IPAC2014 - List of Keywords (luminosity)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOXAA01	Challenges for Highest Energy Circular Colliders	collider, radiation, hadron, synchrotron	1
	F. Zimmermann, M. Benedikt, D. Schulte, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	A new tunnel of 80-100 km circumference could host a 100 TeV centre-of-mass energy-frontier proton collider (FCC-hh/VHE-LHC), with a circular lepton collider (FCC-ee/TLEP) as potential intermediate step, and a lepton-hadron collider (FCC-he) as additional option. FCC-ee, operating at four different energies for precision physics of the Z, W, and Higgs boson and the top quark, represents a significant push in terms of technology and design parameters. Pertinent R&D efforts include the RF system, top-up injection scheme, optics design for arcs and final focus, effects of beamstrahlung, beam polarization, energy calibration, and power consumption. FCC-hh faces other challenges, such as high-field magnet design, machine protection and effective handling of large synchrotron radiation power in a superconducting machine. All these issues are being addressed by a global FCC collaboration. A parallel design study in China prepares for a similar, but smaller collider, called CepC/SppC.
	Slides MOXAA01 [27.493 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-MOXAA01
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MOPRO007	GPU-Accelerated Long-Term Simulations of Beam-Beam Effects in Colliders	GPU, simulation, collider, electron	77
	B. Terzić, F. Lin, V.S. Morozov, Y. Roblin, H. Zhang JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA M. Aturban, D. Ranjan, M. Zubair ODU CS, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
	Funding: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177. We present an update on the development of the new code for long-term simulation of beam-beam effects in particle colliders. The underlying physical model relies on a matrix-based arbitrary-order particle tracking (including a symplectic option) for beam transport and the generalized Bassetti-Erskine approximation for beam-beam interaction. The computations are accelerated through a parallel implementation on a hybrid GPU/CPU platform. With the new code, previously computationally prohibitive long-term simulations become tractable. The new code will be used to model the proposed Medium-energy Electron-Ion Collider (MEIC) at Jefferson Lab.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-MOPRO007
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MOPRO031	Abort Gap Cleaning for LHC Run 2	emittance, operation, extraction, quadrupole	138
	J.A. Uythoven, A. Boccardi, E. Bravin, B. Goddard, G.H. Hemelsoet, W. Höfle, D. Jacquet, V. Kain, S. Mazzoni, M. Meddahi, D. Valuch CERN, Geneva, Switzerland E. Gianfelice-Wendt Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	To minimize the beam losses at the moment of an LHC beam dump the 3 μs long abort gap should contain as few particles as possible. Its population can be minimised by abort gap cleaning using the LHC transverse damper system. The LHC Run 1 experience is briefly recalled; changes foreseen for the LHC Run 2 are presented. They include improvements in the observation of the abort gap population and the mechanism to decide if cleaning is required, changes to the hardware of the transverse dampers to reduce the detrimental effect on the luminosity lifetime and proposed changes to the applied cleaning algorithms.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-MOPRO031
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MOPRO034	Studies on Nonlinear Post-linac Protection for CLIC	sextupole, collimation, linac, octupole	148
	J. Resta-López Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom S.T. Boogert, J. Snuverink JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom A. Faus-Golfe, J. Resta-López IFIC, Valencia, Spain
	The post-linac energy collimation system of CLIC is designed to fulfill an essential function of protection of the Beam Delivery System (BDS) against miss-steered beams generated by failure modes in the main linac. Guaranteeing the collimator survivability in case of direct beam impact is very challenging, if we take into account the need to deal with an unprecedented transverse beam energy density per beam of the order of GJ/mm². This translates into a high damage potential of uncontrolled beams. In this paper we present an alternative nonlinear energy collimation system as a potential solution to guarantee the survival of the collimators. The performance and error tolerances of this system are studied by means of beam tracking simulations, and compared with those of the conventional baseline CLIC energy collimation system.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-MOPRO034
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MOPRO037	Collimator Fast Failure Losses for Various HL-LHC Configurations	optics, collimation, simulation, kicker	157
	L. Lari, R. Bruce, S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland L. Lari IFIC, Valencia, Spain
	Funding: Research supported by EU FP7 HiLumi LHC - Grant Agreement 284404 The upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), in terms of beam intensity and energy, implies an increasing risk of severe damage in particular in case of fast failures losses. For this reason, efforts were put in developing simulation tools to allow studies of asynchronous dump accident, including realistic failure cases for collimator settings and machine parameters like orbit and optics. The scope of these studies is to understand realistic beam loads in different collimators, in order to improve the actual LHC collimator system design, to provide feedbacks on optic design and to evaluate different mitigation actions. Simulations were set up with a modified SixTrack collimation routine able to simulate erroneous firing of a single dump kicker or the simultaneous malfunction of all the 15 kickers. In such a context, results are evaluated from the whole LHC collimation system point of view.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-MOPRO037
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MOPRO041	Multi-turn Tracking of Collision Products at the LHC	proton, simulation, betatron, optics	166
	A. Marsili, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, L.S. Esposito, S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Research supported by EU FP7 HiLumi LHC - Grant Agreement 284404 The luminosity expected at the interaction points in LHC at 7 TeV will be unprecedented, up to 1034 cm−2 s−1 . Part of the debris produced by the collisions is lost locally im- mediately downstream the Interaction Point (IP), in the matching section and dispersion suppressor. In this paper, the dynamics of collision debris protons is discussed. First, the loss distributions close to the collision points, simulated with two codes – SixTrack and FLUKA – are compared for different layout configurations. Then, SixTrack is used to simulate the fraction of protons that have undergone inelastic interactions with smaller energy and and betatron offsets, which could travel for several turns around the ring and might be lost in other collimation insertions. A preliminary comparison is made between the resulting loss distribution and measurements.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-MOPRO041
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MOPRI096	The New Transfer Line Collimation System for the LHC High Luminosity Era	optics, injection, collimation, extraction	839
	V. Kain, C. Bracco, B. Goddard, F.L. Maciariello, M. Meddahi, A. Mereghetti, G.E. Steele, F.M. Velotti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland E. Gianfelice-Wendt Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	A set of passive absorbers is located at the end of each of the 3 km long injection lines to protect the LHC in case of failures during the extraction process from the LHC’s last pre-injector or the beam transfer itself. In case of an erroneous extraction, the absorbers have to attenuate the beam to a safe level and be robust enough themselves to survive the impact. These requirements are difficult to fulfil with the very bright and intense beams produced by the LHC injectors for the high luminosity era. This paper revisits the requirements for the SPS-to-LHC transfer line collimation system and the adapted strategy to fulfill these for the LHC high luminosity operation. A possible solution for the new transfer line collimation system is presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-MOPRI096
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MOPRI098	Design Studies of the Upgraded Collimation System in the SPS-to-LHC Transfer Lines	collimation, injection, simulation, optics	845
	A. Mereghetti, C. Bracco, F. Cerutti, B. Goddard, J. Hrivnak, V. Kain, F.L. Maciariello, M. Meddahi, G.E. Steele CERN, Geneva, Switzerland R. Appleby UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
	In the framework of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) Project, the collimators in the SPS-to-LHC transfer lines are presently under re-design, in order to cope with the unprecedented beam intensities and emittances required by the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). Factors ruling the design phase are the robustness of the jaws on one side and, on the other side, the proton absorption and the emittance blow-up, essential for an effective protection of the equipment in the LHC injection regions and the LHC machine. In view of the new design, based on the one of the currently installed TCDI collimators and past investigations, the FLUKA Monte Carlo code is used to address these two factors. The present studies are intended to give essential feedback to the identification of viable solutions.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-MOPRI098
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TUOBA03	Recent Beam-beam Effects and Luminosity at VEPP-2000	collider, positron, electron, detector	924
	D.B. Shwartz, D.E. Berkaev, A.S. Kasaev, I. Koop, A.N. Kyrpotin, A.P. Lysenko, E. Perevedentsev, V.P. Prosvetov, Yu. A. Rogovsky, A.L. Romanov, A.I. Senchenko, P.Yu. Shatunov, Y.M. Shatunov, I.M. Zemlyansky, Yu.M. Zharinov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	Funding: Work is supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, grant N 14.518.11.7003 VEPP-2000's last season was dedicated to the energy range of 160-520 MeV per beam. The application of round colliding beams concept along with the accurate orbit and lattice correction yielded the high peak luminosity of 1.210³¹ cm^-2s⁻¹ at 500 MeV with average luminosity of 0.910³¹ cm^-2s⁻¹ per run. The total beam-beam tune shift up to 0.174 was achieved in the runs at 392.5 MeV. This corresponds to beam-beam parameter ksi = 0.125 per one interaction point. The injection system is currently being upgraded to allow for the injection at the top energy of VEPP-2000 collider and to eliminate the present lack of positrons.
	Slides TUOBA03 [4.475 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUOBA03
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TUOCB02	High-field Magnet Development toward the High Luminosity LHC	dipole, quadrupole, interaction-region, focusing	983
	G. Apollinari Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	The upcoming Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) will rely on the use of Accelerator Quality Nb3Sn Magnets which have been the focus of an intense R&D effort in the last decade. This contribution will describe the R&D and results of Nb3Sn Accelerator Quality High Field Magnets development efforts, with emphasis on the activities considered for the HL-LHC upgrades.
	Slides TUOCB02 [5.103 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUOCB02
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TUPRO001	Alternative High Luminosity LHC Matching Section Layout	optics, injection, quadrupole, cavity	990
	B. Dalena, A. Chancé CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France R. De Maria CERN, Geneva, Switzerland J. Payet CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
	Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no. 284404, co-funded by the DoE, USA and KEK, Japan. In the framework of the HL-LHC Upgrade project possible variants for the layout of the LHC matching section located in the high luminosity insertions are investigated. This layout is optimized to reduce the demand on the voltage of the crab cavities, it also improves the optics squeeze-ability, both in ATS[1] and non-ATS mode. Moreover the injection and transitions to collision optics are also discussed. [1] S. Fartoukh, ‘’An Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) Scheme for LHC Upgrade’’, in proceedings of IPAC11, p. 2088.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO001
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TUPRO002	Fringe Fields Modeling for the High Luminosity LHC Large Aperture Quadrupoles	quadrupole, simulation, multipole, controls	993
	B. Dalena, A. Chancé, O. Gabouev CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France R. Appleby, D.R. Brett UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom R. De Maria, M. Giovannozzi CERN, Geneva, Switzerland J. Payet CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
	Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no. 284404, co-funded by the DoE, USA and KEK, Japan. The HL-LHC Upgrade project relies on large aperture magnets (mainly the inner Triplet and the separation dipole D1). The beam is much more sensitive to non-linear perturbations in this region, such as those induced by the fringe fields of the low-beta quadrupoles. Analytical evaluations of detuning with amplitude and chromatic effects show that the effect is small, but not negligible. Therefore, the effect on long-term beam dynamics is evaluated via tracking simulations. Different tracking models are compared in order to provide a numerical estimate of this effect due to the proposed inner triplet quadrupoles. The implementation of the fringe fields in SixTrack, to be used for dynamic apertures studies, is also discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO002
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TUPRO003	Fast Crab Cavity Failures in HL-LHC	operation, simulation, optics, synchrotron	997
	B. Yee-Rendón, R. Lopez-Fernandez CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico J. Barranco García EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland R. Calaga, R. Tomás, F. Zimmermann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Crab cavities (CCs) are a key ingredient of the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) to ensure head on collisions at the main experiments (ATLAS and CMS) and fully profit from the smaller β* provided by the ATS optics. At KEKB, CCs have exhibited abrupt changes of phase and voltage during a time period of few LHC turns and considering the large energy stored in the HL-LHC beam, CC failures represent a serious risk to the LHC machine protection. In this paper, we discuss the effect of CC voltage or phase changes on a time interval similar to, or longer than, necessary to dump the beam. The simulations assume a realistic steady-state distribution to assess the beam losses for the HL-LHC. Additionally, some strategies are studied to mitigate the damage caused by the failures.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO003
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TUPRO004	Polarized Protons and Deuterons at NICA@JINR	proton, collider, polarization, ion	1000
	A.D. Kovalenko, A.V. Butenko, V.D. Kekelidze, V.A. Mikhaylov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia Y. Filatov MIPT, Dolgoprudniy, Moscow Region, Russia A.M. Kondratenko, M.A. Kondratenko Science and Technique Laboratory Zaryad, Novosibirsk, Russia
	Different aspects of the NICA facility operation in polarized proton and deuteron modes aimed at reaching the highest possible luminosity and polarization degree as well are analysed. The main aim is to provide average luminosity L ≥ 1•1032 cm^-2 s⁻¹ at √sNN ≥ 26-27 GeV for single-spin proton collisions. Optimal schemes of the Siberian Snake insertions to the Nuclotron and NICA collider rings were proposed. The results of simulations are presented and discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO004
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TUPRO006	Strong-strong Beam-beam Simulation for the LHC Upgrade	emittance, simulation, cavity, resonance	1006
	J. Qiang, S. Paret LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA G. Arduini, T. Pieloni CERN, Geneva, Switzerland J. Barranco García EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 using computing resources at the NERSC. The LHC upgrade will significantly improve the performance of the current LHC operation with higher collision energy and luminosity. In the paper, we report on the progress in the strong-strong beam-beam simulation of the HL-LHC upgrade with crab cavity compensation. We will present the study of the effects of accelerator tune working points, dipole noise, and crab cavity noise on colliding beam emittance growth.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO006
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TUPRO009	Simple Models Describing the Time-evolution of Luminosity in Hadron Colliders	collider, hadron, proton, operation	1017
	M. Giovannozzi CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	In recent years, several studies have been performed to describe the evolution of the losses in circular proton machines. Considerations based on single-particle, non-linear beam dynamics allowed building models that, albeit simple, proved to be in good agreement with measurements. These initial results have been generalised, thus opening the possibility to describe the luminosity evolution in a circular hadron collider. In this paper, the focus is on the derivation of scaling laws for the integrated luminosity, taking into account both burn off and additional pseudo-diffusive effects. The proposed models are applied to the analysis of the data collected during the LHC Run I and the outcome is discussed in detail.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO009
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TUPRO010	Origins of Transverse Emittance Blow-up during the LHC Energy Ramp	emittance, injection, simulation, brightness	1021
