IPAC2022 - List of Keywords (hadron)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOPOST043	Testing the Global Diffusive Behaviour of Beam-Halo Dynamics at the CERN LHC Using Collimator Scans	beam-losses, collider, proton, emittance	172
	C.E. Montanari, A. Bazzani Bologna University, Bologna, Italy M. Giovannozzi, C.E. Montanari, S. Redaelli CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland A.A. Gorzawski University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta
	In superconducting circular particle accelerators, controlling beam losses is of paramount importance for ensuring optimal machine performance and an efficient operation. To achieve the required level of understanding of the mechanisms underlying beam losses, models based on global diffusion processes have recently been studied and proposed to investigate the beam-halo dynamics. In these models, the building block of the analytical form of the diffusion coefficient is the stability-time estimate of the Nekhoroshev theorem. In this paper, the developed models are applied to data acquired during collimation scans at the CERN LHC. In these measurements, the collimators are moved in steps and the tail population is re-constructed from the observed losses. This allows an estimate of the diffusion coefficient. The results of the analyses performed are presented and discussed in detail.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST043
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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MOPOST045	A Novel Tool for Beam Dynamics Studies with Hollow Electron Lenses	simulation, electron, collimation, collider	176
	P.D. Hermes, R. Bruce, R. De Maria, M. Giovannozzi, G. Iadarola, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Hollow Electron Lenses (HELs) are crucial components of the CERN LHC High Luminosity Upgrade (HL-LHC), serving the purpose of actively controlling the population of the transverse beam halo to reduce particle losses on the collimation system. Symplectic particle tracking simulations are required to optimize the efficiency and study potentially undesired beam dynamics effects with the HELs. With the relevant time scales in the collider in the order of several minutes, tracking simulations require considerable computing resources. A new tracking tool, Xsuite, developed at CERN since 2021, offers the possibility of performing such tracking simulations using graphics processing units (GPUs), with promising perspectives for the simulation of hadron beam dynamics with HELs. In this contribution, we present the implementation of HEL physics effects in the new tracking framework. We compare the performance with previous tools and show simulation results obtained using known and newly established simulation setups.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST045
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022
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MOPOST047	Determination of the Phase-Space Stability Border with Machine Learning Techniques	dynamic-aperture, luminosity, storage-ring, simulation	183
	F.F. Van der Veken, R. Akbari, M.P. Bogaert, E. Fol, M. Giovannozzi, A.L. Lowyck, C.E. Montanari, W. Van Goethem CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The dynamic aperture (DA) of a hadron accelerator is represented by the volume in phase space that exhibits bounded motion, where we disregard any disconnected parts that could be due to stable islands. To estimate DA in numerical simulations, it is customary to sample a set of initial conditions using a polar grid in the transverse planes, featuring a limited number of angles and using evenly distributed radial amplitudes. This method becomes very CPU intensive when detailed scans in 4D, and even more in higher dimensions, are used to compute the dynamic aperture. In this paper, a new method is presented, in which the border of the phase-space stable region is identified using a machine learning (ML) model. This allows one to optimise the computational time by taking the complex geometry of the phase space into account, using adaptive sampling to increase the density of initial conditions along the border of stability.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST047
About •	Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022
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MOPOTK046	Design Concept for a Second Interaction Region for the Electron-Ion Collider	electron, optics, collider, detector	564
	B.R. Gamage, V. Burkert, R. Ent, Y. Furletova, D.W. Higinbotham, T.J. Michalski, R. Rajput-Ghoshal, D. Romanov, T. Satogata, A. Seryi, C. Weiss, W. Wittmer, Y. Zhang JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA E.C. Aschenauer, J.S. Berg, K.A. Drees, A. Jentsch, A. Kiselev, C. Montag, R.B. Palmer, B. Parker, V. Ptitsyn, F.J. Willeke, H. Witte BNL, Upton, New York, USA C. Hyde ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA F. Lin, V.S. Morozov ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA P. Nadel-Turonski SBU, Stony Brook, New York, USA
	Funding: Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177, Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 and UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 In addition to the day-one primary Interaction Region (IR), the design of the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) must support operation of a 2nd IR potentially added later. The 2nd IR is envisioned in an existing experimental hall at RHIC IP8, compatible with the same beam energy combinations as the 1st IR over the full center of mass energy range of ~20 GeV to ~140 GeV. The 2nd IR is designed to be complementary to the 1st IR. In particular, a secondary focus is added in the forward ion direction of the 2nd IR hadron beamline to optimize its capability in detecting particles with magnetic rigidities close to those of the ion beam. We provide the current design status of the 2nd IR in terms of parameters, magnet layout and beam dynamics.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK046
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022
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MOPOTK053	RLAs with FFA Arcs for Protons and Electrons	cavity, linac, SRF, optics	584
	V.S. Morozov ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA J.F. Benesch, R.M. Bodenstein, S.A. Bogacz, A. Coxe, K.E. Deitrick, D. Douglas, B.R. Gamage, G.A. Krafft, K.E.Price. Price, Y. Roblin, A. Seryi JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA J.S. Berg, S.J. Brooks, F. Méot, D. Trbojevic BNL, Upton, New York, USA D. Douglas Douglas Consulting, York, Virginia, USA G.H. Hoffstaetter Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Funding: Authored in part by UT-Battelle, LLC, Jefferson Science Associates, LLC, and Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contracts DE-AC05-00OR22725, DE-AC05-06OR23177, and DE-SC0012704 with the US DOE. Recirculating Linear Accelerators (RLAs) provide an efficient way of producing high-power, high-quality, continuous-wave hadron and lepton beams. However, their attractiveness had been limited by the cumbersomeness of multiple recirculating arcs and by the complexity of the spreader and recombiner regions. The latter problem sets one of the practical limitations on the maximum number of recirculations. We present an RLA design concept where the problem of multiple arcs is solved using the Fixed-Field Alternating gradient (FFA) design as in CBETA. The spreader/recombiner design is greatly simplified using an adiabatic matching approach. It allows for the spreader/recombiner function to be accomplished by a single beam line. The concept is applied to the designs of a high-power hadron accelerator being considered at ORNL and a CEBAF electron energy doubling project, FFA@CEBAF, being developed at Jefferson lab.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK053
