CYCLOTRONS 2010 - List of Keywords (cyclotron)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOM1CIO02	Eighty Years of Cyclotrons	ion, focusing, proton, electron	1
	M.K. Craddock UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
	Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron in 1930 not only revolutionized nuclear physics, but proved the starting point for a whole variety of recirculating accelerators, from microtrons to FFAGs to synchrotrons, that have had an enormous impact in almost every branch of science and several areas of medicine and industry. Cyclotrons (i.e. fixed-field accelerators) themselves have proved remarkably adaptable, incorporating a variety of new ideas and technologies over the years: frequency modulation, edge focusing, AG focusing, axial and azimuthal injection, ring geometries, stripping extraction, superconducting magnets and rf… Long may they flourish!
	Slides MOM1CIO02 [7.108 MB]

MOM2CIO01	Review of High Power Cyclotrons for Heavy Ion Beams	ion, heavy-ion, ion-source, beam-losses	9
	A. Goto RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	Since heavy ion cyclotrons for use in radioactive beam sciences were built in laboratories worldwide in 1980's, a lot of efforts on the upgrade of many such cyclotrons have been made in terms of beam intensity as well as beam energy. This talk describes an overview of such cyclotrons that provide heavy ion beams with the power in kW range or higher. Some technological issues related to high-power heavy ion beams are also discussed based on the experiences of those cyclotrons.
	Slides MOM2CIO01 [8.469 MB]

MOM2CIO02	Intense Beam Operation at GANIL	ion, target, ion-source, acceleration	16
	F. Chautard GANIL, Caen, France
	The GANIL (Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds) produces and accelerates stable ions beams since 1982. The first radioactive beam post-accelerated with the CIME cyclotron happened in 2001. In 2013, stable beams with higher intensities and new energy range will be available from the new superconducting linear accelerator SPIRAL2. In 2015, new exotic beams will be accelerated with the existing cyclotron CIME. This paper will show how GANIL manages the SPIRAL2 machine arrival by continuing the delivery of high intensity and exotic beams. But also by pursuing the developments of the machine capabilities in a project structure in order to keep equipments running with a high reliability yield and still responding to physics demands. The progress in ion source production will be exposed. Finally, it will be presented the foreseen calendar of the exploitation for the existing machine together with SPIRAL2.
	Slides MOM2CIO02 [2.928 MB]

MOM2CCO03	Progress towards High Intensity Heavy Ion Beams at the AGOR-Facility	beam-losses, ion, vacuum, acceleration	21
	S. Brandenburg, J.P.M. Beijers, M.A. Hevinga, M.A. Hofstee, H.R. Kremers, V. Mironov, J. Mulder, S. Saminathan, A. Sen KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM). The on-going upgrade program of the AGOR-facility aiming at intensities beyond 10¹² pps for heavy ion beams up to Pb will be discussed. The progress in the main elements of the program (further development of the ECR-source; improvement of the transmission into and through the cyclotron and protection of equipment agains excessive beam loss) will be reported. Further improvement of the ECR ion source is facilitated by the installation of a second source. Redesign of the LEBT to compensate aberrations is in progress; simulations predict a significant increase in transmission. A new, cooled electrostatic extractor is being commissioned and the beam loss control system has been completed. The main remaining issue is vacuum degradation induced by beam loss caused by charge exchange on the residual gas. Experiments at GSI[1] have shown that scrapers and surface coatings can strongly reduce this effect. Tracking calculations of the distribution of the beam losses over the vacuum chamber to determine the optimum location of scrapers and application of a gold coating to relevant parts of the vacuum chamber are underway. [1] C. Omet, H. Kollmus, H. Reich-Sprenger, P. Spiller; Ion catcher system for the stabilisation of the dynamic pressure in SIS18; http://jacow.org/e08/papers/mopc099.pdf
	Slides MOM2CCO03 [1.532 MB]

MOM2CCO04	Recent Progress on the Facility Upgrade for Accelerated Radioactive Beams at Texas A&M	ion, injection, ion-source, extraction	24
	D.P. May, R.E. Tribble Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute, College Station, Texas, USA F.P. Abegglen, G. Chubaryan, G.J. Derrig, G.J. Kim, G. Tabacaru Texas A&M University, Cyclotron Institute, College Station, USA
	Funding: Supported by U. S. Dept. of Energy Grant DE-FG02-93ER40773 The Cyclotron Institute at Texas A&M University is involved in an upgrade, one goal of which is to provide radioactive ion beams accelerated to intermediate energies by the K500 superconducting cyclotron. The old 88" cyclotron, now the K150, has been refurbished to be used as a driver and also to provide higher intensity, low-energy, primary beams for experiments. Two external ion sources, an electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (ECRIS) and a multi-cusp negative ion source, have been installed on a new axial line to inject beams into a modified K150 central region. Acceleration of negative ions of protons and deuterons with stripping for extraction will be used in order to mitigate activation of the K150. Beams from the K150 will be used to create radioactive species via a light-ion guide and a heavy-ion guide. Singly charged ions from either ion guide will be transported to an ECRIS that is configured to capture these ions and further ionize them. One charge-state from this second ECRIS will be selected for subsequent acceleration by the K500. Progress on the upgrade, including the acceleration and extraction of both negative and positive beams by the K150, is presented.
	Slides MOM2CCO04 [1.690 MB]

MOA1CIO01	Intense Beam Operation of the NSCL/MSU Cyclotrons	ion, injection, emittance, extraction	27
	J.W. Stetson, G. Machicoane, F. Marti, D.R. Poe NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Supported under National Science Foundation under grant No. PHY06-06007 Intense heavy ion beam acceleration by superconducting compact cyclotrons presents significant challenges since surfaces impacted by lost beam are subject to high thermal loads and consequent damage. High transmission efficiencies allow 0.7-1.0 kW beams to be routinely delivered for experiment at the NSCL, with minimal negative impact on reliability. Net beam transmission measured from just before the K500 to extracted beam from the K1200 can be about 30% depending on the ion used (factoring out the unavoidable loss due to the charge stripping foil in the K1200). Techniques and examples are discussed.
	Slides MOA1CIO01 [4.425 MB]

MOA1CIO02	High Intensity Cyclotrons for Super Heavy Elements Research of FLNR JINR	ion, extraction, target, injection	33
	G.G. Gulbekyan JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	Main team of FLNR JINR is super heavy elements research. From 2000 up to 2010 there was synthesized elements 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118 and more the 40 isotopes of super heavy elements in the Lab. As a target we used 243Am, 242Pu, 248Cm, 249Bk, 249Cf et al. Full flux 48Ca ion beam through the targets on the level 5×10 20 ion with 48Ca matter consumption 0.4 mg/hour, and average beam intensity 1pμA. According plan after U400 cyclotron modernization (2012) 48Ca beam intensity will be up to 3pμA on the target and 48Ca beam intensity from new cyclotron DC200 will be 10 pμA (2014).