	M. Kuhn, G. Arduini, V. Kain, A. Langner, Y. Papaphilippou, M. Schaumann, R. Tomás CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	During LHC Run 1 about 30 % of the potential peak performance was lost due to transverse emittance blow-up through the LHC cycle. Measurements indicated that the majority of the blow-up occurred during the energy ramp. Until the end of LHC Run 1 this emittance blow-up could not be eliminated. In this paper the measurements and observations of emittance growth through the ramp are summarized. Simulation results for growth due to Intra Beam Scattering will be shown and compared to measurements. A summary of investigations of other possible sources will be given and backed up with simulations where possible. Requirements for commissioning the LHC with beam in 2015 after Long Shutdown 1 to understand and control emittance blow-up will be listed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO010
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TUPRO013	Studies on Stochastic Cooling of Heavy Ions in the LHC	kicker, cavity, ion, pick-up	1030
	M. Schaumann, J.M. Jowett, B. Salvant, M. Wendt CERN, Geneva, Switzerland M. Blaskiewicz, S. Verdú-Andrés BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Future high luminosity heavy-ion operation of the LHC will be dominated by very rapid luminosity decay due to the large collision cross-section and, to a lesser extent, emittance growth from intra-beam scattering (IBS) due to the high bunch intensities. A stochastic cooling system could reduce the emittance far below its initial value and reduce the losses from debunching during collisions, allowing more of the initial beam intensity to be converted into integrated luminosity before the beams are dumped. We review the status of this proposal, system and hardware properties and potential locations for the equipment in the tunnel.
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TUPRO014	Semi-empirical Model for Optimising Future Heavy Ion Luminosity of the LHC	injection, kicker, heavy-ion, simulation	1033
	M. Schaumann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The wide spectrum of intensities and emittances imprinted on the LHC Pb bunches during the accumulation of bunch trains in the injector chain result in a significant spread in the single bunch luminosities and lifetimes in collision. Based on the data collected in the 2011 Pb-Pb run, an empirical model is derived to predict the single-bunch peak luminosity depending on the bunch's position within the beam. In combination with this model, simulations of representative bunches are used to estimate the luminosity evolution for the complete ensemble of bunches. Several options are being considered to improve the injector performance and to increase the number of bunches in the LHC, leading to several potential injection scenarios, resulting in different peak and integrated luminosities. The most important options for after the long shutdown 1 and 2 are evaluated and compared.
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TUPRO015	Update on Predictions for Yearly Integrated Luminosity for HL-LHC based on Expected Machine Availability	operation, radiation, electronics, cryogenics	1036
	A. Apollonio, M. Jonker, R. Schmidt, B. Todd, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Machine availability is one of the key performance indicators to reach the ambitious goals for integrated luminosity in the post Long Shutdown 1 (LS1) era. Machine availability is even more important for the future High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) [1]. In this paper a Monte Carlo approach has been used to predict integrated luminosity as a function of LHC machine availability. The baseline model assumptions such as fault-time distributions and machine failure rate (number of fills with stable beams dumped after a failure / total number of fills with stable beams) were deduced from the observations during LHC operation in 2012. The predictions focus on operation after LS1 and its evolution towards HL-LHC. The extrapolation of relevant parameters impacting on machine availability is outlined and their corresponding impact on fault time distributions is discussed. Results for possible future operational scenarios are presented. Finally, a sensitivity analysis with relevant model parameters like fault time and machine failure rate is discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO015
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TUPRO016	Machine Protection Challenges for HL-LHC	cavity, extraction, beam-losses, operation	1039
	R. Schmidt, T. Bär, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	LHC operation requires the flawless functioning of the machine protection systems. The energy stored in the beam was progressively increased beyond the 140 MJ range at the end of 2012 at 4 TeV/c. The further increase to 364 MJ expected for 2015 at 6.5 TeV/c should be possible with the existing protection systems. For HL-LHC, additional failure modes are considered. The stored beam energy will increase by another factor of two with respect to nominal and a factor of five more than experienced so far. The maximum beta function will increase. It is planned to install crab cavities in the LHC. With crab cavities, sudden voltage decays within 100 us after e.g. cavity quenches lead to large beam oscillations. Tracking simulations predict trajectory distortions of up to 1.5 σ in the first turn after a sudden drop of the deflecting voltage in a single cavity within 3 turns. The energy of several MJ stored in halo protons that could hit the collimator in case of such events is far above damage level, even if the collimator jaws are made of robust material. In this paper we discuss the challenges for machine protection in the HL-LHC era and possible mitigation strategies.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO016
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TUPRO017	HL-LHC Performance with a 200 MHz RF System	impedance, cavity, electron, simulation	1043
	R. Tomás, C.O. Domínguez CERN, Geneva, Switzerland S.M. White BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	The HL-LHC performance could considerably benefit from having a 200 MHz RF system. This would allow to inject longer bunches with larger bunch intensity from the SPS and to perform bunch length leveling if required. We also consider the possibility of decreasing the crab cavity frequency to increase both virtual peak luminosity and luminous region. Performance estimates of various configurations are presented in this paper.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO017
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TUPRO020	Integration of a Neutral Absorber for the LHC Point 8	optics, dipole, operation, injection	1052
	A. Santamaría García, R. Alemany-Fernández, H. Burkhardt, F. Cerutti, L.S. Esposito, N.V. Shetty CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The LHCb detector will be upgraded during the second long shutdown (LS2) of the LHC machine, in order to increase its statistical precision significantly. The upgraded LHCb foresees a peak luminosity of L = 1-2 . 10³³ cm^-2 s⁻¹, with a pileup of 5. This represents ten times more luminosity and five times more pile up than in the present LHC. With these conditions, the pp-collisions and beam losses will produce a non-negligeable beam-induced energy deposition in the interaction region. More precisely, studies have shown that the energy deposition will especially increase on the D2 recombination dipole, which could bring them close to their safety thresholds. To avoid this, the placement of a minimal neutral absorber has been proposed. This absorber will have the same role as the TAN in the high luminosity Interaction Regions (IR) 1 and 5. This study shows the possible dimensions and location of this absorber, and how it would reduce both the peak power density and total heat load.
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TUPRO021	Preliminary Study of Risks and Failure Scenarios for the High Luminosity Experiments in HL-LHC	simulation, detector, cavity, experiment	1055
	F. Bouly LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France R. Alemany-Fernández, H. Burkhardt, D. Wollmann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland B. Yee-Rendón CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico
	For the HL-LHC it is planned to basically double the diameter of the triplet quadruple magnets around the high luminosity insertions of the LHC. The high luminosity experiments ATLAS and CMS would like to keep a small central chamber radius close the interaction point. In the context of collider-experiment studies for the high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC, we present a first study of the possible consequences of these changes for the experimental running conditions based on detailed simulations with tracking. We have started to implement crab cavity failures and discuss first results from these simulations.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO021
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TUPRO022	Implementation of Luminosity Leveling by Betatron Function Adjustment at the LHC Interaction Points	experiment, optics, operation, betatron	1058
	J. Wenninger, A.A. Gorzawski CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Growing expectations for integrated luminosity during upcoming LHC runs introduce new challenges for LHC beam operation in the scope of online luminosity control. Because some LHC experiments are limited in the maximum event rates, their luminosity is leveled to a constant value. Various techniques may be used for luminosity leveling, changing the betatron function at the interaction point is one of them. This paper explains the main operational requirements of a betatron function leveling scheme for the upcoming LHC run. Issues concerning the beam optics, orbits and collimator settings are discussed. The proposed architecture for control system integration will be discussed. A few operational scenarios with different beam configurations foreseen for the next LHC run will be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO022
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TUPRO023	Beam-beam Effects in Different Luminosity Levelling Scenarios for the LHC	dynamic-aperture, experiment, beam-beam-effects, emittance	1061
	X. Buffat, D. Banfi, G.R. Coombs EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland W. Herr, T. Pieloni CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Adjusting luminosity and optimizing the luminous region in each interaction point of the LHC according to the experiments needs has become a requirement to maximize the efficiency of the different detectors. Several techniques are envisaged, most importantly by varying β* or a transverse offset at the interaction point. Coherent and incoherent stability in the presence of beam-beam effects will be discussed in realistic luminosity levelling scenarios for the LHC.
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TUPRO024	Benchmarking Studies of Intra Beam Scattering for HL-LHC	lattice, optics, injection, scattering	1064
	D. Angal-Kalinin STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom A. Wolski The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom A. Wolski Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Funding: Research supported by EU FP7 HiLumi LHC - Grant Agreement 284404 The effects of Intra Beam Scattering (IBS) in the High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) will be stronger compared to effects in the present LHC because of the high intensity of the proton bunches and the new proposed optics. We present benchmarking studies carried out for the present LHC at injection and collision energies as well as HL-LHC at collision energy with the Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing optics. The results of IBS growth-rate calculations using the full Bjorken-Mtingwa formulae* are compared with simplified formulae, Bane’s high energy approximation, and the completely integrated modified Piwinski approximation**. The results of calculations based on these methods carried out in Mathematica are compared with results from the codes MAD-X and ZAP. J. Broken and S. Mtingwa, Part. Accel. 13, 115 (1983) K. Kubo et al, PRST-AB, 8, 081001 (2005) * K. Bane, EPAC2002 **** S. Mtingwa and A. Tollestrup, Fermilab-Pub-89/224, 1987.
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TUPRO025	Initial Estimate of Fringe Field Effects in HL-LHC using Frequency Map Analysis	quadrupole, lattice, multipole, closed-orbit	1067
	S. Jones, D. Newton, A. Wolski The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom S. Jones, D. Newton, A. Wolski Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Funding: Work supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK The planned High Luminosity upgrade to the LHC will require stronger focusing of the beam in the interaction regions. To achieve this, the inner triplet quadrupoles will be replaced with new magnets having larger gradient and aperture. In this new focusing regime the quadrupole fringe fields are expected to have a greater effect on the beam dynamics, due to their large aperture, as compared to the nominal LHC. In this preliminary study, simplified models are used in a tracking code to assess the impact of the fringe fields on the dynamics using frequency map analysis.
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TUPRO026	Possible Beam-beam and Levelling Scenarios for HL-LHC	emittance, simulation, collider, hadron	1071
	M.P. Crouch, R. Appleby UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom B.D. Muratori STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom T. Pieloni CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Research supported by EU FP7 HiLumi LHC - Grant Agreement 284404 The upgrade of the LHC from the current set-up to high luminosity performances will provide new challenges from the point of view of beam-beam as well as other collective effects and luminosity levelling. We present the current possibilities for doing luminosity levelling for HL-LHC. We explore the merits and drawbacks of each option and briefly discuss the operational implications. The simplest option being levelling with an offset between the two beams. In particular, we look at the possibility of using flat beams in the IPs for all the available options and investigate their benefits and drawbacks, using the code COMBI. Flat beams would allow an additional degree of freedom, with the levelling only required in one of the planes at any given IP. To this end, various scenarios are looked at, both with and without crab cavities.
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TUPRO027	First Beam Background Simulation Studies at IR1 for High Luminosity LHC	simulation, background, proton, detector	1074
	R. Kwee-Hinzmann, S.M. Gibson JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom G. Bregliozzi, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, L.S. Esposito, R. Kersevan, A. Lechner, N.V. Shetty CERN, Geneva, Switzerland S.M. Gibson Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom
	In the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) Project, the LHC will be significantly upgraded to attain a peak luminosity of up to 8.5 × 10³⁴ cm^-2s^-1, thus almost an order of magnitude higher compared to the nominal machine configuration in ATLAS at IP1 and CMS at IP5. In the view of a successful machine setup as well as a successful physics programme, beam induced background studies at IP1 were performed to investigate sources of particle fluxes to the experimental area. In particular as a start of the study, two sources forming the major contributions were simulated in detail: the first one considers inelastic interactions from beam particles hitting tertiary collimators, the second one from beam interactions with residual gas-molecules in the vacuum pipe close by the experiment, referred to as beam-halo and local beam-gas, respectively. We will present these first HL-LHC background studies based on SixTrack and FLUKA simulations, highlighting the simulation setup for the design case in the HL-LHC scenario. Results of particle spectra entering the ATLAS detector region are presented for the latest study version of HL-LHC machine layout (2013).
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TUPRO028	Energy Deposition Studies for the Hi-Lumi LHC Inner Triplet Magnets	quadrupole, radiation, dipole, neutron	1078
	N.V. Mokhov, I.L. Rakhno, S.I. Striganov, I.S. Tropin Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA F. Cerutti, L.S. Esposito, A. Lechner CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Work supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy through the US LARP Program, and by the High Luminosity LHC project. After operation at the nominal luminosity, the LHC is planned to be upgraded to a 5-fold increased luminosity of 5×1034 cm^-2s⁻¹. The upgrade includes replacement of the IP1/IP5 inner triplet 70-mm NbTi quadrupoles with the 150-mm coil aperture Nb3Sn quadrupoles along with the new 150-mm coil aperture NbTi dipole magnet. A detailed model of the region with these new magnets, field maps, corrector packages, segmented tungsten inner absorbers was built and implemented into the FLUKA and MARS codes. Various aspects of the new design were studied: (i) thicknesses of tungsten absorbers; (ii) beam screen interruption in interconnects; (iii) crossing angle value and orientation, etc. In the optimized configuration, the peak power density averaged over the magnet inner cable width doesn’t exceed 2 mW/cm³, safely below the quench limit. For the integrated luminosity of 3000 fb-1, the highest peak dose of 35 MGy occurs in the corrector package CP, while for other magnets, the peak dose in the innermost insulators ranges from 20 to 30 MGy. Dynamic heat loads to the triplet magnet cold mass are calculated to be on a target 10 W/m level. FLUKA and MARS results agree within 10%.
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TUPRO031	RHIC Performance during the 7.5 GeV Low Energy Run in FY 2014	experiment, ion, target, injection	1087
	C. Montag, M. Bai, J. Beebe-Wang, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, R. Connolly, T. D'Ottavio, K.A. Drees, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, X. Gu, M. Harvey, T. Hayes, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, J.S. Laster, C. Liu, Y. Luo, Y. Makdisi, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, F. Méot, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, J. Morris, S. Nemesure, J. Piacentino, P.H. Pile, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Roser, V. Schoefer, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, K.S. Smith, S. Tepikian, P. Thieberger, J.E. Tuozzolo, M. Wilinski, K. Yip, A. Zaltsman, K. Zeno, W. Zhang BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. As the last missing step in phase 1 of the beam energy scan (BES-I), aimed at the search for the critical point in the QCD phase diagram, RHIC collided gold ions at a beam energy of 7.3 GeV/nucleon during the FY 2014 run. While this particular energy is close to the nominal RHIC injection energy of 9.8 GeV/nucleon, it is nevertheless challenging because it happens to be close to the AGS transition energy, which makes longitudinal beam dynamics during transfer from the AGS to RHIC difficult. We report on machine performance, obstacles and solutions during the FY 2014 low energy run.