About •	Received ※ 10 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022
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TUPOTK060	Simulations of Miscut Effects on the Efficiency of a Crystal Collimation System	collimation, simulation, proton, collider	1358
	M. D’Andrea, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project. The concept of crystal collimation relies on the use of bent crystals which can coherently deflect high-energy halo particles at angles orders of magnitude larger than what is obtained from scattering with conventional materials. Crystal collimation is studied to further improve the collimation efficiency at the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). In order to reproduce the main experimental results of crystal collimation tests and to predict the performance of such a system, a simulation routine capable of modeling interactions of beam particles with crystal collimators was developed and recently integrated into the latest release of the single-particle tracking code SixTrack. A new treatment of the miscut angle, i.e. the angle between crystalline planes and crystal edges, was implemented to study the effects of this manufacturing imperfection on the efficiency of a crystal collimation system. In this paper, the updated miscut angle model is described and simulation results on the cleaning efficiency are presented, using configurations tested during Run 2 of the LHC as a case study.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK060
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022
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TUPOTK061	Prospects to Apply Machine Learning to Optimize the Operation of the Crystal Collimation System at the LHC	collimation, operation, collider, network	1362
	M. D’Andrea, G. Azzopardi, M. Di Castro, E. Matheson, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli, G. Valentino CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland G. Ricci Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
	Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project. Crystal collimation relies on the use of bent crystals to coherently deflect halo particles onto dedicated collimator absorbers. This scheme is planned to be used at the LHC to improve the betatron cleaning efficiency with high-intensity ion beams. Only particles with impinging angles below 2.5 urad relative to the crystalline planes can be efficiently channeled at the LHC nominal top energy of 7 Z TeV. For this reason, crystals must be kept in optimal alignment with respect to the circulating beam envelope to maximize the efficiency of the channeling process. Given the small angular acceptance, achieving optimal channeling conditions is particularly challenging. Furthermore, the different phases of the LHC operational cycle involve important dynamic changes of the local orbit and optics, requiring an optimized control of position and angle of the crystals relative to the beam. To this end, the possibility to apply machine learning to the alignment of the crystals, in a dedicated setup and in standard operation, is considered. In this paper, possible solutions for automatic adaptation to the changing beam parameters are highlighted and plans for the LHC ion runs starting in 2022 are discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK061
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 21 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022
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TUPOTK062	Settings for Improved Betatron Collimation in the First Run of the High Luminosity LHC	collimation, dipole, luminosity, collider	1366
	B. Lindström, A. Abramov, R. Bruce, R. De Maria, P.D. Hermes, J. Molson, S. Redaelli, F.F. Van der Veken CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Funding: This work was supported by the High Luminosity LHC project The current betatron collimation system in the LHC is not optimized to absorb off-momentum particles scattered out from the primary collimators. The highest losses are concentrated in the downstream dispersion suppressor (DS). Given the increased beam intensity in the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), there is concern that these losses could risk quenching the superconducting DS magnets. Consequently, a dedicated upgrade of the DS has been studied. However, at this stage, the deployment for the startup of the HL-LHC is uncertain due to delays in the availability of high-field magnets needed to integrate new collimators into the DS. In this paper, we describe the expected collimation setup for the first run of the HL-LHC and explore various techniques to improve the collimation cleaning. These include exploiting the asymmetric response of the two jaws of each primary collimator and adjusting the locally generated dispersion in the collimation insertion.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK062
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
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WEIXGD1	EIC Beam Dynamics Challenges	electron, luminosity, polarization, cavity	1576
	D. Xu, E.C. Aschenauer, G. Bassi, J. Beebe-Wang, J.S. Berg, W.F. Bergan, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, S.J. Brooks, K.A. Brown, Z.A. Conway, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C. Folz, D.M. Gassner, X. Gu, R.C. Gupta, Y. Hao, C. Hetzel, D. Holmes, H. Huang, J. Kewisch, Y. Li, C. Liu, H. Lovelace III, G.J. Mahler, D. Marx, F. Méot, M.G. Minty, C. Montag, S.K. Nayak, R.B. Palmer, B. Parker, S. Peggs, V. Ptitsyn, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize, M.P. Sangroula, S. Seletskiy, K.S. Smith, S. Tepikian, R. Than, P. Thieberger, N. Tsoupas, J.E. Tuozzolo, E. Wang, D. Weiss, F.J. Willeke, H. Witte, Q. Wu, W. Xu, A. Zaltsman BNL, Upton, New York, USA S.V. Benson, B.R. Gamage, J.M. Grames, T.J. Michalski, E.A. Nissen, J.P. Preble, R.A. Rimmer, T. Satogata, A. Seryi, M. Wiseman, W. Wittmer JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA A. Blednykh, Y. Luo, B. Podobedov, S. Verdú-Andrés Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA Y. Cai, Y.M. Nosochkov, G. Stupakov, M.K. Sullivan SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA E. Gianfelice-Wendt Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA G.H. Hoffstaetter, D. Sagan, J.E. Unger Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA V.S. Morozov ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA J. Qiang LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	The Electron Ion Collider aims to produce luminosities of 10³⁴ cm^-2s^-1 . The machine will operate over a broad range of collision energies with highly polarized beams. The coexistence of highly radiative electrons and nonradiative ions produce a host of unique effects. Strong hadron cooling will be employed for the final factor of 3 luminosity boost.
	Slides WEIXGD1 [3.952 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEIXGD1
About •	Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022
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WEPOST018	Power Deposition Studies for Crystal-Based Heavy Ion Collimation in the LHC	collimation, simulation, heavy-ion, operation	1726
	J.B. Potoine, R. Bruce, R. Cai, L.S. Esposito, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, S. Redaelli, A. Waets CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland F. Wrobel IES, Montpellier, France
