ECRIS2016 - List of Keywords (ECR)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOAO01	Scaling Laws in Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources	ion, plasma, electron, ECRIS	1
	C.M. Lyneis LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	In the last 43 years, the performance of high charge state ECRIS has improved dramatically as a result of improvements to the magnetic field confinement, increases in the microwave heating frequency and techniques to stabilize the plasma at high densities. For example, in 1973 15 eμA of O⁶⁺ was produced in an ECRIS and now it is possible to produce as much as 4500 eμA. In this paper the parameters and performance of ECRIS are reviewed and compared to empirical scaling laws* to see what can be expected when fourth generation ECRIS begin to operate. * Geller, Richard. Electron cyclotron resonance ion sources and ECR plasmas. CRC Press, 1996, p 395
	Slides MOAO01 [6.464 MB]
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MOBO02	Possible Optimizations of Existing Magnet Structures for the Next Generation of ECRIS	ion, sextupole, ECRIS, injection	5
	D. Xie, G.L. Sabbi, D.S. Todd LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA W. Lu IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Constructing a minimum-B structure with higher magnetic fields is the prerequisite for the next generation of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRIS): ion sources that will operate at substantially higher heating frequencies than those currently in use. There are three leading candidates of Nb3Sn coil structures for use in future ECRISs: a Mixed Axial and Radial field System (MARS) that merges the sextupole racetrack coils and partial end-solenoids into an exotic closed-loop-coil; a classical Sextupole-In-Solenoids design; and a Solenoids-In-Sextupole configuration. Focusing on efficient magnetic field generation, this article briefly reviews the advantages and disadvantages of each of these magnet structures. Though Sextupole-In-Solenoids and Solenoids-In-Sextupole magnetic structures using NbTi conductor have been validated by current ECRISs, improvements of these magnet structures remain possible. Possible optimizations to the two existing magnet structures, such as using a non-conventional sextupole magnet consisting of either V-bend or skew racetrack coils, are discussed. The development status of a MARS NbTi magnet at LBNL for a new ECRIS will be also presented.
	Slides MOBO02 [3.864 MB]
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MOBO04	Recent Developments of RIKEN 28 GHz SC-ECRIS	ion, experiment, emittance, ion-source	10
	Y. Higurashi, H. Haba, M. Kidera, T. Nakagawa, J. Ohnishi, K. Ozeki RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	In the past two years, we tried to improve the performance of the RIKEN 28GHz SC-ECRIS for production of intense U ion beam. Usually, we used the sputtering method to produce U ion beam. Last year, we produced ~200e μA of U³⁵⁺ at the injected RF power of ~2.6kW, when slightly adding the U vapor with high temperature oven. For RIKEN RIBF experiment, we produced ~110 e μA of U³⁵⁺ beam with sputtering method longer than one month without break. In this case, we surly need very stable beam to increase the transmission efficiency in the accelerators and avoid the any damage of the components of the accelerator due to the high power beam. In this contribution, we will report the beam intensity of highly charged U ions as a function of various parameters (magnetic field strength, RF power, sputtering voltage etc.) and the effect of these parameters on the beam stability in detail. We also present the experience of the long term operation of the ion source for the RIKEN RIBF experiments.
	Slides MOBO04 [3.427 MB]
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MOCO01	Innovative Schemes of Plasma Heating for Future Multiply-Charged Ions Sources: Modeling and Experimental Investigation	ion, plasma, electron, diagnostics	14
	D. Mascali, C. Altana, G. Castro, L. Celona, S. Gammino, O. Leonardi, M. Mazzaglia, D. Nicolosi, R. Reitano, F.P. Romano, G. Sorbello, G. Torrisi INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy M. Mazzaglia, R. Reitano Universita Degli Studi Di Catania, Catania, Italy F.P. Romano IBAM-CNR, Catania, Italy G. Sorbello University of Catania, Catania, Italy
	The application of plasma heating methods alternative to the direct Electron Cyclotron Resonance coupling, such as the Electron Bernstein Waves (EBW) heating, is already a reality in large-size thermonuclear reactors. These plasma waves give the unique opportunity to largely overcome the cutoff density. EBW heating in compact traps such as ECRIS devices is still a challenge, requiring advanced modelling and innovative diagnostics. At Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (INFN-LNS), the off-ECR heating (driven by Bernstein waves) has produced a highly overdense plasma. Interferometric measurements say the electron density has overcome by a factor ten the cutoff density at 3.76 GHz. More advanced schemes of wave launching have been designed and implemented on the new test-bench called Flexible Plasma Trap, operating up to 7 GHz-0.5 T, in ﬂat/simple mirror/beach magnetic conﬁguration. The paper will give an overview about modal-conversion investigation by a theoretical and experimental point of view, including the description of the diagnostics developed to detect plasma emitted radiation in the RF, optical, soft-X and hard-X-ray domains.
	Slides MOCO01 [13.465 MB]
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MOCO03	Cavity Tuning Experiments with the JYFL 14 GHz ECRIS	ion, plasma, cavity, GUI	18
	O.A. Tarvainen, T. Kalvas, H. A. Koivisto, R.J. Kronholm, J.P. Laulainen, J. Orpana JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland I. Izotov, D. Mansfeld, V. Skalyga IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia V. Toivanen CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Experimental results showing the effect of cavity tuning on oxygen beam currents extracted from the AECR-type JYFL 14 GHz ECRIS are reported. The microwave-plasma coupling properties of the ion source were adjusted by inserting a conducting tuner stub through the injection plug, thus changing the dimensions of the plasma chamber and affecting the cavity properties of the system. The beam currents of high charge state ions were observed to vary up to some tens of percent depending on the tuner position and the microwave frequency.
	Slides MOCO03 [5.745 MB]
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MOCO04	Recent Bremsstrahlung Measurements from the Superconducting Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source VENUS	ion, extraction, electron, detector	23
	J.Y. Benitez, C.M. Lyneis, L. Phair, D.S. Todd, D. Xie LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Axial bremsstrahlung from the superconducting Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion source VENUS have been systematically measured as a function of RF heating frequency, and the axial and radial field strengths. The work focuses on bremsstrahlung with energies greater than 10 keV to extract the spectral temperature Ts. The three axial coils and the radial coils in the superconducting VENUS can all be set independently and have a large dynamic range, which makes it possible to decouple Bmin and Bgrad and study their effects on the bremsstrahlung independently. With typical pressure and RF power levels, the measurements show that Ts depends approximately linearly on Bmin and is not correlated with the ∇BECR, the magnetic field mirror ratios or the RF frequency. These results are important for the next generation of ECR ion sources, which are designed to operate at frequencies above 40 GHz and significantly higher magnetic fields where bremsstrahlung is expected to cause a significant cryogenic heat load and increase the radiation shielding requirements.
	Slides MOCO04 [5.268 MB]
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MODO01	Structural Information on the ECR Plasma by X-ray Imaging	ion, plasma, ion-source, electron	30
	R. Rácz, S. Biri ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary C. Caliri, G. Castro, S. Gammino, D. Mascali, L. Neri, F.P. Romano INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy J. Pálinkás DU, Debrecen, Hungary F.P. Romano IBAM-CNR, Catania, Italy
