EPAC 2004 - List of Keywords

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W

emittance

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOYCH02	Physics Challenges for ERL Light Sources	linac, electron, brightness, synchrotron	16
	L. Merminga Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
	We present an overview of the physics challenges encountered in the design and operation of Energy Recovering Linac (ERL) based light sources. These challenges include the generation and preservation of low emittance, high-average current beams, manipulating and preserving the transverse and longitudinal phase space, control of the multipass beam breakup instability, efficient extraction of higher order mode power and RF control and stability of the superconducting cavities. These key R&D issues drive the design and technology choices for proposed ERL light sources. Simulations and calculations of these processes will be presented and compared with experimental data obtained at the Jefferson Lab FEL Upgrade, a 10 mA ERL light source presently in commissioning, and during a 1 GeV demonstration of energy recovery at CEBAF.
	Video of talk
	Transparencies

MOOCH01	Beam Based Alignment at the KEK-ATF Damping Ring	quadrupole, alignment, lattice, betatron	36
	M. Woodley, J. Nelson, M.C. Ross, J.L. Turner SLAC, Menlo Park, California K. Kubo KEK, Ibaraki A. Wolski LBNL/AFR, Berkeley, California
	The damping rings for a future linear collider will have demanding alignment and stability requirements in order to achieve the low vertical emittance necessary for high luminosity. The Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) at KEK has successfully demonstrated the <5 pm vertical emittance specified for the GLC/NLC Main Damping Rings []. One contribution to this accomplishment has been the use of Beam Based Alignment (BBA) techniques. The mode of operation of the ATF presents particular challenges for BBA, and we describe here how we have deduced the offsets of the BPMs with respect to the quadrupoles. We also discuss a technique that allows for direct measurements of the beam-to-quad offsets. "Extremely Low Vertical-Emittance Beam in the Accelerator Test Facility at KEK", K. Kubo, et al., Phys.Rev.Lett.88:194801,2002
	Video of talk
	Transparencies

MOPKF005	Preliminary Results on a Low Emittance Gun Based on Field Emission	electron, cathode, gun, free-electron-laser	306
	R. Ganter, A.E. Candel, M. Dehler, G.J. Gobrecht, C. Gough, S.C. Leemann, K.L. Li, M. Paraliev, M. Pedrozzi, J.-Y. Raguin, L. Rivkin, V. Schlott, L. Schulz, A. Streun, A. Wrulich PSI, Villigen
	The development of a new electron gun with the lowest possible emittance would help reducing the total length and cost of a free electron laser. Recent progresses in vacuum nanoelectronics make field emitter arrays (FEAs) an attractive technology to explore for high brightness sources. Indeed, several thousands of microscopic tips can be deposited on a 1 mm diameter area. Electrons are then extracted by a first grid layer close to tip apex and focused by a second grid layer one micrometer above the tip apex. The typical aperture diameter of this focusing layer is also in the range of one micrometer. The big challenge with FEA, is to achieve good emission homogeneity, we hope to achieve this with diverse conditioning techniques. However if we can achieve a low emittance with FEAs another challenge will be to preserve the emittance during the beam acceleration.

MOPKF009	Photoinjector Studies for the BESSY Soft X-ray FEL	gun, linac, focusing, electron	315
	F. Marhauser BESSY GmbH, Berlin
	A linac driven soft X-Ray FEL facility has been proposed at BESSY with the aim to produce high brilliance photon beams within the energy range of 20eV to 1keV. The driver linac is based on superconducting (sc) L-Band rf-technolgy to enable cw operation of the FEL. As the electron beam emittance directly influence the photon beam characteristics, transverse slice emittances of 1.5pimmmrad are envisaged as a target goal. This demands for a high brilliance laser driven photoinjector rf-gun as electron source. For the first years of operation it is intended to use well known normal conducting (nc) L-Band rf-gun technology thereby restricting the macropulse repetition rate to 1 kHz to cope with the thermal power dissipation. At a later stage the nc rf-gun shall be replaced by a sc rf-gun, which is favoured conceptually as it allows to generate outmost flexible bunch patterns according to the needs of the experiments by fully exploiting the capabilities of the sc linac. This paper details the design considerations for a high power nc rf-gun complemented by results of beam dynamic studies up to the exit of the booster linac using ASTRA. Perspectives for the use of a sc photoinjector gun cavity are addressed.

MOPKF013	The Influence of the Main Coupler Field on the Transverse Emittance of a Superconducting RF Gun	gun, electron, linac, pick-up	327
	D. Janssen FZR, Dresden M. Dohlus DESY, Hamburg
	For the Rossendorf superconducting RF gun project the influence of the additional RF field, created in the cavity by the RF power flow at the main coupler, is discussed. One end of the gun cavity is occupied by the cathode insert, so all flanges are concentrated on the other end. In the "flange plane" of the cavity two HOM coupler, the pic up and the main coupler are located. If we normalize the RF field in the cavity by the condition Eacc = 25MV/m and assume a beam power of 10kW (CW mode), we obtain an quality factor Qext = 2.210*7. A three dimensional field calculation using the MAFIA code, gives the field perturbation near the main coupler. Tracking calculation with ASTRA show,that this perturbation increases the transversel emittance between 1 and 4%, nearly independent from the bunch charge. This result shows, that for average beam powers in the vicinity of 10kW effects, connected with the assymetric input of RF power can be neglected.

MOPKF014	Emittance Compensation of a Superconducting RF Photoelectron Gun by a Magnetic RF Field	cathode, gun, superconducting-RF, electron	330
	D. Janssen FZR, Dresden V. Volkov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk
	For compensation of transverse emittance in normal conducting RF photoelectron guns a static magnetic field is applied. In superconducting RF guns the application of a static magnetic field is impossible. Therefore we put instead of a static field a magnetic RF field (TE - mode) together with the corresponding accelerating mode into the superconducting cavity of the RF gun. For a 3 _ cell cavity of the superconducting gun with frequencies f = 1.3GHz for the accelerating mode and f = 3.9 GHz for the magnetic mode and a bunch charge of 1 nC a transversal emittance of 0.5 mm mrad has been obtained. In this case the maximal field strength on the axis were Ez = 50 MV/m for the accelerating mode and Bz = 0.34 T for the magnetic mode.(This corresponds to Bs(max) = 0.22T on the surface of the cavity). Possibilities for the technical realization (input of RF power for the TE mode, tuning of two frequencies in one cavity, phase stability) are discussed.

MOPKF016	S2E Simulations on Jitter for European XFEL Project	linac, simulation, gun, klystron	336
	Y. Kim, Y. Kim, D. Son CHEP, Daegu K. Floettmann, T. Limberg DESY, Hamburg
	In order to generate stable 0.1 nm wavelength SASE source at the European X-ray laser project XFEL, we should supply high quality electron beams with constant beam characteristics to a 200 m long undulator. Generally, beam parameters such as peak current and energy spread are significantly dependent on jitter or error in RF phase and RF amplitude of superconducting accelerating modules, and magnetic field error of bunch compressors. In this paper, we describe the start-to-end simulations from the cathode to the end of linac to determine the jitter and error tolerances for the European XFEL project.

MOPKF018	Injector and Bunch Compressor for the European XFEL Project	linac, space-charge, gun, simulation	342
	Y. Kim, Y. Kim, D. Son CHEP, Daegu M. Dohlus, K. Floettmann, T. Limberg DESY, Hamburg
	For the proper operation of European XFEL project, we should supply high quality electron beams with low emittance, short bunch length, and low energy spread to a 200 m long undulator. In this paper, we describe the optimization and design concepts of the XFEL injector and bunch compressors to control the beam parameter dilution due to the microbunching instability and CSR.

MOPKF022	Commissioning of the VUV-FEL Injector at TTF	gun, laser, electron, simulation	351
	S. Schreiber DESY, Hamburg
	The VUV-FEL at the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) at DESY is being upgraded to an FEL user facility serving high brilliance beams in the wavelength range from the VUV to soft X-rays. The photoinjector has been redesigned to meet the more demanding beam parameters in terms of transverse emittance, peak current, and energy spread. The first phase of the injector upgrade has been finished in spring 2004. We report on its commissioning, including first measurements of beam parameters.

MOPKF027	Optimizing the PITZ Electron Source for the VUV-FEL	laser, electron, simulation, cathode	360
	M. Krasilnikov, J. Bähr, U. Gensch, H.-J. Grabosch, J.H. Han, D. Lipka, V. Miltchev, A. Oppelt, B. Petrosyan, D. Pose, L. Staykov, F. Stephan DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen K. Abrahamyan YerPhI, Yerevan W. Ackermann, R. Cee, W.F.O. Müller, S. Setzer, T. Weiland TEMF, Darmstadt G. Asova, G. Dimitrov, I. Tsakov INRNE, Sofia I. Bohnet, J.-P. Carneiro, K. Floettmann, S. Riemann, S. Schreiber DESY, Hamburg M.V. Hartrott, E. Jaeschke, D. Krämer, R. Richter BESSY GmbH, Berlin P. Michelato, L. Monaco, C. Pagani, D. Sertore INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI) J. Rossbach Uni HH, Hamburg W. Sandner, I. Will MBI, Berlin
	The goal of the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY Zeuthen (PITZ) is to test and optimize electron sources for Free Electron Lasers and future linear colliders. At the end of 2003 the first stage of PITZ (PITZ1) has been successfully completed, resulting in the installation of the PITZ RF gun at the Vacuum Ultra Violet - Free Electron Laser (VUV-FEL) at DESY Hamburg. The main results achieved during the PITZ1 extensive measurement program are discussed in this paper. A minimum normalized beam emittance of about 1.5 pi mm mrad for 1 nC electron bunch charge has been reached by optimizing numerous photo injector parameters, e.g. longitudinal and transverse profiles of the photocathode laser, RF phase, main and bucking solenoid current. The second stage of PITZ (PITZ2), being a large extension of the facility and its research program, has started now. Recent progress on the PITZ2 developments will be reported as well.

MOPKF033	Operational Improvements in the ESRF Injection Complex	injection, booster, linac, quadrupole	375
	Y. Papaphilippou, P. Elleaume, L. Farvacque, L. Hardy, G.A. Naylor, E. Plouviez, J.-L. Revol, B.K. Scheidt, V. Serriere ESRF, Grenoble
	The ESRF injection complex, comprising a 200MeV linac, a booster accelerator with a top energy of 6GeV and two transfer lines, has been routinely injecting beam to the storage ring since the beginning of its operation. The newly implemented injection with ‘‘front-end open'' triggered several operational improvements in order to maximise the reliability of the complex. A series of diagnostics (sychnotron light monitors, striplines, fast current transformers) were implemented allowing the measurement and monitoring of several components of the injected beam. New optics models were constructed and several application systems as the closed orbit correction or tune measurements have been upgraded. The operational procedures of injection at 100MeV in the booster and the injection efficiency maximisation were renewed and improved. Further developments for the uninterrupted operation of the storage ring during injection, such as the bunch cleaning in the booster were successfully tested.

MOPKF041	SPARC Photoinjector Working Point Optimization, Tolerances and Sensitivity to Errors	undulator, simulation, gun, linac	396
	M. Ferrario, M.E. Biagini, M. Boscolo, V. Fusco, S. Guiducci, M. Migliorati, C. Sanelli, F. Tazzioli, C. Vaccarezza INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma) L. Giannessi, L. Mezi, M. Quattromini, C. Ronsivalle ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma) J. Rosenzweig UCLA, Los Angeles, California L. Serafini INFN-Milano, Milano
	A new optimization of the SPARC photoinjector, aiming to reduce the FEL saturation length, is presented in this paper. Start to end simulations show that with 1.1 nC charge in a 10 ps long bunch we can deliver at the undulator entrance a beam having 100 A in 50% of the slices (each slice being 300 mm long) with a slice emittance ?1 mm, thus reducing the FEL-SASE saturation length to 12 m at 500 nm wavelength. In addition the stability of the nominal working point and its sensitivity to various type of random errors, under realistic conditions of the SPARC photoinjector operation, are discussed. A systematic scan of the main parameters around the operating point, performed with PARMELA code interfaced to MATLAB, shows that the probability to get a projected emittance exceeding 1 mm is only 10 % and the slice emittance remains below 1 mm in all cases.

MOPKF042	Status of the SPARC Project	laser, undulator, linac, gun	399
	M. Ferrario, D. Alesini, M. Bellaveglia, S. Bertolucci, M.E. Biagini, R. Boni, M. Boscolo, M. Castellano, A. Clozza, G. Di Pirro, A. Drago, A. Esposito, D. Filippetto, V. Fusco, A. Gallo, A. Ghigo, S. Guiducci, M. Incurvati, C. Ligi, F. Marcellini, L. Pellegrino, M.A. Preger, R. Ricci, C. Sanelli, M. Serio, F. Sgamma, B. Spataro, A. Stecchi, A. Stella, F. Tazzioli, C. Vaccarezza, M. Vescovi, C. Vicario INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma) F. Alessandria, A. Bacci, M. Mauri INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI) I. Boscolo, F. Brogli, S. Cialdi, C. De Martinis, D. Giove, C. Maroli, V. Petrillo, M. Romé, L. Serafini INFN-Milano, Milano L. Catani, E.C. Chiadroni, A. Cianchi, S. Tazzari Università di Roma II Tor Vergata, Roma F. Ciocci, G. Dattoli, A. Doria, F. Flora, G.P. Gallerano, L. Giannessi, E. Giovenale, G. Messina, L. Mezi, P.L. Ottaviani, L. Picardi, M. Quattromini, A. Renieri, C. Ronsivalle ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma) D. Dowell, P. Emma, C. Limborg-Deprey, D. Palmer SLAC, Menlo Park, California D. Levi, M. Mattioli, G. Medici Università di Roma I La Sapienza, Roma M. Migliorati, A. Mostacci, L. Palumbo Rome University La Sapienza, Roma P. Musumeci, J. Rosenzweig UCLA, Los Angeles, California M. Nisoli, S. Stagira, S. de Silvestri Politecnico/Milano, Milano
	The aim of the SPARC project is to promote an R&D activity oriented to the development of a high brightness photoinjector to drive SASE-FEL experiments at 500 nm and higher harmonics generation. It has been proposed by a collaboration among ENEA-INFN-CNR-Universita‘ di Roma Tor Vergata-INFM-ST and funded by the Italian Government with a 3 year time schedule. The machine will be installed at LNF, inside an existing underground bunker. It is comprised of an rf gun driven by a Ti:Sa laser to produce 10-ps flat top pulses on the photocathode, injecting into three SLAC accelerating sections. We foresee conducting investigations on the emittance correction and on the rf compression techniques up to kA level. The SPARC photoinjector can be used also to investigate beam physics issues like surface-roughness-induced wake fields, bunch-length measurements in the sub-ps range, emittance degradation in magnetic compressors due to CSR. We present in this paper the status of the design activities of the injector and of the undulator. The first test on diagnostic prototypes and the first experimental achievements of the flat top laser pulse production are also discussed.

MOPKF043	An Ultra-high Brightness, High Duty Factor, Superconducting RF Photoinjector	brightness, gun, electron, simulation	402
	M. Ferrario INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma) J. Rosenzweig UCLA, Los Angeles, California J. Sekutowicz DESY, Hamburg
	Recent advances in superconducting rf technology, and an improved understanding of rf photoinjector design optimization make if possible to propose a specific design for a superconducting rf gun which can simultaneously produce both ultra-high peak brightness, and high average current. Such a device may prove to be a critical component of next generation x-ray sources such as self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron lasers (SASE FEL) and energy recovery linac (ERL) based systems. The design presented is scaled from the present state-of-the-art normal conducting rf photoinjector that has been studied in the context of the LCLS SASE FEL. Issues specific to the superconducing rf photoinjector, such as accelerating gradient limit, rf cavity design, and compatibility with magnetic focusing and laser excitation of a photocathode, are discussed.

MOPKF044	Wake Fields Effects in the Photoinjector of the SPARC Project	space-charge, impedance, linac, optics	405
	V. Fusco, M. Ferrario, B. Spataro INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma) M. Migliorati, L. Palumbo Rome University La Sapienza, Roma
	When a bunch travels off axis across structures whose shape is not uniform, such as RF cavity or bellows, generates longitudinal and transverse wake fields. In addition transverse time dependent fields (like transverse RF components and wake fields ) may induce correlated slice centroids displacement, so that each slice centroid motion become affected also by space charge forces generated by the next slices. An evaluation of the emittance degradation and induced energy spread in the SPARC injector is performed with an improved version of the code Homdyn and the results are discussed. A comparison with other codes (ABCI, PARMELA 3D) to validate our model is also presented.

MOPKF045	Cesium Telluride and Metals Photoelectron Thermal Emittance Measurements Using a Time-of-flight Spectrometer	electron, laser, cathode, gun	408
	D. Sertore, D. Favia, P. Michelato, L. Monaco, P. Pierini INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI)
	The thermal emittance of photoemitted electrons in an RF gun is a crucial parameter for short wavelength FELs and future high luminosity electron colliders. An estimate of the thermal emittance of semiconductor and metal samples, commonly used as photocathodes, has been assessed using a Time-Of-Flight spectrometer. In this paper we present the analysis, based on angle resolved photoemission measurements, of both the cesium telluride (Cs2Te) photocathode films as used at the TESLA Test Facility, and polycrystalline metals. These latter measurements, at different laser wavelengths, are used to validate both our experimental apparatus and the thermal emittance reconstruction technique developed.

MOPKF046	Photoelectron RF Gun Designed as a Single Cell Cavity	gun, linac, cathode, electron	411
	H. Dewa, T. Asaka, H. Hanaki, T. Kobayashi, A. Mizuno, S. Suzuki, T. Taniuchi, H. Tomizawa, K. Yanagida JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo J. Sasabe Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamakita, Shizuoka M. Uesaka UTNL, Ibaraki
	The paper describes the recent improvements of S-band RF-gun at SPring-8. The cavity of the gun is a single-cell pillbox, and the copper inner wall is used as a cathode. The electron beam from the cathode was accelerated up to 4.1 MeV at an electric field of 175 MV/m. For emittance compensation, two solenoid magnets were used. A 3m linac and a quadrupole scan emittance diagnostic were added after the RF-gun. The beam energy spread and beam emittance after the linac is presented. The beam emittance measured with quadrupole scan is compered to that measured with double slits just after the RF-gun. For high quantum efficiency, Cs2Te cathode was also tested. It is vacuum sealed in a cartridge-type electric tube and four tubes can be installed in a vacuum chamber behind the cavity. Although the quantum efficiency after RF conditioning for two hours to achieve 90MV/m was 3%, it decreased to 1% after the 28 hours RF conditioning.

MOPKF049	Design Study for a 205 MeV Energy Recovery Linac Test Facility at the KEK	linac, optics, dipole, simulation	420
	E.-S. Kim PAL, Pohang K. Yokoya KEK, Ibaraki
	We present a lattice and beam dynmics analysis for a 200 MeV energy recovery linac test facility at the KEK. The test facility consists of a photocathode rf gun, a 5 MeV injector, a merger, 200 MeV superconducting linac, TBA sections and beam dump line. Beam parameters and optimal optics to relaize the energy recovery linac are described. Simulation results on emittance growth due to HOMs in the superconducting linac and coherent synchrotron radiation in the designed lattice are presented.