	The LHC heavy-ion program with 208Pb⁸²⁺ beams is foreseen to benefit from a significant intensity upgrade in 2022. A performance limitation may arise from ion fragments scattered out of the collimators in the betatron cleaning insertion, which risk quenching superconducting magnets during periods of short beam lifetime. In order to mitigate this risk, an alternative collimation technique, relying on bent crystals as primary collimators, will be used in future heavy-ion runs. In this paper, we study the power deposition in superconducting magnets by means of FLUKA shower simulations, comparing the standard collimation system against the crystal-based one. The studies focus on the dispersion suppressor regions downstream of the betatron cleaning insertion, where the ion fragment losses are the highest. Based on these studies, we quantify the expected quench margin expected in future runs with 208Pb⁸²⁺ beams.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST018
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 24 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022
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WEPOST020	EIC Hadron Spin Rotators	polarization, proton, electron, storage-ring	1734
	V. Ptitsyn, J.S. Berg BNL, Upton, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The Electron-Ion Collider in BNL will collide polarized electrons with polarized protons or polarized 3He ions. Spin rotators will be used to create the longitudinal beam polarization at a location of the EIC experimental detector. Helical spin rotators utilized for polarized proton operation in present RHIC will be reused in the EIC Hadron Storage Ring. However, due to a significant difference of EIC and RHIC interaction region layouts, the EIC spin rotator arrangement has several challenges. Turning on the EIC spin rotators may lead to a significant spin tune shift. To prevent beam depolarization during the spin rotator turn-on, Siberian Snakes have to be tuned simultaneously with rotators. The EIC spin rotators must be able to operate in a wide energy range for polarized protons and polarized 3He ions. The paper presents the challenges of spin rotator usage in the EIC and remedies assuring the successful operation with the rotators.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST020
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022
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WEPOPT015	Study of Hydrodynamic-Tunnelling Effects Induced by High-Energy Proton Beams in Graphite	target, simulation, proton, coupling	1870
	C. Wiesner, F. Carra, J. Don, I. Kolthoff, A. Lechner, S.R. Rasile, D. Wollmann CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	The design and assessment of machine-protection systems for existing and future high-energy accelerators comprises the study of accidental beam impact on machine elements. In case of a direct impact of a large number of high-energy particle bunches in one location, the damage range in the material is significantly increased due to an effect known as hydrodynamic tunnelling. The effect is caused by the beam-induced reduction of the material density along the beam trajectory, which allows subsequent bunches to penetrate deeper into the target. The assessment of the damage range requires the sequential coupling of an energy-deposition code, like FLUKA, and a hydrodynamic code, like Autodyn. The paper presents the simulations performed for the impact of the nominal LHC beam at 7 TeV on a graphite target. It describes the optimisation of the simulation setup and the required coupling workflow. The resulting energy deposition and the evolution of the target density are discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT015
About •	Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022
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WEPOPT034	Reconfiguration of RHIC Straight Sections for the EIC	electron, focusing, quadrupole, kicker	1916
	C. Liu, J.S. Berg, D. Bruno, C. Cullen, K.A. Drees, W. Fischer, X. Gu, R.C. Gupta, D. Holmes, R.F. Lambiase, H. Lovelace III, C. Montag, S. Peggs, V. Ptitsyn, G. Robert-Demolaize, R. Than, J.E. Tuozzolo, M. Valette, S. Verdú-Andrés, D. Weiss, D. Xu BNL, Upton, New York, USA B. Bhandari, F. Micolon, N. Tsoupas Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA B.R. Gamage, T. Satogata, W. Wittmer JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 and Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177. The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) will be built in the existing Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) tunnel with the addition of electron acceleration and storage rings. The two RHIC rings will be reconfigured as a single Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) for accelerating and storing ion beams. The proton beam energy will be raised from 255 to 275 GeV to achieve the desired center-of-mass energy range: 20’140 GeV. It is also mandatory to operate the HSR with a constant revolution frequency over a large energy range (41’275 GeV for protons) to synchronize with the Electron Storage Ring (ESR). These and other requirements/challenges dictate modifications to RHIC accelerators. This report gives an overview of the modifications to the RHIC straight sections together with their individual challenges.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT034
About •	Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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WEPOPT035	Optics for Strong Hadron Cooling in EIC HSR-IR2	electron, optics, kicker, cavity	1920
	S. Peggs, W.F. Bergan, D. Bruno, Y. Gao, D. Holmes, R.F. Lambiase, C. Liu, H. Lovelace III, G.J. Mahler, V. Ptitsyn, G. Robert-Demolaize, R. Than, J.E. Tuozzolo, E. Wang, D. Weiss, D. Xu BNL, Upton, New York, USA S.V. Benson, T.J. Michalski JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA F. Micolon Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC001 2704, and by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177. Insertion Region 2 (IR2) of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider will be modified to accommodate a Strong Hadron Cooling facility in the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). This paper describes the current proof-of-principle design of HSR-IR2 - layout, optical performance, design methodology, and engineering requirements. It also describes the challenges and opportunities in the future development of the HSR-IR2 design, in order to further optimize Strong Hadron Cooling performance.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT035
About •	Received ※ 02 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 18 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022
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WEPOPT044	Electron-Ion Collider Design Status	electron, storage-ring, collider, simulation	1954
	C. Montag, E.C. Aschenauer, G. Bassi, J. Beebe-Wang, J.S. Berg, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, S.J. Brooks, K.A. Brown, Z.A. Conway, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C. Folz, X. Gu, R.C. Gupta, Y. Hao, C. Hetzel, D. Holmes, H. Huang, J.P. Jamilkowski, J. Kewisch, Y. Li, C. Liu, H. Lovelace III, Y. Luo, G.J. Mahler, D. Marx, F. Méot, M.G. Minty, S.K. Nayak, R.B. Palmer, B. Parker, S. Peggs, V. Ptitsyn, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize, M.P. Sangroula, S. Seletskiy, K.S. Smith, S. Tepikian, R. Than, P. Thieberger, N. Tsoupas, J.E. Tuozzolo, E. Wang, D. Weiss, F.J. Willeke, H. Witte, Q. Wu, D. Xu, W. Xu, A. Zaltsman BNL, Upton, New York, USA S.V. Benson, B.R. Gamage, J.M. Grames, T.J. Michalski, E.A. Nissen, J.P. Preble, R.A. Rimmer, T. Satogata, A. Seryi, M. Wiseman, W. Wittmer JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA A. Blednykh, D.M. Gassner, B. Podobedov, S. Verdú-Andrés Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA Y. Cai, Y.M. Nosochkov, G. Stupakov, M.K. Sullivan SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA E. Gianfelice-Wendt Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA G.H. Hoffstaetter, D. Sagan, J.E. Unger Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA F. Lin, V.S. Morozov ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA M.G. Signorelli Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported under Contract No. DE-SC0012704, Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177, Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725, and Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is being designed for construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Activities have been focused on beam-beam simulations, polarization studies, and beam dynamics, as well as on maturing the layout and lattice design of the constituent accelerators and the interaction region. The latest design advances will be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT044