	Precise knowledge on the density distribution of the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source plasma is needed by several reasons: i) in order to possibly improve the quality parameters of the extracted ion beam (emittance, brightness) strongly linked to the plasma structure, ii) to correctly investigate the recently observed plasma instabilities and/or the implementation of alternative heating methods (e.g. modal conversion) iii) in order to improve the general microwave-to-plasma coupling efficiency, in view of a microwave-absorption oriented design of future ECRIS. The non-destructive spectroscopic diagnostic methods give information always corresponding to an integration over the whole plasma volume. X-ray imaging by pin-hole camera can partly overcome this limitation. We performed volumetric and space resolved X-ray measurements at the ATOMKI ECRIS operated at lower frequencies than usual. The experimental setup in detail and the methods how the working parameters were selected will be shown. The integrated and photon-counting analyses of the collected plasma images show a strong effect of the frequency and magnetic field on the plasma structure and local energy content.
	Slides MODO01 [10.710 MB]
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TUAO04	SECRAL II Ion Source Development and the First Commissioning at 28 GHz	ion, plasma, ion-source, sextupole	43
	L.T. Sun, X. Fang, Y.C. Feng, J.W. Guo, H.Y. Ma, L.Z. Ma, Y.M. Ma, Z. Shen, W. Wu, T. Yang, Y. Yang, W.H. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang, B. Zhao, H.W. Zhao IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	SECRAL II ion source has been successfully designed and developed at IMP. This ion source is a 3rd generation ECR machine optimized for the operation at 28 GHz. As a second superconducting ECR ion source developed at IMP with the identical coldmass design as SECRAL ion source, which has the sextupole coils external to the axial solenoids, the magnet performance is more robust according the training test. After a short time beam test at 18 GHz, SECRAL II has been commissioned at 28 GHz, and some preliminary results have been achieved with high charge state ion beam production. This paper will present the magnet design and test results. The first beam at 28 GHz will also be given.
	Slides TUAO04 [8.218 MB]
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TUAO05	First Plasma of the PHOENIX V3 ECR Ion Source	ion, plasma, MMI, injection	48
	T. Thuillier, J. Angot, L. Bonny, J. Jacob, T. Lamy, P. Sole LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France J.L. Flambard, L. Maunoury GANIL, Caen, France T. Kalvas JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland C. Peaucelle IN2P3 IPNL, Villeurbanne, France
	Funding: This project was partially funded by the EU Grant Agreement 283745. PHOENIX V3 is an upgrade of the PHOENIX V2 ECR ion source granted by the European CRISP project. This new ECRIS features a larger plasma chamber and a re-duced vacuum pressure under operation. The V3 source will replace the V2 one on the SPIRAL2 accelerator in 2018. The first plasma of PHOENIX V3 was achieved on May 9th 2016. The early commissioning of the V3 source at low 18 GHz power demonstrates as expected an en-hancement of the high charge state production and Ar¹⁴⁺ intensity already exceeds the V2 one. Further enhance-ments are expected the outgassing will be achieved and the full RF power will be injected in the source.
	Slides TUAO05 [7.050 MB]
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WEAO01	Recent Developments with the GTS-LHC ECR Ion Source at CERN	ion, ion-source, operation, linac	50
	V. Toivanen, G. Bellodi, C. Fichera, D. Küchler, A.M. Lombardi, M. Maintrot, A.I. Michet, M. O'Neil, S. Sadovich, F.J.C. Wenander CERN, Geneva, Switzerland O.A. Tarvainen JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
	Linac3 is the first link in the chain of accelerators providing highly charged heavy ion beams for the CERN experimental program. The beams, predominantly lead, are produced with the GTS-LHC 14.5 GHz Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source, operated in afterglow mode. In the framework of the LHC Injector Upgrade program (LIU), several activities have been carried out to improve the GTS-LHC and Linac3 performance, in terms of delivered beam current. The extraction region of the GTS-LHC has been upgraded with redesigned apertures and the addition of an einzel lens, yielding improved Linac3 output. Also, a series of measurements has been performed to study the effects of two-frequency heating on the performance of the GTS-LHC. A Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier (TWTA) with variable frequency and pulse pattern was utilized as a secondary microwave source. The two-frequency effect commonly reported with CW operation of ECR ion sources boosting high charge state ion production was also observed in afterglow mode. Lastly, for studies of metal ion beam production, a dedicated test stand has been assembled to characterize the GTS-LHC resistively heated miniature oven performance.
	Slides WEAO01 [9.832 MB]
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WEAO03	Practical Comparison of Two-Frequency Heating Phenomena in Different ECR Ion Sources	ion, plasma, ECRIS, experiment	55
	A. Kitagawa NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan S. Biri, R. Rácz ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary Y. Kato Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka, Japan M. Muramatsu National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan W. Takasugi AEC, Chiba, Japan
	In order to improve highly-charged ion production from the 18GHz NIRS-HEC ECRIS, our group has studied the mixture of two microwaves of which the frequencies were close together each. Our conclusion was that when an additional microwave is added to the primary microwave, the plasma stability is improved. The output current of the highly charged ion beam was proportional to the total power of both microwaves. The dependence on the additional frequency showed the fine structure. Since this structure depended on the magnetic field, vacuum pressure, and so on, the precise frequency adjustment for maximum output was required under each condition. Our interest is whether the above-mentioned phenomenon can be demonstrated using a different ion source where the two frequencies are even far from each other. We installed a 17.75-18.25 GHz microwave system in addition to the 14.3 GHz klystron amplifier of the ATOMKI ECRIS. Argon output currents at various values of the microwave power and frequency were studied. The dependence on the total power shows the similar tendency as at NIRS. The dependence on the additional frequency also shows the fine structure. Detailed data will be presented.
	Slides WEAO03 [4.648 MB]
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WEBO01	An ECRIS Facility for Investigating Nuclear Reactions in Astrophysical Plasmas	ion, target, experiment, electron	59
	M. Kreller, C. Baumgart, G. Zschornack DREEBIT, Dresden, Germany K. Czerski, M. Kaczmarski, N. Targosz-Ślęczka University of Szczecin, Institute of Physics, Szczecin, Poland A. Huke, G. Ruprecht, D. Weißbach IFK Berlin, Berlin, Germany G. Zschornack Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Dresden, Germany
	Nuclear reactions at low energies can be strongly enhanced due to screening of the Coulomb barrier by the surrounding electrons. This effect was studied for the deuteron fusion reactions taking place in metallic environments as a model for dense astrophysical plasmas. Experimentally determined screening energies corresponding to the reduction of the Coulomb barrier height are much larger than the theoretical predictions. One possible explanation is the excitation of a hypothetical threshold resonance in the 4He nucleus. As the energy dependence of the resonant reaction cross section differs to that of the electron screening effect, one can distinguish between both processes expanding measurements down to the deuteron energies of 1keV. A novel ion accelerator was implemented at the University of Szczecin. Ions are produced by a Dresden ECRIS-2.45M as a high-current, low-Z ion source. The following beam line is designed to work on HV potential for decelerating ions below a kinetic energy of 1keV and combined with a ultra-high vacuum target chamber to reduce target impurities. The ion irradiation facility as well as first experimental results are described and discussed.
	Slides WEBO01 [6.711 MB]
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WEBO02	Design of Compact ECR Ion Source for C⁵⁺ Production	ion, ion-source, experiment, operation	64
	M. Muramatsu, Y. Iwata, A. Kitagawa, E. Noda, M. Sekiguchi NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan K. Fukushima, T. Sasano, T. Suzuki, K. Takahashi AEC, Chiba, Japan H. Murata, T. Takahashi SHI, Kanagawa, Japan
