IPAC2014 - List of Keywords (hadron)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOXAA01	Challenges for Highest Energy Circular Colliders	collider, luminosity, radiation, synchrotron	1
	F. Zimmermann, M. Benedikt, D. Schulte, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	A new tunnel of 80-100 km circumference could host a 100 TeV centre-of-mass energy-frontier proton collider (FCC-hh/VHE-LHC), with a circular lepton collider (FCC-ee/TLEP) as potential intermediate step, and a lepton-hadron collider (FCC-he) as additional option. FCC-ee, operating at four different energies for precision physics of the Z, W, and Higgs boson and the top quark, represents a significant push in terms of technology and design parameters. Pertinent R&D efforts include the RF system, top-up injection scheme, optics design for arcs and final focus, effects of beamstrahlung, beam polarization, energy calibration, and power consumption. FCC-hh faces other challenges, such as high-field magnet design, machine protection and effective handling of large synchrotron radiation power in a superconducting machine. All these issues are being addressed by a global FCC collaboration. A parallel design study in China prepares for a similar, but smaller collider, called CepC/SppC.
	Slides MOXAA01 [27.493 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-MOXAA01
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MOPRO015	Advances in Coherent Electron Cooling	electron, FEL, bunching, kicker	91
	V. Litvinenko, Y. Hao, Y.C. Jing, D. Kayran, G. Wang BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA G.I. Bell, I.V. Pogorelov, B.T. Schwartz, A.V. Sobol, S.D. Webb Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado, USA D.L. Bruhwiler RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colerado, USA A. Elizarov SUNY SB, Stony Brook, New York, USA D.F. Ratner SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA O.A. Shevchenko BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	This paper will be focused on advances and challenges in cooling of high-energy hadron – and potentially heavy lepton-beams. Such techniques are required to improve quality of hadron beams and for increasing the luminosity in hadron and electron-hadron colliders. In contrast with light leptons, which have very strong radiation damping via synchrotron radiation, the hadrons radiate very little (even in 7TeV LHC) and require additional cooling mechanism to control growth of their emittances. I will discuss the physics principles of revolutionary, but untested, technique: the coherent electron cooling (CeC). Further, current advances and novel CeC schemes will be presented as well as the status of preparation at Brookhaven National Laboratory for the CeC demonstration experiment.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-MOPRO015
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TUYA01	First Experience with Electron Lenses for Beam-beam Compensation in RHIC	electron, solenoid, emittance, proton	913
	W. Fischer, Z. Altinbas, D. Bruno, M.R. Costanzo, X. Gu, J. Hock, A.K. Jain, Y. Luo, C. Mi, R.J. Michnoff, T.A. Miller, A.I. Pikin, T. Samms, Y. Tan, R. Than, P. Thieberger, S.M. White BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by U.S. DOE under contract No DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The head-on beam-beam interaction is the dominant luminosity limiting effect in polarized proton operation in RHIC. To mitigate this effect two electron lenses were installed in the two RHIC rings. We summarize the hardware and electron beam commissioning results to date, and report on the first experience with the electron-hadron beam interaction. In 2014 RHIC is operating with gold beams only. In this case the luminosity is not limited by head-on beam-beam interactions and compensation is not necessary. The goals of this year’s commissioning efforts are a test of all instrumentation; the demonstration of electron and gold beam overlap; the demonstration of electron beam parameters that are sufficiently stable to have no negative impact on the gold beam lifetime; and the measurement of the tune footprint compression from the beam overlap. With these demonstrations, and a lattice with a phase advance that has a multiple of 180 degrees between the beam-beam interaction and electron lens locations, head-on beam-beam compensation can be commissioned in the following year with proton beams.
	Slides TUYA01 [11.776 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUYA01
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TUOCB01	Concept of a Hybrid (Normal and Superconducting) Bending Magnet Based on Iron Magnetization for 80-100 km Lepton / Hadron Colliders	collider, dipole, injection, lepton	980
	A. Milanese, L. Rossi CERN, Geneva, Switzerland H. Piekarz Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	This paper presents a conceptual design of bending magnets to be used first in a full energy booster for a lepton machine (TLEP) and later in a low energy ring for a hadron machine (VHE-LHC). TLEP and VHE-LHC would be respectively e-ebar and p-p colliders, at the energy frontier in each category, to be installed in a 80-100 km circumference tunnel. The main requirements in terms of operating field range and field quality are discussed. Two dimensional simulations then show how an iron-dominated magnet could fulfil the specifications. The design is a "transmission-line" magnet, where the excitation current is provided by a single turn. When operating with leptons, a resistive conductor can be used. To then increase the strength needed to handle hadrons, the use of superconducting technology is needed. Recent results on similar prototypes built for different machines are recalled to point to the developments needed to assess the viability of this design.
	Slides TUOCB01 [4.225 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUOCB01