MOA2CCO02	Current Status of the Cyclotron Facilities and Future Projects at iThemba Labs	controls, ion, vacuum, proton	42
	J.L. Conradie, L.S. Anthony, A.H. Botha, M.A. Crombie, J.G. De Villiers, J.L.G. Delsink, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, M.E. Hogan, I.H. Kohler, C. Lussi, R.H. McAlister, H.W. Mostert, S.S. Ntshangase, J.V. Pilcher, P.F. Rohwer, M. Sakildien, N. Stodart, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk, D. de Villiers, P.A. van Schalkwyk iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa C. Böhme UniDo/IBS, Dortmund, Germany J. Dietrich FZJ, Jülich, Germany Z. Kormány ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary
	For nearly 25 years the cyclotron facilities at iThemba LABS have been utilized for radioisotope production, nuclear physics research, and proton and neutron therapy. The aging systems require continual upgrading and replacement to limit interruptions to the scheduled beam delivery. The distributed computer control system is being migrated to a system running on the EPICS platform. The analogue low-level RF control systems will be replaced with digital systems. The Minimafios ECR ion source has been replaced with an ECR source from the former Hahn Meitner Institute and a second source, based on the design of the Grenoble test source, will be commissioned later this year. To increase the production of radio-isotopes, the 66 MeV proton beam is split to deliver beam simultaneously to two production targets. The first result with the beam splitter will be reported. A beam phase measurement system comprising 21 fixed probes has been installed in the separated sector cyclotron. Progress with these projects and the status of the facilities will be presented. Proposals for new facilities for proton therapy and for acceleration of radioactive beams will also be discussed.
	Slides MOA2CCO02 [4.496 MB]

MOA2CCO03	Status of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron High-Voltage Injection Upgrade Project	ion, injection, ion-source, vacuum	45
	K. Yoshiki Franzen, P.W. Casey, A. Hodgkinson, M. Kireeff Covo, D. Leitner, C.M. Lyneis, L. Phair, P. Pipersky LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	The goal of the project includes design of a new center region that allows external beam injection at injection voltages between 20 and 30 kV for high intensity beams. This new center region will make use of a spiral inflector to eliminate the use of a gridded mirror for high intensity beams. At the same time the mechanical design of the new center region must be flexible enough to allow use of the current center region for less intense beams. The use of two or more different center regions is necessary to cover the wide range of operation parameter space utilized by the 88-Inch Cyclotron Nuclear Science and Applied research program. The project also includes HV upgrades of the external injection lines and HV insulation of the AECR and VENUS source with the goal to provide focusing for beams up to 25 kV or if feasible up to 30 kV. The current spiral inflector design is based on extensive 3D FEM simulations which results will be presented. In addition results from ongoing efforts to improve on the transport efficiency from the AECR ion source to the current mirror inflector will be discussed.
	Slides MOA2CCO03 [1.359 MB]

MOPCP002	The Isochronous Magnetic Field Optimization of HITFiL Cyclotron	focusing, ion, heavy-ion, extraction	48
	L.Z. Ma, Q.G. Yao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	A new project named HITFiL (Heavy Ion Therapy Facility in Lanzhou) is being constructed. In this project, a 7 Mev ¹²C⁵⁺ cyclotron is selected as the initial injector providing a 10 μA carbon beam. The isochronous magnetic field optimization of the cyclotron is introduced in this paper. Optimization result shows that the deviations between calculation values and theory are smaller than 5 Gs. In the design process, the sofware OPERA has been utilized for the field calculation and optimization.

MOPCP003	Application of Cyclotrons in Brachytherapy	target, simulation, extraction, proton	51
	P. Saidi Bidokhti PPRC, Tehran, Iran M. Sadeghi Agricultural, Medical & Industrial Research School, Gohadasht, Iran A. Shirazi Tehran University, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
	Cyclotrons are particle accelerator machines which have many applications in industry, technology and medicine. Cyclotrons play an important role in medicine and about 50% of the all particle accelerators running in the world are used in medicine for radiation therapy, medical radioisotopes production, and biomedical research. In this short review the use of cyclotrons for a radiation therapy method, brachytherapy, is discussed. Brachytherapy is a form of radiotherapy where a radioactive source placed on or in the tissue to be irradiated. For a long period the production of radioactive isotopes for medical applications was essentially done in nuclear reactors but due to some advantages of radioisotopes production with cyclotron over a nuclear reactor, in the last two decades several types of cyclotrons have been developed to meet the specific demands of radionuclide production. This talk will briefly explain the technical design, beam transfer and beam delivery systems of cyclotron for brachytherapy radioisotope production; and also will shortly describe some detail of ¹⁰³Pd production in the following: production, targetry, radiochemical separation and seed fabrication.

MOPCP005	Kharkov Compact Cyclotron CV-28: Present and Future Status	ion, target, radiation, proton	54
	Y.T. Petrusenko, D.Y. Barankov, D.O. Irzhevskyi, S.M. Shkyryda NSC/KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine R. Hölzle FZJ, Jülich, Germany
	Reported are the present and future statuses of the Kharkov Compact Cyclotron CV-28 donated to the National Science Center - Kharkov Institute of Physics & Technology (NSC KIPT) by the Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany). The cyclotron configuration and special features of new installation at the NSC KIPT are presented. Consideration is given to the problems of promising cyclotron-beam use for investigation and development of materials for fusion reactors and generation-IV nuclear reactors, investigation and production of medical radionuclides, possible applications of a high-energy neutron source based on a deuteron beam and a thick beryllium target.

MOPCP008	Control System of Cryogenic Plant for Superconducting Cyclotron at VECC	controls, cryogenics, monitoring, superconducting-magnet	57
	U. Panda, T. Bhattacharjee, R. Dey, A. Mandal, S. Pal DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	Cryogenic Plant of Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre consists of two Helium refrigerators (250 W and 415 W @ 4.5K), valve box with sub-cooler and associated sub systems like pure gas storage, helium purifier and impure gas recovery etc. The system also consists of 3.1K liters of liquid Nitrogen (LN2) storage and delivery system. The plant is designed to cater the cryogenic requirements of the Superconducting Cyclotron. The control system is fully automated and does not require any human intervention once it is started. EPICS architecture has been adopted to design the SCADA module. The EPICS Input Output Controller (IOC) communicates with four Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) over Ethernet based control LAN to control/monitor 618 numbers of field inputs/ outputs. The plant is running very reliably round the clock, however, the historical data trending of important parameters during plant operation has been integrated to the system for plant maintenance and easy diagnosis. The 400 kVA UPS with 10 minutes back up time have been installed to keep the cryogenic system running with one 160 kW cycle compressor during utility power interruptions.