	The Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) was constructed as the first medical dedicated heavy ion accelerator facility at National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS). Over 9000 cancer patients have been treated with 140-430 MeV/u carbon beams since 1994. Compact ECR ion source with all permanent magnets, named Kei2, was developed for production of C⁴⁺ ions for medical treatment at NIRS. A compact ECR ion source for Gunma University (Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center: GHMC), Saga carbon-ion radiotherapy (Saga Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Tosu: SAGA HIMAT) and Kanagawa carbon-ion radiotherapy (Ion-beam Radiation Oncology Center in Kanagawa: i-ROCK) facility has been operated for medical use. It is a copy of the Kei2 which was developed by NIRS. In order to reduce operation cost of the injector for next designed carbon ion facility, we start design of new compact ECR ion source for C⁵⁺ production. Some dependence (mirror field, microwave power and frequency) were checked for optimal parameter of C⁵⁺ production at 18 GHz NIRS-HEC source. Results of experiments and specification of new compact source are described in this presentation.
	Slides WEBO02 [4.046 MB]
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WEPP05	Status Report on Metallic Beam Production at GANIL/SPIRAL 2	ion, ECRIS, ion-source, plasma	92
	C. Barue, O. Bajeat, J.L. Flambard, R. Frigot, P. Jardin, N. Lechartier, F. Lemagnen, L. Maunoury, V. Metayer, O. Osmond GANIL, Caen, France C. Peaucelle IN2P3 IPNL, Villeurbanne, France P. Sole, T. Thuillier LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
	Primary ion beams from metallic elements are routinely produced at GANIL using ECR4 and ECR4M 'room temperature' ECR ion sources. Ionization efficiency measurements, partially presented in the past, are summarized in this report together with updated and new results obtained with Cd, Mo and Ta. Preliminary results for Ni and Ca obtained with the room temperature Phoenix-V2 ECR ion source, under commissioning for SPIRAL 2, are also included. These ionization efficiencies are compared according to the production methods: oven, sputtering, MIVOC, gaseous compounds. The presently SPIRAL 2 heavy ion injector designed for ions Q/A=1/3 shows clear limitations in terms of intensity for metallic ions with mass higher than 60 (intensity < 1 pμA). In order to choose the best ion source for a future Q/A=1/6, 1/7 injector, best world results have been compiled for different existing 'room temperature' and superconducting ECR ion sources. # christophe.barue@ganil.fr
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WEPP08	Development of Compact H⁺ ECR Ion Source with Pulse Gas Valve	ion, ion-source, plasma, proton	98
	Y. Fuwa, Y. Iwashita, H. Tongu Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto, Japan M. Ichikawa QST, Tokai, Japan N. Miyawaki QST/Takasaki, Takasaki, Japan
	Compact H⁺ ECR Ion Source using permanent magnets is under development. A pulsed gas injection system achieved by a piezo gas valve can reduce the gas load to a vacuum evacuation system. This feature is suitable when the ion source is closely located to an RFQ. Results of a performance test will be presented.
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WEPP09	Development of a New Compact 5.8 GHz ECR Ion Source	ion, plasma, coupling, ion-source	101
	J. Angot, L. Bonny, J. Jacob, T. Lamy, P. Sole, T. Thuillier, F. Villa LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France P. Sortais Polygon Physics, Grenoble, France
	LPSC is developing a new 5.8 GHz compact ion source to produce low charge state ion beams and study their capture in the PHOENIX charge breeder. The source was designed to meet criteria like stability, compactness and low cost. It is mounted on a DN200 iso K flange and is fully under vaccum during operation. The technology brings modularity to ease the development. It can operate up to 60 kV. The plasma is heated by a 100W solid state amplifier. The ECRIS produces 1 mA of H⁺ beam with 20W of HF and low charge state Argon ions. It was tested under several microwave and magnetic configurations on a test bench equipped with a mass spectrometer and diagnostics. Given its excellent performances, this source is being installed to drive the accelerator based neutron source, GENEPI 2, at LPSC. The developments of the source together with the results of the experiments will be presented. Future plans for this ion source will also be discussed. This work was supported by the ERA-NET NuPNET in the frame of the EMILIE project.
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WEPP14	A New ECRIS Installation at the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System	ion, ion-source, operation, experiment	106
	R.H. Scott, C. Dickerson, R.C. Pardo, R.C. Vondrasek ANL, Argonne, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357 and used resources of ANL's ATLAS facility, an Office of Science User Facility An existing all permanent magnet ECRIS, the BIE100 [1], will be installed at ATLAS to recover operational flexibility by providing ATLAS with a second ECR ion source for stable beams. For years ATLAS has operated with two ECR ion sources, ECR2 and the ECR charge breeder as well as a tandem electrostatic injector. The tandem was retired in 2013 and in mid-2015 the ECR charge breeder was decommissioned to make room for a new Electron Beam Ion Source exclusively for charge breeding radioactive ion beams. This left the facility with a single ECR source for virtually all stable ion beam pro-duction. Design, installation plans and anticipated opera-tional parameters are discussed. *Dan Z. Xie, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73, 531 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1429320
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WEPP15	Design, Construction and Commissioning of the New Superconducting Ion Source AISHa	ion, plasma, injection, MMI	109
	L. Celona, G. Castro, F. Chines, G. Ciavola, G. Costa, S. Gammino, O. Leonardi, S. Marletta, D. Mascali, F. Noto, G. Pastore, G. Torrisi, S. Vinciguerra INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
	At INFN-LNS a new superconducting ECRIS named AISHa has been designed with the aim to provide highly charged ion beams with low ripple, high stability and high reproducibility, also fulfilling the needs of hospital installations (e.g. L-He free, easy to use, etc.). It is a hybrid ion source based on a permanent magnet hexapole providing 1.3 T on plasma chamber walls, and four superconducting coils for the axial trapping. The axial magnetic system is very flexible in order to minimize the hot electron component and to optimize the ECR heating by controlling the field gradients and the resonance length. The design of the hexapole aimed to minimize the demagnetization due to SC coils. The magnetic system measurement confirmed the effectiveness of the adopted solutions. Innovative solutions have been also implemented as it concerns the RF system design. It will permit to operate in single/double frequency mode, supported by variable frequency high power klystron generators, thus exploiting at the same time the FTE Frequency Tuning Effect and the Two Frequency Heating. The source has been assembled at the INFN-LNS site and the commissioning phase already started.
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WEPP22	Versatile High Power Microwave System for Frequency Tuning of the CAPRICE ECRIS	ion, ECRIS, operation, klystron	115
	F. Maimone, M. Endermann, R. Lang, J. Mäder, P.T. Patchakui, P. Spädtke, K. Tinschert GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	In the last years it was demonstrated that the variation of the microwave frequency generating the plasma inside ECR Ion Sources (ECRISs) allows to enhance the extracted current of highly charged ions both for gaseous and for metallic elements. In order to use this technique for the performance improvement of the CAPRICE-type ECRIS installed at the High Charge State Injector (HLI) of GSI, the microwave system has been modified. The new arrangement includes - besides the existing Klystron high power amplifier (HPA; max. 2 kW at 14.5 GHz) - two combined Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTA) covering a bandwidth of 12.75-14.5 GHz, providing 750 W output power each, which are driven by one or two synthesizer tuners. The new system has been used during the routine operation of the ECRIS for production of different ion beams to be injected into the RFQ of the HLI. A detailed description of the main components of the new microwave system is presented, and the achieved characteristics of ion beam production using different microwave frequencies are described.