MOPKF056	Injector Design for the 4GLS Energy Recovery Linac Prototype	laser, booster, electron, cathode	437
	C. Gerth, F.E. Hannon CCLRC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
	Daresbury Laboratory has been given funding for the construction of an Energy Recovery Linac Prototype (ERLP) that operates at a target electron beam energy of 35 MeV and drives an IR oscillator FEL. The ERLP serves as a test-bed for the study of beam dynamics and accelerator technology important for the design and construction of the proposed 4th Generation Light Source (4GLS). A key component of the ERLP is a high-brightness injector. The injector consists of a DC photocathode gun, which is currently being built at Daresbury Laboratory and based on the design of the gun for the IR demonstrator FEL at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. The gun section is followed by a conventional buncher cavity, a super-conducting booster and a transfer line to the main linac. In this paper, the design of the ERLP injector is discussed. The performance of the injector has been studied using the particle tracking code ASTRA.

MOPKF060	Space Charge Effects for the ERL Prototype at Daresbury Laboratory	space-charge, linac, quadrupole, focusing	446
	B.D. Muratori, C. Gerth CCLRC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire N. Vinokurov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk
	Daresbury Laboratory is currently building an Energy Recovery Linac Prototype (ERLP) that will operate at a beam energy of 35 MeV. In this paper we examine the Space Charge effects on the beam dynamics in the ERLP injector line. This is done in two distinct ways. The first is based on an analytic formula derived by Vinokurov through the envelope equations and a Kapchinsky-Vladimirsky (KV) distribution. This formula gives a rough estimate of the space charge effects in the case that no quadrupoles or dipoles are present in the injector line. The second estimate is given by the multi-particle tracking code ASTRA for the whole injector line both with and without quadrupoles. Both methods are compared and are found to be in good agreement. Typical examples of injector lines are given together with specific calculations for the ERLP.

MOPKF067	Comparison of Different Buncher Cavity Designs for the 4GLS ERLP	gun, linac, higher-order-mode, space-charge	467
	E. Wooldridge, C.D. Beard, C. Gerth CCLRC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire A. Buechner FZR/FWFE, Dresden
	A DC photocathode gun is part of the injector of the Energy Recovery Linac Prototype (ERLP) currently built at Daresbury Laboratory. A buncher is required for the ERLP to decrease the bunch length off the gun. Three different single-cell cavity designs were investigated: The Cornell buncher, the Elbe Buncher and an EU cavity without Higher Order Mode (HOM) dampers. The properties of these cavities were studied with the computer codes CST's Microwave Studio and ASTRA. The fundamental frequency and field pattern was investigated in Microwave Studio. The EU cavity had to be scaled from 500MHz as the required frequency for the buncher is 1.3GHz. As the anticipated kinetic energy of the electron beam after the gun is about 350keV a particle tracking code including the space charge forces is mandatory to study the effect of the different buncher cavity designs on the beam dynamics. The particle tracking code ASTRA was used to study the performance of the bunchers for a variety of beam parameters. From these investigations it was found that the three bunchers produce very similar effects on the particle bunch.

MOPKF069	Engineering Design of the LUX Photoinjector	klystron, coupling, vacuum, impedance	473
	J.W. Staples, S.P. Virostek LBNL, Berkeley, California S.M. Lidia LBNL/AFR, Berkeley, California
	The photoinjector for the LBNL LUX project, a femtosecond-regime X-ray source, is a room-temperature 1.3 GHz 4-cell structure producing a 10 MeV, nominal 30 psec, 1 nanocoulomb electron bunch at a 10 kHz rate. The first cell is of reentrant geometry, with a peak field of 64 MV/m at the photocathode surface, the geometry of which will be optimized for minimum beam emittance. The high repetition rate and high peak power results in a high average surface power density. The design of the cavity, its cooling structure and power couplers, is coordinated with the configuration of the RF system, including a short, high-power driving pulse and active removal of stored energy after the beam pulse to reduce the average power dissipated in the cavity. An RF and thermal analysis will be presented, along with plans for a high average and peak power test of the first cell.

MOPKF070	Design of Injector Systems for LUX	linac, gun, cathode, quadrupole	476
	S.M. Lidia LBNL/AFR, Berkeley, California
	The LUX concept [1] for a superconducting recirculating linac based ultrafast x-ray facility features a unique high-brightness electron beam injector. The design of the injector complex that meets the baseline requirements for LUX are presented. A dual-rf gun injector provides both high-brightness electron beams to drive the cascaded, seeded harmonic generation VUV-soft x-ray FELs as well as the ultra- low-vertical emittance ('flat') beams that radiate in hard x-ray spontaneous emission synchrotron beamlines. Details of the injector complex design and performance characteristics are presented. Contributions by the thermal emittance and optical pulse shaping to the beam emission at the photocathode and to the beam dynamics throughout the injector are presented. Techniques that seek to optimize the injector performance, as well as constraints that prevent straightforward optimization, are discussed.

MOPKF076	An Overview of the Cryomodule for the Cornell ERL Injector	linac, coupling, damping, synchrotron	491
	H. Padamsee, B.M. Barstow, V. Medjidzade, V.D. Shemelin, K.W. Smolenski Cornell University, Ithaca, New York I. Bazarov, C.K. Sinclair Cornell University, Department of Physics, Ithaca, New York S.A. Belomestnykh, R. Geng, M. Liepe, M. Tigner, V. Veshcherevich Cornell University, Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics, Ithaca, New York
	The first stage of the Cornell ERL project will be a 100 MeV, 100 mA (CW) prototype machine to study the energy recovery concept with high current, low emittance beams. In the injector, a bunched 100 mA, 500 keV beam of a DC gun will be compressed in a normal-conducting copper buncher and subsequently accelerated by five superconducting 2-cell cavities to an energy of 5.5 MeV. We will present an overview of the injector status to include the status of the cryomodule design along with the status of the 2-cell HOM-free cavity, the twin-input coupler and the ferrite HOM dampers in related papers.

MOPKF078	ERL Upgrade of an Existing X-ray Facility: CHESS at CESR	linac, electron, optics, undulator	497
	G. Hoffstaetter, M. Liepe, R.M. Talman, M. Tigner Cornell University, Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics, Ithaca, New York I. Bazarov, H. Bilderback, M. Billing, S. Gruner, D. Sagan, C.K. Sinclair Cornell University, Department of Physics, Ithaca, New York
	CORNELL has proposed an Energy-Recovery Linac (ERL) based synchrotron-light facility which can provide improved x-ray radiation due to the high beam quality that can be available from a linac. To additionally utilize beam currents that are competitive with ring-based light sources, the linac has to operate with the novel technique of energy recovery, the feasibility of which CORNELL plans to demonstrate in a downscaled prototype ERL. Here we present an ERL upgrade of the existing 2nd generation light source CHESS at CESR. This proposed upgrade suggests how existing storage rings can be extended to ERL light sources with much improved beam qualities.

MOPKF079	The Linac Coherent Light Source Photo-Injector Overview and Some Design Details	gun, cathode, linac, dipole	500
	D. Dowell, R. Akre, L.D. Bentson, P. Bolton, R.M. Boyce, R. Carr, J.E. Clendenin, S.M. Gierman, A. Gilevich, K. Kotturi, Z. Li, C. Limborg-Deprey, W. Linebarger, M. Ortega, J. Schmerge, P. Smith, L. Xiao SLAC, Menlo Park, California
	The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)[] is a SASE free electron laser using the last 1/3 of the SLAC two mile linac to produce 1.5 to 15 angstrom x-rays in a 100 meter long undulator. A new 135 MeV photo-injector will be built in an existing, off-axis vault at the 2/3 point of the main linac. The injector accelerator consists of a BNL/SLAC/UCLA s-band gun followed by two 3-meter long SLAC accelerator sections. The 5.6 MeV beam from the gun is matched into the first accelerator section and accelerated to 135 MeV before injection onto the main linac axis with a 35 degree bend []. Several modifications have been made to the rf gun, linac and beamline as well as the inclusion of several diagnostics have been incorporated into the injector design to achieve the required 1.2 micron projected emittance at a charge of 1 nC. In addition, a laser heater [], will increase the uncorrelated energy spread to suppress coherent synchrotron radiation and longitudinal space charge instabilities in the main accelerator and bunch compressors [*]. The configuration and function of the major injector components will be described. Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) CDR No. SLAC-R-593 UC-414, 2002 C. Limborg et al., Proc. of the 2003 International FEL Conf * R. Carr et al, Contrib. to these proceedings **** Z. Huang et al., Contrib. to these proceedings

MOPKF080	Controlling Emittance Growth in an FEL Beam Conditioner	undulator, quadrupole, lattice, electron	503
	P. Emma, G.V. Stupakov SLAC, Menlo Park, California
	It has been proposed [] to 'condition' an electron beam prior to the undulator of a Free-Electron Laser (FEL) by increasing each particle's energy in proportion to the square of its transverse betatron amplitude. This conditioning enhances FEL gain by reducing the axial velocity spread within the electron bunch. Previosly [] we presented a system that allows conditioning of the beam on a relatively short distance, however, it suffers from projected beam emittance growth to the extent that makes it impractical for application for X-ray FELs. In this paper we extend analysis proposed by A. Wolski for general requirements to the conditioner which does not have such emittance growth. We also present a possible implementation of a beam conditioner consisting of multiple solenoid cells in combination with quadrupole magnets. Simulations show that in such a system the emittance growth can be suppressed to acceptable level, albeit in a longer system. A. Sessler et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 68, 309 (1992).** P. Emma and G. Stupakov. PRSTAB, 6, 030701 (2003).

MOPKF081	Peak Current Optimization for LCLS Bunch Compressor 2	undulator, simulation, damping, linac	506
	A.C. Kabel, P. Emma SLAC, Menlo Park, California
	The performance of an FEL will be a function of both the driving bunch's current and its slice emittance. We have studied a set of parameters for the bunch compression section of the LCLS, simulating the effects of Coherent Synchrotron Radiation (CSR) on the slice emittance of the bunch core as a function of peak current. We use the code TraFiC4 for a three-dimensional, self-consistent simulation on parallel computers. While higher currents will increase FEL performance, its detrimental effects, due to CSR, on slice emittance will counteract this beneficial effect. From our simulations, we determine a near-optimum current, balancing these effects.

MOPKF086	Modifications of the LCLS Photoinjector Beamline	laser, gun, quadrupole, linac	521
	C. Limborg-Deprey, D. Dowell, S.M. Gierman SLAC, Menlo Park, California
	The LCLS Photoinjector beamline is now in the Design and Engineering stage. The fabrication and installation of this beamline is scheduled for the summer 2006. The Photoinjector will deliver 10 ps long electron bunches of 1nC with a normalized transverse emittance of less than 1 mm.mrad for 80% of the slices constituting the core of the bunch at 135 MeV. In this paper, we describe some modifications of the beamline: new exit energy, additional focusing, insertion of a laser heater. We also describe an alternate tuning which is based on a laser pulse of 20ps. The advantages and drawbacks of this long pulse tuning are reviewed. A comparison of sensitivity to field errors and misalignment between the long pulse tuning and the nominal tuning is given.

MOPKF087	The Cebaf Energy Recovery Experiment: Update and Future Plans	injection, linac, optics, diagnostics	524
	A. Freyberger, K. Beard, S.A. Bogacz, Y.-C. Chao, S. Chattopadhyay, D. Douglas, A. Hutton, L. Merminga, C. Tennant, M. Tiefenback Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
	A successful GeV scale energy recovery demonstration with a high ratio of peak-to-injection energies (50:1) was carried out on the CEBAF (Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility) recirculating superconducting linear accelerator in the spring 2003. To gain a quantitative understanding of the beam behavior through the machine, data was taken to characterize the 6D phase space during the CEBAF-ER (CEBAF with Energy Recovery) experimental run. The transverse emittance and energy spread of the accelerating and energy recovered beams were measured in several locations to ascertain the beam quality preservation during energy recovery. Measurements also included the RF system's response to the energy recovery process and transverse beam profile of the energy recovered beam. One of the salient conclusions from the experiment is that the energy recovery process does not contribute significantly to the emittance degradation. The current status of the data analysis will be presented as well as plans for a GeV scale energy recovery experimental run with current doubling.

MOPLT009	The Design of the New Fast Extraction Channel for LHC	extraction, septum, kicker, proton	548
	J. Borburgh, B. Balhan, E.H.R. Gaxiola, B. Goddard, Y. Kadi, J.A. Uythoven CERN, Geneva
	The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project requires the modification of the existing extraction channel in the long straight section 6 of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). The new extraction will be used to transfer protons at 450 Gev/c as well as ions via the 2.8 km long transfer line TI 2 to the clockwise ring of the LHC. As the resonant extraction to the present SPS west area will be stopped after 2004, the electrostatic septa will be replaced by new fast extraction kicker magnets. The girder for the existing DC septa will be modified to accommodate a new septum protection element. Other modifications concern the replacement of a machine quadrupole, a new scheme for the extraction bumpers, new instrumentation and interlocks. The requirements and the design of the new extraction channel will be described as well as the modifications which will mainly be carried out in the long SPS shutdown 2005.

MOPLT012	Collimation in the Transfer Lines to the LHC	injection, collimation, simulation, proton	554
	H. Burkhardt, B. Goddard, Y. Kadi, V. Kain, W.J.M. Weterings CERN, Geneva
	The intensities foreseen for injection into the LHC are over an order of magnitude above the expected damage levels. The TI 2 and TI 8 transfer lines between the SPS and LHC are each about 2.5 km long and comprise many magnet families. Despite planned power supply surveillance and interlocks, failure modes exist which could result in uncontrolled beam loss and serious transfer line or LHC equipment damage. We describe the collimation system in the transfer lines that has been designed to provide passive protection against damage at injection. Results of simulations to develop a conceptual design are presented. The optical and physical installation constraints are described, and the resulting element locations and expected system performance presented, in terms of the phase space coverage, local element temperature rises and the characteristics of the beam transmitted into the LHC.

MOPLT020	Limits to the Performance of the LHC with Ion Beams	ion, luminosity, damping, radiation	578
	J.M. Jowett, H.-H. Braun, M.I. Gresham, E. Mahner, A.N. Nicholson, E.N. Shaposhnikova CERN, Geneva I.A. Pshenichnov RAS/INR, Moscow
	The performance of the LHC as a heavy-ion collider will be limited by a diverse range of phenomena that are often qualitatively different from those limiting the performance with protons. We summarise the latest understanding and results concerning the consequences of nuclear electromagnetic processes in lead ion collisions, the interactions of ions with the residual gas and the effects of lost ions on the beam environment and vacuum. Besides these limitations on beam intensity, lifetime and luminosity, performance will be governed by the evolution of the beam emittances under the influences of synchrotron radiation damping, intra-beam scattering, RF noise and multiple scattering on residual gas. These effects constrain beam parameters in the LHC ring throughout the operational cycle with lead ions.

MOPLT021	Attenuation and Emittance Growth of 450 GeV and 7 TeV Proton Beams in Low-Z Absorber Elements	proton, scattering, injection, simulation	581
	V. Kain, B. Goddard, Y. Kadi, R. Schmidt CERN, Geneva
	The intensity of the LHC beams will be several orders of magnitude above the damage thresholds for equipment, at 7 TeV, but also already at injection energy of 450 GeV. Passive protection of the equipment against failures during beam transfer, injection and dumping of the beam with absorbers and collimators is foreseen to ensure safe operation. Since these protection devices must be robust in case of beam impact, low-Z materials such as graphite are favored. The reduction of the energy density of the primary beam by the absorber is determined by the attenuation of the beam due to nuclear collisions and the emittance growth of the surviving protons due to scattering processes. Absorbers with low density materials tend to be several meters long to ensure sufficient reduction of the transverse energy density of the impacting beam. The physics principles leading to attenuation and emittance growth for a hadron beam traversing matter are summarised, and FLUKA simulation results for 450 GeV and 7TeV proton beams on low-Z absorbers are compared with theoretical predictions. Design criteria for the LHC absorbers can be derived from these results. As an example, for the transfer line from SPS to LHC a short, low-Z absorber has been proposed to protect the LHC injection elements.

MOPLT033	Experimental Studies of Controlled Longitudinal Emittance Blow-up in the SPS as LHC Injector and LHC Test-Bed	synchrotron, scattering, pick-up, beam-losses	617
	J. Tuckmantel, T. Bohl, T.P.R. Linnecar, E.N. Shaposhnikova CERN, Geneva
	The longitudinal emittance of the LHC beam must be increased in a controlled way both in the SPS and the LHC itself. In the first case a small increase is sufficient to help prevent coupled bunch instabilities but in the second a factor three is required to also reduce intra-beam scattering effects. This has been achieved in the SPS by exciting the beam at the synchrotron frequency through the phase loop of the main RF system using bandwidth-limited noise, a method that is particularly suitable for the LHC which will have only one RF system. We describe the tests that have been done in the SPS both for low and high intensity beams, the hardware used and the influence of parameters such as time of excitation, bandwidth, frequency and amplitude on the resulting blow-up. After taking into account intensity effects it was possible to achieve a controlled emittance increase by a factor of about 2.5 without particle loss or the creation of visible tails in the distribution.

MOPLT039	QCD Explorer Based on LHC and CLIC-1	proton, luminosity, electron, simulation	632
	F. Zimmermann, D. Schulte CERN, Geneva
	Colliding 7-TeV LHC super-bunches with 75-GeV CLIC bunch trains can provide electron-proton collisions at very high centre-of-mass energies, opening up a new window into QCD. At the same time, this QCD explorer would employ several key components required for both an LHC upgrade and CLIC. We here present a possible parameter set of such a machine, study the consequences of the collision for both beams, and estimate the attainable luminosity.

MOPLT049	A Very High-beta Optics to be used for an Absolute Luminosity Determination with Forward Detectors in ATLAS	optics, scattering, luminosity, injection	659
	A. Faus-Golfe IFIC, Valencia I. Efthymiopoulos, P. Grafstrom, M. Rijssenbeek CERN, Geneva M. Haguenauer Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau
	Atlas detector at the LHC pursues a number of different approaches to obtain an estimate of the absolute luminosity. Measuring elastic scattering at very small angles (3 mu rad) represents a different and complimentary approach that will improve the precision of the final luminosity estimate. In this paper we show the required very hihg-beta optics, detector acceptance studies, and running conditions and calculated performance for the proposed forward detectors located near the ATLAS interaction region.

MOPLT052	Emittance Growth and Beam Lifetime Limitations due to Beam-beam Effects in e⁺e^- Storage Ring Colliders	beam-beam-effects, luminosity, factory, electron	668
	J. Gao LAL, Orsay
	In this paper we give analytical expressions for the maximum beam-beam parameter and related beam-beam limited beam lifetime in e+e- storage ring colliders. After analysing the performances of existing or existed machines, we make some discussions on the parameter choice for the Super-B factory design.