MOPCP009	Development of Power Supplies for 3-Ф, 240 kW RF System with Crowbar Protection for Superconducting Cyclotron at VECC	power-supply, controls, monitoring, coupling	60
	S.K. Thakur, R.K. Bhandari, A. De, Y. Kumar, J.S.P. Prasad, S. Saha, S.S. Som, T.P. Tiwari DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	RF system of K-500 super conducting cyclotron at VECC is a complex three phase system operating in the frequency range of 9 MHz to 27 MHz with maximum acceleration potential of around 100 kV feeding to each of three Dee cavities placed in median plane of cyclotron 120° apart through coupling capacitors. Each phase consists of chain of amplifiers and resonator operating in synchronization and at final stage of each phase, a high power water cooled Tetrode Tube (Eimac 4CW 150,000 E) as an RF high power amplifier each capable of delivering 80 kW of RF power. Individual power supplies for biasing Anode (20 kV, 22 Amp), Filament (16 V, 225 Amp), Screen (1600 V, 1 Amp) and grid (-500 V, 0.1 Amp) each for all three high power Tetrode Tubes are designed, developed and commissioned indigenously in VECC Cyclotron building and have been in operation from last few months successfully. Anode supply is common to all three tubes, rated at 20 kV, 22 Amp, 450 kW along with fast acting crowbar protection using Ignitron. This paper describes about the technical challenges in the development of the power supplies and special features of protection systems.

MOPCP010	Activities at the COSY/Jülich Injector Cyclotron JULIC	target, synchrotron, polarization, hadron	63
	R. Gebel, R. Brings, O. Felden, R. Maier FZJ, Jülich, Germany
	The institute for nuclear physics at the Forschungszentrum Jülich is dedicated to fundamental research in the field of hadron, particle, and nuclear physics. Main activities are the development of the HESR synchrotron, part of the GSI FAIR project, the 3.7 GeV/c Cooler Synchrotron COSY-Jülich with the injector cyclotron JULIC, as well as the design, preparation, and operation of experimental facilities at this large scale facility, and theoretical investigations accompanying the scientific research program. The operation and development of the accelerator facility COSY is based upon the availability and performance of the isochronous cyclotron JULIC as the pre-accelerator. The cyclotron is commissioned in 1968 and exceeded 240 000 hours of operation. In parallel to the operation of COSY the cyclotron beam is also used for irradiation and nuclide production. A brief overview of activities, performance, new and improved installations will be presented.

MOPCP011	25 Years of Continuous Operation of the Seattle Clinical Cyclotron Facility	controls, target, isotope-production, radiation	66
	R. Risler, S.P. Banerian, J.G. Douglas, R.C. Emery, I.J. Kalet, G.E. Laramore, D.D. Reid University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, USA
	The clinical cyclotron facility at the University of Washington Medical Center has now been in continuous operation for over 25 years. It is highly reliable, and its primary use is still for fast neutron therapy, mostly for salivary gland tumors. Neutron therapy accounts for about 85% of the facility use time. In cases where the tumor involves the base of the skull, significant improvements of patient outcome have been achieved by combining the neutron treatment with a gamma knife boost to areas where the neutron dose is limited by adjacent healthy tissue. Production of 211-At and 117m-Sn with alpha particles at 29.0 and 47.3 MeV and currents between 50 and 70 μA have become routine. These isotopes are used in medical applications presently under development. The introduction of a new control system using EPICS (Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System) is progressing systematically. All the user interfaces are up and running, and several accelerator subsystems have been migrated to the new controls. No interruption of therapy or isotope production operation is planned for the conversion to the new control system.

MOPCP013	Magnetic Field Calculation and Magnet Shimming Simulation for the CYCHU-10 Cyclotron	extraction, simulation, controls, ion-source	69
	Z. Chen, D.Z. Chen, K.F. Liu, B. Qin HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
	The compact internal ion source cyclotron CYCHU-10 developed in Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) is in magnet machining, and will be assembled soon later. Difference between the ideal computation and practical measurement of the magnetic field is an important reference for magnet shimming. So in this paper, a further study on magnet field computation using FEM is implemented. By giving diverse boundaries and grid meshes, a quarter and a half models are both calculated to make sure correctness of the ideal model. Besides, the research on magnet shimming is also carried out. A new shim tool based on an improved matrix method combining the multiple linear regression is developed to simulate the practical shimming process. With the aid of 3D finite element code and beam dynamics code, an iterative shimming process has been accomplished successfully. The results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the shim tool.

MOPCP014	Activation of a 250 MeV SC-cyclotron for Protontherapy	proton, extraction, beam-losses, radioactivity	72
	J.M. Schippers, D.C. Kiselev, R. Lüscher, O. Morath, M. Wohlmuther PSI, Villigen, Switzerland B. Amrein, P. Frey, M. Kostezer, A. Schmidt, G. Steen PSI-LRF, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
	Dedicated Cyclotrons of 230-250 MeV are used at protontherapy facilities since ~12 years. Beam losses at acceleration and extraction cause buildup of radioactivity in the cyclotron, having consequences for accessibility, service and decommissioning. At PSI a dedicated 250 MeV SC-cyclotron is used for proton therapy since 2007. The machine has been optimized to obtain a high extraction efficiency of over 80%. Apart from these losses, most other losses occur at a pair of phase slits at 21 cm radius. Here we report on a systematic study of the radioactivity at selected locations in the pole, the RF system and of some screws located near the median plane. The spectra of gamma rays emitted from iron plugs in the pole, copper disks in the liner and several screws have been measured with HPGe detectors. From these spectra the isotopic compositions have been derived and compared with activities calculated with the Monte Carlo transport code MCNPX. Dose rate measurements have been made as a function of time. The data and beam history of the cyclotron allow us predictions of the dose rate during service activities shortly after beam interruption as well as after a specified life time.