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WEPP32	Magnetic Field Design for 2.45 GHz Negative Hydrogen PMECRIS Chamber using FEM Simulation	ion, plasma, simulation, ECRIS	118
	C. Mallick, M. Bandyopadhyay, R.K. Kumar, S.V. Tewari Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, India
	Funding: Institute For Plasma Research Negative hydrogen ECRIS plasma is confined by NdFeB permanent magnet antenna around cylindrical cavity wall. Measured axial and radial magnetic field is benchmarked with the simulated data. Four axially magnetized ring magnets of remanance flux density of 1.17T is simulated using bounded current ampere's law technique. Gradient of radial and axial magnetic flux density is calculated to estimate lighter ions leaking out of the plasma wall sheath region. The peak values of radial magnetic field gradient between plasma sheath region and cavity outer wall surface increases from 0.1x10⁷ A/m2 to -0.2x10⁷ A/m2 respectively. Axial magnetic field gradient along inner ECR chamber wall increases from -2.1x10⁷ A/m2 to 2.5x10⁷ A/m2 .ECR contour dimensions of 875 Gauss which corresponds to microwave plasma resonating frequency of 2.45GHz is of thickness ~1mm and having major and minor radius of 30mm and 28mm respectively.
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WEPP35	Four-Dimension Transverse Phase-Space Distribution Measured by a Pepper-Pot Emittance Meter	ion, emittance, plasma, injection	125
	T. Nagatomo, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, T. Nakagawa RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan J.W. Stetson NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA V. Tzoganis Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Four-dimensional (4-D) transverse emittance of the highly charged heavy ion beam extracted from ECR ion source is invariant under linear 4-D symplectic operation. Thus, it is essential quantity to improve the beam quality. Measurement of the 4-D phase-space distribution provides quantitative and essential information to improve the efficiency of beam transport. We have developed an on-line pepper-pot-type emittance meter, which is a suitable device to obtain the 4-D phase-space distribution from an image of beamlets passing through the well-aligned pinholes. The emittance meter consists of a thin metal plate with a pinhole array, which is translated along the beam axis, and an imaging screen (P46) with a MCP. We optimized the analysis procedure to obtain the distribution so that the elapsed time of the process was shortened as less than 1 second, and which was enough short for on-line measurements. We will discuss the quality of the obtained 4-D distribution by comparing it with the one obtained from a simulation. Further, we will also discuss how the gas pressure of LEBT affects the 4-D distribution to establish to improve the beam brightness.
	Poster WEPP35 [2.753 MB]
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WEPP40	Fast Sputtering Measurement Studies using Uranium with the NSCL ECR Ion Sources	ion, plasma, high-voltage, injection	129
	D.E. Neben, J. Fogleman, A.N. Pham, S. Renteria, L. Tobos NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA D. Leitner LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA G. Machicoane FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA G. Parsey MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA J.P. Verboncoeur Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Michigan State University and the National Science Foundation: NSF Award Number PHY-1415462 Existing heavy ion facilities such as the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University rely on Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion sources as injectors of highly charged ion beams. Long ion confinement times are necessary to produce dense populations of highly charged ions because of steadily decreasing ionization cross sections with increasing charge state. To further understand ion extraction and confinement we are using a fast sputtering technique first developed at Argonne National Laboratory [1] to introduce a small amount of uranium metal into the plasma at a well-defined time. In addition we utilize an axial x-ray apparatus [2] to characterize the hot electron plasma population via its bremsstrahlung emission. R. Vondrasek, et. Al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73, 548 (2002) *T. Ropponen, et. Al., Proceedings of ECRIS2010, Grenoble France (2010)
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WEPP41	Measurement of Microwave Frequencies Emitted by Instabilities of ECRIS Plasma with Waveguide Filters and Microwave Sensitive Diodes	ion, plasma, ECRIS, diagnostics	134
	J. Orpana, T. Kalvas, H. A. Koivisto, R.J. Kronholm, J.P. Laulainen, O.A. Tarvainen JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland I. Izotov, D. Mansfeld, V. Skalyga IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
	Periodic emission of strong microwave bursts at certain frequencies is a characteristic feature of kinetic instabilities in ECRIS plasmas. Precise measurement of the temporally evolving microwave frequency spectra requires a high bandwidth oscilloscope, which can make the experiments prohibitively expensive to conduct. An alternative low-cost method to study the microwave emission in narrow frequency bands is to apply band-pass waveguide filters and microwave sensitive diodes. The microwave emission from the plasma of the JYFL 14 GHz ECRIS has been studied with both methods. The results of the experiments are compared and their interpretation is discussed. It is demonstrated that the method based on filters and diodes can provide useful information about the microwave emission spectra induced by electron cyclotron instabilities.
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WEPP42	Investigation of 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiated Argon Plasma under Magnetized Condition	ion, plasma, electron, ion-source	138
	C. Mallick, M. Bandyopadhyay, R.K. Kumar, S.V. Tewari Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, India
	Funding: Institute for plasma research Compact microwave discharged ECRIS is one of the most popular devices for space propulsion and material processing .This work models microwave plasma coupling in 2D axis symmetric and investigates plasma parameters and modified electric field in plasma environment. A microwave field of the order of 1.3 x10⁵ V/m is obtained at the center of plasma chamber cavity for an input microwave power of 500W. Microwave radiated plasma has a maximum density of 9.04 x10¹⁶ / m3 after some microwave periods (0.01s).The steady state peak electron temperature is around 3eV under 1 mbar pressure of argon gas. Most of power deposition takes place on the ECR surface which is the 875G contour resonating with the electron frequency. Steady state argon plasma results show that beyond critical plasma density of 7.4x10¹⁶ / m3 most of the microwave power is deposited at the plasma edge.
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THAO01	Recent production of intense high charge ion beams with VENUS	ion, plasma, GUI, extraction	142
	D. Xie, J.Y. Benitez, C.M. Lyneis, D.S. Todd LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA W. Lu IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Several modifications have been made to the VENUS to enhance its performance at high microwave power and bring its performance closer to the levels predicted by scaling laws for 28 GHz operation. Two of these modifications improved its tolerance for operation at microwave power up to 10 kW. The cooling scheme on the plasma wall was improved to eliminate damage caused by localized electron heating. Similarly the extraction electrode was redesigned to transport away the electron heating more effectively. The third modification reduced the waveguide diameter, which launches the 28 GHz power into the plasma chamber. The source now runs efficiently at 10 kW of injected power with a more favorable magnetic field configuration. The production of intense highly charged ion beams with VENUS has been substantially enhanced. It has produced a number of record CW beams: 4.5 emA of O⁶⁺, 0.40 emA of Ar¹⁶⁺ and 0.06 emA of Ar¹⁷⁺ and for the first time the VENUS has produced more than 1 emA of Ar¹²⁺ and O⁷⁺. Source tuning is currently underway to explore the potential of VENUS and the overall improved source performance will be presented.
	Slides THAO01 [4.261 MB]
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Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOAO01