MOPLT075	Ideal Waterbag Electron Bunches from an RF Photogun	acceleration, electron, cathode, simulation	725
	O.J. Luiten, M.J. Van der Wiel, S.B. van der Geer TUE, Eindhoven F. Kiewiet FOM Rijnhuizen, Nieuwegein M.J. de Loos PP, Soest
	With the implementation of fs mode-locked Ti:Sapphire lasers in high-gradient RF photoguns, a new charged particle acceleration regime has emerged, the so-called pancake regime. Pancake bunches have by definition a restframe length which is much smaller than the bunch radius. This geometry allows a relatively simple, but effective analytical description of the space-charge dominated, critical initial part of the acceleration trajectory. In high-gradient RF photoguns the pancake regime can be relevant up to several MeV. The general opinion is that extremely short bunches should be avoided during the initial stages of the acceleration process, because high space charge densities are always detrimental to the final beam quality. We show that this is not necessarily true: shorter bunches may even lead to better beams.

MOPLT104	Quantitative Optimisation Studies of the Muon Front-End for a Neutrino Factory	lattice, linac, target, proton	776
	S.J. Brooks CCLRC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
	In a Neutrino Factory, short proton pulses hit a target, producing pions at widely varying angles and energies. Efficient pion capture is required to maximise the yield of decayed muons, which proceed via acceleration stages into a muon storage ring to produce neutrinos. This paper presents optimisation of a solenoidal decay channel designed for high-emittance pions, based on schemes from CERN and RAL. A non-linear tracking code has been written to run under an optimisation algorithm where every beamline element can be varied, which is then deployed as a distributed computing project. Some subsequent stages of muon beamline are also simulated, including RF and non-RF phase-rotation techniques and in one option, initial muon acceleration to 400MeV. The objective is to find optimal transmissions for each front-end concept.

MOPLT105	Implementation of MICE at RAL	vacuum, synchrotron, target, shielding	779
	P. Drumm CCLRC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
	The Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE) is motivated by the vision of the neutrino factory (NF). The cost and practicality of the NF depends on an early control of the emittance of the muon beam that will be accelerated and stored to produce the neutrino beams. A number of possibilities for transverse cooling of the emittance have been proposed including ionisation cooling. In such a concept, the muon beam is alternatively slowed down in cryogenic absorbers (energy loss by ionisation) and then re-accelerated in RF cavities to replace the lost energy. This process reduces the transverse momentum of the beam while maintaining the average momentum in the z-direction. The energy absorbing material should be characterised by a high stopping power and low multiple scattering: The material of choice is liquid hydrogen. MICE will replicate a piece of the NF cooling channel. The engineering of a safe system with thin windows for the containment of the liquid hydrogen and other features needed to safely operate will test the practical application of the cooling scheme and its performance. MICE is proof of principle for this untried technology. The paper reviews progress in MICE and the plans for its implementation at RAL. The MICE Collaboration

MOPLT106	MICE: the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment	factory, background, scattering, instrumentation	782
	M. Ellis Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London
	The provision of intense stored muon beams would allow the properties of neutrinos to be measured precisely and provide a route to multi-TeV lepton-anti-lepton collisions. The short muon-lifetime makes it impossible to employ traditional cooling techniques while maintaining the muon-beam intensity. Ionisation cooling, a process in which the muon beam is passed through a series of liquid hydrogen absorbers followed by accelerating RF-cavities, is the proposed cooling technique. The international Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE) collaboration proposes to perform an engineering demonstration of ionisation cooling. The MICE cooling channel, the instrumentation and the implementation at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory is described together with the predicted performance of the channel and the measurements that will be made.

MOPLT110	Stochastic Cooling in Barrier Buckets at the Fermilab Recycler	pick-up, antiproton, betatron, electron	794
	D.R. Broemmelsiek, M. Hu, S. Nagaitsev Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
	The Fermilab Recycler is a fixed 8-GeV kinetic energy storage ring located in the Fermilab Main Injector tunnel near the ceiling. The role of stochastic cooling in the Recycler is to pre-cool the transverse phase-space of injected antiprotons for efficient electron cooling. This requires a gated stochastic cooling system working on beam confined in a barrier bucket. The performance of this system is reviewed. In addition, a study of the cooling rates and asymmptotic emittances as a function of beam intensity is presented.

MOPLT117	An Electron Front End for the Fermilab Multi-species 8 GeV SCRF Linac	linac, electron, injection, laser	809
	P. Piot, G.W. Foster Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
	Fermilab is considering 8 GeV superconducting linac whose primary mission is to serve as an intense H^- injector for the main injector. This accelerator is also planned to be used for accelerating various other species (e.g. electrons and muons). In the present paper we investigate the possibility of such a linac to accelerate a high brightness electron beam to ~7 GeV. We propose a design for the electron front end, based on a photoinjector, and consider the electron beam dynamics along the linac. Start-to-end simulations of the full accelerator for electrons are presented. Finally the potential applications of the such an electron beam are discussed.

MOPLT123	A Reduced Emittance Lattice for the NLC Positron Pre-damping Ring	lattice, wiggler, damping, injection	827
	I. Reichel, A. Wolski LBNL, Berkeley, California
	The Pre-Damping Ring of the Next Linear Collider has to accept a large positron beam from the positron production target, and reduce the emittance and energy spread to low enough values for injection into the Main Damping Ring. A previous version of the lattice yielded an emittance of the extracted beam which was about 20% too large. In order to get the emittance down to the required value the quadrupole magnets in the dispersive regions in the ring were moved horizontally; this modifies the damping partition numbers. In addition, the model of the wigglers has been modified to reflect more closely the magnetic field map. The new lattice design meets damping and emittance requirements. The lattice and dynamic aperture studies are presented.

MOPLT128	Lattice Effects due to High Currents in PEP-II	sextupole, luminosity, synchrotron, photon	836
	F.-J. Decker, H. Smith, J.L. Turner SLAC, Menlo Park, California
	The very high beam currents in the PEP-II B-Factory have caused many expected and unexpected effects: Synchrotron light fans move the beam pipe and cause dispersion, higher order modes cause excessive heating, e-clouds around the positron beam blow up its beam size. Here we describe an effect were the measured dispersion of the beam in the Low Energy Ring (LER) is different at high and at low beam currents. The dispersion was iteratively lowered by making anti-symmetric orbit bumps in many sextupole duplets, checking each time with a dispersion measurement where a dispersive kick is generated. This can be done parasitically during collisions. It was a surprise when checking the low current characterization data that there is a change. Subsequent high and low current measurements confirmed the effect. It is located far away from any synchrotron radiation in the middle of a straight (PR12), away from sextupoles and skew quadrupoles and creates a dispersion wave of about 70 mm at high current while at low current it is negligible.

MOPLT129	Identifying Lattice, Orbit, and BPM Errors in PEP-II	betatron, coupling, lattice, luminosity	839
	F.-J. Decker SLAC, Menlo Park, California
	The PEP-II B-Factory is delivering peak luminosities of up to7.4·10³³ 1/cm² 1/s. This is very impressive especially considering our poor understanding of the lattice, absolute orbit and beam position monitor system (BPM). A few simple MATLAB programs were written to get lattice information, like betatron functions in a coupled machine (four all together) and the two dispersions, from the current machine and compare it the design. Big orbit deviations in the Low Energy Ring (LER) could be explained not by bad BPMs (only 3), but by many strong correctors (one corrector to fix four BPMs on average). Additionally these programs helped to uncover a sign error in the third order correction of the BPM system. Further analysis of the current information of the BPMs (sum of all buttons) indicates that there might be still more problematic BPMs.

MOPLT131	Emittance Dilution Simulations for Normal Conducting and Superconducting Linear Colliders	linac, simulation, collider, damping	845
	R.M. Jones, T.O. Raubenheimer SLAC, Menlo Park, California N. Baboi DESY, Hamburg
	An electron (or positron) multi-bunch train traversing several thousand accelerator structures can be distorted by long-range wakefields left behind the accelerated bunches. These wakefields can at the very least, give rise to a dilution in the emittance of the beam and, at worst can lead to a beam break up instability. We investigate the emittance dilution that occurs for various frequency errors (corresponding to small errors made in the design or fabrication of the structure) for the GLC/NLC (Global Linear Collider/Next Linear Collider) and for TESLA (Terra Electron Superconducting Linear Accelerator). Resonant effects, which can be particularly damaging, are studied for X-band and L-band linacs. Simulations are performed with the computer codes LIAR[1] and L-MAFIA[2]. [1] R. Assman et al, LIAR, SLAC-PUB AP-103[2] The MAFIA Collaboration, MAFIA: L - The Linear Accelerator Tracking Code, CST GmbH, Darmstadt (1994)

MOPLT137	Beam Delivery Layout for the Next Linear Collider	luminosity, radiation, linac, synchrotron	860
	A. Seryi, Y. Nosochkov, M. Woodley SLAC, Menlo Park, California
	We present the latest design and layout of the NLC Beam Delivery System (BDS) for the first and second interaction region (IR). This includes the beam switchyard, skew correction and emittance diagnostics section, collimation system integrated with the final focus, the primary and post linac tune-up beam dumps, and arcs of the second interaction region beamline. The layout and optics are optimized to deliver the design luminosity in the entire energy range from 90GeV to 1.3TeV CM, with the first IR BDS also having the capabilities for multi-TeV extension.

MOPLT142	Analysis of KEK-ATF Optics and Coupling Using LOCO	coupling, quadrupole, sextupole, focusing	872
	M. Woodley, J. Nelson, M.C. Ross SLAC/NLC, Menlo Park, California A. Wolski LBNL/AFR, Berkeley, California
	LOCO is a computer code for analysis of the linear optics in a storage ring based on the closed orbit response to steering magnets. The analysis provides information on focusing errors, BPM gain and rotation errors, and local coupling. Here, we discuss the details of the LOCO implementation at the KEK-ATF Damping Ring, and report the initial results. Some of the information obtained, for example on the BPM gain and coupling errors, has not previously been determined. We discuss the possibility of using the data provided by the LOCO analysis to reduce the vertical emittance of the ATF beam.

MOPLT148	Progress of the eRHIC Electron Ring Design	electron, polarization, luminosity, proton	887
	F. Wang, M. Farkhondeh, W. Franklin, W. Graves, R. Milner, C. Tschalaer, J. Van der Laan, D. Wang, A. Zolfaghari, T. Zwart MIT/BLAC, Middleton, Massachusetts D.P. Barber DESY, Hamburg C. Montag, S. Peggs, V. Ptitsyn BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York A.V. Otboev, Y.M. Shatunov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk J. Shi KU, Lawrence, Kansas
	Over the past year, a baseline design of the electron ring for the eRHIC hadron-lepton collider has been developed.This site-specific design is based on the understanding of the existing RHIC machine performance and its possible upgrades.The design includes a full energy polarized electron beam injector to ensure operational reliability and to provide high integrated luminosity.The electron ring energy range is 5 to 10 GeV.The electron beam emittance, the electron beam path length and the interaction region optics have to be adjusted over a wide range to match the hadron beam of various species and variable energies.We describe the expected machine perfomance, the interaction region and the lattice design. We also discuss the possible approaches leading to the 1033 cm-2s-1 luminosity for the collisions between 10 GeV polarized electron beam and 250 GeV polarized proton beam.

MOPLT156	High Brightness Electron Guns for Next-Generation Light Sources and Accelerators	gun, electron, cathode, linac	899
	H. Bluem, M.D. Cole, J. Rathke, T. Schultheiss, A.M.M. Todd AES, Princeton, New Jersey I. Ben-Zvi, T. Srinivasan-Rao BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York P. Colestock, D.C. Nguyen, R.L. Wood, L. Young LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico D. Janssen FZR, Dresden J. Lewellen ANL, Argonne, Illinois G. Neil, H.L. Phillips, J.P. Preble Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
	Advanced Energy Systems continues to develop advanced electron gun and injector concepts. Several of these projects have been previously described, but the progress and status of each will be updated. The project closest to completion is an all superconducting RF (SRF) gun, being developed in collaboration with the Brookhaven National Laboratory, that uses the niobium of the cavity wall itself as the photocathode material. This gun has been fabricated and will shortly be tested with beam. The cavity string for a closely-coupled DC gun and SRF cavity injector that is expected to provide beam quality sufficient for proposed ERL light sources and FELs will be assembled at the Jefferson Laboratory later this year. We are also collaboration with Los Alamos on a prototype CW normal-conducting RF gun with similar performance, that will undergo thermal testing in late 2004. Another CW SRF gun project that uses a high quantum efficiency photocathode, similar to the FZ-Rossendorf approach, has just begun. Finally, we will present the RF design and cold test results for a fully axisymmetric, ultra-high-brightness x-band RF gun.

MOPLT159	RF Techniques for Improved Luminosity at RHIC	resonance, booster, luminosity, damping	905
	J.M. Brennan, M. Blaskiewicz, J. Butler, J. DeLong, W. Fischer, T. Hayes BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
	The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has improved its luminosity performance significantly in the course of the first three physics runs. A number of special techniques for the operation of the rf systems have been developed to facilitate these improvements. Herein we describe these techniques, which include: an ultra low-noise rf source for the 197 MHz storage cavities; synchronization of the two rings during acceleration (including crossing the transition energy) to avoid spurious collisions on the ramp, which modulate the beam-beam tune shift; a frequency shift switch-on technique for transferring bunches from the acceleration to the storage rf systems; installation of dedicated 200 MHz cavities to provide longitudinal Landau damping on the ramp, and automated corrections to longitudinal injection parameters to minimize emittance growth.

MOPLT174	Electron Acceleration for e-RHIC with the Non-scaling FFAG	acceleration, electron, synchrotron, collider	932
	D. Trbojevic, M. Blaskiewicz, E.D. Courant, J. Kewisch, T. Roser, A. Ruggiero, N. Tsoupas BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
	A non-scaling FFAG lattice design to accelerate electrons from 3.2 to 10 GeV is described. This is one of the possible solutions for the future electron-ion collider (eRHIC) at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collier (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). This e-RHIC proposal requires acceleration of the low emittance electrons up to energy of 10 GeV. To reduce a high cost of the full energy super-conducting linear accelerator an alternative approach with the FFAG is considered. The report describes the 1277 meters circumference non-scaling FFAG ring. The Courant-Snyder functions, orbit offsets, momentum compaction, and path length dependences on momentum during acceleration are presented.

MOPLT177	Stochastic Cooling Power Requirements	kicker, betatron, pick-up, luminosity	941
	J. Wei, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
	A practical obstacle for stochastic cooling in high-energy colliders is the large amount of power needed for the cooling system. This paper discusses the cooling power needed for the longitudinal cooling process. Based on the coasting-beam Fokker-Planck equation, we analytically derived the optimum cooling rate and cooling power for a beam of uniform distribution and a cooling system of linear gain function. The results indicate that the usual back-of-envelope formula over-estimated the cooling power by a factor of the mixing factor $M$. On the other hand, the scaling laws derived from the coasting-beam Fokker-Planck approach agree with those derived from the bunched-beam Fokker-Planck approach if the peak beam intensity is used as the effective coasting-beam intensity. A longitudinal stochastic cooling system of 4 – 8 GHz bandwidth in RHIC can effectively counteract intrabeam scattering, preventing the beam from escaping the RF bucket becoming debunched around the ring.

TUZBCH01	Beam Quality Preservation in the CERN PS-SPS Complex	electron, injection, impedance, extraction	78
	G. Arduini CERN, Geneva
	The LHC will require beams of unprecedented transverse and longitudinal brightness. Their production imposes tight constraints on the emittance growth in each element of the LHC injector chain, namely the PS-SPS Accelerator Complex. The problems encountered at the different stages of the acceleration in the complex span a wide range of topics, such as injection matching, RF gymnastics, space charge, transverse and longitudinal single^- and coupled-bunch instabilities, and electron cloud effects. The measurement techniques developed and applied to identify and study the various sources of emittance dilution to the high precision required for the LHC beams and the solutions found to control such phenomena are illustrated.
	Video of talk
	Transparencies

TUZBCH02	Beam Dynamics Challenges for Future Circular Colliders	electron, luminosity, simulation, proton	83
	F. Zimmermann CERN, Geneva
	The luminosity of circular colliders rises with the beam intensity, until some limit is encountered, mostly due to head-on and long-range beam-beam interaction, due to electron cloud, or due to conventional impedance sources. These limitations can be alleviated, if not overcome, by a proper choice of beam parameters and by dedicated compensation schemes. Examples include the alternating crossing at several interaction points, electromagnetic wires, super-bunches, electron lenses, clearing electrodes, and nonlinear collimation. I illustrate the benefit from such mitigating measures for the Tevatron, the LHC, the LHC Upgrade, the VLHC, the super e⁺e^- factories, or other projects, and I describe related research efforts at FNAL, KEK, BNL and CERN.
	Video of talk
	Transparencies

TUYLH01	Proton and Ion Sources for High Intensity Accelerators	ion, cathode, plasma, extraction	103
	R. Scrivens CERN, Geneva
	Future high intensity ion accelerators, including SNS, European Spallation Source, SPL etc, will require high current and high duty factor sources for protons, negative hydrogen and heavier ions. In order to achieve these goals, a comparison of the Electron Cyclotron Resonance, radio-frequency and Penning ion sources, among others, will be made. For each of these source types, the present operational sources will be compared to the state-of-the-art research devices with special attention given to reliability and availability. Finally, the future research and development aims will be discussed.
	Video of talk
	Transparencies

TUPKF014	Electromagnetic Design of New RF Power Couplers for the S-DALINAC	electron, electromagnetic-fields, linac, coupling	988
	M. Kunze, W.F.O. Müller, T. Weiland TEMF, Darmstadt M.B. Brunken, H.-D. Gräf, A. Richter TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt
	New rf power couplers for the Superconducting Darmstadt Linear Accelerator (S-DALINAC) injector have to be designed to transfer rf power up to 2 kW to the electron beam. This allows injector operation at beam currents from 0.15 mA to 0.2 mA and electron energies up to 14 MeV. The new couplers should possibly provide a variable external Q in the range from 5·10⁶ to 3·10⁹ and a small transverse kick. A variable coupling is needed to allow for perfect matching in the case of beam loading and when no beam is present, respectively. The second operation stage is used for cavity diagnostics. The asymmetric field distribution of the couplers generates emittance growth of the electron beam and therefore the transverse kick has to be minimized. Electromagnetic simulations are applied to investigate different coupler designs and to localize possible problems at an early stage. Cavity external Q and transverse kick can be calculated from 3D electromagnetic eigenmode solutions. The present coaxial-coaxial input couplers at the S-DALINAC are limited to power operation below 500 W under full reflection. Therefore, to reach power operation up to 2 kW two possible new realizations of low-kick waveguide couplers for the S-DALINAC injector are presented, namely a single-waveguide and a twin-waveguide coupler.

TUPKF017	Electrons Beam Dynamics of the 100 MeV Preinjector Helios for the SOLEIL Synchrotron	gun, linac, electron, focusing	997
	A.S. Setty THALES, Colombes
	A 100 MeV electron linac is under construction, in order to inject into the booster synchrotron of SOLEIL. The linac is designed to work according to two operation modes : a short pulse mode (2 ns - 0,5 nC) and a long pulse mode (300 ns - 8 nC). Calculation of the beam dynamics, using our selfmade code PRODYN, has been carried out from the gun to the end of the linac. Special care has been taken on the gun design to avoid an overfocusing outcoming beam in order to obtain a final low emittance. Calculations results are given.