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TUPRO032	RHIC Performance for FY2014 Heavy Ion Run	electron, kicker, cavity, ion	1090
	G. Robert-Demolaize, J.G. Alessi, M. Bai, E.N. Beebe, J. Beebe-Wang, S.A. Belomestnykh, I. Blackler, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, J.J. Butler, R. Connolly, T. D'Ottavio, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, D.M. Gassner, X. Gu, M. Harvey, T. Hayes, H. Huang, P.F. Ingrassia, J.P. Jamilkowski, N.A. Kling, J.S. Laster, C. Liu, Y. Luo, D. Maffei, Y. Makdisi, M. Mapes, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, F. Méot, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, C. Montag, J. Morris, C. Naylor, S. Nemesure, A.I. Pikin, P.H. Pile, V. Ptitsyn, D. Raparia, T. Roser, P. Sampson, J. Sandberg, V. Schoefer, C. Schultheiss, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, K.S. Smith, S. Tepikian, P. Thieberger, D. Trbojevic, J.E. Tuozzolo, B. Van Kuik, M. Wilinski, Q. Wu, A. Zaltsman, K. Zeno, W. Zhang BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. After running uranium-uranium and copper-gold collisions in 2012, the high energy heavy ion run of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) for Fiscal Year 14 (Run14) is back to gold-gold (Au-Au) collisions at 100 GeV/nucleon. Following the level of performance achieved in Run12, RHIC is still looking to push both instantaneous and integrated luminosity goals. To that end, a new 56 MHz superconducting RF cavity was installed and commissioned, designed to keep ions in one RF bucket and improve luminosity by allowing a smaller beta function at the interaction point (IP) due to a reduced hourglass effect. The following presents an overview of these changes and reviews the performance of the collider.
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TUPRO069	First Studies of Two-beam Tuning in the CLIC BDS	sextupole, collider, linear-collider, simulation	1195
	J. Snuverink JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom A. Latina, R. Tomás CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Beam tuning in the beam delivery system (BDS) is one of the major challenges for the future linear colliders. Up to now single beam tuning has been performed, both in simulations and experiments at the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF). However, in future linear colliders, due to fast detuning of the final focus optics both beamlines will need to be tuned simultaneously. In this paper a first two-beam tuning study for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) BDS is presented applying the usual toolbox of beam-based alignment (BBA) and sextupole knobs.
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TUPRO070	LHeC IR Optics Design Integrated into the HL-LHC Lattice	quadrupole, electron, proton, lattice	1198
	E. Cruz Alaniz, M. Korostelev, D. Newton The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom E. Cruz Alaniz, M. Korostelev, D. Newton Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom R. Tomás CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: OPAC fellowship funded by European Union under contract PITN-GA-2011-289485 The LHeC is a proposed upgrade to the LHC to provide electron-proton collisions and explore the new regime of energy and intensity for lepton-nucleon scattering. The work presented here investigates optics and layout solutions allowing simultaneous nucleon-nucleon and lepton-nucleon collisions at separate interaction points compatible with the proposed HL-LHC lattice. A first lattice design has been proposed that collides proton beam 2 with the electron beam. The nominal design calls for a β^* (beta function in the interaction point ) of 10 cm using an extended version of the Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) scheme, and a L* (distance to the inner triplet) of 10 m. Modifying these two parameters, β^* and L*, can provide benefits to the current design since the values of these parameters have direct effects on the luminosity, the natural chromaticity and the synchrotron radiation of the electron beam. This work aims to explore the range over which these parameters can be varied in order to achieve the desired goal.
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TUPME004	Lowering the CLIC IP Horizontal Beta Function	sextupole, photon, synchrotron, radiation	1340
	H. Garcia, D. Schulte, R. Tomás CERN, Geneva, Switzerland H. Garcia UPC, Barcelona, Spain
	In order to alleviate the beamstrahlung photon emission, the beams at the CLIC Interaction Point must be flat. We propose to explore this limit reducing the horizontal beta function for CLIC at 500 GeV c.o.m. energy to half of its nominal value. This could increase the photon emission but it also increases luminosity and might allow reducing the bunch charge keeping the same luminosity. This configuration can also be considered for lower energies where beamstrahlung is less critical.
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TUPME006	Considerations for a QD0 with Hybrid Technology in ILC	alignment, quadrupole, experiment, collider	1346
	M. Modena, A.V. Aloev, H. Garcia, L. Gatignon, R. Tomás CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The baseline design of the QD0 magnet for ILC, the International Linear Collider, is a very compact superconducting quadrupole (coil-dominated magnet). A prototype of this quadrupole is under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA). In CLIC, the Compact Linear Collider under study at CERN, we are studying another conceptual solution for the QD0. This is due to two main reasons: all the magnets of the Beam Delivery System will need to be stabilized in the nano-meter range and extremely tight alignment tolerances are required. The proposed solution, now baseline for CLIC, is a room temperature hybrid quadrupole based on electromagnetic coils and permanent magnet blocks (iron-dominated magnet). In this paper we present a conceptual design for a hybrid solution studied and adapted also to the ILC project. A special super-ferric solution is proposed to make the cross section compatible with the experiments layout. This design matches the compactness requirement with the advantages of stability and alignment precision, aspects critical also for ILC in order to achieve the design luminosity. Final Focus optics design considerations for this solution are also presented.
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TUPME016	Status of the Complete Muon Cooling Channel Design and Simulations	emittance, solenoid, collider, simulation	1379
	C.Y. Yoshikawa, C.M. Ankenbrandt, R.P. Johnson, S.A. Kahn, F. Marhauser Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA Y.I. Alexahin, D.V. Neuffer, K. Yonehara Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA Y.S. Derbenev, V.S. Morozov, A.V. Sy JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: Work supported in part by DOE STTR grant DE-SC 0007634. Muon colliders could provide the most sensitive measurement of the Higgs mass and return the US back to the Energy Frontier. Central to the capabilities of such muon colliders are the cooling channels that provide the extraordinary reduction in emittance required for the precise Higgs mass measurement and increased luminosity for enhanced discovery potential of an Energy Frontier Machine. We present the status of the design and simulation of a complete muon cooling channel that is based on the Helical Cooling Channel (HCC), which operates via continuous emittance exchange to enable the most efficient design.
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TUPME028	Flat Bunches in the LHC	impedance, emittance, operation, synchrotron	1413
	E.N. Shaposhnikova, T. Argyropoulos, P. Baudrenghien, J. F. Esteban Müller, T. Mastoridis, G. Papotti, B. Salvant, H. Timko CERN, Geneva, Switzerland C.M. Bhat, A.V. Burov Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	A high-harmonic RF system that could serve multiple purposes was proposed for the LHC. Possible applications of the second harmonic RF system include beam stabilisation in the longitudinal plane in the absence of wide-band longitudinal feedback and reduction of bunch peak line-density. Apart from other useful features, flat bunches are expected to produce less beam-induced heating at frequencies below 1 GHz, the frequency region critical for some LHC equipment. The latter, however, can also be achieved by de-populating the bunch centre. This was demonstrated during the dedicated machine development session in the LHC using RF phase modulation. In this paper the results of tests with single bunches and nominal LHC beams are presented and the possible use of this technique in LHC operation is discussed.
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TUPRI014	Modelling and Long Term Dynamics of Crab Cavities in the LHC	cavity, multipole, hadron, experiment	1578
	R. Appleby, D.R. Brett UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom J. Barranco García, R. De Maria, A. Grudiev, R. Tomás CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no. 284404, co-funded by the DoE, USA and KEK, Japan. The High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) aims to achieve an integrated luminosity of 250-300 fb-1 per year. This upgrade includes the use crab cavities to mitigate the geometric loss of luminosity arising from the beam crossing angle. The tight space constraints at the location of the cavities leads to cavity designs which are axially non-symmetric and have a potentially significant effect on the long term dynamics and dynamic aperture of the LHC. In this paper we present the current status of advanced modelling of crab cavities.
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TUPRI022	Beam-Beam Studies in LHC- Beam Loss and Bunch Shortening	emittance, simulation, resonance, synchrotron	1603
	K. Ohmi KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	In Hadron colliders, luminosity degrade various mechanism. Beam-beam related emittance growth is caused by resonances induced by crossing angle. Tune spread due to chromaticity enhances the resonances effect. A bunch shortening phenomenon related to beam-beam interaction has been observed in LHC. The bunch length has an anti-correlation with transverse emittance. This phenomenon has been studied using a weak-strong beam-beam simulation (BBWS code).
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TUPRI071	Transverse Impedance Measurement in RHIC and the AGS	impedance, injection, betatron, proton	1730
	N. Biancacci CERN, Geneva, Switzerland M. Blaskiewicz, Y. Dutheil, C. Liu, K. Mernick, M.G. Minty, S.M. White BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	The RHIC luminosity upgrade program aims for an increase of the polarized proton luminosity by a factor 2. To achieve this goal a significant increase in the beam intensity is foreseen. The beam coupling impedance represents a source of detrimental effects for beam quality and stability at high bunch intensities. In this paper, we evaluate a new global transverse impedance in both RHIC and the AGS with recent measurements of tune shift as a function of bunch intensity. The results are compared to past measurements and present impedance model.
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TUPRI088	Active Vibration Isolation System for CLIC Final Focus	controls, collider, linear-collider, ground-motion	1775
	G. Balik, N. Allemandou, J. Allibe, J.P. Baud, L. Brunetti, G. Deleglise, A. Jeremie, S. Vilalte IN2P3-LAPP, Annecy-le-Vieux, France B. Caron, C. Hernandez SYMME, Annecy-le-Vieux, France
	With pinpoint accuracy, the next generation of Linear Collider such as CLIC will collide electron and positron beams at a centre of mass energy of 3 TeV with a desired peak luminosity of 2*1034 cm^-2s⁻¹. One of the many challenging features of CLIC is its ability to collide beams at the sub-nanometer scale at the Interaction Point (IP). Such a high level of accuracy could only be achieved by integrating Active Vibration Isolation system (AVI) upstream the collision to prevent the main source of vibration; Ground Motion (GM). Complementary control systems downstream the collision (Interaction Point FeedBack (IPFB), Orbit FeedBack(OFB)) allow low frequency vibration rejection. This paper focus on a dedicated AVI table designed for the last focusing quadrupole QD0 where the specifications are the most stringent. Combining FeedForward (FF) and FeedBack (FB) techniques, the prototype is able to reduce GM down to 0.6 nm RMS(4Hz) experimentally without load. These performances couldn’t be achieved without cutting edge-technology such as sub-nanometer piezo actuator, ultra-low noise accelerometer and seismometers and an accurate guidance system. The whole AVI system is described in detail.
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WEOCA03	DAΦNE Operation with the Upgraded KLOE-2 Detector	detector, operation, collider, coupling	1883
	C. Milardi, D. Alesini, M.E. Biagini, M. Boscolo, B. Buonomo, S. Cantarella, A. De Santis, G.O. Delle Monache, G. Di Pirro, A. Drago, L.G. Foggetta, O. Frasciello, A. Gallo, A. Ghigo, F. Guatieri, S. Guiducci, F. Iungo, C. Ligi, G. Mazzitelli, L. Pellegrino, R. Ricci, U. Rotundo, C. Sanelli, G. Sensolini, M. Serio, A. Stecchi, A. Stella, M. Zobov INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy R. Gargana, A. Michelotti Consorzio Laboratorio Nicola Cabibbo, Frascati, Italy D.N. Shatilov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia M. Tobiyama KEK, Ibaraki, Japan A. Valishev Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	The DAΦNE collider has been successfully commissioned after the experimental detector modification and a major upgrade and consolidation program involving a large part of the accelerator complex. This paper presents the Φ-Factory setup and the achieved performances in terms of beam currents, luminosity, detector background and related aspects.
	Slides WEOCA03 [2.424 MB]
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WEPME048	Preliminary Design of the HiLumi-LHC Triplet Area Beam Screen	shielding, optics, cryogenics, vacuum	2378
	R. Kersevan, C. Garion, N. Kos CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The so-called beam screen (BS) is a proven solution for intercepting the thermal loads caused by the circulating beams in the cryogenically-cooled sections of the LHC and minimizing dynamic vacuum effects. The new triplet area foreseen for the HiLumi-LHC machine upgrade has the additional feature of needing internal tungsten shields to reduce the amount of collision debris which is deflected by the high-gradient triplet magnets towards the superconducting magnets' cold masses and coils. The very aggressive optics design, based on large beam separations, calls for a maximum of physical space to remain available to the counter rotating beams in the common BS. This places severe constraints to the fabrication and installation tolerances of the BS itself, in addition to affecting the design and routing of the cryogenic lines in the area. The latest version of the BS design will be shown and discussed, together with future plans for testing materials, fabrication procedures, and installation. * The HiLumi LHC Design Study is partly funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 Capacities Specific Programme, Grant Agreement 284404
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WEPRI037	Comparison of High Order Modes Damping Techniques for 800 MHz Single Cell Superconducting Cavities	HOM, cavity, damping, dipole	2558
	Ya.V. Shashkov, N.P. Sobenin MEPhI, Moscow, Russia M. Zobov INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy
	Currently, applications of 800 MHz harmonic cavities in both bunch lengthening and shortening regimes are under consideration and discussion in the framework of the High Luminosity LHC project. In this paper we study electromagnetic characteristics of high order modes (HOM) for a single cell 800 MHz superconducting cavity and arrays of such cavities connected by drifts tubes. Different techniques for the HOM damping such as beam pipe grooves, coaxial-notch loads, fluted beam pipes etc. are investigated and compared. The influence of the sizes and geometry of the drift tubes on the HOM damping is analyzed.
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WEPRI048	Testing and Dressed Cavity Design for the HL-LHC 4R Crab Cavity	cavity, HOM, cryomodule, dipole	2589
	B.D.S. Hall, G. Burt Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom R. Calaga, S. Calatroni, E. Jensen, A. Macpherson, M. Navarro-Tapia CERN, Geneva, Switzerland T.J. Jones, N. Templeton STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom A.J. May, P.A. McIntosh, S.M. Pattalwar, A.E. Wheelhouse STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	The High luminosity upgrade to the LHC (HL-LHC) calls for crab cavities to reduce the luminosity loss due to the crossing angle and help provide luminosity levelling. The 4 Rod Crab Cavity (4RCC) is one of three proposed options under consideration. A bare cavity has been prototyped and has undergone recent vertical tests and the results are presented. The dressed cavity includes a power coupler, a lower order mode coupler and two HOM couplers will be presented and discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPRI048
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WEPRI087	Magnetic Field Measurement System for the SuperKEKB Final Focus Superconducting Magnets	quadrupole, dipole, superconducting-magnet, factory	2693
	N. Ohuchi, Y. Arimoto, M. Iwasaki, M.K. Kawai, Y. Kondo, Y. Makida, K. Tsuchiya, H. Yamaoka, Z.G. Zong KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	SuperKEKB are now being constructed with a target luminosity of 8×1035 which is 40 times higher than KEKB. This luminosity can be achieved by the "Nano-Beam" scheme, in which both beams should be squeezed to about 50 nm at the beam interaction point, IP. The beam final focusing system consists of 8 superconducting quadrupole magnets, 4 superconducting solenoids and 43 superconducting corrector coils. The magnetic field measurement systems with the vertical cryostats were designed and constructed for performing the acceptance test of these magnets at 4 K. The field measurements are performed by the 6 different harmonic coils and a Hall probe. The higher order multi-pole field distributions along the magnet axes are very important for the beam operation, and then these distributions are measured with the 20 mm long harmonic coils. The integral fields of quadrupole magnets are measured with the 600 mm long harmonic coils. We will describe the magnetic field measurement system.