Scaling Laws in Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources

ion, plasma, electron, ECRIS

1

C.M. Lyneis
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

In the last 43 years, the performance of high charge state ECRIS has improved dramatically as a result of improvements to the magnetic field confinement, increases in the microwave heating frequency and techniques to stabilize the plasma at high densities. For example, in 1973 15 eμA of O⁶⁺ was produced in an ECRIS and now it is possible to produce as much as 4500 eμA. In this paper the parameters and performance of ECRIS are reviewed and compared to empirical scaling laws* to see what can be expected when fourth generation ECRIS begin to operate.
* Geller, Richard. Electron cyclotron resonance ion sources and ECR plasmas. CRC Press, 1996, p 395

Slides MOAO01 [6.464 MB]

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MOBO02

Possible Optimizations of Existing Magnet Structures for the Next Generation of ECRIS

ion, sextupole, ECRIS, injection

5

D. Xie, G.L. Sabbi, D.S. Todd
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
W. Lu
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Constructing a minimum-B structure with higher magnetic fields is the prerequisite for the next generation of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRIS): ion sources that will operate at substantially higher heating frequencies than those currently in use. There are three leading candidates of Nb3Sn coil structures for use in future ECRISs: a Mixed Axial and Radial field System (MARS) that merges the sextupole racetrack coils and partial end-solenoids into an exotic closed-loop-coil; a classical Sextupole-In-Solenoids design; and a Solenoids-In-Sextupole configuration. Focusing on efficient magnetic field generation, this article briefly reviews the advantages and disadvantages of each of these magnet structures. Though Sextupole-In-Solenoids and Solenoids-In-Sextupole magnetic structures using NbTi conductor have been validated by current ECRISs, improvements of these magnet structures remain possible. Possible optimizations to the two existing magnet structures, such as using a non-conventional sextupole magnet consisting of either V-bend or skew racetrack coils, are discussed. The development status of a MARS NbTi magnet at LBNL for a new ECRIS will be also presented.

Slides MOBO02 [3.864 MB]

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MOBO04

Recent Developments of RIKEN 28 GHz SC-ECRIS

ion, experiment, emittance, ion-source

10

Y. Higurashi, H. Haba, M. Kidera, T. Nakagawa, J. Ohnishi, K. Ozeki
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

In the past two years, we tried to improve the performance of the RIKEN 28GHz SC-ECRIS for production of intense U ion beam. Usually, we used the sputtering method to produce U ion beam. Last year, we produced ~200e μA of U³⁵⁺ at the injected RF power of ~2.6kW, when slightly adding the U vapor with high temperature oven. For RIKEN RIBF experiment, we produced ~110 e μA of U³⁵⁺ beam with sputtering method longer than one month without break. In this case, we surly need very stable beam to increase the transmission efficiency in the accelerators and avoid the any damage of the components of the accelerator due to the high power beam. In this contribution, we will report the beam intensity of highly charged U ions as a function of various parameters (magnetic field strength, RF power, sputtering voltage etc.) and the effect of these parameters on the beam stability in detail. We also present the experience of the long term operation of the ion source for the RIKEN RIBF experiments.

Slides MOBO04 [3.427 MB]

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MOCO01

Innovative Schemes of Plasma Heating for Future Multiply-Charged Ions Sources: Modeling and Experimental Investigation

ion, plasma, electron, diagnostics

14

D. Mascali, C. Altana, G. Castro, L. Celona, S. Gammino, O. Leonardi, M. Mazzaglia, D. Nicolosi, R. Reitano, F.P. Romano, G. Sorbello, G. Torrisi
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
M. Mazzaglia, R. Reitano
Universita Degli Studi Di Catania, Catania, Italy
F.P. Romano
IBAM-CNR, Catania, Italy
G. Sorbello
University of Catania, Catania, Italy

The application of plasma heating methods alternative to the direct Electron Cyclotron Resonance coupling, such as the Electron Bernstein Waves (EBW) heating, is already a reality in large-size thermonuclear reactors. These plasma waves give the unique opportunity to largely overcome the cutoff density. EBW heating in compact traps such as ECRIS devices is still a challenge, requiring advanced modelling and innovative diagnostics. At Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (INFN-LNS), the off-ECR heating (driven by Bernstein waves) has produced a highly overdense plasma. Interferometric measurements say the electron density has overcome by a factor ten the cutoff density at 3.76 GHz. More advanced schemes of wave launching have been designed and implemented on the new test-bench called Flexible Plasma Trap, operating up to 7 GHz-0.5 T, in ﬂat/simple mirror/beach magnetic conﬁguration. The paper will give an overview about modal-conversion investigation by a theoretical and experimental point of view, including the description of the diagnostics developed to detect plasma emitted radiation in the RF, optical, soft-X and hard-X-ray domains.

Slides MOCO01 [13.465 MB]

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MOCO03

Cavity Tuning Experiments with the JYFL 14 GHz ECRIS

ion, plasma, cavity, GUI

18

O.A. Tarvainen, T. Kalvas, H. A. Koivisto, R.J. Kronholm, J.P. Laulainen, J. Orpana
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
I. Izotov, D. Mansfeld, V. Skalyga
IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
V. Toivanen
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Experimental results showing the effect of cavity tuning on oxygen beam currents extracted from the AECR-type JYFL 14 GHz ECRIS are reported. The microwave-plasma coupling properties of the ion source were adjusted by inserting a conducting tuner stub through the injection plug, thus changing the dimensions of the plasma chamber and affecting the cavity properties of the system. The beam currents of high charge state ions were observed to vary up to some tens of percent depending on the tuner position and the microwave frequency.

Slides MOCO03 [5.745 MB]

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MOCO04

Recent Bremsstrahlung Measurements from the Superconducting Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source VENUS

ion, extraction, electron, detector

23

J.Y. Benitez, C.M. Lyneis, L. Phair, D.S. Todd, D. Xie
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

Axial bremsstrahlung from the superconducting Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion source VENUS have been systematically measured as a function of RF heating frequency, and the axial and radial field strengths. The work focuses on bremsstrahlung with energies greater than 10 keV to extract the spectral temperature Ts. The three axial coils and the radial coils in the superconducting VENUS can all be set independently and have a large dynamic range, which makes it possible to decouple Bmin and Bgrad and study their effects on the bremsstrahlung independently. With typical pressure and RF power levels, the measurements show that Ts depends approximately linearly on Bmin and is not correlated with the ∇BECR, the magnetic field mirror ratios or the RF frequency. These results are important for the next generation of ECR ion sources, which are designed to operate at frequencies above 40 GHz and significantly higher magnetic fields where bremsstrahlung is expected to cause a significant cryogenic heat load and increase the radiation shielding requirements.