About •	Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022
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WEPOTK015	The Electron-Ion Collider Hadron Storage Ring 10 O’clock Switchyard Design	dipole, quadrupole, electron, cavity	2071
	H. Lovelace III, J.S. Berg, D. Bruno, C. Cullen, K.A. Drees, W. Fischer, X. Gu, R.C. Gupta, D. Holmes, R.F. Lambiase, C. Liu, C. Montag, S. Peggs, V. Ptitsyn, G. Robert-Demolaize, R. Than, J.E. Tuozzolo, M. Valette, D. Weiss BNL, Upton, New York, USA B. Bhandari, F. Micolon, S. Verdú-Andrés Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA T. Satogata, W. Wittmer JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) will be composed of the current Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) yellow ring sextants with the exception of the 1 o’clock and the 11 o’clock arc. These two arcs use the existing blue ring inner (1 o’clock) and outer (11 o’clock) magnetic lattice for 275 GeV proton operation. The inner yellow 11 o’clock arc is used for 41 GeV energy operation. A switching magnet must be used to guide the hadron beam from the low and high energy arc respectively into the shared arc. This report provides the necessary lattice configuration, magnetic fields, and optics for the 10 o’clock utility straight section (USS) switchyard for both high and low energy configuration while providing the necessary space allocations and beam specifications for accelerator systems such as an additional radiofrequency cavity and beam dump.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK015
About •	Received ※ 01 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022
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WEPOTK035	Layout of the 12 O’clock Collimation Straight Section for the EIC Hadron Storage Ring	dipole, operation, electron, storage-ring	2142
	G. Robert-Demolaize, J.S. Berg, K.A. Drees, D. Holmes, H. Lovelace III, S. Peggs, M. Valette BNL, Upton, New York, USA B. Bhandari Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the US Department of Energy under contract No. DE-SC0012704. The design of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) calls for using parts of both of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) Blue and Yellow beamlines. With the HSR having to circulate low (41 GeV) and high (100+ GeV) energy hadron beams while matching the time of flight in the Electron Storage Ring (ESR), it becomes necessary for the ring lattice to switch from an outer arc to an inner arc in order to accommodate for the change in circumference. To do so, a switchyard is planned for installation in the HSR straight section at 12 o’clock with the other switchyard being placed in the straight section immediately downstream, 10 o’clock. The 12 o’clock straight section is simultaneously dedicated to the EIC 2-stage collimation system. The following reviews the layout constraints in the12 o’clock straight section that come with installing such a switchyard, along with the implications on the linear optics for that straight section at all HSR rigidities. The space allocation, twiss parameters and the mechanical requirements of the HSR betatron collimators that will be installed in this section are also discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK035
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022
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WEPOMS032	Simulations of Coherent Electron Cooling with Orbit Deviation	electron, simulation, plasma, kicker	2319
	J. Ma, V. Litvinenko, G. Wang BNL, Upton, New York, USA V. Litvinenko Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy. Coherent electron cooling (CeC) is a novel technique for rapidly cooling high-energy, high-intensity hadron beam. Plasma cascade amplifier (PCA) has been proposed for the CeC experiment in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). Cooling performance of PCA based CeC has been predicted in 3D start-to-end CeC simulations using code SPACE. The dependence of the PCA gain and the cooling rate on the electron beam’s orbit deviation has been explored in the simulation studies.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS032
About •	Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022
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THPOMS018	Study of Coil Configuration and Local Optics Effects for the GaToroid Ion Gantry Design	focusing, hadrontherapy, optics, radiation	2984
	E. Oponowicz, L. Bottura, Y. Dutheil, A. Gerbershagen, A. Haziot CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Funding: Project co-funded by the CERN Budget for Knowledge Transfer to Medical Applications. GaToroid, a novel configuration for hadron therapy gantry, is based on superconducting coils that gen- erate a toroidal magnetic field to deliver the beam onto the patient. Designing the complex GaToroid coils requires careful consideration of the local beam optical effects. We present a Python-based tool for charged particle transport in complex electromagnetic fields. The code implements fast tracking in arbitrary three-dimensional field maps, and it is not limited to specific or regular reference trajectories, as is generally the case in accelerator physics. The tool was used to characterise the beam behaviour inside the GaToroid system. It automatically determines the reference trajectories in the symmetry plane and analyses three-dimensional beam dynamics around these trajectories. Beam optical parameters in the field region were compared for various magnetic configurations of GaToroid. This paper introduces the new tracker and shows the benchmarking results. Furthermore, first- order beam optics studies for different arrangements demonstrate the main code features and serve for the design optimisation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS018
About •	Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022
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FRIXGD1	Status and Prospects in Fast Beam-Based Feedbacks	feedback, kicker, cavity, pick-up	3112
	W. Höfle CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
	Fast beam-based Feedback systems play an important role in circular accelerators to mitigate instabilities and reduce the impact of injection oscillations and perturbations on beam quality, both in the longitudinal and transverse planes. The status and prospects of such beam-based feedback systems for circular accelerators are reviewed. This includes progress towards the fundamental limits in noise and feedback gain and the possibilities of modern digital systems to extract large amounts of data that can be used to characterise beam properties. The talk concentrates on machines with hadrons and gives an outlook on possible developments for future accelerator projects under study.
	Slides FRIXGD1 [3.562 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-FRIXGD1
About •	Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022
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Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOPOST043