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TUPRO009	Simple Models Describing the Time-evolution of Luminosity in Hadron Colliders	luminosity, collider, proton, operation	1017
	M. Giovannozzi CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	In recent years, several studies have been performed to describe the evolution of the losses in circular proton machines. Considerations based on single-particle, non-linear beam dynamics allowed building models that, albeit simple, proved to be in good agreement with measurements. These initial results have been generalised, thus opening the possibility to describe the luminosity evolution in a circular hadron collider. In this paper, the focus is on the derivation of scaling laws for the integrated luminosity, taking into account both burn off and additional pseudo-diffusive effects. The proposed models are applied to the analysis of the data collected during the LHC Run I and the outcome is discussed in detail.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO009
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TUPRO026	Possible Beam-beam and Levelling Scenarios for HL-LHC	luminosity, emittance, simulation, collider	1071
	M.P. Crouch, R. Appleby UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom B.D. Muratori STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom T. Pieloni CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Research supported by EU FP7 HiLumi LHC - Grant Agreement 284404 The upgrade of the LHC from the current set-up to high luminosity performances will provide new challenges from the point of view of beam-beam as well as other collective effects and luminosity levelling. We present the current possibilities for doing luminosity levelling for HL-LHC. We explore the merits and drawbacks of each option and briefly discuss the operational implications. The simplest option being levelling with an offset between the two beams. In particular, we look at the possibility of using flat beams in the IPs for all the available options and investigate their benefits and drawbacks, using the code COMBI. Flat beams would allow an additional degree of freedom, with the levelling only required in one of the planes at any given IP. To this end, various scenarios are looked at, both with and without crab cavities.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO026
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TUPRI014	Modelling and Long Term Dynamics of Crab Cavities in the LHC	cavity, multipole, luminosity, experiment	1578
	R. Appleby, D.R. Brett UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom J. Barranco García, R. De Maria, A. Grudiev, R. Tomás CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no. 284404, co-funded by the DoE, USA and KEK, Japan. The High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) aims to achieve an integrated luminosity of 250-300 fb-1 per year. This upgrade includes the use crab cavities to mitigate the geometric loss of luminosity arising from the beam crossing angle. The tight space constraints at the location of the cavities leads to cavity designs which are axially non-symmetric and have a potentially significant effect on the long term dynamics and dynamic aperture of the LHC. In this paper we present the current status of advanced modelling of crab cavities.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRI014
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WEIB01	Global Industrial Development of Accelerators for Charged Particle Therapy	cyclotron, proton, operation, hadrontherapy	1912
	M. Schillo VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
	This paper describes the current situation concerning industrial accelerators for medical hadron therapy facilities. Starting from high level requirements and considerations for a therapy facility more specific requirements for the accelerator will be deduced. The Varian ProBeam cyclotron is shown as an example of a medical accelerator and a statistical overview on other accelerators in us is given. The focus is strictly on industrially available equipment. As hadron facilities are extremely complex systems, in the confined space of this paper some simplifications are unavoidable.
	Slides WEIB01 [4.218 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEIB01
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WEPME057	The Secondary Electron Yield from Transition Metals	electron, vacuum, gun, collider	2403
	S. Wang, M.D. Cropper Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom O.B. Malyshev, E.A. Seddon, R. Valizadeh, S. Wang STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Non-evaporable getter thin films, which are currently being used in the ultra-high vacuum system of the Large Hadron Collider, normally consist of Ti, Zr and V, deposited by physical vapour deposition. In this study, the secondary electron yield (SEY) of bulk Ti, Zr, V and Hf have been investigated as a function of electron conditioning. The maximum SEYs of as-received Ti, Zr, V and Hf, are respectively 1.96, 2.34, 1.72 and 2.32, these reduce to 1.14, 1.13, 1.44 and 1.18 after electron conditioning. Surface chemical composition was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy which revealed that surface conditioning by electron bombardment promotes the growth of a thin carbon layer on the surface and consequently reduces the SEY of the surface as a function of electron dose. Heating a vanadium sample to 250°C resulted in diffusion of oxygen into the bulk and induced formation of metal carbide at the surface. However, the SEY stays the same even after heat-induced surface chemistry modification. Prolonged electron conditioning increases the surface oxygen but the surface is still predominantly covered with a thin graphitic layer and hence the SEY stays approximately constant.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME057
Export •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOXAA01