MOPCP015	Status of the HZB# Cyclotron: Eye Tumour Therapy in Berlin	proton, ion, controls, rfq	75
	A. Denker, C.R. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich HZB, Berlin, Germany D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	The ion beam laboratory ISL at the Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin supplied light to heavy ions for solid state physics and medicine. Since 1998, eye tumours are treated with protons together with the University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Charité. In 12/2006, ISL was closed and a Charité - HMI agreement was signed to continue the tumour therapy, to this day the only facility in Germany for eye treatments. We have now experienced the first three years under the new terms; treating more than 600 patients in that time. The main challenge is to supply protons for therapy with less man-power but keeping the same high reliability as before. A new injector for protons has been installed and commissioned. The conversion process is not yet finished. In general, the operation of the machine went smoothly. Only in spring last year, we had for the first time an interruption of the therapy due to a water leak in the RF system. In spite of major structural changes we could keep a high quality standard and even increased the number of treated patients per year. In addition to the routine treatment, we established proton therapy of ocular tumours for very young children under general anaesthesia. # The new Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie has been formed by the merger of the former Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin (HMI) and the Berlin electron synchrotron BESSY

MOPCP016	Present Status of the RCNP Cyclotron Facility	ion, proton, plasma, resonance	78
	K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	The Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) cyclotron cascade system has been operated to provide high quality beams for various experiments. In order to increase the physics research opportunities, the Azimuthally Varying Field (AVF) cyclotron facility was upgraded recently. A flat-topping system and an 18-GHz superconducting Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source were introduced to improve the beam's quality and intensity. A new beam line was installed to diagnose the characteristics of the beam to be injected into the ring cyclotron and to bypass the ring cyclotron and directly transport low energy beams from the AVF cyclotron to experimental halls. A separator is equipped to provide RI beams produced by fusion reactions at low energy and by projectile fragmentations at high energy. Developments have been continued to increase secondary beams as white neutrons, ultra cold neutrons, muons and unstable nucleri.

MOPCP017	New High Intensity Compact Negative Hydrogen Ion Cyclotrons	ion, ion-source, extraction, injection	81
	V. Sabaiduc, D. Du, W. Gyles, R.R. Johnson, K. Suthanthiran BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada E.P. Conard PAC sprl, Dion Valmont, Belgium W.Z. Gelbart ASD, Garden Bay, Canada
	Best Cyclotron Systems Inc (BCSI) has been established in Springfield, Virginia, US, for the design and production of commercial cyclotrons. The company is a subsidiary of Best Medical International renowned in the field of medical instrumentation and radiation therapy. Cyclotrons are manufactured and tested at Best Theratronics, Ottawa. BCSI is initially focusing on three different energy cyclotrons. All have four radial sectors with two dees in opposite valleys and simultaneous beam extraction on opposite lines. The BEST14p is designed for fixed 14 MeV extraction 100 μA internal upgradable to 400 μA external ion source for PET isotopes and 99mTc production. The BEST35p is designed for variable energy extraction up to 35 MeV and combined current in excess of 1.5 mA. The BEST70p is designed for variable energy extraction up to 70 MeV with a combined current of 800 μA. It may be used as injector to a post-accelerator simultaneously with isotope production. BEST70p is most challenging given its present state of the art design. Design goals are total H⁻ vacuum or e.m. losses ≤2%; dee voltage increasing with radius from 60 kV to 81 kV; extracted beam emittance <4π mm mrad.

MOPCP018	Experience of Cyclotron Operation with Beam Sharing at TSL, Uppsala	proton, controls, ion, target	84
	D. van Rooyen, K.J. Gajewski, B. Gålnander, B. Lundström, M. Pettersson, A.V. Prokofiev TSL, Uppsala, Sweden
	TSL (The Svedberg Laboratory) has a long history of producing beams of accelerated particles. Originally it was conceptualized as an accelerator for radioisotope production and nuclear chemistry by The(odor) Svedberg, and later used for nuclear physics, biological radiation effects and medical therapy with protons. A major upgrade during the 1980's with the extension of new experimental areas and a storage ring, the CELSIUS-ring, enabled the facility to get involved in new areas of nuclear physics, and neutron physics. The laboratory was restructured in 2005/2006 and the focus of activities was shifted towards, mainly, proton therapy and, in addition, radiation effects testing using protons and neutrons in a beam sharing mode. Specific attention will be given to a discussion of the development of a range of software utilities, for example switching of the beam between users by the principal user instead of being controlled via a cyclotron operator, which naturally enables a much more effective use of beam time. A range of features were developed that enables the end user to easily and effectively evaluate the beam quality as well as some further specific beam characteristics.

MOPCP019	Present Status of JAEA AVF Cyclotron Facility	ion, ion-source, target, acceleration	87
	T. Yuyama, I. Ishibori, T. Ishizaka, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, N. Miyawaki, T. Nara, S. Okumura, W. Yokota, K. Yoshida, Y. Yuri JAEA/TARRI, Gunma-ken, Japan
	The JAEA AVF cyclotron provides various ion beams mainly for research in materials science and biotechnology such as estimation of radiation hardness of space-use devices, and plant breeding by ion beams. We have been developing ion sources, the cyclotron, and beam irradiation techniques to meet requirements from users. In order to stabilize the beam intensity, power supplies for magnets were improved by installing a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) unit with a Peltier device for coil current control. As a result, coil current stability of main magnet of ± 5 × 10^-6 has been obtained by the renewed DAC unit which guarantees temperature control within 1°C at 30°C. Initially, it took about eight hours to form a heavy-ion microbeam, so it was impractical to change the microbeam ion species in an experiment. However, the microbeam of a 520 MeV 40Ar¹⁴⁺ has been successfully changed to the one of a 260 MeV ²⁰Ne⁷⁺ within 30 minutes using a cocktail beam acceleration technique. A beam profile uniformization system using multipole magnets are being developed to enable uniform irradiation of a large sample at a constant particle fluence rate.

MOPCP020	Beam Extraction of the Heavy Ions from the U-400M Cyclotron	extraction, ion, focusing, simulation	90
	O.N. Borisov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	U400M is an isochronous cyclotron with pole diameter 4.0 m and 4 spiral sectors (maximal angle is equal 40°). The parameters of the cyclotron: A/Z=2-10; W=6-100 MeV/amu. A new physical channel for heavy ions beam extraction with low energies (W=5.0-9.0 MeV/amu) is constracted. Numerical simulation results of the beam extraction by stripping from the cyclotron are presented. Calculation of the transport line parameters were carried out.