Slides MOCO04 [5.268 MB]

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MODO01

Structural Information on the ECR Plasma by X-ray Imaging

ion, plasma, ion-source, electron

30

R. Rácz, S. Biri
ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary
C. Caliri, G. Castro, S. Gammino, D. Mascali, L. Neri, F.P. Romano
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
J. Pálinkás
DU, Debrecen, Hungary
F.P. Romano
IBAM-CNR, Catania, Italy

Precise knowledge on the density distribution of the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source plasma is needed by several reasons: i) in order to possibly improve the quality parameters of the extracted ion beam (emittance, brightness) strongly linked to the plasma structure, ii) to correctly investigate the recently observed plasma instabilities and/or the implementation of alternative heating methods (e.g. modal conversion) iii) in order to improve the general microwave-to-plasma coupling efficiency, in view of a microwave-absorption oriented design of future ECRIS. The non-destructive spectroscopic diagnostic methods give information always corresponding to an integration over the whole plasma volume. X-ray imaging by pin-hole camera can partly overcome this limitation. We performed volumetric and space resolved X-ray measurements at the ATOMKI ECRIS operated at lower frequencies than usual. The experimental setup in detail and the methods how the working parameters were selected will be shown. The integrated and photon-counting analyses of the collected plasma images show a strong effect of the frequency and magnetic field on the plasma structure and local energy content.

Slides MODO01 [10.710 MB]

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TUAO04

SECRAL II Ion Source Development and the First Commissioning at 28 GHz

ion, plasma, ion-source, sextupole

43

L.T. Sun, X. Fang, Y.C. Feng, J.W. Guo, H.Y. Ma, L.Z. Ma, Y.M. Ma, Z. Shen, W. Wu, T. Yang, Y. Yang, W.H. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang, B. Zhao, H.W. Zhao
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

SECRAL II ion source has been successfully designed and developed at IMP. This ion source is a 3rd generation ECR machine optimized for the operation at 28 GHz. As a second superconducting ECR ion source developed at IMP with the identical coldmass design as SECRAL ion source, which has the sextupole coils external to the axial solenoids, the magnet performance is more robust according the training test. After a short time beam test at 18 GHz, SECRAL II has been commissioned at 28 GHz, and some preliminary results have been achieved with high charge state ion beam production. This paper will present the magnet design and test results. The first beam at 28 GHz will also be given.

Slides TUAO04 [8.218 MB]

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TUAO05

First Plasma of the PHOENIX V3 ECR Ion Source

ion, plasma, MMI, injection

48

T. Thuillier, J. Angot, L. Bonny, J. Jacob, T. Lamy, P. Sole
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
J.L. Flambard, L. Maunoury
GANIL, Caen, France
T. Kalvas
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
C. Peaucelle
IN2P3 IPNL, Villeurbanne, France

Funding: This project was partially funded by the EU Grant Agreement 283745.
PHOENIX V3 is an upgrade of the PHOENIX V2 ECR ion source granted by the European CRISP project. This new ECRIS features a larger plasma chamber and a re-duced vacuum pressure under operation. The V3 source will replace the V2 one on the SPIRAL2 accelerator in 2018. The first plasma of PHOENIX V3 was achieved on May 9th 2016. The early commissioning of the V3 source at low 18 GHz power demonstrates as expected an en-hancement of the high charge state production and Ar¹⁴⁺ intensity already exceeds the V2 one. Further enhance-ments are expected the outgassing will be achieved and the full RF power will be injected in the source.

Slides TUAO05 [7.050 MB]

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WEAO01

Recent Developments with the GTS-LHC ECR Ion Source at CERN

ion, ion-source, operation, linac

50

V. Toivanen, G. Bellodi, C. Fichera, D. Küchler, A.M. Lombardi, M. Maintrot, A.I. Michet, M. O'Neil, S. Sadovich, F.J.C. Wenander
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
O.A. Tarvainen
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland

Linac3 is the first link in the chain of accelerators providing highly charged heavy ion beams for the CERN experimental program. The beams, predominantly lead, are produced with the GTS-LHC 14.5 GHz Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source, operated in afterglow mode. In the framework of the LHC Injector Upgrade program (LIU), several activities have been carried out to improve the GTS-LHC and Linac3 performance, in terms of delivered beam current. The extraction region of the GTS-LHC has been upgraded with redesigned apertures and the addition of an einzel lens, yielding improved Linac3 output. Also, a series of measurements has been performed to study the effects of two-frequency heating on the performance of the GTS-LHC. A Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier (TWTA) with variable frequency and pulse pattern was utilized as a secondary microwave source. The two-frequency effect commonly reported with CW operation of ECR ion sources boosting high charge state ion production was also observed in afterglow mode. Lastly, for studies of metal ion beam production, a dedicated test stand has been assembled to characterize the GTS-LHC resistively heated miniature oven performance.

Slides WEAO01 [9.832 MB]

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WEAO03

Practical Comparison of Two-Frequency Heating Phenomena in Different ECR Ion Sources

ion, plasma, ECRIS, experiment

55

A. Kitagawa
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
S. Biri, R. Rácz
ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary
Y. Kato
Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka, Japan
M. Muramatsu
National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
W. Takasugi
AEC, Chiba, Japan

In order to improve highly-charged ion production from the 18GHz NIRS-HEC ECRIS, our group has studied the mixture of two microwaves of which the frequencies were close together each. Our conclusion was that when an additional microwave is added to the primary microwave, the plasma stability is improved. The output current of the highly charged ion beam was proportional to the total power of both microwaves. The dependence on the additional frequency showed the fine structure. Since this structure depended on the magnetic field, vacuum pressure, and so on, the precise frequency adjustment for maximum output was required under each condition. Our interest is whether the above-mentioned phenomenon can be demonstrated using a different ion source where the two frequencies are even far from each other. We installed a 17.75-18.25 GHz microwave system in addition to the 14.3 GHz klystron amplifier of the ATOMKI ECRIS. Argon output currents at various values of the microwave power and frequency were studied. The dependence on the total power shows the similar tendency as at NIRS. The dependence on the additional frequency also shows the fine structure. Detailed data will be presented.

Slides WEAO03 [4.648 MB]

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WEBO01

An ECRIS Facility for Investigating Nuclear Reactions in Astrophysical Plasmas

ion, target, experiment, electron

59

M. Kreller, C. Baumgart, G. Zschornack
DREEBIT, Dresden, Germany
K. Czerski, M. Kaczmarski, N. Targosz-Ślęczka
University of Szczecin, Institute of Physics, Szczecin, Poland
A. Huke, G. Ruprecht, D. Weißbach
IFK Berlin, Berlin, Germany
G. Zschornack
Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Dresden, Germany

Nuclear reactions at low energies can be strongly enhanced due to screening of the Coulomb barrier by the surrounding electrons. This effect was studied for the deuteron fusion reactions taking place in metallic environments as a model for dense astrophysical plasmas. Experimentally determined screening energies corresponding to the reduction of the Coulomb barrier height are much larger than the theoretical predictions. One possible explanation is the excitation of a hypothetical threshold resonance in the 4He nucleus. As the energy dependence of the resonant reaction cross section differs to that of the electron screening effect, one can distinguish between both processes expanding measurements down to the deuteron energies of 1keV. A novel ion accelerator was implemented at the University of Szczecin. Ions are produced by a Dresden ECRIS-2.45M as a high-current, low-Z ion source. The following beam line is designed to work on HV potential for decelerating ions below a kinetic energy of 1keV and combined with a ultra-high vacuum target chamber to reduce target impurities. The ion irradiation facility as well as first experimental results are described and discussed.