Testing the Global Diffusive Behaviour of Beam-Halo Dynamics at the CERN LHC Using Collimator Scans

beam-losses, collider, proton, emittance

172

C.E. Montanari, A. Bazzani
Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
M. Giovannozzi, C.E. Montanari, S. Redaelli
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
A.A. Gorzawski
University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta

In superconducting circular particle accelerators, controlling beam losses is of paramount importance for ensuring optimal machine performance and an efficient operation. To achieve the required level of understanding of the mechanisms underlying beam losses, models based on global diffusion processes have recently been studied and proposed to investigate the beam-halo dynamics. In these models, the building block of the analytical form of the diffusion coefficient is the stability-time estimate of the Nekhoroshev theorem. In this paper, the developed models are applied to data acquired during collimation scans at the CERN LHC. In these measurements, the collimators are moved in steps and the tail population is re-constructed from the observed losses. This allows an estimate of the diffusion coefficient. The results of the analyses performed are presented and discussed in detail.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST043

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 10 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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MOPOST045

A Novel Tool for Beam Dynamics Studies with Hollow Electron Lenses

simulation, electron, collimation, collider

176

P.D. Hermes, R. Bruce, R. De Maria, M. Giovannozzi, G. Iadarola, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Hollow Electron Lenses (HELs) are crucial components of the CERN LHC High Luminosity Upgrade (HL-LHC), serving the purpose of actively controlling the population of the transverse beam halo to reduce particle losses on the collimation system. Symplectic particle tracking simulations are required to optimize the efficiency and study potentially undesired beam dynamics effects with the HELs. With the relevant time scales in the collider in the order of several minutes, tracking simulations require considerable computing resources. A new tracking tool, Xsuite, developed at CERN since 2021, offers the possibility of performing such tracking simulations using graphics processing units (GPUs), with promising perspectives for the simulation of hadron beam dynamics with HELs. In this contribution, we present the implementation of HEL physics effects in the new tracking framework. We compare the performance with previous tools and show simulation results obtained using known and newly established simulation setups.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST045

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 22 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2022

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MOPOST047

Determination of the Phase-Space Stability Border with Machine Learning Techniques

dynamic-aperture, luminosity, storage-ring, simulation

183

F.F. Van der Veken, R. Akbari, M.P. Bogaert, E. Fol, M. Giovannozzi, A.L. Lowyck, C.E. Montanari, W. Van Goethem
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The dynamic aperture (DA) of a hadron accelerator is represented by the volume in phase space that exhibits bounded motion, where we disregard any disconnected parts that could be due to stable islands. To estimate DA in numerical simulations, it is customary to sample a set of initial conditions using a polar grid in the transverse planes, featuring a limited number of angles and using evenly distributed radial amplitudes. This method becomes very CPU intensive when detailed scans in 4D, and even more in higher dimensions, are used to compute the dynamic aperture. In this paper, a new method is presented, in which the border of the phase-space stable region is identified using a machine learning (ML) model. This allows one to optimise the computational time by taking the complex geometry of the phase space into account, using adaptive sampling to increase the density of initial conditions along the border of stability.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOST047

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022

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MOPOTK046

Design Concept for a Second Interaction Region for the Electron-Ion Collider

electron, optics, collider, detector

564

B.R. Gamage, V. Burkert, R. Ent, Y. Furletova, D.W. Higinbotham, T.J. Michalski, R. Rajput-Ghoshal, D. Romanov, T. Satogata, A. Seryi, C. Weiss, W. Wittmer, Y. Zhang
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
E.C. Aschenauer, J.S. Berg, K.A. Drees, A. Jentsch, A. Kiselev, C. Montag, R.B. Palmer, B. Parker, V. Ptitsyn, F.J. Willeke, H. Witte
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
C. Hyde
ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
F. Lin, V.S. Morozov
ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
P. Nadel-Turonski
SBU, Stony Brook, New York, USA

Funding: Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177, Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 and UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725
In addition to the day-one primary Interaction Region (IR), the design of the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) must support operation of a 2nd IR potentially added later. The 2nd IR is envisioned in an existing experimental hall at RHIC IP8, compatible with the same beam energy combinations as the 1st IR over the full center of mass energy range of ~20 GeV to ~140 GeV. The 2nd IR is designed to be complementary to the 1st IR. In particular, a secondary focus is added in the forward ion direction of the 2nd IR hadron beamline to optimize its capability in detecting particles with magnetic rigidities close to those of the ion beam. We provide the current design status of the 2nd IR in terms of parameters, magnet layout and beam dynamics.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK046

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 09 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 12 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 17 June 2022

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MOPOTK053

RLAs with FFA Arcs for Protons and Electrons

cavity, linac, SRF, optics

584

V.S. Morozov
ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
J.F. Benesch, R.M. Bodenstein, S.A. Bogacz, A. Coxe, K.E. Deitrick, D. Douglas, B.R. Gamage, G.A. Krafft, K.E.Price. Price, Y. Roblin, A. Seryi
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
J.S. Berg, S.J. Brooks, F. Méot, D. Trbojevic
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
D. Douglas
Douglas Consulting, York, Virginia, USA
G.H. Hoffstaetter
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Funding: Authored in part by UT-Battelle, LLC, Jefferson Science Associates, LLC, and Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contracts DE-AC05-00OR22725, DE-AC05-06OR23177, and DE-SC0012704 with the US DOE.
Recirculating Linear Accelerators (RLAs) provide an efficient way of producing high-power, high-quality, continuous-wave hadron and lepton beams. However, their attractiveness had been limited by the cumbersomeness of multiple recirculating arcs and by the complexity of the spreader and recombiner regions. The latter problem sets one of the practical limitations on the maximum number of recirculations. We present an RLA design concept where the problem of multiple arcs is solved using the Fixed-Field Alternating gradient (FFA) design as in CBETA. The spreader/recombiner design is greatly simplified using an adiabatic matching approach. It allows for the spreader/recombiner function to be accomplished by a single beam line. The concept is applied to the designs of a high-power hadron accelerator being considered at ORNL and a CEBAF electron energy doubling project, FFA@CEBAF, being developed at Jefferson lab.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOTK053

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Received ※ 10 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 21 June 2022