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WEPRI094	Conceptual Design Study of the High Luminosity LHC Recombination Dipole	dipole, target, operation, insertion	2712
	G.L. Sabbi, X. Wang LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA G. Arduini, M. Giovannozzi, E. Todesco CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. DOE LHC Accelerator Research Program. The HiLumi LHC Design Study is partly funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7. The interaction region design of the High-Luminosity LHC requires replacing the recombination dipole magnets (D2) with new ones. The preliminary specifications include an aperture of 10⁵ mm, with 186 mm separation between the twin-aperture axes, and an operating field in the range of 3.5 to 4.5 T. The main design challenge is to decouple the magnetic field in the two apertures and ensure good field quality. In this paper, we present a new approach to address these issues, and provide expected harmonics for geometric, saturation and persistent current effects. The feasibility of an operating field at the high end of the range considered is also discussed, to minimize the D2 magnet length and facilitate the space allocation for other components.
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WEPRI097	STATUS OF 11 T 2-IN-1 Nb3Sn DIPOLE DEVELOPMENT FOR LHC	dipole, status, magnet-design, lattice	2722
	A.V. Zlobin, N. Andreev, G. Apollinari, E.Z. Barzi, R. Bossert, M. Buehler, G. Chlachidze, J. DiMarco, A. Nobrega, I. Novitski, D. Turrioni, G. Velev Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA B. Auchmann, M. Karppinen, L. Rossi, D. Smekens CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Work is supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy and European Commission under FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no.284404 The LHC upgrade plans foresee installation of additional collimators in the LHC lattice. To provide the necessary longitudinal space for these collimators, shorter and stronger Nb3Sn dipoles compatible with the LHC lattice and main systems could be used. This paper describes the design and status of the twin-aperture Nb3Sn dipole being developed by FNAL and CERN for the LHC, and reports test results of two collared coils to be used in the first 1 m long twin-aperture dipole model.
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WEPRI102	Conceptual Magnetic Design of the Large Aperture D2 Dipole for LHC Upgrade	dipole, insertion, status, interaction-region	2737
	R.C. Gupta BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE¬AC02-98CH10886. CERN has proposed the High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) as an upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). As a part of this proposal, the aperture of twin aperture D2 dipole is increased from the present 80 mm to 10⁵ mm without increasing the size of cryostat. This creates a significant challenge in managing saturation induced harmonics and the leakage field, particularly since the field in the two apertures is in the same direction. In addition, small spacing between the two apertures creates significant cross-talk harmonics as well. The expected harmonics based on an initial design were rather large and limited the beam dynamics performance of the machine. This paper will present a series of conceptual magnetic designs which reduce the values of key harmonics by a large amount with expected field errors now comparable to those in most superconducting accelerator magnets.
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THPRO083	Weak-strong Beam-beam Simulations for HL-LHC	optics, simulation, dynamic-aperture, beam-beam-effects	3079
	D. Banfi, J. Barranco García EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland T. Pieloni CERN, Geneva, Switzerland A. Valishev Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	In this paper we present dynamic aperture studies for possible High Luminosity LHC optics in the presence of beam-beam interactions, crab crossing schemes and magnets multipolar errors. Possible operational scenarios of luminosity leveling by transverse offset and betatron function are also studied and the impact on the beams stability is discussed.
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THPME070	Status of the LIU Project at CERN	linac, injection, ion, extraction	3397
	K. Hanke, H. Damerau, A. Deleu, A. Funken, R. Garoby, S.S. Gilardoni, N. Gilbert, B. Goddard, E.B. Holzer, A.M. Lombardi, D. Manglunki, M. Meddahi, B. Mikulec, E.N. Shaposhnikova, M. Vretenar CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	CERN has put in place an ambitious improvement programme to make the injector chain of the LHC capable of supplying the high intensity and high brightness beams requested by the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project. The LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project comprises a new Linac (Linac4) as well as major upgrades and renovations of the PSB, PS and SPS synchrotrons. The heavy ion injector chain is also included, adding Linac3 and LEIR to the list of accelerators concerned. This paper reports on the work completed during the first long LHC shutdown, and outlines the further upgrade path.
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THPME090	Fast Luminosity Monitoring using Diamond Sensors for the Super Flavor Factory SuperKEKB	scattering, positron, photon, simulation	3442
	D. El Khechen, P. Bambade, D. Jehanno, C. Rimbault LAL, Orsay, France
	Super luminous flavor factories, as SuperKEKB in Japan, aim to achieve very high luminosity thanks to a newly employed concept, the nano-beam scheme, where ultra-low emittance beams collide at very large crossing angle . Luminosity optimisation and dynamic imperfections require fast luminosity measurements. The aimed precision, 10^-3 in 10 ms, can be achieved thanks to the very large cross-section of the radiative Bhabha process at zero-photon scattering angle. As a result of huge particle fluxes, diamond sensors are chosen to be placed just outside the beam-pipe, downstream of the interaction point, at locations with event rates consistent with the aimed precision and small enough contamination by backgrounds from single-beam particle losses . We will present the results concerning the investigation of the optimal positioning of our diamond sensors, taking into account the rate of Bhabha particles, their interactions with the beam pipe material.
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THPME129	Application of Libera Brilliance⁺ to Special Purpose BPMs in SuperKEKB	brilliance, instrumentation, positron, betatron	3544
	S. Kanaeda, H. Fukuma, H. Ishii, K. Mori, M. Tobiyama KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	The KEKB accelerator at KEK is being upgraded to SuperKEKB, and will be starting operation in 2015. SuperKEKB will have 444 Beam Position Monitors (BPMs) in the positron ring (LER), and 466 in the electron ring (HER). Two BPMs in each ring will be newly introduced for measuring fast beam orbit oscillations, and another two BPMs in each ring will be introduced for the fast beam orbit interlock at SuperKEKB. The required resolution is below several μm for fast beam orbit oscillation monitoring, and the requirement for the response time is less than 100 μs for the fast beam orbit interlock. We plan to use the Libera Brilliance⁺ from Instrumentation Technologies as signal processors for these special purpose BPMs. This paper discusses the application of the Libera Brilliance⁺ to these special purpose BPMs.
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THPME155	Beam Phase Space Reconstruction for Monitoring the Luminosity in the VEPP-2000 Collider	electron, positron, lattice, collider	3623
	A.L. Romanov, I. Koop, E. Perevedentsev, D.B. Shwartz BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	16 synchrotron light imaging monitors available in VEPP-2000 can be used for evaluation of dynamic betas and emittances at collision. Tomographic techniques are useful for reconstruction of non-gaussian beam phase space at the IPs at high intensities of colliding bunches. The output is applied for prompt luminosity monitoring.
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THPME175	A Beam Gas Vertex Detector for Beam Size Measurement in the LHC	detector, target, injection, simulation	3680
	P. Hopchev, V. Baglin, C. Barschel, E. Bravin, G. Bregliozzi, N. Chritin, B. Dehning, M. Ferro-Luzzi, C. Gaspar, M. Giovannozzi, R. Jacobsson, L.K. Jensen, O.R. Jones, N.J. Jurado, V. Kain, M. Kuhn, B. Luthi, P. Magagnin, R. Matev, N. Neufeld, J. Panman, M.N. Rihl, V. Salustino Guimaraes, B. Salvant, R. Veness, E. van Herwijnen CERN, Geneva, Switzerland A. Bay, F. Blanc, S. Gianì, G.J. Haefeli, T. Nakada, B. Rakotomiaramanana, O. Schneider, M. Tobin, Q.D. Veyrat, Z. Xu EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland R. Greim, W. Karpinski, T. Kirn, S. Schael, G. Schwering, M. Wlochal, A. von Dratzig RWTH, Aachen, Germany R. Matev Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Faculty of Physics, Sofia, Bulgaria
	The Beam Gas Vertex (BGV) detector is foreseen as a possible non-invasive beam size measurement instrument for the LHC and its luminosity upgrade. This technique is based on the reconstruction of beam gas interaction vertices, where the charged particles produced in inelastic beam gas interactions are measured with high-precision tracking detectors. The design studies and expected performance of the currently developed BGV prototype will be presented with an overview given of the associated vacuum, detector, and readout systems. A brief description will be given of the BGV Monte Carlo simulation application, which is based on the LHCb computing framework (Gaudi) and allows simulation studies to be performed and online event reconstruction algorithms to be developed.
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THPRI001	Design of a High Luminosity Tau/Charm Factory	emittance, sextupole, injection, dipole	3757
	M.E. Biagini, R. Boni, M. Boscolo, A. Chiarucci, R. Cimino, A. Clozza, E. Di Pasquale, A. Drago, S. Guiducci, C. Ligi, G. Mazzitelli, R. Ricci, C. Sanelli, M. Serio, A. Stella, S. Tomassini INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy S. Bini, F. Cioeta, D. Cittadino, M. D'Agostino, M. Del Franco, A. Delle Piane, G. Frascadore, R. Gargana, S. Gazzana, S. Incremona, A. Michelotti, L. Sabbatini Consorzio Laboratorio Nicola Cabibbo, Frascati, Italy N. Carmignani, S.M. Liuzzo, P. Raimondi ESRF, Grenoble, France R. Petronzio Università di Roma II Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy M.T.F. Pivi IMS Nanofabrication AG, Vienna, Austria G. Schillaci, M. Sedita INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
	The design of a high luminosity Tau/Charm Factory has been accomplished by the INFN-LNF Laboratory in Frascati in collaboration with the Consortium Nicola Cabibbo Laboratory. The target luminosity is 10³⁵ cm^-2 ses⁻¹ at 4.6 GeV in the center of mass. This design is a natural evolution of the SuperB B-Factory, that was aimed to be built in the Rome Tor Vergata University campus as an Italian Flagship Project. The Tau/Charm design keeps all the features that made SuperB a state-of-the art accelerator, such as the “large Piwinski angle and crab waist sextupoles” collision scheme, the super squeezed beams, and the polarized electron beam. As a plus, it will be possible to collect data at high luminosity in a large energy range (2 to 4.6 GeV c. m.), with a peak luminosity target of 10³⁴ cm^-2 ses⁻¹ at 2 GeV. The possibility to extend the Linac for a SASE-FEL facility is also taken into account. A Conceptual Design Report* was published in September 2013. In this paper the design principles and the project features are reviewed. * Tau/Charm Factory Accelerator Report, INFN Report INFN-13-13/LNF, September 2013, arXiv:1310.6944 [physics.acc-ph]
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THPRI003	Beam-beam Simulation Study for CEPC	simulation, collider, dynamic-aperture, damping	3763
	Y. Zhang IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China K. Ohmi, D. Zhou KEK, Ibaraki, Japan D.N. Shatilov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	CEPC is an Circular Electron Positron Collider proposed to carry out high precision study on Higgs bosons. It is similar to TLEP project , the luminosity and beam lifetime may be determined by the beamstrahlung effect. We try to check the resonability of the machine parameters with weak-strong and strong-strong simulation. At the same time we also do some cross-check between different codes. We wish the work could help determine the beam parameters which could achieve design luminosity.
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THPRI004	FCC-ee/CepC Beam-beam Simulations with Beamstrahlung	simulation, radiation, photon, collider	3766
	K. Ohmi KEK, Ibaraki, Japan F. Zimmermann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Beamstrahlung, namely synchrotron radiation emitted during the beam-beam collision, can be an important effect for circular high-energy lepton colliders such as FCC-ee (TLEP). In this paper we study beam-beam effects in the presence of energy spreading and bunch lengthening due to beamstrahlung.
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THPRI007	Lattice Optimization of BEPCII Collider Rings	lattice, simulation, sextupole, collider	3776
	Y. Zhang, Q. Qin, C.H. Yu IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	BEPCII is a double ring e⁺e⁻ collider operating in the tau-charm region. In March 2013, the peak luminosity achieves 7.0·10³² cm^-2s^-1 with a new lower alphap lattice. The beam-beam parameter is also increased from 0.033 to 0.04 with the new lattice. In this paper we'll review the lattice optimization history briefly and focus on the optimization of the lower alphap lattice.
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THPRI008	Interaction Region Lattice for FCC-ee (TLEP)	quadrupole, lattice, collider, dynamic-aperture	3779
	A.V. Bogomyagkov, E.B. Levichev, P.A. Piminov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	Funding: The work is supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. FCC-ee (TLEP)* project is a high-luminosity e⁺e^- collider and is an essential part of the Future Circular Collider (FCC) design study at CERN . FCC-ee is being designed to reach center-of-mass energy from 90 to 350 GeV with circumference of 80-100 km to study Higgs boson properties and perform precise measurements at the electroweak scale. It is also an intermediate step towards 100 TeV proton-proton collider built in the same tunnel. Some of the limiting factors of the new collider are total energy loss due to synchrotron radiation, beam lifetime degradation owing to beamstrahlung, geometry of the tunnel required to accommodate the successor. The present paper describes linear lattice of interaction region and results of nonlinear beam dynamics study. * M.~Koratzinos et al., ‘‘TLEP: A HIGH-PERFORMANCE CIRCULAR e⁺e⁻ COLLIDER TO STUDY THE HIGGS BOSON'', IPAC2013, Shanghai, China, TUPME040 (2013)
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THPRI012	Tuning of the Compact Linear Collider Beam Delivery System	simulation, collider, linear-collider, multipole	3788
	Y.I. Levinsen, G. Giambelli, A. Latina, R. Tomás CERN, Geneva, Switzerland H. Garcia UPC, Barcelona, Spain J. Snuverink JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
	Tuning the CLIC Beam Delivery System (BDS), and in particular the final focus, is a challenging task. In simulations without misalignments, the goal is to reach 120~\% of the nominal luminosity target, in order to allow for 10~\% loss due to static imperfections, and another 10~\% loss from dynamic imperfections. Various approaches have been considered to correct the magnet misalignments, including 1-1 correction, dispersion free steering (DFS), and several minimization methods utilizing multipole movers. In this paper we report on the recent advancements towards a feasible tuning approach that reach the required luminosity target in a reasonable time frame.
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THPRI102	Energy Effciency of Particle Accelerators - A Networking Effort within the EUCARD² Program	operation, network, quadrupole, focusing	4016
	J. Stadlmann, P.J. Spiller GSI, Darmstadt, Germany R. Gehring KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany E. Jensen CERN, Geneva, Switzerland T.I. Parker ESS, Lund, Sweden M. Seidel PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	Funding: EuCARD² is co-funded by the partners and the European Commission under Capacities 7th Framework Programme, Grant Agreement 312453 EuCARD² is an Integrating Activity Project for coordinated Research and Development on Particle Accelerators, co-funded by the European Commission under the FP7 Capacities Programme. Within the network EnEfficient we address topics around energy efficiency of research accelerators. The ambitious scientific research goals of modern accelerator facilities lead to high requirements in beam power and beam quality for those research accelerators. In conjunction with the user’s needs the power consumption and environmental impact of the research facilities becomes a major factor in the perception of both funding agencies and the general public. In this Network we combine and focus the R&D done individually at different research centers into a series of workshops. We cover the topics “Energy recovery from cooling circuits “, “Higher electronic efficiency RF power generation“, “Short term energy storage systems”, “Virtual power plants” and “Beam transfer channels with low power consumption”. Our network activities are naturally open to external participants. With this work we will introduce our energy efficiency topics to interested participants and contributors from the whole community.
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FRYCA01	Options and Prospects for the Future of Accelerator-based High-energy Physics	collider, coupling, detector, proton	4079
	F. Gianotti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Recent results from the LHC and other facilities have significantly impacted the landscape of particle physics. This talk summarises the main outstanding questions in high-energy physics and the strategy to address them. Options for future accelerator facilities and their motivations are discussed.
	Slides FRYCA01 [16.139 MB]
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Paper