MOPCP021	Automated Operation and Optimization of the VARIAN 250 MeV Superconducting Compact Proton Cyclotron	extraction, controls, proton, feedback	93
	T. Stephani, U. Behrens, H. Röcken VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany C. Baumgarten PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	The 250 MeV superconducting compact proton cyclotron of Varian Medical Systems Particle Therapy (the former ACCEL) is specially designed for the use in proton therapy systems. During medical operation typically no operator is required. Furthermore, several automated control system procedures guarantee a fast, simple, and reliable startup and beam optimization after overnight shutdown or regular service actions. We report on the automated startup procedures, automated beam centering, and automated optimization of extraction efficiency. Furthermore we present an automated beam current setting as used during medical operation by means of an electrostatic deflector located at the cyclotron center at low beam energies.

MOPCP022	Present Operational Status of NIRS Cyclotrons (AVF930, HM18)	target, controls, proton, radiation	96
	M. Kanazawa, S. Hojo, T. Honma, A. Sugiura, K. Tashiro NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan T. Kamiya, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi AEC, Chiba, Japan
	Since Japanese government launched a new program of the 'Molecular Imaging Research Program' in 2005, NIRS AVF930 cyclotron has been mainly operated to produce radio-isotopes together with a small cyclotron (HM18) for PET diagnosis. There is also machine operation of AVF930 for physical experiments and tests of radiation damage on electric devices. To carry out the cyclotron operations for these purposes, some improvements have been done in the facility. In this report, we will present recent operational status of NIRS cyclotron facility (AVF930, HM18).

MOPCP024	Design of RF System for Compact AVF Cyclotron	resonance, magnet-design, simulation, proton	99
	J.H. Oh, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	RF system is one of the most important parts for producing good and efficient accelerator system. The ion beam will be derived by a K100 SSC (Separated-Sector-Cyclotron). 8 MeV SF(Sector-focused) Cyclotron which produces 8 MeV proton beam is used as injector of K100 SSC cyclotron. In this paper, we designed RF system including RF cavity. The total specification of system is on the following. The frequency of this RF system is 70 MHz coaxial type cavity. Also we applied 4th harmonic, dee voltage of 50KV. We simulated the RF system using commercially available simulator, CST Microwave studio. KEYWORDS : Cyclotron, , RF system

MOPCP026	Beam Extraction System for CYCIAE-14	extraction, target, proton, emittance	105
	S.M. Wei, S. An, W.P. Hu, M. Li, Y.L. Lu, L.P. Wen, H.D. Xie, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	A 14MeV medical cyclotron is under design and construction at CIAE, and H⁻ ion will be accelerated and extracted by carbon stripper in dual opposite direction. Two stripping points are chosen in each extracting direction to extract proton beams to different targets or beam lines to extend the use of the machine. Two modes have been considered for the extraction system. One is designed to be installed on the wall of the vacuum cavity, and the other is designed to be inserted vertically from the sector poles. The final choice depends on the agility, simplicity and results of the experimentation. The angle between the stripper and the beam orbit is optimized to improve the extracted beam quality. The results of numerical simulation show the two stripping points at each extraction direction, the beam orbit and the beam characteristic at each extraction direction. The comparison of the beam envelope of different stripper azimuth is also presented in this paper to show the influence of the stripper azimuth. Based on the concept design, the mechanical design and the experimentation of the DC motor in magnetic field have been conducted, with the results shown in the paper as well.

MOPCP028	Facility for Modification and Analysis of Materials with Ion Beams (FAMA)	ion, ion-source, target, light-ion	108
	A. Dobrosavljević, P. Beličev, V. Jocić, N. Nešković, I.M. Trajić, V. Vujović, Lj. Vukosavljević VINCA, Belgrade, Serbia
	The facility for modification and analysis of materials with ion beams (FAMA) is the low energy part of the TESLA Accelerator Installation, in the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia. It presently comprises two machines: a heavy ion source (M1) and a light ion source (M2), and two experimental channels: a channel for analysis of ion beams (C1) and a channel for surface modification of materials (C2). In April 2009 the Vinča Institute signed a contract with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia, on the upgrading of FAMA. The contract comprises: (i) the refurbishment of the M1 and M2 machines and the C1 and C2 channels, (ii) the construction of a channel for ion implantation (C3) and a channel for deeper modification of materials (C4), (iii) the construction of a small isochronous cyclotron (M3), and (iv) the construction of a channel for analysis of materials in vacuum (C5) and a channel for analysis of materials in air (C6). This presentation is devoted to the upgraded FAMA and its research program.

MOPCP030	The Injection Line and Central Region Design of CYCIAE-70	injection, ion, ion-source, proton	111
	M. Li, X.L. Jia, Y.L. Lu, C. Wang, J.J. Yang, H.J. Yao, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	A compact cyclotron CYCIAE-70 is under design at CIAE capable of providing both 70MeV, 700μA H⁻ beam and 35MeV, 40μA D- beam. Both beams are produced by a single external multicusp ion source, injected axially with a transport line and bent onto the median plane through a spiral inflector. The injection line utilizes two solenoids and a quadruple triplet for transverse focusing and a buncher to increase the injection efficiency. The beam optics design is performed using TRANSOPTR, taking into account space charge effects and neutralization. The inflector is capable of bending both H⁻ and D- beams with a transmission efficiency of over 80%. The central particles are tracked backwards to obtain the initial reference orbit of the first several turns. The electrode structures and the shape of Dee tips are then optimized to achieve matching at the inflector exit and to maximize the acceptance of central region. The central region is capable to accept both beams without component replacement. The preliminary design results of the injection line, spiral inflector and center region are elaborated, and the beam matching from the ion source to the central region is presented.

MOPCP031	Physics Design and Calculation of CYCIAE-70 Extraction System	extraction, proton, target, beam-transport	114
	S. An, F.P. Guan, M. Li, G.F. Song, C. Wang, S.M. Wei, F. Yang, T.J. Zhang, J.Q. Zhong CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	A cyclotron functioning as a driver with beam power of 50kW (70 MeV, 0.75 mA) based on compact H⁻ cyclotron, CYCIAE-70, has been designed at CIAE in Beijing for the RIB production and application in the field of nuclear medicine recently. CYCIAE-70 is designed to be a dual particle cyclotron capable of delivering proton with energy in the range 35~70 MeV and deuteron beam with energy in a range of about 18~33 MeV. About 700 μA for H⁺ and 40 μA for D⁺ will be extracted in dual opposite directions by charge exchange stripping devices and the extraction beam energy is continuously adjustable. The physics design of CYCIAE-70 stripping system has been done and the optics calculations for the extraction proton and deuteron beam have been finished. The dispersion effects for the extracted beam are analyzed and the beam parameters after extraction are calculated with multi-particle tracking code COMA.