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TUPOTK060

Simulations of Miscut Effects on the Efficiency of a Crystal Collimation System

collimation, simulation, proton, collider

1358

M. D’Andrea, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project.
The concept of crystal collimation relies on the use of bent crystals which can coherently deflect high-energy halo particles at angles orders of magnitude larger than what is obtained from scattering with conventional materials. Crystal collimation is studied to further improve the collimation efficiency at the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). In order to reproduce the main experimental results of crystal collimation tests and to predict the performance of such a system, a simulation routine capable of modeling interactions of beam particles with crystal collimators was developed and recently integrated into the latest release of the single-particle tracking code SixTrack. A new treatment of the miscut angle, i.e. the angle between crystalline planes and crystal edges, was implemented to study the effects of this manufacturing imperfection on the efficiency of a crystal collimation system. In this paper, the updated miscut angle model is described and simulation results on the cleaning efficiency are presented, using configurations tested during Run 2 of the LHC as a case study.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK060

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 04 July 2022

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TUPOTK061

Prospects to Apply Machine Learning to Optimize the Operation of the Crystal Collimation System at the LHC

collimation, operation, collider, network

1362

M. D’Andrea, G. Azzopardi, M. Di Castro, E. Matheson, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli, G. Valentino
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
G. Ricci
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Funding: Research supported by the HL-LHC project.
Crystal collimation relies on the use of bent crystals to coherently deflect halo particles onto dedicated collimator absorbers. This scheme is planned to be used at the LHC to improve the betatron cleaning efficiency with high-intensity ion beams. Only particles with impinging angles below 2.5 urad relative to the crystalline planes can be efficiently channeled at the LHC nominal top energy of 7 Z TeV. For this reason, crystals must be kept in optimal alignment with respect to the circulating beam envelope to maximize the efficiency of the channeling process. Given the small angular acceptance, achieving optimal channeling conditions is particularly challenging. Furthermore, the different phases of the LHC operational cycle involve important dynamic changes of the local orbit and optics, requiring an optimized control of position and angle of the crystals relative to the beam. To this end, the possibility to apply machine learning to the alignment of the crystals, in a dedicated setup and in standard operation, is considered. In this paper, possible solutions for automatic adaptation to the changing beam parameters are highlighted and plans for the LHC ion runs starting in 2022 are discussed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK061

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 12 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 21 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 24 June 2022

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TUPOTK062

Settings for Improved Betatron Collimation in the First Run of the High Luminosity LHC

collimation, dipole, luminosity, collider

1366

B. Lindström, A. Abramov, R. Bruce, R. De Maria, P.D. Hermes, J. Molson, S. Redaelli, F.F. Van der Veken
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Funding: This work was supported by the High Luminosity LHC project
The current betatron collimation system in the LHC is not optimized to absorb off-momentum particles scattered out from the primary collimators. The highest losses are concentrated in the downstream dispersion suppressor (DS). Given the increased beam intensity in the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), there is concern that these losses could risk quenching the superconducting DS magnets. Consequently, a dedicated upgrade of the DS has been studied. However, at this stage, the deployment for the startup of the HL-LHC is uncertain due to delays in the availability of high-field magnets needed to integrate new collimators into the DS. In this paper, we describe the expected collimation setup for the first run of the HL-LHC and explore various techniques to improve the collimation cleaning. These include exploiting the asymmetric response of the two jaws of each primary collimator and adjusting the locally generated dispersion in the collimation insertion.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-TUPOTK062

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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WEIXGD1

EIC Beam Dynamics Challenges

electron, luminosity, polarization, cavity

1576

D. Xu, E.C. Aschenauer, G. Bassi, J. Beebe-Wang, J.S. Berg, W.F. Bergan, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, S.J. Brooks, K.A. Brown, Z.A. Conway, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C. Folz, D.M. Gassner, X. Gu, R.C. Gupta, Y. Hao, C. Hetzel, D. Holmes, H. Huang, J. Kewisch, Y. Li, C. Liu, H. Lovelace III, G.J. Mahler, D. Marx, F. Méot, M.G. Minty, C. Montag, S.K. Nayak, R.B. Palmer, B. Parker, S. Peggs, V. Ptitsyn, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize, M.P. Sangroula, S. Seletskiy, K.S. Smith, S. Tepikian, R. Than, P. Thieberger, N. Tsoupas, J.E. Tuozzolo, E. Wang, D. Weiss, F.J. Willeke, H. Witte, Q. Wu, W. Xu, A. Zaltsman
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
S.V. Benson, B.R. Gamage, J.M. Grames, T.J. Michalski, E.A. Nissen, J.P. Preble, R.A. Rimmer, T. Satogata, A. Seryi, M. Wiseman, W. Wittmer
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
A. Blednykh, Y. Luo, B. Podobedov, S. Verdú-Andrés
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA
Y. Cai, Y.M. Nosochkov, G. Stupakov, M.K. Sullivan
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
E. Gianfelice-Wendt
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
G.H. Hoffstaetter, D. Sagan, J.E. Unger
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
V.S. Morozov
ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
J. Qiang
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

The Electron Ion Collider aims to produce luminosities of 10³⁴ cm^-2s^-1 . The machine will operate over a broad range of collision energies with highly polarized beams. The coexistence of highly radiative electrons and nonradiative ions produce a host of unique effects. Strong hadron cooling will be employed for the final factor of 3 luminosity boost.