TUPKF059	Simulation of Dark Currents in X-band Accelerator Structures	simulation, electron, linac, vacuum	1081
	K.L.F. Bane, V.A. Dolgashev, G.V. Stupakov SLAC, Menlo Park, California
	In high gradient accelerator structures, such as those used in the main linac of the GLC/NLC, electrons are emitted spontaneously from the structure walls and then move under the influence of the rf fields. In this report we study the behavior of this "dark current" in X-band accelerator structures using a simple particle tracking program and also the particle-in-cell program MAGIC. We address questions such as what is the sensitivity to emission parameters, what fraction of dark current is trapped and reaches to the end of a structure, and what are the temporal, spatial, and spectral distributions of dark current as functions of accelerating gradient.

TUPLT001	Beam Dynamics in 100 MeV S-Band Linac for CANDLE	linac, bunching, electron, gun	1129
	B. Grigoryan, V.M. Tsakanov CANDLE, Yerevan
	The report presents the results of the beam dynamics study in 100 MeV S-band linear accelerator foreseen as an injector for the CANDLE light source. An impact of the excited longitudinal and transverse wake fields on the particle energy spread and the beam transverse emittance are given.

TUPLT017	Achievements of the High Current Beam Performance of the GSI Unilac	ion, rfq, heavy-ion, injection	1171
	W. Barth, L. Dahl, J. Glatz, L. Groening, S.G. Richter, S. Yaramishev GSI, Darmstadt
	The present GSI-accelerator complex is foreseen to serve for the future synchrotron SIS100 as an injector for up to 1012 U²⁸⁺ particles/sec. The High Current Injector of the Unilac was successfully commissioned five years ago. An increase of more than two orders of magnitude in particle number for the heaviest elements in the SIS had to be gained. Since that time many different ion species were accelerated in routine operation. In 2001 a physics experiment used 2×109 Uranium ions per spill. In order to meet this request the MEVVA ion source provided for the first time in routine operation a high intense Uranium beam. The main purpose for the machine development program during the last two years was the enhancement of the intensity for Uranium beams. Different hardware measures and a huge investigation program in all Unilac-sections resulted in an increase of the uranium intensity by a factor of 7. The paper will focus on the measurements of beam quality, as beam emittance and bunch structure for Megawatt-Uranium beams. Additionally the proposed medium- and long-term hardware measures will be described, which should gain in the required uranium intensity to fill the SIS up to the space charge limit.

TUPLT024	A Comparison of High Current Ion Beam Matching from an Ion Source to a RFQ by Electrostatic and by Magnetic Lenses	ion, rfq, ion-source, power-supply	1192
	R. Becker, R.A. Jameson, A. Schempp IAP, Frankfurt-am-Main T. Hata, N. Hayashizaki, H. Kashiwagi, K. Yamamoto RLNR, Tokyo T. Hattori, M. Okamura, A. Sakumi RIKEN, Saitama
	In order to improve the ?direct? injection scheme of the Riken Nd-YAK-laser driven ion source into a RFQ rf-accelerator, several basic methods have been investigated and compared, in order to transform the initially divergent ion beam into a convergent one, needed for matching the high current (100 mA C⁶⁺) ion beam at an energy of 100 keV to a RFQ. From the point of power supplies and break down characteristics, the simplest solution is a decelerating electrostatic lens, with the decelerating electrode operated on ion source potential. Due to the strong divergence of the ions beam after acceleration, this lens will be filled to an aperture, which causes strong aberrations. Therefore, we also investigated to use an accelerating potential on the lens electrode. This reduces significantly the filling of the lens and the emittance growth is only a factor of 3, as compared to the decelerating lens with a factor of 30! Finally we have been looking also into a magnetic matching system, which can match the ion beam to the RFQ with virtually no emittance growth.

TUPLT030	Numerical Simulations for the Frankfurt Funneling Experiment	rfq, simulation, ion, beam-losses	1210
	J. Thibus, A. Schempp IAP, Frankfurt-am-Main
	High beam currents are necessary for heavy ion driven fusion (HIF) or XADS. To achieve these high beam currents several ion beams are combined at low energies to one beam using the funneling technique. In each stage a r.f. funneling deflector bunches two accelerated beam lines to a common beam axis. The Frankfurt Funneling Experiment is a scaled model of the first stage of a HIF driver consisting of a Two-Beam RFQ accelerator and a funneling deflector. Our two different deflectors have to be enhanced to reduce particle losses during the funneling process. This is done with our new developed 3D simulation software DEFGEN and DEFTRA. DEFGEN generates the structure matrix and the potential distribution matrix with a Laplace 3D-solver. DEFTRA simulates ion beam bunches through the r.f. deflector. The results of the simulations of the two existing deflectors and proposals of new deflector structures will be presented.

TUPLT032	The Frankfurt Funneling Experiment	rfq, ion, linac, ion-source	1213
	H. Zimmermann, U. Bartz, N. Mueller, A. Schempp, J. Thibus IAP, Frankfurt-am-Main
	The Frankfurt Funneling Experiment is a scaled model of the first funneling stage of a HIF driver to gather experiences in the funneling technique. It is a procedure to multiply beam currents at low energies in several stages. In each stage two beam lines are combined to a common beam line. The funneling technique is required for new proposed high current accelerator facilities like HIDIF. The main goal is to prevent emittance growth during the funneling process. Our experiment consists of two ion sources, a Two-Beam RFQ accelerator, two different funneling deflectors and a beam diagnostic equipment system. We have demonstrated the principle of funneling with both deflector types. But the measurements have shown a bad matching of the RFQ to the funneling deflector. Now with our new RFQ electrode design we achieve a special three dimensional matching to the deflector. The new results of our measurements and simulations will be presented.

TUPLT034	Beam Dynamics Studies for the Low Energy Section at MAFF	rfq, quadrupole, ion, focusing	1219
	M. Pasini, D. Habs, O. Kester LMU, München A. Bechtold, A. Schempp IAP, Frankfurt-am-Main
	For the LINAC of the Munich accelerator for fission fragments (MAFF) a new scheme for the low energy section has been proposed in order to fulfill new experimental requirements, such as time spacing between bunches and low longitudinal emittance. The proposed solution consists in a combination of an external multi-harmonic buncher with a "traditional" RFQ with a shaper and an adiabatic bunching section included where the employment of the external buncher is upon request from the experiment. The matching section downstream the RFQ has been re-designed in order to allow room for the installation of a beam cleaning section and to a proper injection into the following DTL. Details about the optics and beam dynamics studies of the low energy section are presented in this paper.

TUPLT036	Optimization of Low Emittance Lattices for PETRA III	lattice, wiggler, damping, sextupole	1225
	W. Decking, K. Balewski DESY, Hamburg
	The reconstruction of the existing 2.3 km long storage ring PETRA II into a 3rd generation synchrotron light source (PETRA III) calls for an horizontal emittance of 1 nm rad. In addition the on- and off-momentum dynamic acceptance should be large to ensure sufficient injection efficiency and beam lifetime. We present three different types of lattices for the arcs of PETRA: a so-called TME lattice and a FODO lattice which both are newly designed to reach the specified emittance and the present FODO lattice with damping wigglers. The different lattice types have been compared through tracking calculations, including wiggler nonlinearities. Only the relaxed FODO lattice with damping wigglers meets the acceptance goals.

TUPLT038	Closed Orbit Correction and Orbit Stabilisation Scheme for the 6 GEV Synchrotron Light Source PETRA III	closed-orbit, ground-motion, quadrupole, insertion	1231
	G.K. Sahoo, K. Balewski, W. Decking, Y.L. Li DESY, Hamburg
	PETRA III is a 6 GeV synchrotron light source being reconstructed out of the existing storage ring PETRA II. It will have a horizontal beam emittance of 1nm.rad and a 1% emittance ratio. Since the vertical beam sizes are ~5?10 micron in the low gap undulators sections the beam position stability requirement in the vertical plane is between 0.5 and 1 micron whereas the stability requirement in the horizontal plane is more relaxed. In this paper determination of golden orbit in the presence of magnetic field errors and magnet misalignments and correction of vertical spurious dispersion is discussed. A scheme of slow and fast orbit correction using the SVD algorithm has been developed. The distribution of monitors and the location of slow and fast correctors are reported. Estimations of the parameters of the fast orbit feedback have been derived from present measurements on PETRA II.

TUPLT050	Lattice for CELLS	lattice, insertion, insertion-device, optics	1264
	M. Muñoz, D. Einfeld CELLS, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)
	The CELLS is an approved project to build a national synchrotron light source in Spain. The main goals of the project are to provide a medium energy machine (3 GeV) with low emittance and top up operation, a circumference of ~280 m and at least 12 straight sections available for experiments. At present, two lattices are being considered. The first one is based in QBA optics and provides and emittance of 5 nm-rad, using existing technologies. The second one is a TBA one, with an emittance of 2 nm, where physical aperture are reduced by at least a factor 2 and gradients in the bending magnets are up to 10 T/m. We present the selected lattice, and review the main beam dynamics (energy acceptance, errors) issues.

TUPLT056	ECRIS Development for the SPIRAL II Project	ion, extraction, booster, light-ion	1279
	P. Sortais, J.-C. Curdy, A. Lachaize, T. Lamy, A. Ponton, P. Sole, T. Thuillier, J.-L. Vieux-Rochaz, D. Voulot LPSC, Grenoble
	The SSI/LPSC laboratory is involved in the development of high intensity sources for the driver accelerator and on the improvements of a charge breeding system for its operation inside an highly radioactive environment. We will present the results obtained for the qualification of a 5 mAe/40 KV beam of Deuteron ions dedicated to the feeding of the driver. Concerning the heavy ions, the source PHOENIX 18/28 GHz has been chosen as injector of the driver. The optimization of the source is done in order to produce reliable beams of 1mAe / O⁶⁺ and 0.3 mAe of Ar¹²⁺ at 60 KV. Theses developments are presently done with the room temperature version of PHOENIX (including a new version of the hexapole of the source). In parallel, an upgrade version of PHOENIX, using HTS coils, is under construction and is dedicated to production of very high intensity of the Argon ions (up to 1 mAe of Ar¹²⁺). A charge breeding system is also under qualification. The PHOENIX Booster source confirms that efficiency for mass around hundred can reach up to 6%. Now the efforts consist in precisely defining the 1+ beam matching for charge breeding tuning of the source (emittance measurements).

TUPLT062	Design of the Proton Beam Line for the Trade Experiment	quadrupole, target, dipole, cyclotron	1297
	C. Ronsivalle, L. Picardi ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma) S. Monti, F. Troiani ENEA C.R. Rome, Rome
	The TRADE (Triga Accelerator Driven Experiment)experiment, to be performed in the TRIGA reactor of the ENEA-Casaccia centre consists in the coupling of a 140-300 MeV, 0.5 mA proton beam produced by a cyclotron to a target hosted in the central thimble of the reactor scrammed to sub-criticality. A 30 m long beamline has been designed to transfer the beam injecting it from the top of the pool with special care of having low losses in TRIGA building where a limited shielding of the line is possible. A particular attention was paid to reduce the number and size of elements in the last part of the beamline that are immersed in the pool's water. The paper presents a description of the beam line, the design criteria and the results of beam dynamics calculations.

TUPLT063	Laser Temporal Pulse Shaping Experiment For SPARC Photoinjector	laser, electron, insertion, feedback	1300
	C. Vicario, A. Ghigo INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma) I. Boscolo, C. Vozzi Universita' degli Studi di Milano, MILANO S. Cialdi, A.F. Flacco INFN-Milano, Milano M. Nisoli, G. Sansone, S. Stagira Politecnico/Milano, Milano M. Petrarca INFN-Roma, Roma
	Laser for driving high brightness photoinjector have to produce UV square pulse which is predicted to be the optimum profile for emittance compensation in advanced photoinjectors. The longitudinal laser pulse distribution, according to numerical simulations for the SPARC photoinjector, must be square with rise and fall time shorter than 1 ps and flat top variable up to 10 ps FWHM. In this paper we report the results of pulse shaping obtained using an acousto-optic (AO) programmable dispersive filter (DAZZLER). The DAZZLER was used to perform spectral amplitude and phase modulation of the incoming 100 fs Ti:Sapphire pulses. Because of the finite length of the crystal the maximum duration of the shaped pulse is 6 ps. To overcome this limitation we used a configuration in which the laser pulses passed twice through the AO filter. A dispersive glass section was also used to lengthen the pulse with a single pass in the DAZZLER. In this paper we report the experimental setup, hardware description and time and frequency domain measurements.

TUPLT072	Dual Harmonic Acceleration with Broadband MA Cavities in J-PARC RCS	impedance, beam-loading, simulation, acceleration	1318
	M. Yamamoto JAERI, Chiba-ken S. Anami, E. Ezura, K. Hara, Y. Hashimoto, C. Ohmori, A. Takagi, M. Yoshii KEK, Ibaraki M. Nomura, A. Schnase, F. Tamura JAERI/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken
	In the J-PARC RCS rf system, since the fundamental rf acceleration voltage and the 2nd higher harmonic one are applied to each cavity, the impedance of hte cavity has a broadband characteristic. The Q-value of the cavity is chosen to make the higher harmonic beam loading effect as small as possible. The analysis of the amplifier and the beam loading effect on the dual harmonic rf system is described.

TUPLT080	Design of the Beam Transportation Line from the Linac to the 3-GeV RCS for J-PARC	injection, simulation, linac, quadrupole	1342
	T. Ohkawa JAERI, Ibaraki-ken M. Ikegami KEK, Ibaraki
	L3BT is beam transportation line from the linac to the 3-GeV RCS which is the part of the accelerators for the High-Intensity Proton Accelerator Facility Project, J-PARC. For the requirement of the beam loss minimization, the L3BT does not only connect the linac to the 3GeV RCS, but also modifies the linac beam to the acceptable shape for the 3-GeV RCS. The required beam parameters at the injection point of the RCS are momentum spread < ±0.1% (100%)and transverse emittance < 4pmm.mrad (99%). To achieve these beam qualities, the L3BT should have following functions: momentum compaction, halo scraping and beam diagnostics. In this paper, results of the design and beam simulation of the L3BT are presented.

TUPLT081	Lattice Design of Large Acceptance FFAGs for the PRISM Project	optics, focusing, lattice, synchrotron	1345
	A. Sato Osaka University, Osaka S. Machida KEK, Ibaraki
	In order to realize a super muon beam that combines high-intensity, low-energy, narrow energy-spread and high purity, the PRISM project has been proposed. In this project, a FFAG ring is used as a phase rotator. In this paper, a method of designing the PRISM-FFAG lattice will be described. The PRISM-FFAG has to have both of large transverse acceptance and large momentum acceptance to achieve high intensity. Furthermore, long straight sections to install RF cavities are required to obtain a high surviving ratio of the muon. Therefore, the PRISM-FFAG requires its magnets to have large aperture and small opening angle. In such magnets, not only nonlinear effects but also magnetic fringing field are important to study the beam dynamics of FFAGs. Although using realistic 3D magnetic field maps made with programs such as TOSCA is the best solution to study the FFAG dynamics, it takes long time to make such field maps. On a design process of the PRISM-FFAG, quasi-realistic 3D magnetic field maps, which are calculated applying spline interpolation to POISSON 2D field, were used to study the beam dynamics. A program based on GEANT3.21 was used for particle tracking.

TUPLT082	Generation of a Femtosecond Electron Beam for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology	electron, gun, laser, linac	1348
	J. Yang, T. Kozawa, S. Tagawa, Y. Yoshida ISIR, Osaka
	A new S-band femtosecond electron linear accelerator was developed in Osaka University for the study of radiation-induced ultrafast physical and chemical reactions in femtosecond time regions. The femtosecond electron accelerator was constructed with a laser driven photocathode RF gun, a linear accelerator (linac) and a magnetic pulse compressor. The RF gun was driven by a mode-locked Nd:YLF picosecond laser. The electron beam produced by the RF gun was accelerated in the linac with energy modulattion by adjusted the RF phase. The magnetic pulse compression, which was constructed with two 45o-bending magnets and four quadrupole magnets, is a technique to longitudinally focus a charged beam by rotating the phase space distribution in a magnetic field. The picosecond electron pulse, which was generated in the RF gun and accelerated in the linac with energy modulation, was compressed into femtosecond by adjusted the quadrupole magnetic fields. The femtosecond electron pulse is expected for the studies of ultrafast reactions in nano-space.

TUPLT086	A 40MeV Electron Source with a Photocathode for X-ray Generation through Laser-compton Scattering	electron, laser, linac, gun	1354
	F. Sakai, N. Nakajyo, Y. Okada, T. Yanagida, M. Yorozu SHI, Tokyo
	.3 keV femtosecond X-ray generation through laser-Compton scattering with 14MeV electron source and a TW Ti:sapphire laser was achieved. In order to increase the X-ray energy up to 15 keV for some applications, e.g. protein crystallography, we modified the system to increase electron energy. Electron beams emitted from a S-band RF photocathode are accelerated up to 40MeV with two 1.5m standing-wave linacs. The beams are bended at 90 degree using an achromatic bending system, then focused with a triplet quadrupole-magnet to be interacted with laser pulses. The characteristics of electron beams, emittance, energy and energy dispersion, will be described.

TUPLT090	Combined Beam Dynamics Study of the RFQ and DTL for PEFP	rfq, quadrupole, proton, simulation	1366
	J.-H. Jang, Y.-S. Cho, H.-J. Kwon KAERI, Daejon
	One of the goals of the Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) is to get 20 MeV proton beams of 20 mA through a 3 MeV RFQ and a 20 MeV DTL. This work is related to the combined beam dynamics study of the low energy proton accelerators in order to test the validity of the connection of the independently designed structures as well as to study the MEBT for beam transportation.

TUPLT093	Tune Survey of Dynamic Apertures for High-brilliance Optics of the Pohang Light Source	dynamic-aperture, lattice, betatron, simulation	1375
	E.-S. Kim PAL, Pohang
	The PLS storage ring is a 2.5 GeV light source and the dynamic apertures in a lattice for the low emittance in the ring have been investigated by a simulation method. The dynamic apertures that include effects of machine errors and insertion devices were obtained by a tune survey in the simulation. It was also shown that how large are the dynamic aperture compensated after corrections of a CODs. The betatron tune for the operation of the high-brilliance lattice are investigated based on the view point of dynamic apertures obtained from a tune survey.

