (HITRIplus).
The design of smaller and less costly gantries for carbon ion particle therapy represents a major challenge to the diffusion of this treatment. Here we present the work done on the linear beam optics of possible gantry layouts, differing for geometry, momentum acceptance, and magnet technology, which share the use of combined function superconducting magnets with a bending field of 4T. We performed parallel-to-point and point-to-point optics matching at different magnification factors to provide two different beam sizes at the isocenter. Moreover, we considered the orbit distortion generated by magnet errors and we introduced beam position monitors and correctors. The study, together with considerations on the criteria for comparison, is the basis for the design of a novel and compact gantry for hadrontherapy.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS011

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2022

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THPOMS043

Mu*STAR: Superconducting Accelerator Driven Subcritical Molten Salt Nuclear Power Plants

neutron, target, site, extraction

3067

R.P. Johnson, R.J. Abrams, M.A. Cummings, J.D. Lobo, T.J. Roberts
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA

The Mu*STAR Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is a transformational and disruptive concept using advances in superconducting accelerator technology to burn spent nuclear fuel (SNF) to close the fuel cycle and to eliminate need for uranium enrichment. One linac drives multiple Mu*STAR Small Modular Reactors (SMR) using subcritical molten salt fueled reactors with an internal spallation neutron target. Neutrons initiate fission chains that die out in the subcritical core. That means intrinsic immunity to criticality accidents. This new way to make nuclear energy employs continuous online removal of all fission products from molten salt fuel volatiles removed by helium purge gas. This reduces chance of accidental release. Non-volatiles removed by vortex separators, allowing complete burning of SNF.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS043

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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THPOMS049

Energy Comparison of Room Temperature and Superconducting Synchrotrons for Hadron Therapy

synchrotron, dipole, proton, extraction

3080

G. Bisoffi
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
E. Benedetto, M. Karppinen, M.R. Khalvati, M. Vretenar, R. van Weelderen
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
M.G. Pullia, G. Venchi
CNAO Foundation, Pavia, Italy
L. Rossi
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
M. Sapinski
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
M. Sorbi
Universita’ degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy
R.U. Valente
La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

The yearly energy requirements of normal conducting (NC) and superconducting (SC) magnet options of a new hadron therapy (HT) facility are compared. Special reference is made to the layouts considered for the proposed SEEIIST facility. Benchmarking with the NC CNAO HT centre in Pavia (Italy) was carried out. The energy comparison is centred on the different synchrotron solutions, assuming the same injector and lines in the designs. The beam current is more than a factor 10 higher with respect to present generation facilities. This allows efficient ’multi-energy extraction’ (MEE), which shortens the therapy treatment and is needed especially in the SC option, because of the slow magnet ramping time. Hence, power values of the facility in the traditional mode were converted into MEE ones, for the sake of a fair stepwise comparison between NC and SC magnets. The use of cryocoolers and a liquefier are also compared, for synchrotron refrigeration. This study shows that a NC facility operated in MEE mode requires the least average energy, followed by the SC synchrotron solution with a liquefier, while the most energy intensive solution is the SC one with cryocoolers.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS049

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 17 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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FROXGD3

Injection Beam Measurement Using Synchrotron Radiation Monitor at the SuperKEKB Electron Ring

injection, extraction, electron, synchrotron

3121

H. Ikeda, T.M. Mitsuhashi, G. Mitsuka
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

We upgraded the diamond mirror of the SuperKEKB electron ring to extract the good quality synchrotron light in 2020 summer. As a result, the accuracy of profile measurement for each bunch using a gate camera has improved dramatically, and it has become possible to measure the incident beam for each turn. The electron beam was injected with single turn injection mode to measure the properties of the beam and measured turn by turn after injection. In order to convert the measurement results into beam size, convolution by diffraction effect and absolute value calibration using real images were performed. We report the behavior of the injection beam during normal operation of SuperKEKB.

Slides FROXGD3 [5.560 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-FROXGD3

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Received ※ 09 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2022

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FROXSP1

20-Year Collaboration on Synchrotron RF Between CERN and J-PARC

cavity, synchrotron, proton, radiation

3130

C. Ohmori
J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
M. Brucoli, M. Brugger, H. Damerau, S. Danzeca, M.M. Paoluzzi, C. Rossi
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
K. Hasegawa, Y. Morita, Y. Sugiyama, M. Yoshii
KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
H. Okita, M.J. Shirakata, F. Tamura
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan

KEK/J-PARC and CERN started the collaboration on the RF systems of Low Energy Ion Ring to use magnetic alloy loaded cavities in 2002 for heavy ion collision program at LHC. It was an exchange of our expertise on the wideband cavities and high-power solid-state amplifiers. This paper summarizes the 20-year collaboration which includes many synchrotrons of both facilities: J-PARC Rapid Cycling Synchrotron and Main Ring, CERN Proton Synchrotron, PS Booster, Antiproton Decelerator, Extra Low Energy Antiproton ring and MedAustron. By the improvements of cavity core using the magnetic annealing, field gradient of cavity and compactness were improved to fit the requirements for LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU)program. Radiation-hard and compact high-power solid-state amplifiers were also developed for LIU and future accelerator improvements.

Slides FROXSP1 [8.210 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-FROXSP1

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 17 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 19 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2022

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FROXSP3

First Operation of a Klystron Fitted with a Superconducting MgB₂ Solenoid

klystron, solenoid, vacuum, superconductivity

3138

N. Catalán Lasheras, M. Boronat, G. McMonagle, I. Syratchev
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
A. Baig, A. Castilla
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
T. Kimura, P.E. Kolda
CPI, Palo Alto, California, USA
S. Michizono, A. Yamamoto
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

As part of the effort to reduce the energy consumption of large research facilities using accelerators, high efficiency klystrons are being developed by CERN. However, a large fraction of the wall-plug power required to operate these klystrons is used in the focusing magnetic elements around the klystron in the form of normal conducting solenoids. In 2019, a prototype solenoid made of MgB₂ was manufactured as a joint venture from CERN, Hitachi and KEK with the aim of reducing the power consumption by a factor ten using higher temperature superconductors. The characteristics of the magnet were measured upon manufacture and checked after the transport across the world. In 2020, the MgB₂ magnet was integrated around one of the klystrons in the X-band facility at CERN and put into operation in the beginning of 2021. We present in this paper the final performance of the klystron when fitted with the new SC solenoid and compare it with the standard normal conducting solenoid system.

Slides FROXSP3 [4.661 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-FROXSP3

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Received ※ 11 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 14 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 16 June 2022

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