Challenges for Highest Energy Circular Colliders

collider, luminosity, radiation, synchrotron

1

F. Zimmermann, M. Benedikt, D. Schulte, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

A new tunnel of 80-100 km circumference could host a 100 TeV centre-of-mass energy-frontier proton collider (FCC-hh/VHE-LHC), with a circular lepton collider (FCC-ee/TLEP) as potential intermediate step, and a lepton-hadron collider (FCC-he) as additional option. FCC-ee, operating at four different energies for precision physics of the Z, W, and Higgs boson and the top quark, represents a significant push in terms of technology and design parameters. Pertinent R&D efforts include the RF system, top-up injection scheme, optics design for arcs and final focus, effects of beamstrahlung, beam polarization, energy calibration, and power consumption. FCC-hh faces other challenges, such as high-field magnet design, machine protection and effective handling of large synchrotron radiation power in a superconducting machine. All these issues are being addressed by a global FCC collaboration. A parallel design study in China prepares for a similar, but smaller collider, called CepC/SppC.

Slides MOXAA01 [27.493 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-MOXAA01

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MOPRO015

Advances in Coherent Electron Cooling

electron, FEL, bunching, kicker

91

V. Litvinenko, Y. Hao, Y.C. Jing, D. Kayran, G. Wang
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
G.I. Bell, I.V. Pogorelov, B.T. Schwartz, A.V. Sobol, S.D. Webb
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado, USA
D.L. Bruhwiler
RadiaSoft LLC, Boulder, Colerado, USA
A. Elizarov
SUNY SB, Stony Brook, New York, USA
D.F. Ratner
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
O.A. Shevchenko
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

This paper will be focused on advances and challenges in cooling of high-energy hadron – and potentially heavy lepton-beams. Such techniques are required to improve quality of hadron beams and for increasing the luminosity in hadron and electron-hadron colliders. In contrast with light leptons, which have very strong radiation damping via synchrotron radiation, the hadrons radiate very little (even in 7TeV LHC) and require additional cooling mechanism to control growth of their emittances. I will discuss the physics principles of revolutionary, but untested, technique: the coherent electron cooling (CeC). Further, current advances and novel CeC schemes will be presented as well as the status of preparation at Brookhaven National Laboratory for the CeC demonstration experiment.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-MOPRO015

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reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUYA01

First Experience with Electron Lenses for Beam-beam Compensation in RHIC

electron, solenoid, emittance, proton

913

W. Fischer, Z. Altinbas, D. Bruno, M.R. Costanzo, X. Gu, J. Hock, A.K. Jain, Y. Luo, C. Mi, R.J. Michnoff, T.A. Miller, A.I. Pikin, T. Samms, Y. Tan, R. Than, P. Thieberger, S.M. White
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by U.S. DOE under contract No DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The head-on beam-beam interaction is the dominant luminosity limiting effect in polarized proton operation in RHIC. To mitigate this effect two electron lenses were installed in the two RHIC rings. We summarize the hardware and electron beam commissioning results to date, and report on the first experience with the electron-hadron beam interaction. In 2014 RHIC is operating with gold beams only. In this case the luminosity is not limited by head-on beam-beam interactions and compensation is not necessary. The goals of this year’s commissioning efforts are a test of all instrumentation; the demonstration of electron and gold beam overlap; the demonstration of electron beam parameters that are sufficiently stable to have no negative impact on the gold beam lifetime; and the measurement of the tune footprint compression from the beam overlap. With these demonstrations, and a lattice with a phase advance that has a multiple of 180 degrees between the beam-beam interaction and electron lens locations, head-on beam-beam compensation can be commissioned in the following year with proton beams.

Slides TUYA01 [11.776 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUYA01

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUOCB01

Concept of a Hybrid (Normal and Superconducting) Bending Magnet Based on Iron Magnetization for 80-100 km Lepton / Hadron Colliders

collider, dipole, injection, lepton

980

A. Milanese, L. Rossi
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
H. Piekarz
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

This paper presents a conceptual design of bending magnets to be used first in a full energy booster for a lepton machine (TLEP) and later in a low energy ring for a hadron machine (VHE-LHC). TLEP and VHE-LHC would be respectively e-ebar and p-p colliders, at the energy frontier in each category, to be installed in a 80-100 km circumference tunnel. The main requirements in terms of operating field range and field quality are discussed. Two dimensional simulations then show how an iron-dominated magnet could fulfil the specifications. The design is a "transmission-line" magnet, where the excitation current is provided by a single turn. When operating with leptons, a resistive conductor can be used. To then increase the strength needed to handle hadrons, the use of superconducting technology is needed. Recent results on similar prototypes built for different machines are recalled to point to the developments needed to assess the viability of this design.