TUPLT111	RF Focusing of Low-Charge-to-Mass-Ratio Heavy-Ions in a Superconducting Linac	focusing, linac, ion, superconducting-RF	1405
	E.S. Masunov, D.A. Efimov MEPhI, Moscow P.N. Ostroumov ANL/Phys, Argonne, Illinois
	A post-accelerator of radioactive ions (RIB linac) must produce high-quality beams over the full mass range, including uranium, with high transmission and efficiency (P.N. Ostroumov and et al., Proc. of the PAC2001, p. 4080.). The initial section of the RIB linac is a low-charge-to-mass-ratio superconducting RF linac which will accelerate any ion with q/A>=1/66 to ~900 keV/u or higher. This section of the linac consists of many interdigital cavities operating at –20 degree synchronous phase and focusing can be provided by SC solenoids following each cavity. For the charge-to-mass ratio q/A=1/66 a proper focusing can be reached with the help of strong SC solenoid lenses with magnetic fields up to 15 T. These state-of-the-art solenoids are expensive. A possible lower cost alternative focusing method based on the combination of low-field SC solenoids and RF focusing is proposed and discussed in this paper.

TUPLT133	Test Results of Injector Based on Resonance System with Evanescent Oscillations	electron, resonance, bunching, cathode	1437
	S.A. Perezhogin, M.I. Ayzatskiy, E.Z. Biller, K. Kramarenko, V.A. Kushnir, V.V. Mytrochenko, Z.V. Zhiglo NSC/KIPT, Kharkov
	Report presents results of tune-up and tests of the compact electron S ? band injector consisting of the low-voltage diode electron gun and the bunching system based on the resonant system with the evanescent oscillation. In the considered bunching system electrical field increased from beam entrance to an exit of the buncher. The injector designed for bunching of electron beam with initial energy of 25 keV and pulse current of 300 mA and accelerating it to the energy of 1 MeV.

TUPLT138	A Fast Beam Chopper for Next Generation High Power Proton Drivers	proton, linac, ion, beam-transport	1449
	M.A. Clarke-Gayther CCLRC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
	The identification and development of a successful beam chopper design is regarded as key for the European Spallation Source (ESS), and for all next generation high intensity proton driver schemes that adopt the linac-accumulator ring configuration. A description is given of refinements to the beam line design of a 'Tandem' chopper system, developed to address the requirements of the ESS. Particle tracking using the 'General Particle Tracer' (GPT) code has enabled efficient optimisation of beam apertures, and the analysis of beam power density distributions on chopper beam dumps. Preliminary results of 'proof of principle' testing on prototype fast, and slower transition high voltage pulse generators, are presented.

TUPLT141	The Effect of Extraction Geometry on the Measured ISIS H Minus Ion Source Beam	ion, extraction, ion-source, rfq	1458
	J.W.G. Thomason, D.C. Faircloth, R. Sidlow, C.M. Thomas, M. Whitehead CCLRC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
	Recent Finite Element Analysis (FEA) electromagnetic modelling of the extraction region of the ISIS H minus source has suggested that the present set up of extraction electrode and 90 degree sector magnet is sub-optimal, with the result that the beam profile is asymmetric, the beam is strongly divergent in the horizontal plane and there is severe aberration in the focusing in the vertical plane. The FEA model of the beam optics has demonstrated that relatively simple changes to the system should produce a dramatic improvement in performance. These changes have been incorporated on the Ion Source Development Rig (ISDR) at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), and their effects on the H minus beam are presented here.

TUPLT142	Status of Design of Muon Beamline for the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment	target, quadrupole, dipole, proton	1461
	K. Tilley CCLRC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
	The MICE collaboration proposes to install a Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment at the ISIS facility, at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. This experiment will be the first demonstration of ionisation cooling as a means to reduce the large transverse emittance of the muon beam, produced during the early stages of a neutrino factory. In order to permit a realistic demonstration of cooling, a source of muons must be produced, possessing particular qualities, notably in emittance and momenta. This paper describes the present design for the muon beamline source, and the plans for its implementation at RAL.

TUPLT147	Multiple-charge-state Beam Steering in High-intensity Heavy-ion Linacs	linac, heavy-ion, focusing, beam-losses	1476
	E.S. Lessner, P.N. Ostroumov ANL/Phys, Argonne, Illinois
	An algorithm suitable for correction to steering of multiple-charge-state beams in heavy-ion linacs operating at high currents has been developed []. It follows a four-dimensional minimization procedure that includes coupling of the transverse beam motions. A major requirement is that it obeys the restricted lattice design imposed by the acceleration of multiple-charge-state heavy-ion beams []. We study the algorithm efficiency in controlling the beam effective emittance growth in the presence of random misalignments of cavities and focusing elements. Limits on misalignments are determined by quantifying beam losses and effective steering requirements are selected by examining several correcting schemes within the real-state constraints. The algorithm is used to perform statistically significant simulations to study beam losses under realistic steering. E. S. Lessner and P. N. Ostroumov, Proc. Part. Accel. Conf. (2003)** P. N. Ostroumov, Phys. Rev. STAB Vol. 5, 0030101 (2002)

TUPLT149	Beam Manipulation and Compression Using Broadband RF Systems in the Fermilab Main Injector and Recycler	proton, booster, target, antiproton	1479
	G.W. Foster, C.M. Bhat, B. Chase, J.A. Mac Lachlan, K. Seiya, P. Varghese, D. Wildman Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
	Successful tests of new method for beam manipulation, compression, and stacking using the broadband RF systems in the Fermilab Recycler and Main Injector are described. Under usual conditions an unbunched beam can be confined to a fraction of the azimuth of the ring by a set of "Barrier Pulses" which repel particles trying to escape from the ends of the segment of beam. One way to compress or expand the azimuthal extent of the segment of beam is to slowly change the distance between barrier pulses. However when it is desired to rapidly compress or expand the length of the segment, a linear ramp can be superimposed on the waveform between barrier pulses. This causes particles at the front and back of the beam segment to be accelerated or decelerated by differing amounts, and the velocity correlation along the length of the beam segment causes it to expand or contract. When the expansion or contraction is halfway completed, the ramp voltage is reversed so the all particles will come relatively to rest at the end of the process. With the Barrier pulses following appropriately, no particles leak out the ends of the beam segment and the emittance is preserved.

TUPLT156	Progress in Ideal High-intensity Unbunched Beams in Alternating Gradient Focusing Systems	focusing, electron, quadrupole, simulation	1494
	R. Bhatt, C. Chen, J. Zhou MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts
	A persistent challenge in high-intensity accelerator design is the optimization of matching conditions between a beam injector and a focusing system in order to minimize non-laminar flows, envelope oscillations, emittance growth, and halo production. It has been shown [] that the fluid motion of a thin space-charge dominated beam propagating through a linear magnetic focusing channel consisting of any combination of uniform or periodic solenoidal fields and alternating gradient quadrupole fields can be solved by a general class of corkscrewing elliptic beam equilibria. The present work extends this discussion to asymmetric PPM focusing and derives conditions under which a uniform density elliptical beam can be matched to such a focusing channel by considering the fluid equilibrium in the paraxial limit. Methods of constructing such a beam are also discussed, with particular attention devoted to analytic electrode design for Pierce-type gun diodes of elliptical cross-section. Several applications are discussed, including heavy-ion fusion and a high-efficiency ribbon beam microwave amplifier for accelerator applications. C. Chen, R. Pakter, R. Davidson, "Ideal Matching of Heavy Ion Beams," Nucl. Inst. And Methods, A 464 (2001) p. 518-523

TUPLT159	First Commissioning Experiments at DARHT-II	electron, induction, target, diagnostics	1497
	C. Ekdahl, E.O. Abeyta, L. Caudill, K.C.D. Chan, D. Dalmas, S. Eversole, R.J. Gallegos, J. Harrison, M. Holzscheiter, E. Jacquez, J. Johnson, B.T. McCuistian, N. Montoya, K. Nielsen, D. Oro, L. Rodriguez, P. Rodriguez, M. Sanchez, M. Schauer, D. Simmons, H.V. Smith, J. Studebaker, G. Sullivan, C. Swinney, R. Temple LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico H. Bender, W. Broste, C. Carlson, G. Durtschi, D. Frayer, D. Johnson, K. Jones, A. Meidinger, K. Moy, R. Sturgess, C.-Y. Tom Bechtel Nevada, Los Alamos, New Mexico Y.-J. Chen, T. Houck LLNL, Livermore, California S. Eylon, W. Fawley, E. Henestroza, S. Yu LBNL, Berkeley, California T. Hughes, C. Mostrom Mission Research Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico
	The second axis of the Dual Axis Radiographic Hydro-Test (DARHT) facility will provide up to four short(< 150 ns) radiation pulses for flash radiography of high-explosive driven implosion experiments[1]. The DARHT-II linear induction accelerator (LIA) will produce a 2-kA,18-MeV,2-micro-s electron beam. A fast kicker will cleave four short pulses out of the beam, which will focused onto a tantalum target for conversion to bremsstrahlung pulses for radiography. The first tests of the second axis accelerator were designed to demonstrate the technology, and to meet the modest performance requirements for closing out the DARHT-II construction project. These experiments demonstrated that we could indeed produce a 1.2 kA beam with pulse length 0.5-1.2 s and accelerate it to 12.5 MeV. These de-rated parameters were chosen to minimize risk of damage in these first experiments with this novel accelerator. The beam was stable to the BBU instability for these parameters. In fact, we had to reduce the magnetic guide field by a factor of 5 before any evidence of BBU was observed. We will discuss the results of these experiments and their implications, as well as our plans for continuing with DARHT-II commissioning.

TUPLT160	Development of a 25-mA, 12% Duty Factor (df) H^- Source for LANSCE	plasma, simulation, electron, ion	1500
	G. Rouleau, A. Arvin, E. Chacon-Golcher, E. Geros, G. Jacobson, J. Meyer, P. Naffziger, S. Schaller, J.D. Sherman, J. Stelzer, J. Zaugg LANL/LANSCE, Los Alamos, New Mexico
	Present operations at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) accelerator use a surface conversion source to provide 80-keV, 16 to 18-mA H^- beams with typical rms normalized emittance of 0.13 (pmm-mrad). Operational flexibility of the 800-MeV linac and proton storage ring will be increased by a higher current H^- source. The present goal is to achieve a 25-mA H^- surface converter source with modest (10-20%) emittance increase without sacrificing the present LANSCE production source 12% df and 28 day lifetime. The LANSCE 80-kV ion source test stand (ISTS) has been brought into reliable 24-hour per day operation with computer control and modern electronics. A fourth production source has been fabricated, and is now operating on the ISTS. H^- currents up to 25mA have been observed with 0.15 to 0.18(pmm-mrad) rms normalized emittances. An experimental study of surface converter geometries and electron filters at the emitter electrode are planned to optimize source current and emittance.

TUPLT161	Normal Form Analysis of Linear Beam Dynamics in a Coupled Storage Ring	lattice, coupling, betatron, storage-ring	1503
	M. Woodley SLAC/NLC, Menlo Park, California A. Wolski LBNL/AFR, Berkeley, California
	The techniques of normal form analysis, well known in the literature, can be used to provide a straightforward characterization of linear betatron dynamics in a coupled lattice. Here, we consider both the beam distribution and the betatron oscillations in a storage ring. We find that the beta functions for uncoupled motion generalize in a simple way to the coupled case. Defined in the way that we propose, the beta functions remain well behaved (positive and finite) under all circumstances, and have essentially the same physical significance for the beam size and betatron oscillations as in the uncoupled case. Application of this analysis to the online modeling of the PEP-II rings is also discussed.

TUPLT165	A PARMELA Model of the CEBAF Injector valid over a Wide Range of Parameters	simulation, space-charge, laser, electron	1515
	Y. Zhang, K. Beard, F.J. Benesch, Y.-C. Chao, A. Freyberger, J.M. Grames, R. Kazimi, G.A. Krafft, R. Li, L. Merminga, M. Poelker, M. Tiefenback, B.C. Yunn Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
	A pre-existing PARMELA model of the CEBAF injector has been recently verified using machine survey data and also extended to 60 MeV region. The initial distribution and temperature of an electron bunch are determined by the photocathode laser spot size and emittance measurements. The improved injector model has been used for extensive computer simulations of the simultaneous delivery of the Hall A beam required for a hypernuclear experiment, and the Hall C beam, required for a parity experiment. The Hall C beam requires a factor of 6 higher bunch charge than the Hall A beam, with significantly increased space charge effects, while the Hall A beam has an exceedingly stringent energy spread requirement of 2.5x 10^-5 rms. Measurements of the beam properties of both beams at several energies (100 keV, 500 keV, 5 MeV, 60 MeV) and several values of the bunch charge were performed using the standard quad-wire scanner technique. Comparisons of simulated particle transmission rate, longitudinal beam size, transverse emittance and twiss parameters, and energy spread against experimental data yield reasonably good agreement. The model is being used for searching for optimal setting of the CEBAF injector.

TUPLT168	SNS Beam Commisioning Status	linac, proton, target, beam-transport	1524
	S. Henderson, A.V. Aleksandrov, S. Assadi, W. Blokland, C. Chu, S.M. Cousineau, V.V. Danilov, G.W. Dodson, J. Galambos, M. Giannella, D.-O. Jeon, S. Kim, L.V. Kravchuk, M.P. Stockli, E. Tanke, R.F. Welton, T.L. Williams ORNL/SNS, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
	The Spallation Neutron Source accelerator systems will provide a 1 GeV, 1.44 MW proton beam to a liquid mercury target for neutron production. The accelerator complex consists of an H^- injector capable of producing 38 mA peak current, a 1 GeV linear accelerator, an accumulator ring and associated transport lines. The linear accelerator consists of a Drift Tube Linac, a Coupled-Cavity Linac and a Superconducting Linac which provide 1.5 mA average current to the accumulator ring. The staged beam commissioning of the accelerator complex is proceeding as component installation progresses. In three separate beam commissioning runs, the H^- injector and Drift Tube Linac tanks 1-3 have been commissioned at ORNL. Several important performance goals have been achieved, namely 38 mA peak beam current, 1 msec beam pulse length and 1 mA average beam current. Results and status of the beam commissioning program will be presented.

TUPLT172	Measurement of Halo Mitigation Schemes for the Spallation Neutron Source Linac	optics, linac, simulation, beam-losses	1533
	D.-O. Jeon ORNL/SNS, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
	A series of emittance measurements were performed at the end of Drift Tube Linac tank 1 of the Spallation Neutron Source to verify experimentally the previously proposed halo generation mechanism and its mitigation schemes [1]. The emittance measurements clearly showed a visible reduction in the halo as well as a significant reduction in the rms emittance when the proposed round beam optics is employed. This confirms experimentally the halo generation mechanism we identified.

TUPLT173	Experimental Test of Transverse Matching Routine for the SNS Linac	linac, optics, beam-losses, quadrupole	1536
	D.-O. Jeon, S. Assadi ORNL/SNS, Oak Ridge, Tennessee J. Stovall LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
	Transverse matching for a high intensity linac was proposed based on minimizing rms emittances. A MATLAB routine was developed and applied during the SNS linac commissioning. The result was also compared with the simulations.

TUPLT175	Operation of the SNS Ion Source at High Duty-Factor	ion, ion-source, plasma, diagnostics	1538
	R.F. Welton, T.A. Justice, S.N. Murray, M.P. Stockli ORNL/SNS, Oak Ridge, Tennessee R. Keller LBNL/AFR, Berkeley, California
	The ion source for the Spallation Neutron Source* (SNS) is a radio frequency, multi-cusp, source designed to deliver ~ 45 mA of H^- with a normalized rms emittance of less than 0.2 pi mm mrad to the SNS accelerator. Once the SNS is fully operational a beam current duty factor of 6% (1 ms pulse length, repetition rate of 60 Hz) will be required from the ion source. To date, the source has been utilized in the early commissioning of the SNS accelerator and has already demonstrated stable, satisfactory operation at beam currents of ~30 mA with duty factors of ~0.1% for operational periods of several weeks. This work summarizes the results of a series of lifetime tests performed at a dedicated ion source test facility where the source was pushed closer to the operational goal of 6% duty factor.

WEOCCH01	A New 180 MeV H^- Linac for Upgrades of ISIS	linac, quadrupole, synchrotron, injection	153
	F. Gerigk CCLRC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
	Several options have been studied to raise the beam power of the ISIS spallation neutron source to a level of 1 MW with the possibility of going to 4-5 MW in the longer term. All scenarios can operate in 2 modes, where the beam power is either delivered to a spallation target or, alternatively, to a target suitable to produce muons via pion decay for a neutrino factory. A more recent upgrade option takes an intermediate step and uses a 180 MeV H^- linac, which is also foreseen for the 4-5 MW upgrade, as a replacement for the current 70 MeV injector. First estimates indicate that, due to the lower space charge forces, the ring would be able to carry twice as many particles, thus doubling the final beam power to 0.5 MW. This paper presents a first design for the 180 MeV linac, using a triple frequency jump from 234.8 to 704.4 MHz. The design profits from the development of 704.4 MHz cavities and RF equipment within the framework of the European HIPPI collaboration. The low frequency for the front-end was chosen to ease the DTL design as well as the development of a low energy beam chopper, which will be necessary to reduce beam losses at injection into the synchrotron.
	Video of talk
	Transparencies

WEXLH01	Non-destructive Beam Measurements	dipole, quadrupole, betatron, resonance	165
	M. Bai BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
	In high energy accelerators especially storage rings, non-destructive beam measurements are highly desirable to minimize the impact on the beam quality. In principle, the non-destructive tools can be either passive detectors like Schottky, or active devices which excite either longitudinal or transverse beam motions for the corresponding measurements. An example of such a device is ac dipole, a magnet with oscillating field, which can be used to achieve large coherent betatron oscillations. It has been demonstrated in the Brookhaven AGS that by adiabatically exciting the beam, the beam emittance growth due to the filamentation in the phase space can be avoided. This paper overviews both techniques in general. In particular, this paper also presents the beam tune measurement with Schottky detector, phase advance measurement as well as non-linear resonance measurements with the ac dipoles in the Brookhaven RHIC.
	Video of talk
	Transparencies

WEOALH02	Multiturn Extraction Based on Trapping in Stable Islands at CERN PS: Recent Measurement Advances	extraction, proton, resonance, octupole	173
	M. Giovannozzi, R. Cappi, S.G. Gilardoni, M. Martini, E. Métral, A. Sakumi, R.R. Steerenberg CERN, Geneva A.-S. Müller FZK-ISS-ANKA, Karlsruhe
	Recently a novel approach to perform multi-turn extraction was proposed based on beam splitting in the transverse phase space by means of trapping inside stable islands. During the year 2002 run, preliminary measurements at the CERN Proton Synchrotron with a low-intensity, single-bunch, proton beam, confirmed the possibility of generating various beamlets starting from a single Gaussian beam. The experimental campaign continued also in the year 2003 run to assess a number of key issues, such as feasibility of trapping with high-intensity beam, capture efficiency, and multi-turn extraction proper. The experimental results are presented and discussed in detail in this paper.
	Video of talk
	Transparencies

WEYLH01	Emittance Control for Very Short Bunches	linac, impedance, undulator, simulation	179
	K.L.F. Bane SLAC, Menlo Park, California
	Many recent accelerator projects call for the production of high energy bunches of electrons or positrons that are simultaneously short, intense, and have small emittances. Two examples of such projects are linear colliders, such as the GLC/NLC, and Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) FEL's, such as the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). A major challenge in such projects is keeping in check forces that increase short bunch emittances in accelerator components, such as: wakefields of accelerator structures, collimators, and surface roughness, and coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR). We describe such forces and their control.
	Video of talk
	Transparencies

WEPLT008	Simulated Emittance Growth due to Electron Cloud for SPS and LHC	electron, simulation, space-charge, injection	1831
	E. Benedetto, D. Schulte, F. Zimmermann CERN, Geneva G. Rumolo GSI, Darmstadt
	The emittance growth caused by an electron cloud is simulated by the HEADTAIL code. The simulation result depends on the number of beam-cloud "interaction points"(IPs), the phase advance between the IPs, the number of macro-particles used to represent beam and cloud, and on the betatron tune. Simulations include a transverse feedback system and, optionally, a large chromaticity, as employed in actual SPS operation. Simulation results for the SPS are compared with observations, and the emittance growth in the LHC is computed as a function of the average electron density.