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Other Keywords

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MOXAA01

Challenges for Highest Energy Circular Colliders

collider, radiation, hadron, synchrotron

1

F. Zimmermann, M. Benedikt, D. Schulte, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

A new tunnel of 80-100 km circumference could host a 100 TeV centre-of-mass energy-frontier proton collider (FCC-hh/VHE-LHC), with a circular lepton collider (FCC-ee/TLEP) as potential intermediate step, and a lepton-hadron collider (FCC-he) as additional option. FCC-ee, operating at four different energies for precision physics of the Z, W, and Higgs boson and the top quark, represents a significant push in terms of technology and design parameters. Pertinent R&D efforts include the RF system, top-up injection scheme, optics design for arcs and final focus, effects of beamstrahlung, beam polarization, energy calibration, and power consumption. FCC-hh faces other challenges, such as high-field magnet design, machine protection and effective handling of large synchrotron radiation power in a superconducting machine. All these issues are being addressed by a global FCC collaboration. A parallel design study in China prepares for a similar, but smaller collider, called CepC/SppC.

Slides MOXAA01 [27.493 MB]

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MOPRO007

GPU-Accelerated Long-Term Simulations of Beam-Beam Effects in Colliders

GPU, simulation, collider, electron

77

B. Terzić, F. Lin, V.S. Morozov, Y. Roblin, H. Zhang
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
M. Aturban, D. Ranjan, M. Zubair
ODU CS, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

Funding: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177.
We present an update on the development of the new code for long-term simulation of beam-beam effects in particle colliders. The underlying physical model relies on a matrix-based arbitrary-order particle tracking (including a symplectic option) for beam transport and the generalized Bassetti-Erskine approximation for beam-beam interaction. The computations are accelerated through a parallel implementation on a hybrid GPU/CPU platform. With the new code, previously computationally prohibitive long-term simulations become tractable. The new code will be used to model the proposed Medium-energy Electron-Ion Collider (MEIC) at Jefferson Lab.

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MOPRO031

Abort Gap Cleaning for LHC Run 2

emittance, operation, extraction, quadrupole

138

J.A. Uythoven, A. Boccardi, E. Bravin, B. Goddard, G.H. Hemelsoet, W. Höfle, D. Jacquet, V. Kain, S. Mazzoni, M. Meddahi, D. Valuch
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
E. Gianfelice-Wendt
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

To minimize the beam losses at the moment of an LHC beam dump the 3 μs long abort gap should contain as few particles as possible. Its population can be minimised by abort gap cleaning using the LHC transverse damper system. The LHC Run 1 experience is briefly recalled; changes foreseen for the LHC Run 2 are presented. They include improvements in the observation of the abort gap population and the mechanism to decide if cleaning is required, changes to the hardware of the transverse dampers to reduce the detrimental effect on the luminosity lifetime and proposed changes to the applied cleaning algorithms.

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MOPRO034

Studies on Nonlinear Post-linac Protection for CLIC

sextupole, collimation, linac, octupole

148

J. Resta-López
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
S.T. Boogert, J. Snuverink
JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
A. Faus-Golfe, J. Resta-López
IFIC, Valencia, Spain

The post-linac energy collimation system of CLIC is designed to fulfill an essential function of protection of the Beam Delivery System (BDS) against miss-steered beams generated by failure modes in the main linac. Guaranteeing the collimator survivability in case of direct beam impact is very challenging, if we take into account the need to deal with an unprecedented transverse beam energy density per beam of the order of GJ/mm². This translates into a high damage potential of uncontrolled beams. In this paper we present an alternative nonlinear energy collimation system as a potential solution to guarantee the survival of the collimators. The performance and error tolerances of this system are studied by means of beam tracking simulations, and compared with those of the conventional baseline CLIC energy collimation system.

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MOPRO037

Collimator Fast Failure Losses for Various HL-LHC Configurations

optics, collimation, simulation, kicker

157

L. Lari, R. Bruce, S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
L. Lari
IFIC, Valencia, Spain

Funding: Research supported by EU FP7 HiLumi LHC - Grant Agreement 284404
The upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), in terms of beam intensity and energy, implies an increasing risk of severe damage in particular in case of fast failures losses. For this reason, efforts were put in developing simulation tools to allow studies of asynchronous dump accident, including realistic failure cases for collimator settings and machine parameters like orbit and optics. The scope of these studies is to understand realistic beam loads in different collimators, in order to improve the actual LHC collimator system design, to provide feedbacks on optic design and to evaluate different mitigation actions. Simulations were set up with a modified SixTrack collimation routine able to simulate erroneous firing of a single dump kicker or the simultaneous malfunction of all the 15 kickers. In such a context, results are evaluated from the whole LHC collimation system point of view.

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MOPRO041

Multi-turn Tracking of Collision Products at the LHC

proton, simulation, betatron, optics

166

A. Marsili, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, L.S. Esposito, S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Research supported by EU FP7 HiLumi LHC - Grant Agreement 284404
The luminosity expected at the interaction points in LHC at 7 TeV will be unprecedented, up to 1034 cm−2 s−1 . Part of the debris produced by the collisions is lost locally im- mediately downstream the Interaction Point (IP), in the matching section and dispersion suppressor. In this paper, the dynamics of collision debris protons is discussed. First, the loss distributions close to the collision points, simulated with two codes – SixTrack and FLUKA – are compared for different layout configurations. Then, SixTrack is used to simulate the fraction of protons that have undergone inelastic interactions with smaller energy and and betatron offsets, which could travel for several turns around the ring and might be lost in other collimation insertions. A preliminary comparison is made between the resulting loss distribution and measurements.

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MOPRI096

The New Transfer Line Collimation System for the LHC High Luminosity Era

optics, injection, collimation, extraction

839

V. Kain, C. Bracco, B. Goddard, F.L. Maciariello, M. Meddahi, A. Mereghetti, G.E. Steele, F.M. Velotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
E. Gianfelice-Wendt
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

A set of passive absorbers is located at the end of each of the 3 km long injection lines to protect the LHC in case of failures during the extraction process from the LHC’s last pre-injector or the beam transfer itself. In case of an erroneous extraction, the absorbers have to attenuate the beam to a safe level and be robust enough themselves to survive the impact. These requirements are difficult to fulfil with the very bright and intense beams produced by the LHC injectors for the high luminosity era. This paper revisits the requirements for the SPS-to-LHC transfer line collimation system and the adapted strategy to fulfill these for the LHC high luminosity operation. A possible solution for the new transfer line collimation system is presented.

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MOPRI098

Design Studies of the Upgraded Collimation System in the SPS-to-LHC Transfer Lines

collimation, injection, simulation, optics

845

A. Mereghetti, C. Bracco, F. Cerutti, B. Goddard, J. Hrivnak, V. Kain, F.L. Maciariello, M. Meddahi, G.E. Steele
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
R. Appleby
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

In the framework of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) Project, the collimators in the SPS-to-LHC transfer lines are presently under re-design, in order to cope with the unprecedented beam intensities and emittances required by the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). Factors ruling the design phase are the robustness of the jaws on one side and, on the other side, the proton absorption and the emittance blow-up, essential for an effective protection of the equipment in the LHC injection regions and the LHC machine. In view of the new design, based on the one of the currently installed TCDI collimators and past investigations, the FLUKA Monte Carlo code is used to address these two factors. The present studies are intended to give essential feedback to the identification of viable solutions.

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TUOBA03

Recent Beam-beam Effects and Luminosity at VEPP-2000

collider, positron, electron, detector

924

D.B. Shwartz, D.E. Berkaev, A.S. Kasaev, I. Koop, A.N. Kyrpotin, A.P. Lysenko, E. Perevedentsev, V.P. Prosvetov, Yu. A. Rogovsky, A.L. Romanov, A.I. Senchenko, P.Yu. Shatunov, Y.M. Shatunov, I.M. Zemlyansky, Yu.M. Zharinov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

Funding: Work is supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, grant N 14.518.11.7003
VEPP-2000's last season was dedicated to the energy range of 160-520 MeV per beam. The application of round colliding beams concept along with the accurate orbit and lattice correction yielded the high peak luminosity of 1.2*10³¹ cm^-2s⁻¹ at 500 MeV with average luminosity of 0.9*10³¹ cm^-2s⁻¹ per run. The total beam-beam tune shift up to 0.174 was achieved in the runs at 392.5 MeV. This corresponds to beam-beam parameter ksi = 0.125 per one interaction point. The injection system is currently being upgraded to allow for the injection at the top energy of VEPP-2000 collider and to eliminate the present lack of positrons.

Slides TUOBA03 [4.475 MB]

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TUOCB02

High-field Magnet Development toward the High Luminosity LHC

dipole, quadrupole, interaction-region, focusing

983

G. Apollinari
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

The upcoming Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) will rely on the use of Accelerator Quality Nb3Sn Magnets which have been the focus of an intense R&D effort in the last decade. This contribution will describe the R&D and results of Nb3Sn Accelerator Quality High Field Magnets development efforts, with emphasis on the activities considered for the HL-LHC upgrades.

Slides TUOCB02 [5.103 MB]

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TUPRO001

Alternative High Luminosity LHC Matching Section Layout

optics, injection, quadrupole, cavity

990

B. Dalena, A. Chancé
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
R. De Maria
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
J. Payet
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France

Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no. 284404, co-funded by the DoE, USA and KEK, Japan.
In the framework of the HL-LHC Upgrade project possible variants for the layout of the LHC matching section located in the high luminosity insertions are investigated. This layout is optimized to reduce the demand on the voltage of the crab cavities, it also improves the optics squeeze-ability, both in ATS[1] and non-ATS mode. Moreover the injection and transitions to collision optics are also discussed. [1] S. Fartoukh, ‘’An Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) Scheme for LHC Upgrade’’, in proceedings of IPAC11, p. 2088.

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TUPRO002

Fringe Fields Modeling for the High Luminosity LHC Large Aperture Quadrupoles

quadrupole, simulation, multipole, controls

993

B. Dalena, A. Chancé, O. Gabouev
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
R. Appleby, D.R. Brett
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
R. De Maria, M. Giovannozzi
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
J. Payet
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France

Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no. 284404, co-funded by the DoE, USA and KEK, Japan.
The HL-LHC Upgrade project relies on large aperture magnets (mainly the inner Triplet and the separation dipole D1). The beam is much more sensitive to non-linear perturbations in this region, such as those induced by the fringe fields of the low-beta quadrupoles. Analytical evaluations of detuning with amplitude and chromatic effects show that the effect is small, but not negligible. Therefore, the effect on long-term beam dynamics is evaluated via tracking simulations. Different tracking models are compared in order to provide a numerical estimate of this effect due to the proposed inner triplet quadrupoles. The implementation of the fringe fields in SixTrack, to be used for dynamic apertures studies, is also discussed.

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TUPRO003

Fast Crab Cavity Failures in HL-LHC

operation, simulation, optics, synchrotron

997

B. Yee-Rendón, R. Lopez-Fernandez
CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico
J. Barranco García
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
R. Calaga, R. Tomás, F. Zimmermann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Crab cavities (CCs) are a key ingredient of the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) to ensure head on collisions at the main experiments (ATLAS and CMS) and fully profit from the smaller β* provided by the ATS optics. At KEKB, CCs have exhibited abrupt changes of phase and voltage during a time period of few LHC turns and considering the large energy stored in the HL-LHC beam, CC failures represent a serious risk to the LHC machine protection. In this paper, we discuss the effect of CC voltage or phase changes on a time interval similar to, or longer than, necessary to dump the beam. The simulations assume a realistic steady-state distribution to assess the beam losses for the HL-LHC. Additionally, some strategies are studied to mitigate the damage caused by the failures.

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TUPRO004

Polarized Protons and Deuterons at NICA@JINR

proton, collider, polarization, ion

1000

A.D. Kovalenko, A.V. Butenko, V.D. Kekelidze, V.A. Mikhaylov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
Y. Filatov
MIPT, Dolgoprudniy, Moscow Region, Russia
A.M. Kondratenko, M.A. Kondratenko
Science and Technique Laboratory Zaryad, Novosibirsk, Russia

Different aspects of the NICA facility operation in polarized proton and deuteron modes aimed at reaching the highest possible luminosity and polarization degree as well are analysed. The main aim is to provide average luminosity L ≥ 1•1032 cm^-2 s⁻¹ at √sNN ≥ 26-27 GeV for single-spin proton collisions. Optimal schemes of the Siberian Snake insertions to the Nuclotron and NICA collider rings were proposed. The results of simulations are presented and discussed.

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TUPRO006

Strong-strong Beam-beam Simulation for the LHC Upgrade

emittance, simulation, cavity, resonance

1006

J. Qiang, S. Paret
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
G. Arduini, T. Pieloni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
J. Barranco García
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 using computing resources at the NERSC.
The LHC upgrade will significantly improve the performance of the current LHC operation with higher collision energy and luminosity. In the paper, we report on the progress in the strong-strong beam-beam simulation of the HL-LHC upgrade with crab cavity compensation. We will present the study of the effects of accelerator tune working points, dipole noise, and crab cavity noise on colliding beam emittance growth.

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TUPRO009

Simple Models Describing the Time-evolution of Luminosity in Hadron Colliders

collider, hadron, proton, operation

1017

M. Giovannozzi
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In recent years, several studies have been performed to describe the evolution of the losses in circular proton machines. Considerations based on single-particle, non-linear beam dynamics allowed building models that, albeit simple, proved to be in good agreement with measurements. These initial results have been generalised, thus opening the possibility to describe the luminosity evolution in a circular hadron collider. In this paper, the focus is on the derivation of scaling laws for the integrated luminosity, taking into account both burn off and additional pseudo-diffusive effects. The proposed models are applied to the analysis of the data collected during the LHC Run I and the outcome is discussed in detail.

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TUPRO010

Origins of Transverse Emittance Blow-up during the LHC Energy Ramp

emittance, injection, simulation, brightness

1021

M. Kuhn, G. Arduini, V. Kain, A. Langner, Y. Papaphilippou, M. Schaumann, R. Tomás
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

During LHC Run 1 about 30 % of the potential peak performance was lost due to transverse emittance blow-up through the LHC cycle. Measurements indicated that the majority of the blow-up occurred during the energy ramp. Until the end of LHC Run 1 this emittance blow-up could not be eliminated. In this paper the measurements and observations of emittance growth through the ramp are summarized. Simulation results for growth due to Intra Beam Scattering will be shown and compared to measurements. A summary of investigations of other possible sources will be given and backed up with simulations where possible. Requirements for commissioning the LHC with beam in 2015 after Long Shutdown 1 to understand and control emittance blow-up will be listed.