MOPCP032	Design Study of Compact Cyclotron For Injection of K=100 SSC	ion, ion-source, injection, extraction	117
	B.N. Lee, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, J.H. Oh SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University The Compact cyclotron was designed for injection of K=100 Separated Sector Cyclotron(SSC). It has four magnet sectors with pancake type and maximum magnetic fields is 1.92 T. The magnet adopting 4 harmonics has three kind of holes for beam injection, vacuum pumps and RF systems. The pole diameter was chosen about 70 cm with 50 kV dee-voltage and 40° dee-angles. The ion-source of this accelerator consists of a double gap buncher, Solenoid Qaudrupole Qaudrupole(SQQ) and a spiral inflector. It will provide a 4~8 MeV, ~1 mA of proton beams and 2~4 MeV, ~0.5mA of deuteron ion beam. In this paper we will describe the conceptual design of this machine including the Ion-source, Injection system, Magnet and RF system. etc.

MOPCP033	Magnet Design of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron (KoRIA)	simulation, extraction, resonance, focusing	120
	Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University A k=100 separated sector cyclotron is being designed in SKKU university South Korea, this cyclotron is considered the main drive for ISOL to produce ~ 70-100 MeV proton beam and ~35-50 MeV deuteron beam for production of radioactive material as a basic nuclear research, in this paper we will describe Opera 3D (Tosca) numerical simulation for determining the basic magnet parameters, magnet material, deformation , imperfection fields and preliminary ion beam dynamics study for verifying the focusing properties of the designed magnet

MOPCP037	Central Region Design of a Baby Cyclotron	ion, ion-source, isotope-production, extraction	126
	X. He TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China K. Zhang CAEP/IFP, Mainyang, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
	Baby cyclotrons are widely used in short lived beta+ radioactive isotope production for PET. Central region design is one of the most important part of the design work of the cyclotron. Central region design, including design process and design results is presentd in this paper.

MOPCP038	Design Optimization of the Spiral Inflector for a High Current Compact Cyclotron	ion, space-charge, coupling, emittance	129
	A. Goswami, V.S. Pandit, P. Sing Babu DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	VECC is developing a 10 MeV, 5 mA compact proton cyclotron. 80 keV protons from a 2.45 GHz microwave ion source will be injected axially in the central region by a spiral inflector. Because of the high injection energy, the inflector will be comparatively large in size. In order to avoid the beam blow up due to space charge effect and to accommodate the inflector in the small available space in the central region, the design and optimization of the inflector parameters require special attention. This paper describes the design of the spiral inflector and studies its optical properties in the presence of space charge. The beam trajectory calculation from the entrance of the spiral inflector to the central region of the cyclotron have been carried out using the magnetic field data obtained from a 3D code and the electric field data from RELAX3D. We have also checked the orbit centering of the injected beam using a central region code. We have evaluated the effect of linear space charge and carried out optimization of the input beam parameters to minimize the coupling effects between two transverse planes at the inflector exit and to match the acceptance of the central region.

MOPCP041	Beam Tuning in Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron	ion, extraction, injection, acceleration	132
	M.K. Dey, R.K. Bhandari, U. Bhunia, J. Debnath, A. Dutta, C. Mallik, Z.A. Naser, S. Paul, J. Pradhan, M.H. Rashid DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	The Superconducting cyclotron at VECC, Kolkata, has accelerated ion beams up to extraction radius successfully confirmed by the neutrons produced by the nuclear reactions. The internal beam tuning process started with beam parameters calculated using the measured magnetic field data. Due to some mechanical and electrical problems we were forced to tune the beam with three major trim coils off. Accurate positioning of central region Dee-extensions ensuring the proper acceleration gaps in the first turn was required for successful acceleration of beam through the compact central region clearing the posts in the median plane. Here we present different aspects and results of initial beam tuning.

MOPCP042	Determination of Isochronous Field Using Magnetic Field Map	closed-orbit, ion, heavy-ion, extraction	135
	N.Yu. Kazarinov, O.N. Borisov, V.I. Kazacha JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	In this work a new scheme for calculation of a cyclotron isochronous field using the previously calculated or measured map of the cyclotron magnetic field in its median plane is adduced. The calculating map of the cyclotron magnetic field was set by the matrix having the dimensions 201x181. The flutter part of the magnetic field obtained by subtraction of the zero azimuth harmonic from the magnetic field values were calculated in all net nodes. The magnetic rigidity value in the equation for the particle radius versus the angle was replaced by product of the mean radius and mean along the closed orbit magnetic field. The flutter function was interpolated with the help of the third order Lagrange's polynomials using 16 nodes of the net. At every given radius with the help of the nonlinear simplex method of optimization one can find such value of the isochronous field when the particle path is enclosed with accuracy of 10^-9. The results of the fulfilled calculations for the cyclotron DC-110 and their comparison with results of other calculations are given.

MOPCP043	Modification of the Central Region in the RIKEN AVF Cyclotron for Acceleration at the H=1 RF Harmonic	acceleration, proton, ion, emittance	138
	S.B. Vorozhtsov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia A. Goto RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan V.L. Smirnov JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	Funding: JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Russia, and RIKEN, Wako, Japan A highly advanced upgrade plan of the RIKEN AVF cyclotron is under way. The study is focused on the formulation of the new acceleration regimes in the AVF cyclotron by detailed orbit simulations. The extension of the acceleration energy region of light ions towards higher energies in the existing RF harmonic equal to 2 and the modification of the central geometry for the RF harmonic equal to 1 to allow an acceleration of protons at several tens of MeV are considered. The substantial redesign of the central electrode structure is needed to accelerate protons with reasonable values of the dee voltage. The new inflector geometry and the optimized central electrode structure have been formulated for the upgrade.

MOPCP045	Towards Quantitative Predictions of High Power Cyclotrons	simulation, space-charge, proton, extraction	144
	Y.J. Bi, J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China A. Adelmann, R. Dölling, J.M. Humbel, W. Joho, M. Seidel PSI, Villigen, Switzerland Y.J. Bi Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China C.-X. Tang TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The large and complex structure of cyclotrons poses great challenges in the precise simulation of high power beams. However, such simulation capabilities are mandatory in the design and operation of the next generation high power proton drivers. The powerful tool OPAL enables us to do large scale simulations including 3D space charge and particle matter interactions. A large scale simulation effort is presented in the paper, which leads to a better quantitative understanding of the existing PSI high power proton cyclotron facility and predicts the beam behavior of CYCIAE-100 under construction at CIAE. The beam power of 1.3 MW delivered by the PSI 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron together with stringent requirements regarding the controlled and uncontrolled beam losses poses great challenges to predictive simulations. The comparisons with measurements show that OPAL can precisely predict the radial beam pattern at extraction with large dynamic range (3-4 orders of magnitude). The new particle matter interaction model is used to obtain necessary beam loss statistics during the acceleration. This data is indispensable in the design of an efficient collimation system in CYCIAE-100.