WEPLT012	Observation of a Fast Single Bunch Transverse Instability on Protons in the SPS	simulation, impedance, proton, injection	1843
	H. Burkhardt, G. Arduini, E. Benedetto, E. Métral CERN, Geneva G. Rumolo GSI, Darmstadt
	The longitudinal impedance of the SPS has been reduced significantly by hardware modifications over the last years and the threshold for longitudinal instabilities increased accordingly. We now observe a fast transverse instability on high intensity single bunches of low longitudinal emittance. The main observed signature and the threshold dependence on beam parameters is described and compared with theoretical expectations and simulations.

WEPLT013	Investigation of Space Charge Effects and Intrabeam Scattering for Lead Ions in the SPS	space-charge, injection, proton, scattering	1846
	H. Burkhardt, D. Manglunki, M. Martini, F. Roncarolo CERN, Geneva G. Rumolo GSI, Darmstadt
	Space charge effects and intrabeam scattering usually play a minor role in high energy machines like the SPS. They can potentially become a limitation for the heavy ion beams needed for the LHC at the injection plateau in the SPS. Experimental studies on space charge limitations performed on low energy proton beams in the SPS will be described. Theoretical studies have been performed to predict emittance growth times due to intrabeam scattering using several different codes.

WEPLT015	Proposal for the Creation and Storage of Long Bunches in the LHC	luminosity, acceleration, injection, hadron	1852
	H. Damerau, R. Garoby CERN, Geneva
	Long bunches with a uniform longitudinal line density held by barrier buckets are considered for a future luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). With such bunches, the luminosity is maximised for a fixed number of particles. Instead of conventional barrier buckets, periodic barriers are proposed. These are generated with multiple RF harmonics (e.g. multiples of 40 MHz). A possible scheme to create and hold long flat bunches in the LHC is described, and the resulting gain in luminosity is estimated.

WEPLT028	High-intensity and High-density Charge-exchange Injection Studies into the CERN PS Booster at Intermediate Energies	injection, simulation, space-charge, linac	1891
	M. Martini CERN, Geneva C.R. Prior CCLRC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
	For the high brilliance LHC ultimate beam and the high intensity CNGS beam, single batch injections into the CERN Proton Synchrotron (PS) will be used to increase the overall machine intensity compared with the present double batch injections. Charge-exchange injection into the PS Booster with a new linac at intermediate energies is thus examined. A key parameter to consider is the energy dependence of beam incoherent tune shifts at injection. Increasing the linac energy from the present 50 MeV to 160 MeV should yield a safer tune shift. For each PS Booster ring, a charge-exchange injection scheme is envisaged inside a proper straight section, redesigned with new bends to make a local bump and using the existing fast bump magnets for horizontal phase-space painting. ACCSIM simulations for charge-exchange injection at 160 MeV have been investigated for both LHC and CNGS beams. After optimizing the parameters that are used for the space charge tracking routines, the results of the simulations agree well with expectations, signifying that the LHC ultimate and CNGS beams may be provided with single PS Booster batches within the required emittances. For assessment, simulation of injection at 50 MeV for the current LHC beam has been performed, yielding a fairly good agreement with measured performance. Concurrently, similar charge-exchange injection simulations have been carried out using an alternative programme developed at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.

WEPLT029	Intensity Dependent Emittance Transfer Studies at the CERN Proton Synchrotron	simulation, resonance, injection, synchrotron	1894
	E. Métral, C. Carli, M. Giovannozzi, M. Martini, R.R. Steerenberg CERN, Geneva G. Franchetti, I. Hofmann GSI, Darmstadt J. Qiang LBNL, Berkeley, California R.D. Ryne LBNL/CBP, Berkeley, California
	An intensive study has been undertaken since the year 2002 to understand better the various high-intensity bottlenecks of the CERN Proton Synchrotron machine. One of these limitations comes from the so-called Montague resonance. High-intensity proton synchrotrons, having larger horizontal than vertical emittance, may suffer from this fourth-order coupling resonance driven by space charge only. In particular, such resonance may lead to emittance sharing and, possibly, beam loss due to vertical acceptance limitation. Experimental observations made in the 2002 and 2003 runs on the Montague resonance are presented in this paper and compared with 3D particle-in-cell simulation results and theoretical predictions.

WEPLT045	Experiments on LHC Long-range Beam-beam Compensation in the CERN SPS	beam-losses, simulation, closed-orbit, betatron	1936
	F. Zimmermann, J.-P. Koutchouk, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva
	Long-range beam-beam collisions may limit the dynamic aperture and the beam lifetime in storage-ring colliders. Their effect can be compensated by a current-carrying wire mounted parallel to the beam. A compensation scheme based on this principle has been proposed for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). To demonstrate its viability, a prototype wire was installed at the CERN SPS in 2002. First successful machine experiments explored the dependence of beam loss, beam size, and beam lifetime on the beam-wire distance and on the wire excitation. They appear to confirm the predicted effect of the long-range collisions on the beam dynamics. In 2004, two further wires will become available, by which we can explicitly demonstrate the compensation, study pertinent tolerances, and also compare the respective merits of different beam-beam crossing schemes for several interaction points.

WEPLT053	Dynamical Effects of the Montague Resonance	simulation, synchrotron, resonance, space-charge	1960
	I. Hofmann, G. Franchetti GSI, Darmstadt J. Qiang, R.D. Ryne LBNL/CBP, Berkeley, California
	In high-intensity accelerators emittance coupling, known as Montague resonance, may be an issue if the tune split is small. For static tunes within the stop-band of this fourth order space charge driven coupling the final emittances may become equal (equipartition). Using 2D computer simulation we show, however, that slow crossing of the resonance leads to merely an exchange of emittances. In 3D this is similar, if the crossing occurs over a time-scale shorter or comparable with a synchrotron period. For much slower crossing we find, instead, that the exchange may be suppressed by synchrotron motion. We explain this effect in terms of the mixing caused by the synchrotron motion.

WEPLT055	Observation of Ultracold Heavy Ion Beams with Micrometer Size by Scraping	ion, electron, storage-ring, heavy-ion	1966
	M. Steck, K. Beckert, P. Beller, B. Franzke, F. Nolden GSI, Darmstadt
	The existence of an ordered beam state for low intensity, electron cooled heavy ion beams has been evidenced by a sudden reduction of the momentum spread. The detection of a similar effect in the transverse degree of freedom by non-destructive diagnostics is ruled out by the limited resolution of beam profile detectors. A method to probe the horizontal beam size of an electron cooled beam in a dispersive section has been developed. It is based on beam scraping and allows a resolution on the order of micrometers. This good transverse resolution for the cooled ion beam is achieved by precise changes of the ion energy which is varied by changes of the electron beam energy. The lower resolution limit due to power supply ripple is estimated to be below 1 micrometer. This method evidenced that the reduction of the momentum spread by one order of magnitude coincides with a reduction of the transverse beam emittance by 2-3 orders of magnitude, at least. A horizontal beam radius of a few micrometer could be demonstrated for electron cooled heavy ion beams with less than 1000 particles. This gives new evidence for the formation of an ordered beam arranged as a linear string of ions.

WEPLT060	Linear Coupling Theory of High Intensity Beams	space-charge, resonance, coupling, simulation	1981
	G. Franchetti, I. Hofmann GSI, Darmstadt M. Aslaninejad IPM, Tehran
	It is planned to use linear coupling in the SIS18 in order to fully or partially equilibrate the transverse emittances before transfer to the projected SIS100 synchrotron. In this paper we show that space charge significantly modifies the coupling mechanism. In particular the width of the stop-band is dominated by the space charge tune shift for weak skew strength. The conditions are discussed, under which slow crossing of the coupling resonance leads to the desired goal of equalizing emittances while maintaining a sufficient matching of the beam to the ring and extraction optics.

WEPLT061	Influence of Beam Tube Obstacles on the Emittance of the PITZ Photoinjector	laser, simulation, cathode, diagnostics	1984
	S. Setzer, W. Ackermann, S. Schnepp, T. Weiland TEMF, Darmstadt
	For detailed analysis of space charge dominated beams inside an RF Photoinjector PIC-Codes like MAFIA TS2/3 can be used. While the interaction of particles with the sourrounding geometries are taken into account, the applicability of such codes is restricted due to simulation time and memory consumption as well as by numercial noise. Therefore only smaller sections of the whole injector can be calculated. On the other hand codes like ASTRA can be used to simulate the whole injector but no interaction between bunch and geometry is included. To make use of the individual advantages of each code discribed above an interface for bidirectional bunch exchange between the two programs has been implemented. This approach allows for applying the right simulation method depending on the physical effects under investigation. To demonstrate the importance of such an approach the results of detailed numerical studies of the impact of beam tube obstacles like the laser mirror on the achievable emittance of the PITZ RF Photoinjector further downstream will be presented.

WEPLT071	Longitudinal Resonances and Emittance Growth Using QWR/HWR in a Linac	linac, resonance, focusing, transverse-dynamics	2014
	P. Bertrand GANIL, Caen
	In the frame of the SPIRAL II project at GANIL, we present an analytical approach allowing us to understand in a simple way the longitudinal behaviour of a beam , transmitted in bunching mode or accelerated in a Linac designed with QWR or HWR cavities. In particular, we make appear the strong relationship with the Henon map properties.

WEPLT076	SPIRAL 2 RFQ Design	rfq, vacuum, ion, electron	2026
	R. Ferdinand, G. Congretel, A. Curtoni, O.D. Delferriere, A. France, D.L. Leboeuf, J. Thinel, J.-C. Toussaint CEA/DSM/DAPNIA, Gif-sur-Yvette M. Di Giacomo GANIL, Caen
	The SPIRAL2 RFQ is designed to accelerate at 88MHz two kinds of charge-over-mass ratio, Q/A, particles. The proposed injector can accelerate a 5 mA deuteron beam (Q/A=1/2) or a 1 mA particles beam with q/A=1/3 up to 0.75 MeV/A. It is a CW machine which has to show stable operation, provide the request availability, have the minimum losses in order to minimize the activation constraints and show the best quality/cost ratio. It will be a 4-vane RFQ type, with a mechanical assembly, the global assumption being to build an RFQ without any brazing step. Extensive modelisation was made to ensure a good vane position under RF. A 1-m long hot model prototype is under construction in order to validate the manufacturing concept.

WEPLT086	Non Gaussien Transverse Distributions in a Stochastic Model for Beam Halos	space-charge, simulation, beam-losses, linac	2056
	N. Cufaro Petroni INFN-Bari, Bari S. De Martino, S. De Siena, F. Illuminati Universita' degli Studi di Salerno, Dipartimento di Fisica E.R. Caianiello, Baronissi
	The formation of the beam halo in charged particle accelerators is studied in a dynamical stochastic model for the collective motion of the particle beam. The density and the phase of the charged beam obey a set of coupled nonlinear hydrodynamic equations with time-reversal invariance. The linearized theory for this collective dynamics is given in terms of a classical Schroedinger equation. Self-consistent solutions with space-charge effects lead to quasi-stationary beam configurations with enhanced transverse dispersion and transverse emittance growth. In the limit of a frozen space-charge core it is possible to determine and study the properties of stationary, stable core-plus-halo beam distributions. We explore the effect of non-Gaussian transverse distributions. In this case the underling stochastic process is allowed to jump, and the transverse distribution tails are heavier than in the Gaussian case giving rise to a halo effect. The stationary transverse distribution plays the role of an attractor for every other distribution, and we give an estimation of the time needed by a non stationary, halo-free distribution to relax toward the stationary distribution with a halo.

WEPLT097	Beam Loading in the RF Deflector of the CTF3 Delay Loop	beam-loading, injection, linac, simulation	2077
	D. Alesini, F. Marcellini INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
	In this paper we describe the impact of the beam loading in the RF deflectors on the transverse beam dynamics of the CTF3 Delay Loop. The general expression for the single passage wake field is obtained. A dedicated tracking code has been written to study the multi-bunch multi-turn effects on the transverse beam dynamics. A complete analysis for different machine parameters and injection errors is presented and discussed. The numerical simulations show that the beam emittance growth due to the wake field in the RF deflectors is small.

WEPLT105	Beam-Beam Effects Measured Using Gated Monitors at KEKB	luminosity, positron, electron, betatron	2095
	T. Ieiri, Y. Funakoshi, T. Kawamoto, M. Masuzawa, M. Tawada, M. Tobiyama, S.S. Win KEK, Ibaraki
	KEKB is a multi-bunch, high-current, electron/positron collider for B meson physics. The two beams collide at one interaction point (IP) with a finite horizontal crossing angle and with a bunch-space of 6 to 8 ns. The luminosity of KEKB is the best in the world. The collision is performed by carefully adjusting a horizontal orbit bump of the electron beam at IP, which results in a horizontal offset to obtain the best luminosity. In order to investigate the asymmetric beam-beam effects, beam parameters of collision and non-collision bunches were compared using beam monitors capable of selecting a specific bunch in a bunch train. The beam-beam kick and the beam-beam tune-shift were obtained by the gated beam-position monitor and by the gated tune monitor. It was found that the horizontal offset was negligibly small in the case of a wide bunch-space of 48 ns. This result suggests that the horizontal offset is related to wake fields including electron-cloud effects.

WEPLT110	Specific Beam Dynamics in Super-bunch Acceleration	induction, synchrotron, acceleration, simulation	2110
	Y. Shimosaki, E. Nakamura, K. Takayama, T. Toyama KEK, Ibaraki K. Horioka, M. Nakajima TIT, Yokohama K. Koseki GUAS/AS, Ibaraki K. Torikai Kyushu University, Fukuoka M. Watanabe RIKEN, Saitama
	Proof-of-principle experiments on the induction synchrotron concept using the KEK 12-GeV PS makes progress, in which RF bunches and a super-bunch will be accelerated with a long step voltage generated in the induction accelerating gaps. In order to give a guide for super-bunch acceleration, the beam stabilities against a droop and a fluctuation of the accelerating voltage have been examined by using a simulation. The droop voltage gives an additional focusing or defocusing force in the longitudinal direction, which leads the mismatching beyond the transition energy. Furthermore, the extremely slow fluctuation of the accelerating voltage causes a lowest-order resonance near the transition. These induce a serious emittance blow-up in the longitudinal, so that the compensating manners will be presented. Moreover, the other issues such as head-tail instability and intra beam scattering will be discussed.

WEPLT115	A Study of Transverse Resonance Crossing in FFAG	resonance, simulation, beam-losses, acceleration	2119
	M. Aiba University of Tokyo, Tokyo S. Machida, Y. Mori KEK, Ibaraki
	A study of "resonance crossing" in FFAG accelerator is described in this paper. A deviation of FFAG guiding field in actual magnet breaks zero chromaticity condition, and tunes cross resonance while acceleration. In order to avoid a critical beam loss or emittance growth, nominal tune should be chosen so as not to cross low-order resonances. However, crossing higher order resonance can be critical and that depends on the parameters such as crossing speed, excitation magnitude and initial beam emittance. We will present analytical model and simulation study in various parameter space.

WEPLT117	Design of a Third Harmonic Superconducting RF System at PLS	storage-ring, vacuum, synchrotron, radiation	2125
	E.-S. Kim, M.-H. Chun, H.-G. Kim, K.-R. Kim, I.-S. Park, Y.-U. Sohn, J.S. Yang PAL, Pohang J.-K. Ahn, J.-S. Cho Pusan National University, Pusan
	A superconducting third harmonic rf system has been designed in the PLS to raise beam lifetime. Expected beam lifetimes verse beam emittance and operational beam current are presented. A multibunch multiparticle tracking simulation is performed to investigate energy spread, bunch-lengthening and beam instabilities due to the rf cavities. The parameters of the designed rf cavity, designed cryogenic system and estimation of heat load are also presented.

WEPLT138	Laser Cooling of Electron Bunches in Compton Storage Rings	laser, synchrotron, electron, damping	2161
	E.V. Bulyak NSC/KIPT, Kharkov
	Self-consistent dynamics of a bunch circulating in the Compton storage ring has been studied analytically. Disturbances from both the synchrotron and Compton radiations were taken into account. The emittances in laser-dominated rings (where the synchrotron energy losses are much smaller then the Compton ones) were evaluated. The resultant emittances (synchrotrons plus Comptons) were compared with the synchrotrons. As were shown, the longitudinal degree of freedom is heated up due to Compton scattering. Almost the same conclusion is valid for the vertical uncoupled betatron emittance. Since it is impossible in principle to get zero dispersion in the banding magnets, the radial emittance almost always cooling down by laser. Therefore in practical cases of coupled transverse oscillations with the horizontal emittance determining the vertical one, the laser will cool down the transverse degrees of freedom.

WEPLT145	Beam Loss Studies in High-intensity Heavy-ion Linacs	linac, simulation, beam-losses, ion	2176
	P.N. Ostroumov, V.N. Aseev, E.S. Lessner, B. Mustapha ANL/Phys, Argonne, Illinois
	A low beam-loss budget is an essential requirement for high-intensity machines and represents one of their major design challenges. In a high-intensity heavy-ion machine, losses are required to be below 1 W/m for hands-on-maintenance. The driver linac of the Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) is designed to accelerate beams of any ion to energies from 400 MeV per nucleon for uranium up to 950 MeV for protons with a beam power of up to 400 kW. The high intensity of the heaviest ions is achieved by acceleration of multiple-charge-state beams, which requires a careful beam dynamics optimization to minimize effective emittance growth and beam halo formation. For beam loss simulation purposes, large number of particles must be tracked through the linac. Therefore the computer code TRACK [P.N. Ostroumov and K.W. Shepard, PRST AB 11, 030101 (2001)] has been parallelized and calculations is being performed on the JAZZ cluster [] recently inaugurated at ANL. This paper discusses how this powerful tool is being used for simulations for the RIA project to help decide on the high-performance and cost-effective design of the driver linac. The Jazz Cluster, http://www.lcrc.anl.gov/jazz

WEPLT146	Mismatch Oscillations in High-current Accelerators	quadrupole, focusing, ion, vacuum	2179
	O.A. Anderson LBNL, Berkeley, California
	Strong space charge challenges the designers of modern accelerators such as those used in Heavy Ion Inertial Fusion. Simple, accurate design tools are useful for predicting beam behavior, such as phase advances and envelope oscillation periods, given the beam emittance and charge and the lattice parameters. Along with the KV beam model, the smooth approximation [] is often used. It is simple but not very accurate in many cases. Although Struckmieir and Reiser [] showed that the stable envelope oscillations of unbalanced beams could be obtained accurately, they used a hybrid approach where the phase advances σ0 and σ were already known precisely. When starting instead with basic quantities–quadrupole dimensions, field strength, beam line charge and emittance–the smooth approximation formulas give substantial errors (10% or more). We previously described an integration method [*] for matched beams that yields fairly simple third-order formulas for σ0, σ, beam radius and ripple. Here we extend the method to include small-amplitude mismatch oscillations. We derive a simple modification of the smooth approximation formulas and show that it improves the accuracy of the predicted envelope frequencies significantly–for example, by a factor of five when σ0 is 83 degrees. M. Reiser, Particle Accelerators 8, 167 (1978) J. Struckmeier and M. Reiser, Particle Accelerators 14, 227 (1984)* O. A. Anderson, Particle Accelerators 52, 133 (1996)

WEPLT147	Lattice Studies for CIRCE (Coherent InfraRed CEnter) at the ALS	lattice, dynamic-aperture, quadrupole, storage-ring	2182
	H. Nishimura, D. Robin, F. Sannibale, W. Wan LBNL, Berkeley, California
	CIRCE (Coherent InfraRed Center) at the Advanced Light Source is a proposal for a new electron storage ring optimized for the generation of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) in the terahertz frequency range. One of the main requirement for this special mode of operation is the capability of the ring of operating at very small momentum compaction values. In this regime, the longitudinal dynamics becomes strongly nonlinear and an accurate control of the higher order energy dependent terms of the momentum compaction is necessary. The lattice for CIRCE allows controlling these terms up to the third order. The paper describes the lattice and presents the calculated performances in terms of momentum acceptance, dynamic aperture, lifetime and momentum compaction tune capabilities.