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TUPRO013

Studies on Stochastic Cooling of Heavy Ions in the LHC

kicker, cavity, ion, pick-up

1030

M. Schaumann, J.M. Jowett, B. Salvant, M. Wendt
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
M. Blaskiewicz, S. Verdú-Andrés
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Future high luminosity heavy-ion operation of the LHC will be dominated by very rapid luminosity decay due to the large collision cross-section and, to a lesser extent, emittance growth from intra-beam scattering (IBS) due to the high bunch intensities. A stochastic cooling system could reduce the emittance far below its initial value and reduce the losses from debunching during collisions, allowing more of the initial beam intensity to be converted into integrated luminosity before the beams are dumped. We review the status of this proposal, system and hardware properties and potential locations for the equipment in the tunnel.

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TUPRO014

Semi-empirical Model for Optimising Future Heavy Ion Luminosity of the LHC

injection, kicker, heavy-ion, simulation

1033

M. Schaumann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The wide spectrum of intensities and emittances imprinted on the LHC Pb bunches during the accumulation of bunch trains in the injector chain result in a significant spread in the single bunch luminosities and lifetimes in collision. Based on the data collected in the 2011 Pb-Pb run, an empirical model is derived to predict the single-bunch peak luminosity depending on the bunch's position within the beam. In combination with this model, simulations of representative bunches are used to estimate the luminosity evolution for the complete ensemble of bunches. Several options are being considered to improve the injector performance and to increase the number of bunches in the LHC, leading to several potential injection scenarios, resulting in different peak and integrated luminosities. The most important options for after the long shutdown 1 and 2 are evaluated and compared.

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TUPRO015

Update on Predictions for Yearly Integrated Luminosity for HL-LHC based on Expected Machine Availability

operation, radiation, electronics, cryogenics

1036

A. Apollonio, M. Jonker, R. Schmidt, B. Todd, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Machine availability is one of the key performance indicators to reach the ambitious goals for integrated luminosity in the post Long Shutdown 1 (LS1) era. Machine availability is even more important for the future High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) [1]. In this paper a Monte Carlo approach has been used to predict integrated luminosity as a function of LHC machine availability. The baseline model assumptions such as fault-time distributions and machine failure rate (number of fills with stable beams dumped after a failure / total number of fills with stable beams) were deduced from the observations during LHC operation in 2012. The predictions focus on operation after LS1 and its evolution towards HL-LHC. The extrapolation of relevant parameters impacting on machine availability is outlined and their corresponding impact on fault time distributions is discussed. Results for possible future operational scenarios are presented. Finally, a sensitivity analysis with relevant model parameters like fault time and machine failure rate is discussed.

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TUPRO016

Machine Protection Challenges for HL-LHC

cavity, extraction, beam-losses, operation

1039

R. Schmidt, T. Bär, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

LHC operation requires the flawless functioning of the machine protection systems. The energy stored in the beam was progressively increased beyond the 140 MJ range at the end of 2012 at 4 TeV/c. The further increase to 364 MJ expected for 2015 at 6.5 TeV/c should be possible with the existing protection systems. For HL-LHC, additional failure modes are considered. The stored beam energy will increase by another factor of two with respect to nominal and a factor of five more than experienced so far. The maximum beta function will increase. It is planned to install crab cavities in the LHC. With crab cavities, sudden voltage decays within 100 us after e.g. cavity quenches lead to large beam oscillations. Tracking simulations predict trajectory distortions of up to 1.5 σ in the first turn after a sudden drop of the deflecting voltage in a single cavity within 3 turns. The energy of several MJ stored in halo protons that could hit the collimator in case of such events is far above damage level, even if the collimator jaws are made of robust material. In this paper we discuss the challenges for machine protection in the HL-LHC era and possible mitigation strategies.

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TUPRO017

HL-LHC Performance with a 200 MHz RF System

impedance, cavity, electron, simulation

1043

R. Tomás, C.O. Domínguez
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
S.M. White
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

The HL-LHC performance could considerably benefit from having a 200 MHz RF system. This would allow to inject longer bunches with larger bunch intensity from the SPS and to perform bunch length leveling if required. We also consider the possibility of decreasing the crab cavity frequency to increase both virtual peak luminosity and luminous region. Performance estimates of various configurations are presented in this paper.

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TUPRO020

Integration of a Neutral Absorber for the LHC Point 8

optics, dipole, operation, injection

1052

A. Santamaría García, R. Alemany-Fernández, H. Burkhardt, F. Cerutti, L.S. Esposito, N.V. Shetty
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The LHCb detector will be upgraded during the second long shutdown (LS2) of the LHC machine, in order to increase its statistical precision significantly. The upgraded LHCb foresees a peak luminosity of L = 1-2 . 10³³ cm^-2 s⁻¹, with a pileup of 5. This represents ten times more luminosity and five times more pile up than in the present LHC. With these conditions, the pp-collisions and beam losses will produce a non-negligeable beam-induced energy deposition in the interaction region. More precisely, studies have shown that the energy deposition will especially increase on the D2 recombination dipole, which could bring them close to their safety thresholds. To avoid this, the placement of a minimal neutral absorber has been proposed. This absorber will have the same role as the TAN in the high luminosity Interaction Regions (IR) 1 and 5. This study shows the possible dimensions and location of this absorber, and how it would reduce both the peak power density and total heat load.

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TUPRO021

Preliminary Study of Risks and Failure Scenarios for the High Luminosity Experiments in HL-LHC

simulation, detector, cavity, experiment

1055

F. Bouly
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
R. Alemany-Fernández, H. Burkhardt, D. Wollmann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
B. Yee-Rendón
CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico

For the HL-LHC it is planned to basically double the diameter of the triplet quadruple magnets around the high luminosity insertions of the LHC. The high luminosity experiments ATLAS and CMS would like to keep a small central chamber radius close the interaction point. In the context of collider-experiment studies for the high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC, we present a first study of the possible consequences of these changes for the experimental running conditions based on detailed simulations with tracking. We have started to implement crab cavity failures and discuss first results from these simulations.

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TUPRO022

Implementation of Luminosity Leveling by Betatron Function Adjustment at the LHC Interaction Points

experiment, optics, operation, betatron

1058

J. Wenninger, A.A. Gorzawski
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Growing expectations for integrated luminosity during upcoming LHC runs introduce new challenges for LHC beam operation in the scope of online luminosity control. Because some LHC experiments are limited in the maximum event rates, their luminosity is leveled to a constant value. Various techniques may be used for luminosity leveling, changing the betatron function at the interaction point is one of them. This paper explains the main operational requirements of a betatron function leveling scheme for the upcoming LHC run. Issues concerning the beam optics, orbits and collimator settings are discussed. The proposed architecture for control system integration will be discussed. A few operational scenarios with different beam configurations foreseen for the next LHC run will be presented.

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TUPRO023

Beam-beam Effects in Different Luminosity Levelling Scenarios for the LHC

dynamic-aperture, experiment, beam-beam-effects, emittance

1061

X. Buffat, D. Banfi, G.R. Coombs
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
W. Herr, T. Pieloni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Adjusting luminosity and optimizing the luminous region in each interaction point of the LHC according to the experiments needs has become a requirement to maximize the efficiency of the different detectors. Several techniques are envisaged, most importantly by varying β* or a transverse offset at the interaction point. Coherent and incoherent stability in the presence of beam-beam effects will be discussed in realistic luminosity levelling scenarios for the LHC.

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TUPRO024

Benchmarking Studies of Intra Beam Scattering for HL-LHC

lattice, optics, injection, scattering

1064

D. Angal-Kalinin
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
A. Wolski
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
A. Wolski
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Funding: Research supported by EU FP7 HiLumi LHC - Grant Agreement 284404
The effects of Intra Beam Scattering (IBS) in the High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) will be stronger compared to effects in the present LHC because of the high intensity of the proton bunches and the new proposed optics. We present benchmarking studies carried out for the present LHC at injection and collision energies as well as HL-LHC at collision energy with the Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing optics. The results of IBS growth-rate calculations using the full Bjorken-Mtingwa formulae* are compared with simplified formulae**, Bane’s high energy approximation***, and the completely integrated modified Piwinski approximation****. The results of calculations based on these methods carried out in Mathematica are compared with results from the codes MAD-X and ZAP.
* J. Broken and S. Mtingwa, Part. Accel. 13, 115 (1983)
** K. Kubo et al, PRST-AB, 8, 081001 (2005)
*** K. Bane, EPAC2002
**** S. Mtingwa and A. Tollestrup, Fermilab-Pub-89/224, 1987.

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TUPRO025

Initial Estimate of Fringe Field Effects in HL-LHC using Frequency Map Analysis

quadrupole, lattice, multipole, closed-orbit

1067

S. Jones, D. Newton, A. Wolski
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
S. Jones, D. Newton, A. Wolski
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Funding: Work supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK
The planned High Luminosity upgrade to the LHC will require stronger focusing of the beam in the interaction regions. To achieve this, the inner triplet quadrupoles will be replaced with new magnets having larger gradient and aperture. In this new focusing regime the quadrupole fringe fields are expected to have a greater effect on the beam dynamics, due to their large aperture, as compared to the nominal LHC. In this preliminary study, simplified models are used in a tracking code to assess the impact of the fringe fields on the dynamics using frequency map analysis.

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TUPRO026

Possible Beam-beam and Levelling Scenarios for HL-LHC

emittance, simulation, collider, hadron

1071

M.P. Crouch, R. Appleby
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
B.D. Muratori
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
T. Pieloni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Research supported by EU FP7 HiLumi LHC - Grant Agreement 284404
The upgrade of the LHC from the current set-up to high luminosity performances will provide new challenges from the point of view of beam-beam as well as other collective effects and luminosity levelling. We present the current possibilities for doing luminosity levelling for HL-LHC. We explore the merits and drawbacks of each option and briefly discuss the operational implications. The simplest option being levelling with an offset between the two beams. In particular, we look at the possibility of using flat beams in the IPs for all the available options and investigate their benefits and drawbacks, using the code COMBI. Flat beams would allow an additional degree of freedom, with the levelling only required in one of the planes at any given IP. To this end, various scenarios are looked at, both with and without crab cavities.

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TUPRO027

First Beam Background Simulation Studies at IR1 for High Luminosity LHC

simulation, background, proton, detector

1074

R. Kwee-Hinzmann, S.M. Gibson
JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
G. Bregliozzi, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, L.S. Esposito, R. Kersevan, A. Lechner, N.V. Shetty
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
S.M. Gibson
Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, United Kingdom

In the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) Project, the LHC will be significantly upgraded to attain a peak luminosity of up to 8.5 × 10³⁴ cm^-2s^-1, thus almost an order of magnitude higher compared to the nominal machine configuration in ATLAS at IP1 and CMS at IP5. In the view of a successful machine setup as well as a successful physics programme, beam induced background studies at IP1 were performed to investigate sources of particle fluxes to the experimental area. In particular as a start of the study, two sources forming the major contributions were simulated in detail: the first one considers inelastic interactions from beam particles hitting tertiary collimators, the second one from beam interactions with residual gas-molecules in the vacuum pipe close by the experiment, referred to as beam-halo and local beam-gas, respectively. We will present these first HL-LHC background studies based on SixTrack and FLUKA simulations, highlighting the simulation setup for the design case in the HL-LHC scenario. Results of particle spectra entering the ATLAS detector region are presented for the latest study version of HL-LHC machine layout (2013).

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TUPRO028

Energy Deposition Studies for the Hi-Lumi LHC Inner Triplet Magnets

quadrupole, radiation, dipole, neutron

1078

N.V. Mokhov, I.L. Rakhno, S.I. Striganov, I.S. Tropin
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
F. Cerutti, L.S. Esposito, A. Lechner
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Work supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy through the US LARP Program, and by the High Luminosity LHC project.
After operation at the nominal luminosity, the LHC is planned to be upgraded to a 5-fold increased luminosity of 5×1034 cm^-2s⁻¹. The upgrade includes replacement of the IP1/IP5 inner triplet 70-mm NbTi quadrupoles with the 150-mm coil aperture Nb3Sn quadrupoles along with the new 150-mm coil aperture NbTi dipole magnet. A detailed model of the region with these new magnets, field maps, corrector packages, segmented tungsten inner absorbers was built and implemented into the FLUKA and MARS codes. Various aspects of the new design were studied: (i) thicknesses of tungsten absorbers; (ii) beam screen interruption in interconnects; (iii) crossing angle value and orientation, etc. In the optimized configuration, the peak power density averaged over the magnet inner cable width doesn’t exceed 2 mW/cm³, safely below the quench limit. For the integrated luminosity of 3000 fb-1, the highest peak dose of 35 MGy occurs in the corrector package CP, while for other magnets, the peak dose in the innermost insulators ranges from 20 to 30 MGy. Dynamic heat loads to the triplet magnet cold mass are calculated to be on a target 10 W/m level. FLUKA and MARS results agree within 10%.

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TUPRO031

RHIC Performance during the 7.5 GeV Low Energy Run in FY 2014

experiment, ion, target, injection

1087

C. Montag, M. Bai, J. Beebe-Wang, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, R. Connolly, T. D'Ottavio, K.A. Drees, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, X. Gu, M. Harvey, T. Hayes, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, J.S. Laster, C. Liu, Y. Luo, Y. Makdisi, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, F. Méot, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, J. Morris, S. Nemesure, J. Piacentino, P.H. Pile, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Roser, V. Schoefer, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, K.S. Smith, S. Tepikian, P. Thieberger, J.E. Tuozzolo, M. Wilinski, K. Yip, A. Zaltsman, K. Zeno, W. Zhang
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
As the last missing step in phase 1 of the beam energy scan (BES-I), aimed at the search for the critical point in the QCD phase diagram, RHIC collided gold ions at a beam energy of 7.3 GeV/nucleon during the FY 2014 run. While this particular energy is close to the nominal RHIC injection energy of 9.8 GeV/nucleon, it is nevertheless challenging because it happens to be close to the AGS transition energy, which makes longitudinal beam dynamics during transfer from the AGS to RHIC difficult. We report on machine performance, obstacles and solutions during the FY 2014 low energy run.

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TUPRO032

RHIC Performance for FY2014 Heavy Ion Run

electron, kicker, cavity, ion

1090

G. Robert-Demolaize, J.G. Alessi, M. Bai, E.N. Beebe, J. Beebe-Wang, S.A. Belomestnykh, I. Blackler, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, J.J. Butler, R. Connolly, T. D'Ottavio, K.A. Drees, A.V. Fedotov, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, D.M. Gassner, X. Gu, M. Harvey, T. Hayes, H. Huang, P.F. Ingrassia, J.P. Jamilkowski, N.A. Kling, J.S. Laster, C. Liu, Y. Luo, D. Maffei, Y. Makdisi, M. Mapes, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, F. Méot, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, C. Montag, J. Morris, C. Naylor, S. Nemesure, A.I. Pikin, P.H. Pile, V. Ptitsyn, D. Raparia, T. Roser, P. Sampson, J. Sandberg, V. Schoefer, C. Schultheiss, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, K.S. Smith, S. Tepikian, P. Thieberger, D. Trbojevic, J.E. Tuozzolo, B. Van Kuik, M. Wilinski, Q. Wu, A. Zaltsman, K. Zeno, W. Zhang
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
After running uranium-uranium and copper-gold collisions in 2012, the high energy heavy ion run of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) for Fiscal Year 14 (Run14) is back to gold-gold (Au-Au) collisions at 100 GeV/nucleon. Following the level of performance achieved in Run12, RHIC is still looking to push both instantaneous and integrated luminosity goals. To that end, a new 56 MHz superconducting RF cavity was installed and commissioned, designed to keep ions in one RF bucket and improve luminosity by allowing a smaller beta function at the interaction point (IP) due to a reduced hourglass effect. The following presents an overview of these changes and reviews the performance of the collider.