Slides WEBO01 [6.711 MB]

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WEBO02

Design of Compact ECR Ion Source for C⁵⁺ Production

ion, ion-source, experiment, operation

64

M. Muramatsu, Y. Iwata, A. Kitagawa, E. Noda, M. Sekiguchi
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
K. Fukushima, T. Sasano, T. Suzuki, K. Takahashi
AEC, Chiba, Japan
H. Murata, T. Takahashi
SHI, Kanagawa, Japan

The Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) was constructed as the first medical dedicated heavy ion accelerator facility at National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS). Over 9000 cancer patients have been treated with 140-430 MeV/u carbon beams since 1994. Compact ECR ion source with all permanent magnets, named Kei2, was developed for production of C⁴⁺ ions for medical treatment at NIRS. A compact ECR ion source for Gunma University (Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center: GHMC), Saga carbon-ion radiotherapy (Saga Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Tosu: SAGA HIMAT) and Kanagawa carbon-ion radiotherapy (Ion-beam Radiation Oncology Center in Kanagawa: i-ROCK) facility has been operated for medical use. It is a copy of the Kei2 which was developed by NIRS. In order to reduce operation cost of the injector for next designed carbon ion facility, we start design of new compact ECR ion source for C⁵⁺ production. Some dependence (mirror field, microwave power and frequency) were checked for optimal parameter of C⁵⁺ production at 18 GHz NIRS-HEC source. Results of experiments and specification of new compact source are described in this presentation.

Slides WEBO02 [4.046 MB]

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WEPP05

Status Report on Metallic Beam Production at GANIL/SPIRAL 2

ion, ECRIS, ion-source, plasma

92

C. Barue, O. Bajeat, J.L. Flambard, R. Frigot, P. Jardin, N. Lechartier, F. Lemagnen, L. Maunoury, V. Metayer, O. Osmond
GANIL, Caen, France
C. Peaucelle
IN2P3 IPNL, Villeurbanne, France
P. Sole, T. Thuillier
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France

Primary ion beams from metallic elements are routinely produced at GANIL using ECR4 and ECR4M 'room temperature' ECR ion sources. Ionization efficiency measurements, partially presented in the past, are summarized in this report together with updated and new results obtained with Cd, Mo and Ta. Preliminary results for Ni and Ca obtained with the room temperature Phoenix-V2 ECR ion source, under commissioning for SPIRAL 2, are also included. These ionization efficiencies are compared according to the production methods: oven, sputtering, MIVOC, gaseous compounds. The presently SPIRAL 2 heavy ion injector designed for ions Q/A=1/3 shows clear limitations in terms of intensity for metallic ions with mass higher than 60 (intensity < 1 pμA). In order to choose the best ion source for a future Q/A=1/6, 1/7 injector, best world results have been compiled for different existing 'room temperature' and superconducting ECR ion sources.
# christophe.barue@ganil.fr

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WEPP08

Development of Compact H⁺ ECR Ion Source with Pulse Gas Valve

ion, ion-source, plasma, proton

98

Y. Fuwa, Y. Iwashita, H. Tongu
Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
M. Ichikawa
QST, Tokai, Japan
N. Miyawaki
QST/Takasaki, Takasaki, Japan

Compact H⁺ ECR Ion Source using permanent magnets is under development. A pulsed gas injection system achieved by a piezo gas valve can reduce the gas load to a vacuum evacuation system. This feature is suitable when the ion source is closely located to an RFQ. Results of a performance test will be presented.

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WEPP09

Development of a New Compact 5.8 GHz ECR Ion Source

ion, plasma, coupling, ion-source

101

J. Angot, L. Bonny, J. Jacob, T. Lamy, P. Sole, T. Thuillier, F. Villa
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
P. Sortais
Polygon Physics, Grenoble, France

LPSC is developing a new 5.8 GHz compact ion source to produce low charge state ion beams and study their capture in the PHOENIX charge breeder. The source was designed to meet criteria like stability, compactness and low cost. It is mounted on a DN200 iso K flange and is fully under vaccum during operation. The technology brings modularity to ease the development. It can operate up to 60 kV. The plasma is heated by a 100W solid state amplifier. The ECRIS produces 1 mA of H⁺ beam with 20W of HF and low charge state Argon ions. It was tested under several microwave and magnetic configurations on a test bench equipped with a mass spectrometer and diagnostics. Given its excellent performances, this source is being installed to drive the accelerator based neutron source, GENEPI 2, at LPSC. The developments of the source together with the results of the experiments will be presented. Future plans for this ion source will also be discussed. This work was supported by the ERA-NET NuPNET in the frame of the EMILIE project.

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WEPP14

A New ECRIS Installation at the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System

ion, ion-source, operation, experiment

106

R.H. Scott, C. Dickerson, R.C. Pardo, R.C. Vondrasek
ANL, Argonne, Illinois, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357 and used resources of ANL's ATLAS facility, an Office of Science User Facility
An existing all permanent magnet ECRIS, the BIE100 [1], will be installed at ATLAS to recover operational flexibility by providing ATLAS with a second ECR ion source for stable beams. For years ATLAS has operated with two ECR ion sources, ECR2 and the ECR charge breeder as well as a tandem electrostatic injector. The tandem was retired in 2013 and in mid-2015 the ECR charge breeder was decommissioned to make room for a new Electron Beam Ion Source exclusively for charge breeding radioactive ion beams. This left the facility with a single ECR source for virtually all stable ion beam pro-duction. Design, installation plans and anticipated opera-tional parameters are discussed.
*Dan Z. Xie, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73, 531 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1429320

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WEPP15

Design, Construction and Commissioning of the New Superconducting Ion Source AISHa

ion, plasma, injection, MMI

109

L. Celona, G. Castro, F. Chines, G. Ciavola, G. Costa, S. Gammino, O. Leonardi, S. Marletta, D. Mascali, F. Noto, G. Pastore, G. Torrisi, S. Vinciguerra
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

At INFN-LNS a new superconducting ECRIS named AISHa has been designed with the aim to provide highly charged ion beams with low ripple, high stability and high reproducibility, also fulfilling the needs of hospital installations (e.g. L-He free, easy to use, etc.). It is a hybrid ion source based on a permanent magnet hexapole providing 1.3 T on plasma chamber walls, and four superconducting coils for the axial trapping. The axial magnetic system is very flexible in order to minimize the hot electron component and to optimize the ECR heating by controlling the field gradients and the resonance length. The design of the hexapole aimed to minimize the demagnetization due to SC coils. The magnetic system measurement confirmed the effectiveness of the adopted solutions. Innovative solutions have been also implemented as it concerns the RF system design. It will permit to operate in single/double frequency mode, supported by variable frequency high power klystron generators, thus exploiting at the same time the FTE Frequency Tuning Effect and the Two Frequency Heating. The source has been assembled at the INFN-LNS site and the commissioning phase already started.

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WEPP22

Versatile High Power Microwave System for Frequency Tuning of the CAPRICE ECRIS

ion, ECRIS, operation, klystron

115

F. Maimone, M. Endermann, R. Lang, J. Mäder, P.T. Patchakui, P. Spädtke, K. Tinschert
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

In the last years it was demonstrated that the variation of the microwave frequency generating the plasma inside ECR Ion Sources (ECRISs) allows to enhance the extracted current of highly charged ions both for gaseous and for metallic elements. In order to use this technique for the performance improvement of the CAPRICE-type ECRIS installed at the High Charge State Injector (HLI) of GSI, the microwave system has been modified. The new arrangement includes - besides the existing Klystron high power amplifier (HPA; max. 2 kW at 14.5 GHz) - two combined Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTA) covering a bandwidth of 12.75-14.5 GHz, providing 750 W output power each, which are driven by one or two synthesizer tuners. The new system has been used during the routine operation of the ECRIS for production of different ion beams to be injected into the RFQ of the HLI. A detailed description of the main components of the new microwave system is presented, and the achieved characteristics of ion beam production using different microwave frequencies are described.