Slides WEIXGD1 [3.952 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEIXGD1

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 13 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 14 June 2022

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WEPOST018

Power Deposition Studies for Crystal-Based Heavy Ion Collimation in the LHC

collimation, simulation, heavy-ion, operation

1726

J.B. Potoine, R. Bruce, R. Cai, L.S. Esposito, P.D. Hermes, A. Lechner, S. Redaelli, A. Waets
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
F. Wrobel
IES, Montpellier, France

The LHC heavy-ion program with 208Pb⁸²⁺ beams is foreseen to benefit from a significant intensity upgrade in 2022. A performance limitation may arise from ion fragments scattered out of the collimators in the betatron cleaning insertion, which risk quenching superconducting magnets during periods of short beam lifetime. In order to mitigate this risk, an alternative collimation technique, relying on bent crystals as primary collimators, will be used in future heavy-ion runs. In this paper, we study the power deposition in superconducting magnets by means of FLUKA shower simulations, comparing the standard collimation system against the crystal-based one. The studies focus on the dispersion suppressor regions downstream of the betatron cleaning insertion, where the ion fragment losses are the highest. Based on these studies, we quantify the expected quench margin expected in future runs with 208Pb⁸²⁺ beams.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST018

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 24 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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WEPOST020

EIC Hadron Spin Rotators

polarization, proton, electron, storage-ring

1734

V. Ptitsyn, J.S. Berg
BNL, Upton, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The Electron-Ion Collider in BNL will collide polarized electrons with polarized protons or polarized 3He ions. Spin rotators will be used to create the longitudinal beam polarization at a location of the EIC experimental detector. Helical spin rotators utilized for polarized proton operation in present RHIC will be reused in the EIC Hadron Storage Ring. However, due to a significant difference of EIC and RHIC interaction region layouts, the EIC spin rotator arrangement has several challenges. Turning on the EIC spin rotators may lead to a significant spin tune shift. To prevent beam depolarization during the spin rotator turn-on, Siberian Snakes have to be tuned simultaneously with rotators. The EIC spin rotators must be able to operate in a wide energy range for polarized protons and polarized 3He ions. The paper presents the challenges of spin rotator usage in the EIC and remedies assuring the successful operation with the rotators.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOST020

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2022

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WEPOPT015

Study of Hydrodynamic-Tunnelling Effects Induced by High-Energy Proton Beams in Graphite

target, simulation, proton, coupling

1870

C. Wiesner, F. Carra, J. Don, I. Kolthoff, A. Lechner, S.R. Rasile, D. Wollmann
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

The design and assessment of machine-protection systems for existing and future high-energy accelerators comprises the study of accidental beam impact on machine elements. In case of a direct impact of a large number of high-energy particle bunches in one location, the damage range in the material is significantly increased due to an effect known as hydrodynamic tunnelling. The effect is caused by the beam-induced reduction of the material density along the beam trajectory, which allows subsequent bunches to penetrate deeper into the target. The assessment of the damage range requires the sequential coupling of an energy-deposition code, like FLUKA, and a hydrodynamic code, like Autodyn. The paper presents the simulations performed for the impact of the nominal LHC beam at 7 TeV on a graphite target. It describes the optimisation of the simulation setup and the required coupling workflow. The resulting energy deposition and the evolution of the target density are discussed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT015

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Received ※ 20 May 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2022

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WEPOPT034

Reconfiguration of RHIC Straight Sections for the EIC

electron, focusing, quadrupole, kicker

1916

C. Liu, J.S. Berg, D. Bruno, C. Cullen, K.A. Drees, W. Fischer, X. Gu, R.C. Gupta, D. Holmes, R.F. Lambiase, H. Lovelace III, C. Montag, S. Peggs, V. Ptitsyn, G. Robert-Demolaize, R. Than, J.E. Tuozzolo, M. Valette, S. Verdú-Andrés, D. Weiss, D. Xu
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
B. Bhandari, F. Micolon, N. Tsoupas
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA
B.R. Gamage, T. Satogata, W. Wittmer
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 and Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177.
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) will be built in the existing Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) tunnel with the addition of electron acceleration and storage rings. The two RHIC rings will be reconfigured as a single Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) for accelerating and storing ion beams. The proton beam energy will be raised from 255 to 275 GeV to achieve the desired center-of-mass energy range: 20’140 GeV. It is also mandatory to operate the HSR with a constant revolution frequency over a large energy range (41’275 GeV for protons) to synchronize with the Electron Storage Ring (ESR). These and other requirements/challenges dictate modifications to RHIC accelerators. This report gives an overview of the modifications to the RHIC straight sections together with their individual challenges.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT034

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Received ※ 06 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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WEPOPT035

Optics for Strong Hadron Cooling in EIC HSR-IR2

electron, optics, kicker, cavity

1920

S. Peggs, W.F. Bergan, D. Bruno, Y. Gao, D. Holmes, R.F. Lambiase, C. Liu, H. Lovelace III, G.J. Mahler, V. Ptitsyn, G. Robert-Demolaize, R. Than, J.E. Tuozzolo, E. Wang, D. Weiss, D. Xu
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
S.V. Benson, T.J. Michalski
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
F. Micolon
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC001 2704, and by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177.
Insertion Region 2 (IR2) of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider will be modified to accommodate a Strong Hadron Cooling facility in the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). This paper describes the current proof-of-principle design of HSR-IR2 - layout, optical performance, design methodology, and engineering requirements. It also describes the challenges and opportunities in the future development of the HSR-IR2 design, in order to further optimize Strong Hadron Cooling performance.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT035

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Received ※ 02 June 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 18 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 06 July 2022

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WEPOPT044

Electron-Ion Collider Design Status

electron, storage-ring, collider, simulation

1954

C. Montag, E.C. Aschenauer, G. Bassi, J. Beebe-Wang, J.S. Berg, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, S.J. Brooks, K.A. Brown, Z.A. Conway, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C. Folz, X. Gu, R.C. Gupta, Y. Hao, C. Hetzel, D. Holmes, H. Huang, J.P. Jamilkowski, J. Kewisch, Y. Li, C. Liu, H. Lovelace III, Y. Luo, G.J. Mahler, D. Marx, F. Méot, M.G. Minty, S.K. Nayak, R.B. Palmer, B. Parker, S. Peggs, V. Ptitsyn, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize, M.P. Sangroula, S. Seletskiy, K.S. Smith, S. Tepikian, R. Than, P. Thieberger, N. Tsoupas, J.E. Tuozzolo, E. Wang, D. Weiss, F.J. Willeke, H. Witte, Q. Wu, D. Xu, W. Xu, A. Zaltsman
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
S.V. Benson, B.R. Gamage, J.M. Grames, T.J. Michalski, E.A. Nissen, J.P. Preble, R.A. Rimmer, T. Satogata, A. Seryi, M. Wiseman, W. Wittmer
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
A. Blednykh, D.M. Gassner, B. Podobedov, S. Verdú-Andrés
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA
Y. Cai, Y.M. Nosochkov, G. Stupakov, M.K. Sullivan
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
E. Gianfelice-Wendt
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
G.H. Hoffstaetter, D. Sagan, J.E. Unger
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
F. Lin, V.S. Morozov
ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
M.G. Signorelli
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported under Contract No. DE-SC0012704, Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177, Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725, and Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is being designed for construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Activities have been focused on beam-beam simulations, polarization studies, and beam dynamics, as well as on maturing the layout and lattice design of the constituent accelerators and the interaction region. The latest design advances will be presented.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOPT044