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TUPRO069

First Studies of Two-beam Tuning in the CLIC BDS

sextupole, collider, linear-collider, simulation

1195

J. Snuverink
JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
A. Latina, R. Tomás
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Beam tuning in the beam delivery system (BDS) is one of the major challenges for the future linear colliders. Up to now single beam tuning has been performed, both in simulations and experiments at the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF). However, in future linear colliders, due to fast detuning of the final focus optics both beamlines will need to be tuned simultaneously. In this paper a first two-beam tuning study for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) BDS is presented applying the usual toolbox of beam-based alignment (BBA) and sextupole knobs.

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TUPRO070

LHeC IR Optics Design Integrated into the HL-LHC Lattice

quadrupole, electron, proton, lattice

1198

E. Cruz Alaniz, M. Korostelev, D. Newton
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
E. Cruz Alaniz, M. Korostelev, D. Newton
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
R. Tomás
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: OPAC fellowship funded by European Union under contract PITN-GA-2011-289485
The LHeC is a proposed upgrade to the LHC to provide electron-proton collisions and explore the new regime of energy and intensity for lepton-nucleon scattering. The work presented here investigates optics and layout solutions allowing simultaneous nucleon-nucleon and lepton-nucleon collisions at separate interaction points compatible with the proposed HL-LHC lattice. A first lattice design has been proposed that collides proton beam 2 with the electron beam. The nominal design calls for a β^* (beta function in the interaction point ) of 10 cm using an extended version of the Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing (ATS) scheme, and a L* (distance to the inner triplet) of 10 m. Modifying these two parameters, β^* and L*, can provide benefits to the current design since the values of these parameters have direct effects on the luminosity, the natural chromaticity and the synchrotron radiation of the electron beam. This work aims to explore the range over which these parameters can be varied in order to achieve the desired goal.

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TUPME004

Lowering the CLIC IP Horizontal Beta Function

sextupole, photon, synchrotron, radiation

1340

H. Garcia, D. Schulte, R. Tomás
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
H. Garcia
UPC, Barcelona, Spain

In order to alleviate the beamstrahlung photon emission, the beams at the CLIC Interaction Point must be flat. We propose to explore this limit reducing the horizontal beta function for CLIC at 500 GeV c.o.m. energy to half of its nominal value. This could increase the photon emission but it also increases luminosity and might allow reducing the bunch charge keeping the same luminosity. This configuration can also be considered for lower energies where beamstrahlung is less critical.

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TUPME006

Considerations for a QD0 with Hybrid Technology in ILC

alignment, quadrupole, experiment, collider

1346

M. Modena, A.V. Aloev, H. Garcia, L. Gatignon, R. Tomás
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The baseline design of the QD0 magnet for ILC, the International Linear Collider, is a very compact superconducting quadrupole (coil-dominated magnet). A prototype of this quadrupole is under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA). In CLIC, the Compact Linear Collider under study at CERN, we are studying another conceptual solution for the QD0. This is due to two main reasons: all the magnets of the Beam Delivery System will need to be stabilized in the nano-meter range and extremely tight alignment tolerances are required. The proposed solution, now baseline for CLIC, is a room temperature hybrid quadrupole based on electromagnetic coils and permanent magnet blocks (iron-dominated magnet). In this paper we present a conceptual design for a hybrid solution studied and adapted also to the ILC project. A special super-ferric solution is proposed to make the cross section compatible with the experiments layout. This design matches the compactness requirement with the advantages of stability and alignment precision, aspects critical also for ILC in order to achieve the design luminosity. Final Focus optics design considerations for this solution are also presented.

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TUPME016

Status of the Complete Muon Cooling Channel Design and Simulations

emittance, solenoid, collider, simulation

1379

C.Y. Yoshikawa, C.M. Ankenbrandt, R.P. Johnson, S.A. Kahn, F. Marhauser
Muons, Inc, Illinois, USA
Y.I. Alexahin, D.V. Neuffer, K. Yonehara
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
Y.S. Derbenev, V.S. Morozov, A.V. Sy
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Work supported in part by DOE STTR grant DE-SC 0007634.
Muon colliders could provide the most sensitive measurement of the Higgs mass and return the US back to the Energy Frontier. Central to the capabilities of such muon colliders are the cooling channels that provide the extraordinary reduction in emittance required for the precise Higgs mass measurement and increased luminosity for enhanced discovery potential of an Energy Frontier Machine. We present the status of the design and simulation of a complete muon cooling channel that is based on the Helical Cooling Channel (HCC), which operates via continuous emittance exchange to enable the most efficient design.

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TUPME028

Flat Bunches in the LHC

impedance, emittance, operation, synchrotron

1413

E.N. Shaposhnikova, T. Argyropoulos, P. Baudrenghien, J. F. Esteban Müller, T. Mastoridis, G. Papotti, B. Salvant, H. Timko
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
C.M. Bhat, A.V. Burov
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

A high-harmonic RF system that could serve multiple purposes was proposed for the LHC. Possible applications of the second harmonic RF system include beam stabilisation in the longitudinal plane in the absence of wide-band longitudinal feedback and reduction of bunch peak line-density. Apart from other useful features, flat bunches are expected to produce less beam-induced heating at frequencies below 1 GHz, the frequency region critical for some LHC equipment. The latter, however, can also be achieved by de-populating the bunch centre. This was demonstrated during the dedicated machine development session in the LHC using RF phase modulation. In this paper the results of tests with single bunches and nominal LHC beams are presented and the possible use of this technique in LHC operation is discussed.

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TUPRI014

Modelling and Long Term Dynamics of Crab Cavities in the LHC

cavity, multipole, hadron, experiment

1578

R. Appleby, D.R. Brett
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
J. Barranco García, R. De Maria, A. Grudiev, R. Tomás
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no. 284404, co-funded by the DoE, USA and KEK, Japan.
The High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) aims to achieve an integrated luminosity of 250-300 fb-1 per year. This upgrade includes the use crab cavities to mitigate the geometric loss of luminosity arising from the beam crossing angle. The tight space constraints at the location of the cavities leads to cavity designs which are axially non-symmetric and have a potentially significant effect on the long term dynamics and dynamic aperture of the LHC. In this paper we present the current status of advanced modelling of crab cavities.

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TUPRI022

Beam-Beam Studies in LHC- Beam Loss and Bunch Shortening

emittance, simulation, resonance, synchrotron

1603

K. Ohmi
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

In Hadron colliders, luminosity degrade various mechanism. Beam-beam related emittance growth is caused by resonances induced by crossing angle. Tune spread due to chromaticity enhances the resonances effect. A bunch shortening phenomenon related to beam-beam interaction has been observed in LHC. The bunch length has an anti-correlation with transverse emittance. This phenomenon has been studied using a weak-strong beam-beam simulation (BBWS code).

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TUPRI071

Transverse Impedance Measurement in RHIC and the AGS

impedance, injection, betatron, proton

1730

N. Biancacci
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
M. Blaskiewicz, Y. Dutheil, C. Liu, K. Mernick, M.G. Minty, S.M. White
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

The RHIC luminosity upgrade program aims for an increase of the polarized proton luminosity by a factor 2. To achieve this goal a significant increase in the beam intensity is foreseen. The beam coupling impedance represents a source of detrimental effects for beam quality and stability at high bunch intensities. In this paper, we evaluate a new global transverse impedance in both RHIC and the AGS with recent measurements of tune shift as a function of bunch intensity. The results are compared to past measurements and present impedance model.

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TUPRI088

Active Vibration Isolation System for CLIC Final Focus

controls, collider, linear-collider, ground-motion

1775

G. Balik, N. Allemandou, J. Allibe, J.P. Baud, L. Brunetti, G. Deleglise, A. Jeremie, S. Vilalte
IN2P3-LAPP, Annecy-le-Vieux, France
B. Caron, C. Hernandez
SYMME, Annecy-le-Vieux, France

With pinpoint accuracy, the next generation of Linear Collider such as CLIC will collide electron and positron beams at a centre of mass energy of 3 TeV with a desired peak luminosity of 2*1034 cm^-2s⁻¹. One of the many challenging features of CLIC is its ability to collide beams at the sub-nanometer scale at the Interaction Point (IP). Such a high level of accuracy could only be achieved by integrating Active Vibration Isolation system (AVI) upstream the collision to prevent the main source of vibration; Ground Motion (GM). Complementary control systems downstream the collision (Interaction Point FeedBack (IPFB), Orbit FeedBack(OFB)) allow low frequency vibration rejection. This paper focus on a dedicated AVI table designed for the last focusing quadrupole QD0 where the specifications are the most stringent. Combining FeedForward (FF) and FeedBack (FB) techniques, the prototype is able to reduce GM down to 0.6 nm RMS(4Hz) experimentally without load. These performances couldn’t be achieved without cutting edge-technology such as sub-nanometer piezo actuator, ultra-low noise accelerometer and seismometers and an accurate guidance system. The whole AVI system is described in detail.

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WEOCA03

DAΦNE Operation with the Upgraded KLOE-2 Detector

detector, operation, collider, coupling

1883

C. Milardi, D. Alesini, M.E. Biagini, M. Boscolo, B. Buonomo, S. Cantarella, A. De Santis, G.O. Delle Monache, G. Di Pirro, A. Drago, L.G. Foggetta, O. Frasciello, A. Gallo, A. Ghigo, F. Guatieri, S. Guiducci, F. Iungo, C. Ligi, G. Mazzitelli, L. Pellegrino, R. Ricci, U. Rotundo, C. Sanelli, G. Sensolini, M. Serio, A. Stecchi, A. Stella, M. Zobov
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy
R. Gargana, A. Michelotti
Consorzio Laboratorio Nicola Cabibbo, Frascati, Italy
D.N. Shatilov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
M. Tobiyama
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
A. Valishev
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

The DAΦNE collider has been successfully commissioned after the experimental detector modification and a major upgrade and consolidation program involving a large part of the accelerator complex. This paper presents the Φ-Factory setup and the achieved performances in terms of beam currents, luminosity, detector background and related aspects.

Slides WEOCA03 [2.424 MB]

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WEPME048

Preliminary Design of the HiLumi-LHC Triplet Area Beam Screen

shielding, optics, cryogenics, vacuum

2378

R. Kersevan, C. Garion, N. Kos
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The so-called beam screen (BS) is a proven solution for intercepting the thermal loads caused by the circulating beams in the cryogenically-cooled sections of the LHC and minimizing dynamic vacuum effects. The new triplet area foreseen for the HiLumi-LHC machine upgrade has the additional feature of needing internal tungsten shields to reduce the amount of collision debris which is deflected by the high-gradient triplet magnets towards the superconducting magnets' cold masses and coils. The very aggressive optics design, based on large beam separations, calls for a maximum of physical space to remain available to the counter rotating beams in the common BS. This places severe constraints to the fabrication and installation tolerances of the BS itself, in addition to affecting the design and routing of the cryogenic lines in the area. The latest version of the BS design will be shown and discussed, together with future plans for testing materials, fabrication procedures, and installation.
* The HiLumi LHC Design Study is partly funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 Capacities Specific Programme, Grant Agreement 284404

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WEPRI037

Comparison of High Order Modes Damping Techniques for 800 MHz Single Cell Superconducting Cavities

HOM, cavity, damping, dipole

2558

Ya.V. Shashkov, N.P. Sobenin
MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
M. Zobov
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy

Currently, applications of 800 MHz harmonic cavities in both bunch lengthening and shortening regimes are under consideration and discussion in the framework of the High Luminosity LHC project. In this paper we study electromagnetic characteristics of high order modes (HOM) for a single cell 800 MHz superconducting cavity and arrays of such cavities connected by drifts tubes. Different techniques for the HOM damping such as beam pipe grooves, coaxial-notch loads, fluted beam pipes etc. are investigated and compared. The influence of the sizes and geometry of the drift tubes on the HOM damping is analyzed.

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WEPRI048

Testing and Dressed Cavity Design for the HL-LHC 4R Crab Cavity

cavity, HOM, cryomodule, dipole

2589

B.D.S. Hall, G. Burt
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
R. Calaga, S. Calatroni, E. Jensen, A. Macpherson, M. Navarro-Tapia
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
T.J. Jones, N. Templeton
STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
A.J. May, P.A. McIntosh, S.M. Pattalwar, A.E. Wheelhouse
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

The High luminosity upgrade to the LHC (HL-LHC) calls for crab cavities to reduce the luminosity loss due to the crossing angle and help provide luminosity levelling. The 4 Rod Crab Cavity (4RCC) is one of three proposed options under consideration. A bare cavity has been prototyped and has undergone recent vertical tests and the results are presented. The dressed cavity includes a power coupler, a lower order mode coupler and two HOM couplers will be presented and discussed.

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WEPRI087

Magnetic Field Measurement System for the SuperKEKB Final Focus Superconducting Magnets

quadrupole, dipole, superconducting-magnet, factory

2693

N. Ohuchi, Y. Arimoto, M. Iwasaki, M.K. Kawai, Y. Kondo, Y. Makida, K. Tsuchiya, H. Yamaoka, Z.G. Zong
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

SuperKEKB are now being constructed with a target luminosity of 8×1035 which is 40 times higher than KEKB. This luminosity can be achieved by the "Nano-Beam" scheme, in which both beams should be squeezed to about 50 nm at the beam interaction point, IP. The beam final focusing system consists of 8 superconducting quadrupole magnets, 4 superconducting solenoids and 43 superconducting corrector coils. The magnetic field measurement systems with the vertical cryostats were designed and constructed for performing the acceptance test of these magnets at 4 K. The field measurements are performed by the 6 different harmonic coils and a Hall probe. The higher order multi-pole field distributions along the magnet axes are very important for the beam operation, and then these distributions are measured with the 20 mm long harmonic coils. The integral fields of quadrupole magnets are measured with the 600 mm long harmonic coils. We will describe the magnetic field measurement system.

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WEPRI094

Conceptual Design Study of the High Luminosity LHC Recombination Dipole

dipole, target, operation, insertion

2712

G.L. Sabbi, X. Wang
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
G. Arduini, M. Giovannozzi, E. Todesco
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. DOE LHC Accelerator Research Program. The HiLumi LHC Design Study is partly funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7.
The interaction region design of the High-Luminosity LHC requires replacing the recombination dipole magnets (D2) with new ones. The preliminary specifications include an aperture of 10⁵ mm, with 186 mm separation between the twin-aperture axes, and an operating field in the range of 3.5 to 4.5 T. The main design challenge is to decouple the magnetic field in the two apertures and ensure good field quality. In this paper, we present a new approach to address these issues, and provide expected harmonics for geometric, saturation and persistent current effects. The feasibility of an operating field at the high end of the range considered is also discussed, to minimize the D2 magnet length and facilitate the space allocation for other components.