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WEPP32

Magnetic Field Design for 2.45 GHz Negative Hydrogen PMECRIS Chamber using FEM Simulation

ion, plasma, simulation, ECRIS

118

C. Mallick, M. Bandyopadhyay, R.K. Kumar, S.V. Tewari
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, India

Funding: Institute For Plasma Research
Negative hydrogen ECRIS plasma is confined by NdFeB permanent magnet antenna around cylindrical cavity wall. Measured axial and radial magnetic field is benchmarked with the simulated data. Four axially magnetized ring magnets of remanance flux density of 1.17T is simulated using bounded current ampere's law technique. Gradient of radial and axial magnetic flux density is calculated to estimate lighter ions leaking out of the plasma wall sheath region. The peak values of radial magnetic field gradient between plasma sheath region and cavity outer wall surface increases from 0.1x10⁷ A/m2 to -0.2x10⁷ A/m2 respectively. Axial magnetic field gradient along inner ECR chamber wall increases from -2.1x10⁷ A/m2 to 2.5x10⁷ A/m2 .ECR contour dimensions of 875 Gauss which corresponds to microwave plasma resonating frequency of 2.45GHz is of thickness ~1mm and having major and minor radius of 30mm and 28mm respectively.

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WEPP35

Four-Dimension Transverse Phase-Space Distribution Measured by a Pepper-Pot Emittance Meter

ion, emittance, plasma, injection

125

T. Nagatomo, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, T. Nakagawa
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
J.W. Stetson
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
V. Tzoganis
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Four-dimensional (4-D) transverse emittance of the highly charged heavy ion beam extracted from ECR ion source is invariant under linear 4-D symplectic operation. Thus, it is essential quantity to improve the beam quality. Measurement of the 4-D phase-space distribution provides quantitative and essential information to improve the efficiency of beam transport. We have developed an on-line pepper-pot-type emittance meter, which is a suitable device to obtain the 4-D phase-space distribution from an image of beamlets passing through the well-aligned pinholes. The emittance meter consists of a thin metal plate with a pinhole array, which is translated along the beam axis, and an imaging screen (P46) with a MCP. We optimized the analysis procedure to obtain the distribution so that the elapsed time of the process was shortened as less than 1 second, and which was enough short for on-line measurements. We will discuss the quality of the obtained 4-D distribution by comparing it with the one obtained from a simulation. Further, we will also discuss how the gas pressure of LEBT affects the 4-D distribution to establish to improve the beam brightness.

Poster WEPP35 [2.753 MB]

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WEPP40

Fast Sputtering Measurement Studies using Uranium with the NSCL ECR Ion Sources

ion, plasma, high-voltage, injection

129

D.E. Neben, J. Fogleman, A.N. Pham, S. Renteria, L. Tobos
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
D. Leitner
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
G. Machicoane
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
G. Parsey
MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
J.P. Verboncoeur
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Michigan State University and the National Science Foundation: NSF Award Number PHY-1415462
Existing heavy ion facilities such as the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University rely on Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion sources as injectors of highly charged ion beams. Long ion confinement times are necessary to produce dense populations of highly charged ions because of steadily decreasing ionization cross sections with increasing charge state. To further understand ion extraction and confinement we are using a fast sputtering technique first developed at Argonne National Laboratory [1] to introduce a small amount of uranium metal into the plasma at a well-defined time. In addition we utilize an axial x-ray apparatus [2] to characterize the hot electron plasma population via its bremsstrahlung emission.
*R. Vondrasek, et. Al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73, 548 (2002)
**T. Ropponen, et. Al., Proceedings of ECRIS2010, Grenoble France (2010)

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WEPP41

Measurement of Microwave Frequencies Emitted by Instabilities of ECRIS Plasma with Waveguide Filters and Microwave Sensitive Diodes

ion, plasma, ECRIS, diagnostics

134

J. Orpana, T. Kalvas, H. A. Koivisto, R.J. Kronholm, J.P. Laulainen, O.A. Tarvainen
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
I. Izotov, D. Mansfeld, V. Skalyga
IAP/RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Periodic emission of strong microwave bursts at certain frequencies is a characteristic feature of kinetic instabilities in ECRIS plasmas. Precise measurement of the temporally evolving microwave frequency spectra requires a high bandwidth oscilloscope, which can make the experiments prohibitively expensive to conduct. An alternative low-cost method to study the microwave emission in narrow frequency bands is to apply band-pass waveguide filters and microwave sensitive diodes. The microwave emission from the plasma of the JYFL 14 GHz ECRIS has been studied with both methods. The results of the experiments are compared and their interpretation is discussed. It is demonstrated that the method based on filters and diodes can provide useful information about the microwave emission spectra induced by electron cyclotron instabilities.

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WEPP42

Investigation of 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiated Argon Plasma under Magnetized Condition

ion, plasma, electron, ion-source

138

C. Mallick, M. Bandyopadhyay, R.K. Kumar, S.V. Tewari
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, India

Funding: Institute for plasma research
Compact microwave discharged ECRIS is one of the most popular devices for space propulsion and material processing .This work models microwave plasma coupling in 2D axis symmetric and investigates plasma parameters and modified electric field in plasma environment. A microwave field of the order of 1.3 x10⁵ V/m is obtained at the center of plasma chamber cavity for an input microwave power of 500W. Microwave radiated plasma has a maximum density of 9.04 x10¹⁶ / m3 after some microwave periods (0.01s).The steady state peak electron temperature is around 3eV under 1 mbar pressure of argon gas. Most of power deposition takes place on the ECR surface which is the 875G contour resonating with the electron frequency. Steady state argon plasma results show that beyond critical plasma density of 7.4x10¹⁶ / m3 most of the microwave power is deposited at the plasma edge.

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THAO01

Recent production of intense high charge ion beams with VENUS

ion, plasma, GUI, extraction

142

D. Xie, J.Y. Benitez, C.M. Lyneis, D.S. Todd
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
W. Lu
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Several modifications have been made to the VENUS to enhance its performance at high microwave power and bring its performance closer to the levels predicted by scaling laws for 28 GHz operation. Two of these modifications improved its tolerance for operation at microwave power up to 10 kW. The cooling scheme on the plasma wall was improved to eliminate damage caused by localized electron heating. Similarly the extraction electrode was redesigned to transport away the electron heating more effectively. The third modification reduced the waveguide diameter, which launches the 28 GHz power into the plasma chamber. The source now runs efficiently at 10 kW of injected power with a more favorable magnetic field configuration. The production of intense highly charged ion beams with VENUS has been substantially enhanced. It has produced a number of record CW beams: 4.5 emA of O⁶⁺, 0.40 emA of Ar¹⁶⁺ and 0.06 emA of Ar¹⁷⁺ and for the first time the VENUS has produced more than 1 emA of Ar¹²⁺ and O⁷⁺. Source tuning is currently underway to explore the potential of VENUS and the overall improved source performance will be presented.

Slides THAO01 [4.261 MB]

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