WEPLT154	UAL Implementation of String Space Charge Formalism	space-charge, lattice, synchrotron, quadrupole	2200
	R.M. Talman Cornell University, Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics, Ithaca, New York N. Malitsky BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
	By reformulating the force between point charges as the force on a point charge due to a co-moving line charge (or "string",) space charge calculations can be reformulated as intrabeam scattering, with no intermediate, particle-in-cell step required.[] This approach is expected to be especially useful for calculating emittance dilution of ultrashort bunches in magnetic fields, where coherent radiative effects are important. This paper describes the partial implementation of this approach within UAL (Unified Accelerator Libraries.) The interparticle force is calculated and applied to the dynamics of a bunch represented by just two superparticles in an idealized lattice, with emphasis on the head-tail effect. Gridding of the interparticle force, as needed for realistic multiparticle simulation, is also described. R. Talman, "String Formulation of Space Charge Forces in a Deflected Bunch". Submitted to PRSTAB, January, 2004

WEPLT155	Effect of Dark Currents on the Accelerated Beam in an X-band Linac	electron, simulation, cathode, positron	2203
	V.A. Dolgashev SLAC/ARDA, Menlo Park, California K.L.F. Bane, G.V. Stupakov, J. Wu SLAC, Menlo Park, California T.O. Raubenheimer SLAC/NLC, Menlo Park, California
	X-band accelerating structures operate at surface gradients up to 120-180 MV/m. At these gradients, electron currents are emitted spontaneously from the structure walls ("dark currents") and generate additional electromagnetic fields inside the structure. We estimate the effect of these fields on the accelerated beam in a linac using two methods: a particle-in-cell simulation code MAGIC and a particle tracking code. We use the Fowler-Nordheim dependence of the emitted current on surface electric field with field enhancement factor beta. In simulations we consider geometries of traveling wave structures that have actually been built for the Next Linear Collider project.

WEPLT157	Single-bunch Electron Cloud Effects in the GLC/NLC, US-cold and TESLA Low Emittance Transport Lines	electron, positron, collider, focusing	2209
	M.T.F. Pivi, D. Bates, A. Chang, D. Chen, T.O. Raubenheimer SLAC, Menlo Park, California
	In the beam pipe of the Beam Delivery System (BDS) and Bunch Compressor system (BCS) of a linear collider, ionization of residual gasses and secondary emission may lead to amplification of an initial electron signal during the bunch train passage and ultimately give rise to an electron-cloud. A positron beam passing through the linear collider beam delivery may experience unwanted additional focusing due to interaction with the electron cloud. This typically leads to an increase in the beam size at the interaction point (IP) when the cloud density is high. Interaction with the electron cloud in the bunch compressor could also potentially cause an instability. This paper examines the severity of the electron cloud effects in the BCS and BDS of both the GLC/NLC and US-Cold linear collider design through the use of specially developed simulation codes. An estimate of the critical cloud density is given for the BDS and BCS of both designs.

WEPLT168	ORBIT Benchmark of Space-charge-induced Emittance Growth in the CERN PS	simulation, resonance, lattice, space-charge	2221
	S.M. Cousineau, J.A. Holmes ORNL/SNS, Oak Ridge, Tennessee E. Métral CERN, Geneva
	Particle tracking codes provide an invaluable tool in the design and operation of high intensity machines. An important task in the development of these codes is the validation of the space charge models through benchmark with experimental data. Presented here are benchmarks of the ORBIT particle tracking code with recent measurements of space-charge-induced transverse emittance growth in the CERN PS machine. Benchmarks of two experimental data sets are performed: Integer resonance crossing, and Montague resonance crossing.

THOBCH03	Barrier RF Systems in Synchrotrons	antiproton, synchrotron, hadron, proton	236
	C.M. Bhat Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
	Recently, the barrier bucket techniques have been used in many interesting applications in proton synchrotrons around the world. Specially designed broad-band rf cavities are used to generate barrier buckets. At Fermilab we have barrier RF systems in four different rings and have used them for various beam gymnastics. Particularly, in the case of Fermilab Recycler Ring, all rf manipulations required during beam cooling, beam stacking and unstacking are carried out using barrier buckets. Also, we have explored new methods for increasing the beam intensities in the Main Injector. Here, I review various uses of barrier rf system in particle accelerators and possible new applications.
	Video of talk
	Transparencies

THZCH01	Status of Tevatron Collider Run II and Novel Technologies for the Tevatron Luminosity Upgrades	antiproton, electron, luminosity, proton	239
	V.D. Shiltsev Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
	In the Tevatron Run-II, 36 antiproton bunches collide with 36 proton bunches at the CDF and D0 interaction regions at 980 GeV per beam. We present current status and performance of the collider complex. The plan for Run-II luminosity upgrades will be presented and novel technologies for the upgrade will be discussed.
	Video of talk
	Transparencies

THOALH02	Development of the Non-invasive Beam-size Monitor using ODR	target, electron, radiation, optics	256
	T. Muto, S. Araki, H. Hayano, V. Karataev, N. Terunuma, J. Urakawa KEK, Ibaraki R. Hamatsu TMU, Hatioji-shi,Tokyo A. Naumenko, A.P. Potylitsyn Tomsk Polytechnic University, Physical-Technical Department, Tomsk
	The beam-size monitor based on Optical Diffraction Radiation (ODR) has been developed at the KEK-ATF. Because of its non-invasive nature, the ODR monitor might be one candidate to measure the extreme-low emittance electron beam for future LC?s and x-ray free electron lasers. To evaluate the beam-size, the angular distribution of the ODR emitted by the beam when crossing a slit in a metallic foil was measured. In the first trial, we observed interference patterns between ODR and backgrounds which may be the synchrotron radiation from most nearest bending magnet at the ATF extracted line. By the installation of the ceramic mask in front of our target, this interference was vanished. And comparing with the result of ODR measurements, we installed the wire scanner in the same position of our monitor. In this paper, we will present developments of the ODR monitor with some experimental results.
	Video of talk
	Transparencies

THPKF001	Status of 3 GeV CANDLE Synchrotron Light Facility Project	brightness, photon, synchrotron, scattering	2254
	V.M. Tsakanov, M. Aghasyan, G. Amatuni, V.S. Avagyan, A. Grigoryan, B. Grigoryan, M. Ivanyan, V. Jalalyan, D.K. Kalantaryan, V.G. Khachatryan, E.M. Laziev, Y.L. Martirosyan, R.H. Mikaelyan, S. Minasyan, K.N. Sanosyan, S. Tatikian, S. Tunyan, A. Vardanyan CANDLE, Yerevan
	CANDLE- Center for the Advancement of Natural Discoveries using Light Emission – is a 3 GeV third generation synchrotron light facility project in Republic of Armenia. The presentation includes the main considerations that underlie the Conceptual Design Report of the project and the progress made after the last EPAC conference. An overview of machine and beam physics study, the prototype and laboratory development is given.

THPKF019	PETRA III: A New High Brilliance Synchrotron Radiation Source at DESY	wiggler, undulator, damping, insertion	2302
	K. Balewski, W. Brefeld, W. Decking, Y.L. Li, G.K. Sahoo, R. Wanzenberg DESY, Hamburg
	DESY has decided to rebuild its 2304 m long accelerator PETRA II into a dedicated light source called PETRA III. The reconstruction is planned to start mid of 2007.The new light source will operate at an energy of 6 GeV, a current of 100 mA, a horizontal emittance of 1 nmrad and an emittance coupling of 1%. In the first phase thirteen insertion devices are foreseen. In this paper the principle layout of the machine will be presented. The structure of the new machine combines properties of conventional storage rings and light sources and is therefore quite unconventional. One of the major challenges of the project is to achieve the small emittances. The basic idea is to use so called damping wigglers with a total length of 80 m to reduce the horizontal emittance to the desired level. To obtain and maintain the small emittances imposes tight tolerances on spurious dispersion and orbit quality and stability. These limits will be given and discussed.

THPKF033	Prospects for Long-term Lattice Upgrade at the ESRF	lattice, dipole, quadrupole, optics	2344
	A. Ropert, P. Elleaume, L. Farvacque, Y. Papaphilippou, T. Perron ESRF, Grenoble
	Twelve years after commissioning, the ESRF delivers routinely X-rays of brilliance, a factor hundred higher than the design target, to 45 beamlines. Further long-term improvements to the storage ring performance concern the reduction of the horizontal emittance leading to an increase of the brilliance and/or the increase of the number of beamlines from insertion device source points. In this paper, we review the different scenarios that can be envisaged with keeping untouched the existing tunnel and beamlines. Among them, the concept of the Double DBA structure that combines the reduction of emittance (a factor of 8) and the increase of the number of straight sections (64 instead of 32) looks the most attractive. Some of the challenging issues of such a scheme (squeezed space between magnets, innovative combined function magnets of unprecedented small aperture, small dynamic aperture) will be discussed.

THPKF037	Quasi-isochronus Operation at NewSUBARU	synchrotron, betatron, radiation, electron	2356
	Y. Shoji, S.H. Hisao, T. Matsubara LASTI, Ako-gun, Hyogo
	Quasi-isochronus operation is one of the operation modes of NewSUBARU, a 1.5 GeV VUV storage ring. NewSUBARU has six invert bending magnets to control the momentum compaction factor. The aim of this research is to explore the extreme reduction of electron bunch length by reducing the linear momentum compaction factor. We experimentally reduced the momentum compaction factor from 0.0014 down to less than 10-5, keeping the beam in the ring. The second-order momentum compaction factor was adjusted to almost zero, while keeping the third-order momentum compaction factor positive. The ring was operated at 1.0 GeV. Using a streak camera, the shortest bunch length we observed was 4 ps FWHM. With such a low momentum compaction factor, we expect an energy spreading by betatron oscillation even at the extremely low beam current.

THPKF056	The MAX IV Facility	linac, undulator, lattice, radiation	2392
	M. Eriksson, Å. Andersson, M. Bergqvist, M. Brandin, M. Demirkan, G. Georgsson, G. LeBlanc, L.-J. Lindgren, L. Malmgren, H. Tarawneh, E.J. Wallén, S. Werin MAX-lab, Lund B. Anderberg AMACC, Uppsala S. Biedron, S.V. Milton ANL, Argonne, Illinois
	The MAX IV facility is a planned successor of the existing MAX facility. The planned facilty is described below. It consists of two new synchrotron storage rings operated at different electron energies to cover a broad spectral region and one linac injector. The linac injector is also meant to be operated as a FEL electron source. The two rings have similar low emittance lattices and are placed on top of each other to save space. A third UV light source, MAX III, is planned to be transfered to the new facility.

THPKF058	Experimental Experience with a Thermionic RF-gun	gun, cathode, electron, quadrupole	2394
	S. Werin, Å. Andersson, M. Bergqvist, M. Brandin, L. Malmgren, S. Werin MAX-lab, Lund G. Georgsson Danfysik A/S, Jyllinge
	An RF-gun structure developed at MAX-lab, and thus different from the most common BNL-structure, is in operation as a thermionic RF-gun at MAX-lab. The properties of the gun have been investigated. Especially aspects such as extractable energy range, emittance properties at various beamloading conditions and extracted current.

THPKF068	An Advanced Light Source Proposed for the South Eastern USA	lattice, dipole, quadrupole, brightness	2421
	V.P. Suller, M.G. Fedurin, J. Hormes LSU/CAMD, Baton Rouge, Louisiana D. Einfeld CELLS, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) G. Vignola SESAME, Amman
	At this time CAMD, a 1.3 GeV second generation storage ring, is the only synchrotron radiation facility in the Southeastern USA. To cater for the increasing demand for synchrotron light in this region a study is being made for a new high performance source. In keeping with its role as a regional source, it must be economical to construct and operate yet provide high brightness beams from its Insertion Devices. These will need to span both the soft X-ray region (1-2 keV) and the X-ray region up to at least 13 keV. A high brightness 3rd generation source is described which exhibits a beam emittance less than 10 nm rads at an energy of 2.5 GeV. By using a lattice cell derived from the Theoretical Minimum Emittance type, this performance is achieved in a circumference of only approximately 160 m. The economical, yet flexible, lattice uses vertically focusing gradient in the dipoles. The lattice functions and other parameters are presented of both a 12 cell double bend design and a 10 cell triple bend. The 12 cell gives a horizontal emittance of 8.5 nm rads and the 10 cell 4.6 nm rads. The dynamical stability of both lattices is described together with the beam performance from the anticipated insertion devices. The current status of the proposal is explained.

THPKF071	Linear Coupling and Lifetime Issues in the DIAMOND Storage Ring	coupling, quadrupole, storage-ring, sextupole	2430
	R. Bartolini Diamond, Oxfordshire N.G. Wyles CCLRC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire
	In synchrotron light sources the correction of the linear coupling is an important issue related to the brightness of the photon beam and to the beam lifetime. The vertical emittance of the electron beam in the DIAMOND storage ring will be controlled using 168 skew quadrupoles embedded in the sextupoles of the ring. In this paper we report the linear coupling estimates for the expected misalignment errors and we compare the results of coupling correction with different correction strategies. The effect on lifetimes is also discussed.

THPKF076	Plan to Upgrade the Advanced Light Source to Top-off Injection Operation	injection, septum, radiation, brightness	2442
	D. Robin, B. J. Bailey, K.M. Baptiste, W. Barry, E. Byrne, J.-Y. Jung, S. Kwiatkowski, R.S. Mueller, H. Nishimura, S. Prestemon, S.L. Rossi, F. Sannibale, D. Schlueter, D. Shuman, C. Steier, G.D. Stover, T. Warwick LBNL, Berkeley, California R.J. Donahue LBNL/ALS, Berkeley, California
	The brightness and thermal stability of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) is lifetime limited. Brightness improvements such as narrower gap insertion devices, smaller emittance coupling, and higher currents all result in short lifetimes. In addition current changes over a fill impact the thermal stability of both the storage ring and beamlines. In order to mitigate these limitations there is a plan to upgrade the injector of the ALS to full energy injection and to operate in a quasi-continuous filling (Top-Off) injection operation. With Top-Off, the ALS will increase its time-averaged current by two, reduce the vertical emmittance, and operate with smaller gap insertion devices. In this paper we describe our upgrade plan.

THPLT009	Comparative Transverse Distribution Measurements between the New SPS Rest Gas Ionisation Monitor and the Wire Scanner Monitors.	acceleration, proton, target, injection	2478
	C. Fischer, B. Dehning, J. Koopman, D. Kramer, F. Roncarolo CERN, Geneva
	During the past two years, a new Ionization Profile Monitor was installed and tested in the CERN SPS. In parallel modifications were made on various wire scanner monitors. The aim is to develop instruments performing reliable measurements of transverse beam distributions in the SPS and in the LHC, in order to control the stringent emittance preservation requirements. Measurements made with the two types of monitors were performed under various conditions of LHC type beams, ranging from a pilot bunch up to beams having in the SPS nominal distributions in bunch number, intensity and energy for injection into the LHC. The data provided by the two types of instruments are compared. In the case of discrepancies, an analysis of the possible reasons is made. The cures implemented and the improvements foreseen are discussed.

THPLT015	Accuracy of Profile Monitors and LHC Emittance Measurements	booster, injection, proton, acceleration	2496
	F. Roncarolo, G. Arduini, B. Dehning, G. Ferioli, J. Koopman, D. Kramer CERN, Geneva
	The monitoring and controlling of the beam transverse emittance is essential to allow high luminosity performances in a collider operation. The profile monitors in the LHC injection chain are exploited to determine their precision. A fit strategy was developed to reduce the fitting procedure error and make it negligible compared to instrumentation errors. The method proved to be robust against non-Gaussian tails and can estimate the fraction of non-Gaussian distributed beam intensity. The procedure was applied to the 2003 SPS Wire Scanner measurements with different kind of LHC type beams. The reproducibility of the six available monitors was determined by choosing one as a reference and making synchronized measurements. Several instrumental errors were discovered and corrected to the one per cent level. The demanding small LHC transverse emittances were determined under different beam conditions in terms of intensity, bunch spacing and length in the PS Booster, PS and SPS.

THPLT017	Review and Comparison of Simulation Codes Modeling Electron-Cloud Build Up and Instabilities	electron, simulation, proton, single-bunch	2502
	F. Zimmermann, E. Benedetto, F. Ruggiero, D. Schulte CERN, Geneva G. Bellodi CCLRC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon M. Blaskiewicz, L. Wang BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York Y. Cai, M.T.F. Pivi SLAC, Menlo Park, California V.K. Decyk, W. Mori UCLA, Los Angeles, California M.A. Furman LBNL/AFR, Berkeley, California A.F. Ghalam, T. Katsouleas USC, Los Angeles, California K. Ohmi, S.S. Win KEK, Ibaraki G. Rumolo GSI, Darmstadt
	Several computer codes written at various laboratories are employed for modelling the generation and the consequences of an electron cloud. We review the most popular of these programs, which simulate either the build of an electron cloud or the instabilities it produces, and we compare simulation results for identical, or similar, input parameters obtained from the various codes.