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WEPRI097

STATUS OF 11 T 2-IN-1 Nb3Sn DIPOLE DEVELOPMENT FOR LHC

dipole, status, magnet-design, lattice

2722

A.V. Zlobin, N. Andreev, G. Apollinari, E.Z. Barzi, R. Bossert, M. Buehler, G. Chlachidze, J. DiMarco, A. Nobrega, I. Novitski, D. Turrioni, G. Velev
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
B. Auchmann, M. Karppinen, L. Rossi, D. Smekens
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Work is supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy and European Commission under FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no.284404
The LHC upgrade plans foresee installation of additional collimators in the LHC lattice. To provide the necessary longitudinal space for these collimators, shorter and stronger Nb3Sn dipoles compatible with the LHC lattice and main systems could be used. This paper describes the design and status of the twin-aperture Nb3Sn dipole being developed by FNAL and CERN for the LHC, and reports test results of two collared coils to be used in the first 1 m long twin-aperture dipole model.

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPRI097

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WEPRI102

Conceptual Magnetic Design of the Large Aperture D2 Dipole for LHC Upgrade

dipole, insertion, status, interaction-region

2737

R.C. Gupta
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE¬AC02-98CH10886.
CERN has proposed the High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) as an upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). As a part of this proposal, the aperture of twin aperture D2 dipole is increased from the present 80 mm to 10⁵ mm without increasing the size of cryostat. This creates a significant challenge in managing saturation induced harmonics and the leakage field, particularly since the field in the two apertures is in the same direction. In addition, small spacing between the two apertures creates significant cross-talk harmonics as well. The expected harmonics based on an initial design were rather large and limited the beam dynamics performance of the machine. This paper will present a series of conceptual magnetic designs which reduce the values of key harmonics by a large amount with expected field errors now comparable to those in most superconducting accelerator magnets.

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THPRO083

Weak-strong Beam-beam Simulations for HL-LHC

optics, simulation, dynamic-aperture, beam-beam-effects

3079

D. Banfi, J. Barranco García
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
T. Pieloni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
A. Valishev
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

In this paper we present dynamic aperture studies for possible High Luminosity LHC optics in the presence of beam-beam interactions, crab crossing schemes and magnets multipolar errors. Possible operational scenarios of luminosity leveling by transverse offset and betatron function are also studied and the impact on the beams stability is discussed.

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THPME070

Status of the LIU Project at CERN

linac, injection, ion, extraction

3397

K. Hanke, H. Damerau, A. Deleu, A. Funken, R. Garoby, S.S. Gilardoni, N. Gilbert, B. Goddard, E.B. Holzer, A.M. Lombardi, D. Manglunki, M. Meddahi, B. Mikulec, E.N. Shaposhnikova, M. Vretenar
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

CERN has put in place an ambitious improvement programme to make the injector chain of the LHC capable of supplying the high intensity and high brightness beams requested by the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project. The LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project comprises a new Linac (Linac4) as well as major upgrades and renovations of the PSB, PS and SPS synchrotrons. The heavy ion injector chain is also included, adding Linac3 and LEIR to the list of accelerators concerned. This paper reports on the work completed during the first long LHC shutdown, and outlines the further upgrade path.

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THPME090

Fast Luminosity Monitoring using Diamond Sensors for the Super Flavor Factory SuperKEKB

scattering, positron, photon, simulation

3442

D. El Khechen, P. Bambade, D. Jehanno, C. Rimbault
LAL, Orsay, France

Super luminous flavor factories, as SuperKEKB in Japan, aim to achieve very high luminosity thanks to a newly employed concept, the nano-beam scheme, where ultra-low emittance beams collide at very large crossing angle . Luminosity optimisation and dynamic imperfections require fast luminosity measurements. The aimed precision, 10^-3 in 10 ms, can be achieved thanks to the very large cross-section of the radiative Bhabha process at zero-photon scattering angle. As a result of huge particle fluxes, diamond sensors are chosen to be placed just outside the beam-pipe, downstream of the interaction point, at locations with event rates consistent with the aimed precision and small enough contamination by backgrounds from single-beam particle losses . We will present the results concerning the investigation of the optimal positioning of our diamond sensors, taking into account the rate of Bhabha particles, their interactions with the beam pipe material.

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THPME129

Application of Libera Brilliance⁺ to Special Purpose BPMs in SuperKEKB

brilliance, instrumentation, positron, betatron

3544

S. Kanaeda, H. Fukuma, H. Ishii, K. Mori, M. Tobiyama
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

The KEKB accelerator at KEK is being upgraded to SuperKEKB, and will be starting operation in 2015. SuperKEKB will have 444 Beam Position Monitors (BPMs) in the positron ring (LER), and 466 in the electron ring (HER). Two BPMs in each ring will be newly introduced for measuring fast beam orbit oscillations, and another two BPMs in each ring will be introduced for the fast beam orbit interlock at SuperKEKB. The required resolution is below several μm for fast beam orbit oscillation monitoring, and the requirement for the response time is less than 100 μs for the fast beam orbit interlock. We plan to use the Libera Brilliance⁺ from Instrumentation Technologies as signal processors for these special purpose BPMs. This paper discusses the application of the Libera Brilliance⁺ to these special purpose BPMs.

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THPME155

Beam Phase Space Reconstruction for Monitoring the Luminosity in the VEPP-2000 Collider

electron, positron, lattice, collider

3623

A.L. Romanov, I. Koop, E. Perevedentsev, D.B. Shwartz
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

16 synchrotron light imaging monitors available in VEPP-2000 can be used for evaluation of dynamic betas and emittances at collision. Tomographic techniques are useful for reconstruction of non-gaussian beam phase space at the IPs at high intensities of colliding bunches. The output is applied for prompt luminosity monitoring.

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THPME175

A Beam Gas Vertex Detector for Beam Size Measurement in the LHC

detector, target, injection, simulation

3680

P. Hopchev, V. Baglin, C. Barschel, E. Bravin, G. Bregliozzi, N. Chritin, B. Dehning, M. Ferro-Luzzi, C. Gaspar, M. Giovannozzi, R. Jacobsson, L.K. Jensen, O.R. Jones, N.J. Jurado, V. Kain, M. Kuhn, B. Luthi, P. Magagnin, R. Matev, N. Neufeld, J. Panman, M.N. Rihl, V. Salustino Guimaraes, B. Salvant, R. Veness, E. van Herwijnen
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
A. Bay, F. Blanc, S. Gianì, G.J. Haefeli, T. Nakada, B. Rakotomiaramanana, O. Schneider, M. Tobin, Q.D. Veyrat, Z. Xu
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
R. Greim, W. Karpinski, T. Kirn, S. Schael, G. Schwering, M. Wlochal, A. von Dratzig
RWTH, Aachen, Germany
R. Matev
Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Faculty of Physics, Sofia, Bulgaria

The Beam Gas Vertex (BGV) detector is foreseen as a possible non-invasive beam size measurement instrument for the LHC and its luminosity upgrade. This technique is based on the reconstruction of beam gas interaction vertices, where the charged particles produced in inelastic beam gas interactions are measured with high-precision tracking detectors. The design studies and expected performance of the currently developed BGV prototype will be presented with an overview given of the associated vacuum, detector, and readout systems. A brief description will be given of the BGV Monte Carlo simulation application, which is based on the LHCb computing framework (Gaudi) and allows simulation studies to be performed and online event reconstruction algorithms to be developed.

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THPRI001

Design of a High Luminosity Tau/Charm Factory

emittance, sextupole, injection, dipole

3757

M.E. Biagini, R. Boni, M. Boscolo, A. Chiarucci, R. Cimino, A. Clozza, E. Di Pasquale, A. Drago, S. Guiducci, C. Ligi, G. Mazzitelli, R. Ricci, C. Sanelli, M. Serio, A. Stella, S. Tomassini
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma), Italy
S. Bini, F. Cioeta, D. Cittadino, M. D'Agostino, M. Del Franco, A. Delle Piane, G. Frascadore, R. Gargana, S. Gazzana, S. Incremona, A. Michelotti, L. Sabbatini
Consorzio Laboratorio Nicola Cabibbo, Frascati, Italy
N. Carmignani, S.M. Liuzzo, P. Raimondi
ESRF, Grenoble, France
R. Petronzio
Università di Roma II Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
M.T.F. Pivi
IMS Nanofabrication AG, Vienna, Austria
G. Schillaci, M. Sedita
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

The design of a high luminosity Tau/Charm Factory has been accomplished by the INFN-LNF Laboratory in Frascati in collaboration with the Consortium Nicola Cabibbo Laboratory. The target luminosity is 10³⁵ cm^-2 ses⁻¹ at 4.6 GeV in the center of mass. This design is a natural evolution of the SuperB B-Factory, that was aimed to be built in the Rome Tor Vergata University campus as an Italian Flagship Project. The Tau/Charm design keeps all the features that made SuperB a state-of-the art accelerator, such as the “large Piwinski angle and crab waist sextupoles” collision scheme, the super squeezed beams, and the polarized electron beam. As a plus, it will be possible to collect data at high luminosity in a large energy range (2 to 4.6 GeV c. m.), with a peak luminosity target of 10³⁴ cm^-2 ses⁻¹ at 2 GeV. The possibility to extend the Linac for a SASE-FEL facility is also taken into account. A Conceptual Design Report* was published in September 2013. In this paper the design principles and the project features are reviewed.
* Tau/Charm Factory Accelerator Report, INFN Report INFN-13-13/LNF, September 2013, arXiv:1310.6944 [physics.acc-ph]

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THPRI003

Beam-beam Simulation Study for CEPC

simulation, collider, dynamic-aperture, damping

3763

Y. Zhang
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
K. Ohmi, D. Zhou
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
D.N. Shatilov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

CEPC is an Circular Electron Positron Collider proposed to carry out high precision study on Higgs bosons. It is similar to TLEP project , the luminosity and beam lifetime may be determined by the beamstrahlung effect. We try to check the resonability of the machine parameters with weak-strong and strong-strong simulation. At the same time we also do some cross-check between different codes. We wish the work could help determine the beam parameters which could achieve design luminosity.

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THPRI004

FCC-ee/CepC Beam-beam Simulations with Beamstrahlung

simulation, radiation, photon, collider

3766

K. Ohmi
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
F. Zimmermann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Beamstrahlung, namely synchrotron radiation emitted during the beam-beam collision, can be an important effect for circular high-energy lepton colliders such as FCC-ee (TLEP). In this paper we study beam-beam effects in the presence of energy spreading and bunch lengthening due to beamstrahlung.

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THPRI007

Lattice Optimization of BEPCII Collider Rings

lattice, simulation, sextupole, collider

3776

Y. Zhang, Q. Qin, C.H. Yu
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

BEPCII is a double ring e⁺e⁻ collider operating in the tau-charm region. In March 2013, the peak luminosity achieves 7.0·10³² cm^-2s^-1 with a new lower alphap lattice. The beam-beam parameter is also increased from 0.033 to 0.04 with the new lattice. In this paper we'll review the lattice optimization history briefly and focus on the optimization of the lower alphap lattice.

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THPRI008

Interaction Region Lattice for FCC-ee (TLEP)

quadrupole, lattice, collider, dynamic-aperture

3779

A.V. Bogomyagkov, E.B. Levichev, P.A. Piminov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

Funding: The work is supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
FCC-ee (TLEP)* project is a high-luminosity e⁺e^- collider and is an essential part of the Future Circular Collider (FCC) design study at CERN . FCC-ee is being designed to reach center-of-mass energy from 90 to 350 GeV with circumference of 80-100 km to study Higgs boson properties and perform precise measurements at the electroweak scale. It is also an intermediate step towards 100 TeV proton-proton collider built in the same tunnel. Some of the limiting factors of the new collider are total energy loss due to synchrotron radiation, beam lifetime degradation owing to beamstrahlung, geometry of the tunnel required to accommodate the successor. The present paper describes linear lattice of interaction region and results of nonlinear beam dynamics study.
* M.~Koratzinos et al., ‘‘TLEP: A HIGH-PERFORMANCE CIRCULAR e⁺e⁻ COLLIDER TO STUDY THE HIGGS BOSON'', IPAC2013, Shanghai, China, TUPME040 (2013)

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THPRI012

Tuning of the Compact Linear Collider Beam Delivery System

simulation, collider, linear-collider, multipole

3788

Y.I. Levinsen, G. Giambelli, A. Latina, R. Tomás
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
H. Garcia
UPC, Barcelona, Spain
J. Snuverink
JAI, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom

Tuning the CLIC Beam Delivery System (BDS), and in particular the final focus, is a challenging task. In simulations without misalignments, the goal is to reach 120~\% of the nominal luminosity target, in order to allow for 10~\% loss due to static imperfections, and another 10~\% loss from dynamic imperfections. Various approaches have been considered to correct the magnet misalignments, including 1-1 correction, dispersion free steering (DFS), and several minimization methods utilizing multipole movers. In this paper we report on the recent advancements towards a feasible tuning approach that reach the required luminosity target in a reasonable time frame.

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THPRI102

Energy Effciency of Particle Accelerators - A Networking Effort within the EUCARD² Program

operation, network, quadrupole, focusing

4016

J. Stadlmann, P.J. Spiller
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
R. Gehring
KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
E. Jensen
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
T.I. Parker
ESS, Lund, Sweden
M. Seidel
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Funding: EuCARD² is co-funded by the partners and the European Commission under Capacities 7th Framework Programme, Grant Agreement 312453
EuCARD² is an Integrating Activity Project for coordinated Research and Development on Particle Accelerators, co-funded by the European Commission under the FP7 Capacities Programme. Within the network EnEfficient we address topics around energy efficiency of research accelerators. The ambitious scientific research goals of modern accelerator facilities lead to high requirements in beam power and beam quality for those research accelerators. In conjunction with the user’s needs the power consumption and environmental impact of the research facilities becomes a major factor in the perception of both funding agencies and the general public. In this Network we combine and focus the R&D done individually at different research centers into a series of workshops. We cover the topics “Energy recovery from cooling circuits “, “Higher electronic efficiency RF power generation“, “Short term energy storage systems”, “Virtual power plants” and “Beam transfer channels with low power consumption”. Our network activities are naturally open to external participants. With this work we will introduce our energy efficiency topics to interested participants and contributors from the whole community.

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FRYCA01

Options and Prospects for the Future of Accelerator-based High-energy Physics

collider, coupling, detector, proton

4079

F. Gianotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Recent results from the LHC and other facilities have significantly impacted the landscape of particle physics. This talk summarises the main outstanding questions in high-energy physics and the strategy to address them. Options for future accelerator facilities and their motivations are discussed.

Slides FRYCA01 [16.139 MB]

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