MOPCP057	A Compact Solution for DDS-Generator, Turn-on and Protections in RF Accelerator Systems	controls, pick-up, radio-frequency, resonance	159
	A.C. Caruso, F. Consoli, A. Spartà INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy A. Longhitano ALTEK, San Gregorio (CATANIA), Italy
	A single compact rack that includes a Direct Digital Synthesizer generator, a turn-on and protection system provides the smart solution in RF accelerator systems. It synthesizes a high stable RF signal up to 120 MHz, turns the power on into the RF cavities through a step-ramp modulator, protects the RF system against mismatching, sparks and multipactoring. A preliminary prototype has been designed, assembled and tested on the RF system of the k-800 superconducting cyclotron at Infn-Lns. This solution is part of the new computer-based RF control system. The hardware, software, and first test results will be shown in this paper.

MOPCP058	Commissioning Experience of the RF System of K500 Superconducting Cyclotron at VECC	controls, vacuum, radio-frequency, impedance	162
	S.S. Som, R.K. Bhandari, P. Gangopadhyay, A. Mandal, S.P. Pal, P.R. Raj, S. Saha, S. Seth DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	Funding: Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India. Radio frequency system of Superconducting cyclotron at VECC, has been developed to achieve accelerating voltage of 100 kV max. with frequency, amplitude and phase stability of 0.1 ppm, 100 ppm and ±0.5 degree respectively within 9~27 MHz frequency. Each of the three half-wave coaxial cavity is fed with rf power (80kW max.) from a high power final rf amplifier based on Eimac 4CW150,000E tetrodes. Initially, the whole three-phase RF system has been tuned for operation with RF power to the cavities at 19.1994 MHz and thereafter commissioned the cyclotron with neon 3+ beam at external radius at 14.0 MHz. In this paper, we present brief description of the rf system and behaviour observed during initial conditioning of the cavities with rf power and the way to get out of multipacting zone together with discussion on our operational experience. We have so far achieved dee voltage up to 52 kV at 14 MHz with 20 kW of RF power fed at each of the three dees and achieved vacuum level of 4.5 x 10^-7 mbar inside the beam chamber. We also present discussion on the problems and failures of some RF components during commissioning stage and rectifications done to solve the same.

MOPCP059	Theoritical Analysis and Fabrication of Coupling Capacitor for K500 Superconducting Cyclotron at Kolkata	coupling, vacuum, extraction, radio-frequency	165
	M. Ahammed, R.K. Bhandari, P. Bhattacharyya, J. Chaudhuri, M.K. Dey, A. Dutta Gupta, B. Hemram, B.C. Mandal, N. Mandal, B. Manna, S. Murali, Y.E. Rao, S. Saha, S. Sur DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	K500 SC cyclotron has already been constructed and commissioned after spiraling Ne³⁺ internal beam with 70 nA upto extraction radius(670 mm) at Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre at Kolkata, India. Several problems have been experienced related to the coupling capacitor of the radio frequency system including it's sever burning during commissioning of the cyclotron. Making of the dissimilar joints between alumina ceramic and copper of the coupling capacitor demands the usage of vacuum furnace to avoid the cracking of the ceramic. Therefore exhaustive analysis has been carried out to facilitate the in-house fabrication of the coupling capacitor without using the vacuum furnace in case of emergency. The maximum allowable rate of temperature rise for the ceramic and the optimum thickness ration of the copper to ceramic has been estimated. Finally fabrication of the coupling capacitor has been carried out in-house without employing vacuum furnace. At present the coupling capacitor is performing well as maximum 57 kV DEE voltages were been achieved the till date. This paper presents the details of the analysis and experiences gain during the fabrication of the coupling capacitor.

MOPCP060	Design, Construction and Commissioning of the 100 kW RF Amplifier for CYCIAE-100	vacuum, site, resonance, factory	168
	Z.G. Yin, B. Ji, Z.G. Li, T.J. Zhang, Z.L. Zhao CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China S.D. Wei, H.C. Xiao, Y. Xie CASIC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	As a major part of the BRIF project, the 100 MeV high intensity cyclotron being constructed at CIAE, CYCIAE-100, will provide 200 μA proton beam ranging from 75 MeV to 100 MeV for RIB production. Two identical 100 kW RF amplifiers will be used to drive two cavities independently to accelerate H⁻ beam up to 100 MeV. The detail technical specification has been investigated, fixed, and initial design has been finished by CIAE. Then, the construction design and manufacture is implemented by China Academy of Aero and Space, and the on site commissioning is successful by mutual efforts. The final commissioning is under way with a full scale prototype cavity at CIAE. A general description of the CYCIAE-100 RF system design will be given, as well as the review of 100 kW amplifier design. In the commissioning of the amplifier with dummy load, different high order resonances are found when operated at different frequencies between 42 MHz to 46 MHz. An equivalent circuit model is carried out to hunt down the problems. The model and related analysis will be reported together with the process and results of high power test with the cavity load through ~35 meters six inch rigid transmission line.

MOPCP061	RF Cavity Simulations for Superconducting C400 Cyclotron	simulation, ion, acceleration, extraction	171
	G.A. Karamysheva, A.A. Glazov, S. Gurskiy, N.A. Morozov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia M. Abs, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium O. Karamyshev JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	Compact superconducting isochronous cyclotron C400 has designed at IBA (Belgium) in collaboration with the JINR (Dubna). This cyclotron will be the first cyclotron in the world capable of delivering protons, carbon and helium ions for therapeutic use. ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ ions will be accelerated to 400 MeV/u energy and extracted by electrostatic deflector, H²⁺ ions will be accelerated to the energy 265 MeV/u and extracted by stripping. It is planed to use two normal conducting RF cavities for ion beam acceleration in cyclotron C400. Computer model of the double gap delta RF cavity with 4 stems was developed in is a general-purpose simulation software CST STUDIO SUITE. Necessary resonant frequency and increase of the voltage along the gaps were achieved. Optimization of the RF cavity parameters leads us to the cavity with quality factor about 14000, RF power dissipation is equal to about 50 kW per cavity.