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Received ※ 03 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2022

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WEPOTK015

The Electron-Ion Collider Hadron Storage Ring 10 O’clock Switchyard Design

dipole, quadrupole, electron, cavity

2071

H. Lovelace III, J.S. Berg, D. Bruno, C. Cullen, K.A. Drees, W. Fischer, X. Gu, R.C. Gupta, D. Holmes, R.F. Lambiase, C. Liu, C. Montag, S. Peggs, V. Ptitsyn, G. Robert-Demolaize, R. Than, J.E. Tuozzolo, M. Valette, D. Weiss
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
B. Bhandari, F. Micolon, S. Verdú-Andrés
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA
T. Satogata, W. Wittmer
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) will be composed of the current Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) yellow ring sextants with the exception of the 1 o’clock and the 11 o’clock arc. These two arcs use the existing blue ring inner (1 o’clock) and outer (11 o’clock) magnetic lattice for 275 GeV proton operation. The inner yellow 11 o’clock arc is used for 41 GeV energy operation. A switching magnet must be used to guide the hadron beam from the low and high energy arc respectively into the shared arc. This report provides the necessary lattice configuration, magnetic fields, and optics for the 10 o’clock utility straight section (USS) switchyard for both high and low energy configuration while providing the necessary space allocations and beam specifications for accelerator systems such as an additional radiofrequency cavity and beam dump.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK015

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Received ※ 01 June 2022 — Revised ※ 14 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 26 June 2022

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WEPOTK035

Layout of the 12 O’clock Collimation Straight Section for the EIC Hadron Storage Ring

dipole, operation, electron, storage-ring

2142

G. Robert-Demolaize, J.S. Berg, K.A. Drees, D. Holmes, H. Lovelace III, S. Peggs, M. Valette
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
B. Bhandari
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by the US Department of Energy under contract No. DE-SC0012704.
The design of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) calls for using parts of both of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) Blue and Yellow beamlines. With the HSR having to circulate low (41 GeV) and high (100+ GeV) energy hadron beams while matching the time of flight in the Electron Storage Ring (ESR), it becomes necessary for the ring lattice to switch from an outer arc to an inner arc in order to accommodate for the change in circumference. To do so, a switchyard is planned for installation in the HSR straight section at 12 o’clock with the other switchyard being placed in the straight section immediately downstream, 10 o’clock. The 12 o’clock straight section is simultaneously dedicated to the EIC 2-stage collimation system. The following reviews the layout constraints in the12 o’clock straight section that come with installing such a switchyard, along with the implications on the linear optics for that straight section at all HSR rigidities. The space allocation, twiss parameters and the mechanical requirements of the HSR betatron collimators that will be installed in this section are also discussed.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOTK035

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Received ※ 07 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 15 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 27 June 2022

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WEPOMS032

Simulations of Coherent Electron Cooling with Orbit Deviation

electron, simulation, plasma, kicker

2319

J. Ma, V. Litvinenko, G. Wang
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
V. Litvinenko
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Coherent electron cooling (CeC) is a novel technique for rapidly cooling high-energy, high-intensity hadron beam. Plasma cascade amplifier (PCA) has been proposed for the CeC experiment in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). Cooling performance of PCA based CeC has been predicted in 3D start-to-end CeC simulations using code SPACE. The dependence of the PCA gain and the cooling rate on the electron beam’s orbit deviation has been explored in the simulation studies.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS032

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Received ※ 16 May 2022 — Revised ※ 11 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 13 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 29 June 2022

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THPOMS018

Study of Coil Configuration and Local Optics Effects for the GaToroid Ion Gantry Design

focusing, hadrontherapy, optics, radiation

2984

E. Oponowicz, L. Bottura, Y. Dutheil, A. Gerbershagen, A. Haziot
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Funding: Project co-funded by the CERN Budget for Knowledge Transfer to Medical Applications.
GaToroid, a novel configuration for hadron therapy gantry, is based on superconducting coils that gen- erate a toroidal magnetic field to deliver the beam onto the patient. Designing the complex GaToroid coils requires careful consideration of the local beam optical effects. We present a Python-based tool for charged particle transport in complex electromagnetic fields. The code implements fast tracking in arbitrary three-dimensional field maps, and it is not limited to specific or regular reference trajectories, as is generally the case in accelerator physics. The tool was used to characterise the beam behaviour inside the GaToroid system. It automatically determines the reference trajectories in the symmetry plane and analyses three-dimensional beam dynamics around these trajectories. Beam optical parameters in the field region were compared for various magnetic configurations of GaToroid. This paper introduces the new tracker and shows the benchmarking results. Furthermore, first- order beam optics studies for different arrangements demonstrate the main code features and serve for the design optimisation.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-THPOMS018

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Received ※ 19 May 2022 — Revised ※ 16 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 17 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 23 June 2022

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FRIXGD1

Status and Prospects in Fast Beam-Based Feedbacks

feedback, kicker, cavity, pick-up

3112

W. Höfle
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland

Fast beam-based Feedback systems play an important role in circular accelerators to mitigate instabilities and reduce the impact of injection oscillations and perturbations on beam quality, both in the longitudinal and transverse planes. The status and prospects of such beam-based feedback systems for circular accelerators are reviewed. This includes progress towards the fundamental limits in noise and feedback gain and the possibilities of modern digital systems to extract large amounts of data that can be used to characterise beam properties. The talk concentrates on machines with hadrons and gives an outlook on possible developments for future accelerator projects under study.

Slides FRIXGD1 [3.562 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-FRIXGD1

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Received ※ 08 June 2022 — Accepted ※ 16 June 2022 — Issue date ※ 20 June 2022

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