THPLT018	Electron Beam Dynamics Simulations for the Low Emittance Gun	gun, simulation, cathode, electron	2505
	M. Dehler, S.C. Leemann PSI, Villigen A.E. Candel ETH, Zürich
	We report on theoretical simulation performed for the development of a high brightness, field emitter based electron gun suitable for an Angstrom wavelength free electron laser\cite{LEG}. First simulations have been done with available codes in 2 1/2D and 3D for basic gun configurations showing the global and local (due to the granularity of the emitter array) effects on the emittance dilution.Design and construction started on a test setup consisting of a 100 keV electron gun with solenoidal focusing and a diagnostics module. In addition to solenoid focussing, anode shaping will be investigated in order to compensate for non-linear fields leading to space charge blow-up. For advanced simulations of field emitter based guns allowing to resolve individual emitters and to capture the influence of mechanical imperfections, a massive parallel code for 3D particle-in-cell simulations is in development. The electromagnetic field solver is fully functional and the particle tracker has been completed in its basic structures.

THPLT034	Implementation of Higher Order Moments for Beam Dynamics Simulation with the V-Code	simulation, space-charge, gun, laser	2553
	W. Ackermann, T. Weiland TEMF, Darmstadt
	Based on the moment approach V-Code is implemented to simulate charged particle beam dynamics in linear accelerators. Its main aim is to perform elementary studies in those cases when the beam can be considered as a whole and thus making the motion of individual particles negligible in the overall view. Therefore an ensemble of particles can be well described by the moments of its phase-space distribution and the regarded order influences naturally the achievable accuracy as well as the computational effort. Since the well known moment equations generally are not closed, a technique to limit the number of involved moments has to be applied. So far all moments up to the second order have been considered whereas higher order moments are truncated. As a further step towards higher accuracy the influence of higher order moments has to be investigated. For this reason additional third-order equations are implemented into the V-Code and the achieved results are compared with previous second-order-based ones as well as with higher order approximations.

THPLT037	Investigation of Numerical Noise in PIC-Codes	simulation, space-charge, accumulation, focusing	2562
	S. Schnepp, S. Setzer, T. Weiland TEMF, Darmstadt
	For a detailed analysis of the dynamics of space charge dominated beams a combination of Particle-in-Cell methods with efficient FDTD schemes is widely used. Besides the calculation of the forces acting on the particles the interaction of the beam itself with the surrounding geometries is taken into account. A drawback of this method is its sensitivity to numerical noise in the spectral range nearby the grid cutoff frequency. In this paper we will present results of detailed studies of the impact of the bunch shape on the level of the numerical noise. Furthermore an a priori scheme for efficient noise suppression is derived which does not affect the FDTD update algorithm.

THPLT041	Beam Test Stand of the RFQ-drifttube-combination for the Therapy Center in Heidelberg	rfq, ion, ion-source, simulation	2571
	A. Bechtold, M. Otto, U. Ratzinger, A. Schempp, E. Vassilakis IAP, Frankfurt-am-Main B. Schlitt GSI, Darmstadt
	A beam test stand for the Heidelberg medicine RFQ has been installed at the IAP in Frankfurt. The installation consists of a 8 keV/u H⁺ duoplasmatron ion source, the 400 keV/u RFQ itself and several diagnostic elements comprising a slit-grid emittance measurement system for scanning the transverse beam profile and a bending magnet for measuring the longitudinal beam properties. The test installation will be described in detail, first measurements will be presented and compared to corresponding beam dynamic simulations.

THPLT048	Progress in 3D Space-charge Calculations in the GPT Code	space-charge, acceleration, brightness, electron	2592
	G. Pöplau, U. Van Rienen Rostock University, Faculty of Engineering, Rostock M.J. de Loos PP, Soest S.B. van der Geer TUE, Eindhoven
	The mesh-based 3D space-charge routine in the GPT (General Particle Tracer, Pulsar Physics) code scales linearly with the number of particles in terms of CPU time and allows a million particles to be tracked on a normal PC. The crucial ingredient of the routine is a non-equidistant multi-grid Poisson solver to calculate the electrostatic potential in the rest frame of the bunch. The solver has been optimized for very high and very low aspect ratio bunches present in state-of-the-art high-brightness electron accelerators. In this paper, we explore the efficiency and accuracy of the calculations as function of meshing strategy and boundary conditions.

THPLT054	Emittance Diluition due to 3D Perturbations in RF Photoinjectors.	cathode, focusing, space-charge, extraction	2607
	M. Quattromini, L. Giannessi, C. Ronsivalle ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma)
	The predictions from different simulation codes are compared to investigate the effects of non axis-symmetric conditions, fluctuations in cathode's quantum efficiency and other sources of dishomogeneities in the performances of a typical RF photoinjector. The layout includes a RF gun and a focusing solenoid in a configuration aimed at minimizing the emittance growth due to space charge effects.

THPLT057	An RF Deflector Design for 6d Phase Space Characterization of the Sparc Beam	simulation, linac, quadrupole, dipole	2616
	C. Vaccarezza, D. Alesini INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma) M. Amadei, P. Cascavola, A. Mostacci, L. Palumbo Rome University La Sapienza, Roma J. Rosenzweig UCLA, Los Angeles, California
	The characterization of the longitudinal and transverse phase space of the beam provided by the SPARC photoinjector is a crucial point to establish the performance quality of the photoinjector itself. By means of an RF deflector and a dispersive system, the six dimensional beam phase space can be analyzed. A five cell SW aluminum prototype of the SPARC RF deflector has been realized and tested. We report in this paper the design issues together with the RF measurement results. The simulation results of the 6D phase space reconstruction of the SPARC beam are also presented.

THPLT058	Commissioning of the OTR Beam Profile Monitor System at TTF/VUV-FEL Injector	electron, radiation, diagnostics, target	2619
	A. Cianchi, L. Catani, E.C. Chiadroni INFN-Roma II, Roma M. Castellano, G. Di Pirro INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma) K. Honkavaara DESY, Hamburg M. Raparelli Università di Roma II Tor Vergata, Roma
	The TESLA Test Facility (TTF) linac at DESY is being extended to an energy of 1 GeV to drive a new Free Electron Laser facility (VUV-FEL)with wavelengths between 100 nm and 6 nm.Beam profile monitors based on optical transition radiation (OTR) are one of the most important electron beam diagnostics tools. The OTR imaging system is designed to measure the transverse beam size and shape with a resolution down to 10 um. The images are digitized by CCD cameras. A network structure allows a simpler topology to connect the large number of cameras (24).This paper considers the commissioning of the OTR beam profile monitors during the first running period of the injector in spring 2004.

THPLT059	Design Study of a Movable Emittance Meter Device for the SPARC Photoinjector	simulation, space-charge, cathode, radiation	2622
	A. Cianchi, L. Catani INFN-Roma II, Roma M. Boscolo, M. Castellano, A. Clozza, G. Di Pirro, M. Ferrario, D. Filippetto, V. Fusco INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma) L. Giannessi, L. Picardi, M. Quattromini, C. Ronsivalle ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma)
	Preliminary studies of the SPARC rf gun are planned to obtain an accurate analysis and optimization of the emittance compensation scheme, measuring the beam emittance evolution downstream the RF gun with an appropriate diagnostic system. Since with a space charge dominated beam the use of the quad-scan method is not possible a 1D pepper-pot method will be used. A mask with narrow slits will be mounted on a movable support, spanning a 1.5 m meters region to measure the emittance in several positions and reconstruct its behavior in the post gun section. Numerical simulations of the measurement process, mainly based on PARMELA and TREDI, are used to estimate the achievable accuracy and to optimize the experimental setup. Wake field effects induced by the beam propagation through the long bellows have been also investigated with HOMDYN. Based on these simulations the design of the apparatus, called emittance-meter, has been realized and is under construction at LNF.

THPLT062	Alternating-phase-focused Linac for an Injector of Medical Synchrotrons	linac, rfq, medical-accelerators, focusing	2631
	Y. Iwata, T. Fujisawa, T. Furukawa, T. Kanai, M. Kanazawa, N. Kanematsu, M. Komori, S. Minohara, T. Murakami, M. Muramatsu, K. Noda, M. Torikoshi, S. Yamada NIRS, Chiba-shi Y.F. Fujii, T. Mitsumoto, H. Tsutsui SHI, Tokyo T. Fujimoto, H.O. Ogawa, S. Shibuya AEC, Chiba V. Kapin MEPhI, Moscow
	Tumor therapy using Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) has been made over ten years at National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS). Due to the successful clinical results, the project on developing compact medical accelerators for the tumor therapy has been started. To design these compact facilities, the size of a linac as well as the construction and operation costs is important. To satisfy these requirements, we propose Alternating-Phase-Focused (APF) linac using an Interdigital H-mode cavity. Since the axial and radial focusing of beam is made just with the acceleration rf field, no additional focusing elements is needed for the APF linac. This feature would make the costs lower than those of conventional linacs. The practical design of the APF linac will be presented.

THPLT065	Study of Multiturn Injection at HIMAC Synchrotron	injection, simulation, optics, synchrotron	2640
	T.H. Uesugi, T. Furukawa, T. Naruse, K. Noda NIRS, Chiba-shi T. Fujimoto, S. Shibuya AEC, Chiba
	In the multiturn injection method at the HIMAC synchrotron, a collapsing speed of the bump orbit was decreased from 200 to 350 microseconds in order to obtain higher intensity beam. The injection line was readjusted to satisfy the optimum condition of multiturn injection method. Furthermore, COD correction and bump-orbit optimization were carried out. On the other hand, in order to prevent the resonance by tune shift and to keep the beam intensity constant, tune survey was carried out. While vertical tune is adjusted, we propose that the method to reduce beam loss after injection by expanding vertical beam size by means of the RF-knockout. This paper describes the improvement of injection at HIMAC synchrotron.

THPLT068	Transverse Bunch-by-bunch Feedback System for the SPring-8 Storage Ring	feedback, damping, storage-ring, injection	2649
	T. Nakamura, S. Daté, T. Ohshima JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo K. Kobayashi SES, Hyogo-pref.
	A transverse bunch-by-bunch feedback system is developed for the SPring-8 storage ring. An analog de-multiplexer is developed to slice out every six-bunch signal for high-resolution 12-bit ADCs of clock frequency 85MHz, one-sixth of 508MHz RF frequency. Six commercial ADC-FPGA-DAC boards are used for processing the signal from the de-multiplexer. A custom FPGA board is used to multiplex the output signals from those boards. The feedback system is installed in the ring and working with the damping time of 0.5~2.5ms in 30kHz-254MHz and can suppress multi-bunch instabilities driven by impedances of resistive-wall of in-vacuum insertion devices and cavity HOMs at low chromaticity operation.

THPLT071	Upgraded Symplectic 3D Beam Tracking of the J-PARC 3 GeV RCS	injection, quadrupole, space-charge, simulation	2658
	M.J. Shirakata, H. Fujimori, Y. Irie KEK, Ibaraki
	The J-PARC 3 GeV ring is a rapid cycling synchrotron which consists of the large bore size magnets. The beam tracking with the 3D distributed magnetic fields is kept developing in order to investigate the beam injection process. In the case of the high intensity hadron accelerator, an accurate beam simulation is important for the designing because a very small amount of beam loss can be critical from the maintenance point of view. In order to improve the tracking accuracy and to save the calculation time, the symplectic integration with the fractal decomposition method has been introduced. The updated simulation results of the beam injection on the J-PARC 3 GeV RCS and the improved performance of ‘GenericSolver' are presented in this paper. The quadrupole fields are also treated as the 3D distributed magnetic fields because they interfered with the bump magnet fields. The remarkable features on the large bore magnet system in the ring accelerator are also discussed.

THPLT080	Simulation Study of the Beam Loading Effect in an RF Gun	gun, simulation, laser, beam-loading	2682
	K. Shinto, H. Hama, F. Hinode, A. Miyamoto, T. Tanaka LNS, Sendai
	Because of simple structure and apparatus, a thermionic rf gun has been considered to be employed in a new pre-injector for the future synchrotron radiation facility at Tohoku University. A 3-D beam simulation code for the rf gun using a Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method to solve Maxwell's equations has been developed. In the rf gun, especially in case of the high beam current, electromagnetic fields induced by the electron beam are considered to affect beam characteristics such as beam emittance and energy spread. In the FDTD method, because the Maxwell?s equations are able to be solved including the term of current density of the charge, the electromagnetic fields produced by both the external rf power and the electron beam can be anticipated. Using the simulation code, beam loading effects on the characteristics of the electron beam extracted from the rf gun is investigated.

THPLT081	Present Status of Photo-cathode RF Gun System and its Applications at Waseda University	laser, electron, gun, scattering	2685
	R. Kuroda, Y. Hama, K. Hidume, H. Hirama, M. Kawaguchi, N. Kudo, T. Kuribayasi, S. Minamiguchi, R. Moriyama, T. Saito, K. Sakaue, D. Ueyama, M. Washio RISE, Tokyo H. Hayano, J. Urakawa KEK, Ibaraki S. Kashiwagi ISIR, Osaka X.J. Wang BNL/NSLS, Upton, Long Island, New York
	High quality electron beam generation using photo-cathode rf gun system and its application have been developed at Waseda University. This system can generate about 4 MeV low emittance electron beam. This is applied for soft X-ray generation using laser Compton scattering and pulse radiolysis experiments based on the pump-probe technique. In case of the soft X-ray generation, Compton scattering experiments between about 4.2 MeV electron beam and Nd:YLF laser light (1047nm) is performed at 20 degrees interaction angle, so that about 300 eV soft X-ray is generated. In case of the pulse radiolysis experiments, the electron beam is used for the pump beam. The probe light is generated as white light by concentrating Nd:YLF laser light (1047nm) on the water cell. The measurement with about 30 ps (FWHM) time resolution of this system is demonstrated for the absorption of hydrated electrons. In this conference, we will present the experimental results, status of this system and future applications.

THPLT082	Beam Diagnostics for a Photocathode Rf-gun System	laser, electron, simulation, space-charge	2688
	K. Sakaue, N. Kudo, R. Kuroda, M. Washio RISE, Tokyo H. Hayano, J. Urakawa KEK, Ibaraki S. Kashiwagi ISIR, Osaka
	Beam diagnostic systems for high quality electron beam emitted from photo-cathode rf gun have been developed. Beam characteristics such as bunch length and emittance measurements were performed at Waseda University. The bunch length was measured using an rms bunch length monitor based on beam spectrum analysis. The monitor is very useful as the non-destructive and conventional tool even for the relatively low energy electron beam around 5MeV. The measurement results of the rms bunch lengths using this monitor are in good agreement with the simulation results of PARMELA. However, it is not applicable for the measurement of longitudinal profile of the electron bunch, so that we have started the manufacturing of a deflection cavity, so-called RF-Kicker, to measure the longitudinal profiles of the bunch. The emittance has been measured by using a slit scan technique. By using double slit scan technique, emittance of 9mmmrad has been obtained. Though the value is not satisfactory small, we believe that much smaller emittance can be obtained by optimizing a laser profile. The measurement results and progress of rf gun at Waseda University will be presented at the conference.

THPLT094	Ordered Ion Beam in Storage Rings	ion, simulation, storage-ring, scattering	2715
	A. Smirnov, I.N. Meshkov, A.O. Sidorin, E. Syresin, G.V. Troubnikov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region T. Katayama CNS, Saitama H. Tsutsui SHI, Tokyo
	The using of crystalline ion beams can increase of the luminosity in the collider and in experiments with targets for investigation of rare radioactive isotopes. The ordered state of circulating ion beams was observed experimentally at several storage rings. In this report a new criteria of the beam orderliness are derived and verified with BETACOOL code with using molecular dynamics technique. The sudden reduction of momentum spread observed on a few rings is described with this code. The simulation shows a good agreement with the experimental results. The code has then been used to calculate characteristics of the ordered state of ion beams for ion rings which will have experimental programs for the study of crystalline beams. A new strategy of the cooling process is proposed which permits to increase the linear density of the ordered ion beam.

THPLT135	Experience with the 1.7 GHz Schottky Pick-ups in the Tevatron	proton, pick-up, antiproton, betatron	2777
	A. Jansson, P. Lebrun, R. Pasquinelli Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
	During a 2003 shutdown, new high-frequency Schottky pick-ups were installed in the Tevatron. These devices operate at 1.7 GHz (harmonic ~36000 of the revolution frequency) and can in principle be used to measure tunes, chromaticities, momentum spread and transverse emittances of individual bunches. Only the transverse signal is used, as the longitudinal is dominated by coherent signal. The default mode of operation during a store is to sequentially acquire and analyze frequency data from different sets of bunches in the machine. This function is performed by an open access client written in Java/C++, running in the background. The resulting fit parameters are datalogged and can also be plotted in "real time" during the store. With an alternative setup, data from select bunches can be acquired continuously during the entire ramp (and squeeze), for analysis off-line. This paper describes the evolution, current status and performance of the acquisition and analysis software, and presents measurements with comparison to predictions and other measurement techniques. One example of such a measurement is the variation of beam-beam tune shift as a function of intensity and bunch position within a train.

THPLT146	Beam Diagnostics of the Small Isochronous Ring	injection, diagnostics, extraction, space-charge	2798
	J.A. Rodriguez, F. Marti NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan E. Pozdeyev Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia
	The purpose of this paper is to describe the beam diagnostic systems in the Small Isochronous Ring (SIR) developed and built at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University (MSU). SIR is a small-scale experiment that simulates the dynamics of intense beams in large accelerators. A 20 to 30 keV hydrogen or deuterium ion bunch is injected in the ring, extracted after a variable number of turns and its longitudinal profile is studied. Some of the diagnostic tools available in SIR include an emittance measurement system in the injection line, scanning wires in different sections of the ring, phosphor screens at the injection and extraction points and a fast Faraday cup in the extraction line. The design of these systems and the kind of beam information they provide are discussed in detail.

THPLT157	Beam-based Feedback for the NLC Linac	feedback, linac, simulation, ground-motion	2828
	L. Hendrickson, N. Phinney, A. Seryi, P. Tenenbaum, M. Woodley SLAC, Menlo Park, California
	The NLC linac train-by-train feedback system is designed to stabilize the beam trajectory, but is also a valuable element in the strategy for emittance preservation. New simulations employ improved strategies [], allowing beam steering to be performed significantly less often than without the feedback system. Additional simulations indicate that the linac feedback can contribute towards successful operation at noisier sites. Beam-based Feedback Simulations for the NLC Linac, L. Hendrickson et al., LINAC, Monterey, California (2000)

THPLT184	An Online Longitudinal Vertex and Bunch Spectrum Monitor for RHIC	pick-up, luminosity, interaction-region, monitoring	2882
	J. Van Zeijts, R. Lee BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
	The longitudinal bunch profile acquisition system at RHIC was recently upgraded to allow online measurements of the bunch spectrum, and collision vertex location and shape. The system allows monitoring the evolution of these properties along the ramp, at transition and rebucketing, and at store conditions. We describe some of the hardware and software changes, and show an application of the system in optimizing the cogging of the colliding beams.

FRXBCH02	Towards Higher Luminosities in B and Phi Factories	luminosity, damping, electron, background	286
	P. Raimondi INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
	A brief review of the performances of the existing Factories will be presented. Such machines have been proved extremely successful, for both particle and accelerator physics. To further extend their physics reach, several plans are under way to upgrade the existing colliders, in order to increase their luminosity up to an order of magnitude. Will also be described several new schemes and ideas to realize full ?Second Generation Factories? aimed at luminosities two order of magnitude higher then what achieved so far.
	Video of talk
	Transparencies