Slides TUOCB01 [4.225 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUOCB01

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUPRO009

Simple Models Describing the Time-evolution of Luminosity in Hadron Colliders

luminosity, collider, proton, operation

1017

M. Giovannozzi
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In recent years, several studies have been performed to describe the evolution of the losses in circular proton machines. Considerations based on single-particle, non-linear beam dynamics allowed building models that, albeit simple, proved to be in good agreement with measurements. These initial results have been generalised, thus opening the possibility to describe the luminosity evolution in a circular hadron collider. In this paper, the focus is on the derivation of scaling laws for the integrated luminosity, taking into account both burn off and additional pseudo-diffusive effects. The proposed models are applied to the analysis of the data collected during the LHC Run I and the outcome is discussed in detail.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO009

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUPRO026

Possible Beam-beam and Levelling Scenarios for HL-LHC

luminosity, emittance, simulation, collider

1071

M.P. Crouch, R. Appleby
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
B.D. Muratori
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
T. Pieloni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Research supported by EU FP7 HiLumi LHC - Grant Agreement 284404
The upgrade of the LHC from the current set-up to high luminosity performances will provide new challenges from the point of view of beam-beam as well as other collective effects and luminosity levelling. We present the current possibilities for doing luminosity levelling for HL-LHC. We explore the merits and drawbacks of each option and briefly discuss the operational implications. The simplest option being levelling with an offset between the two beams. In particular, we look at the possibility of using flat beams in the IPs for all the available options and investigate their benefits and drawbacks, using the code COMBI. Flat beams would allow an additional degree of freedom, with the levelling only required in one of the planes at any given IP. To this end, various scenarios are looked at, both with and without crab cavities.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRO026

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUPRI014

Modelling and Long Term Dynamics of Crab Cavities in the LHC

cavity, multipole, luminosity, experiment

1578

R. Appleby, D.R. Brett
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
J. Barranco García, R. De Maria, A. Grudiev, R. Tomás
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC, GA no. 284404, co-funded by the DoE, USA and KEK, Japan.
The High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) aims to achieve an integrated luminosity of 250-300 fb-1 per year. This upgrade includes the use crab cavities to mitigate the geometric loss of luminosity arising from the beam crossing angle. The tight space constraints at the location of the cavities leads to cavity designs which are axially non-symmetric and have a potentially significant effect on the long term dynamics and dynamic aperture of the LHC. In this paper we present the current status of advanced modelling of crab cavities.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-TUPRI014

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEIB01

Global Industrial Development of Accelerators for Charged Particle Therapy

cyclotron, proton, operation, hadrontherapy

1912

M. Schillo
VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany

This paper describes the current situation concerning industrial accelerators for medical hadron therapy facilities. Starting from high level requirements and considerations for a therapy facility more specific requirements for the accelerator will be deduced. The Varian ProBeam cyclotron is shown as an example of a medical accelerator and a statistical overview on other accelerators in us is given. The focus is strictly on industrially available equipment. As hadron facilities are extremely complex systems, in the confined space of this paper some simplifications are unavoidable.

Slides WEIB01 [4.218 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEIB01

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEPME057

The Secondary Electron Yield from Transition Metals

electron, vacuum, gun, collider

2403

S. Wang, M.D. Cropper
Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
O.B. Malyshev, E.A. Seddon, R. Valizadeh, S. Wang
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Non-evaporable getter thin films, which are currently being used in the ultra-high vacuum system of the Large Hadron Collider, normally consist of Ti, Zr and V, deposited by physical vapour deposition. In this study, the secondary electron yield (SEY) of bulk Ti, Zr, V and Hf have been investigated as a function of electron conditioning. The maximum SEYs of as-received Ti, Zr, V and Hf, are respectively 1.96, 2.34, 1.72 and 2.32, these reduce to 1.14, 1.13, 1.44 and 1.18 after electron conditioning. Surface chemical composition was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy which revealed that surface conditioning by electron bombardment promotes the growth of a thin carbon layer on the surface and consequently reduces the SEY of the surface as a function of electron dose. Heating a vanadium sample to 250°C resulted in diffusion of oxygen into the bulk and induced formation of metal carbide at the surface. However, the SEY stays the same even after heat-induced surface chemistry modification. Prolonged electron conditioning increases the surface oxygen but the surface is still predominantly covered with a thin graphitic layer and hence the SEY stays approximately constant.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME057

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)