MOPCP062	TRIUMF Cyclotron Booster Frequency Tuning System	controls, booster	174
	Q. Zheng, K. Fong, M.P. Laverty TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	For auto frequency tuning of TRIUMF cyclotron booster, a new control module based upon VXI Bus has been designed, tested and put into commission. This new auto tuning control module, which replaced the old analogue control box, has more features including the implementation of PIC16C71 microprocessor to generate Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) pulse, the utilization of digital RF phase detector and the most important aspect of computer control capability. Thus, the resonant frequency of cyclotron booster RF cavity is tuned automatically by this control module and the reflected RF power is kept at the minimum level in the operation.

MOPCP064	Amplifier Test Stand for the CRM Cyclotron	resonance, impedance, simulation, feedback	177
	Z.G. Yin, K. Fei, B. Ji, P.Z. Li, G.S. Liu, G.F. Song, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China C.J. Yu CASIC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Abstract: The final stage amplifier stability proves to be an important issue in the process of commissioning CRM cyclotron at CIAE. An air cooled 4CX15,000 tube final stage has been designed to evaluate the anode circuit and neutralization, both of which are weak points of the CRM cyclotron amplifier. Instead of strip line, the design of the new anode structure adopts coaxial form, resulting in less chance of parasitic resonance in the circuits. A tunable neutralization circuits is also included in the design, giving an opportunity to better stability in high power operations. First, the instability in CRM RF system will be analyzed in this paper followed with the new amplifier designs including the tube working line calculations, input/output circuit calculations and finite integral simulations. The mechanical design for tube socket and the anode tank have been successfully carried out using the data provided in this paper. The final stage amplifier is then fabricated, assembled and commissioned. In the power test with dummy load, more than 9.2kW RF fundamental power is provided at the frequency of 44MHz.

MOPCP065	Closed Loop RF Tuning for Superconducitng Cyclotron at VECC	controls, impedance, coupling, pick-up	180
	A. Mandal, R.K. Bhandari, S.P. Pal, U. Panda, S. Saha, S. Seth, S.S. Som DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	The RF system of Superconducting cyclotron has been operational within 9 - 27 MHz frequency. It has three tunable half-wave coaxial cavities as main resonators and three tunable RF amplifier cavities. A PC-based system takes care of stepper motor driven coarse tuning of cavities with positional accuracy ~20 μm and hydraulically driven three couplers and three trimmers. The couplers, in open loop, match the cavity impedance to 50 Ω in order to feed power from RF amplifier. Trimmers operate in closed loop for fine tuning the cavity, if detuned thermally at high RF power. The control logic has been simulated and finally implemented with Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Precision control of trimmer (~20 μm) is essential to achieve the accelerating (Dee) voltage stability better than 100 ppm and also minimizing the RF power to maintain it. Phase difference between Dee-in and Dee-pick-off signals and the reflected power signals (from cavity) together act in closed loop for fine tuning of the cavity. The close loop PID control determines the final positioning of the trimmer in each power level and achieved the required voltage stability.

MOPCP067	Design and Primary Test of Full Scale Cavity of CYCIAE-100	simulation, impedance, coupling, resonance	183
	B. Ji, P.Z. Li, J. Lin, G.S. Liu, G.F. Pan, Z.H. Wang, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, Z.L. Zhao CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The engineering of the RF cavity for cyclotron concerns several aspects of the system including vacuum, cooling, mechanical support etc, Sometime it is even more complex than the RF design itself. With limit space in a compact cyclotron, in order to achieve a voltage distribution of 60kV in central orbit and 120kV for outer orbit, a double stem double gap λ by 2 cavities has been designed for CYCIAE-100[1]. The RF resonance of the cavity is simulated [1] by finite integral codes, while the thermal analysis and mechanical tolerance are studied using other approaches [2, 3]. The mechanical design and fabrications is then carried out under these directions, resulting in a full scale cavity model. The simulations and the mechanical design will be reported in this paper, followed with low level measurement results of quality factor, shunt impedance curve along accelerating gap etc. After surface polishing, the measurement yields an unloaded Q value of 9300, which matches well with the simulation with a neglectable difference of several hundreds. The high power test of the cavity will be carried out later, and will be given in separate paper presented at this conference. [1] Tianjue Zhang,et al, 100 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron as an RIB Driving Accelerator, CYC 2004 [2] Yuanjie Bi, et al, The Study on RF Cavity Tolerance for CYCIAE-100, CYC 2007 [3] S.M. Wei, et al, Thermal Analysis of RF Cavity for CYCIAE-100, CYC 2007

MOPCP068	Stable Operation of RF Systems for RIBF	controls, pick-up, monitoring, heavy-ion	186
	K. Suda, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, M. Hemmi, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, R. Koyama, K. Kumagai, N. Sakamoto, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	At RIKEN RI-Beam Factory (RIBF), heavy ion beams are accelerated up to 345 MeV/u by using the RIKEN heavy ion linac (RILAC) and four ring cyclotrons. In order to provide high intensity beams up to 1puA, all the RF systems must be stable enough for a long term (a few weeks), within ±0.1% in voltages and ±0.1 degrees in phases. For a stable operation of RIBF, we have started to monitor for the RF voltages and phases for all the RF systems, and beam intensity and phases using lock-in amplifiers. We have investigated a degree of stability of the RF systems. Then, we have performed several improvements. The Automatic Gain Control units for RILAC were replaced for a better stability. It was found that the stability of RF systems was considerably affected by the fluctuation of reference signals. The fluctuation was mainly caused by the temperature dependence of power dividers used for a reference signal distribution. Therefore, we have changed the distribution method. The reference signal is first amplified to 40 dBm and divided by directional couplers, and they are delivered to low level circuits. The present degree of stability of the RF systems will be presented.

MOPCP070	Design of IBA Cyclone 30XP Cyclotron Magnet	extraction, resonance, quadrupole, proton	189
	E. Forton, M. Abs, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	IBA is developing an evolution of its famous Cyclone 30 cyclotron. The Cyclone 30xp will be a multi-particle, multiport cyclotron capable of accelerating alpha particles up to 30 MeV, deuteron (D-) beams between 7.5 and 15 MeV and proton (H⁻) beams between 15 and 30 MeV. The magnet system has been improved with IBA Cyclone 18/9 and Cyclone 70 features. Coil dimensions have been updated in order to raise the free space in the median plane. This allows the mounting of a retractable electrostatic deflector system for the extraction of the alpha particle beam. Gradient corrector pole extensions have been added to ease the alpha beam extraction. Finally, compensation for relativistic effects between H⁻ (q/m=1/1) and D-/alpha (q/m=1/2) beams is made by movable iron inserts located in two valleys, as in IBA Cyclone 18/9 cyclotrons. These modifications could have an adverse effect on the flutter. In addition, the second harmonic induced by the movable iron inserts drives the machine in the 2.ν_r=2 resonance close to the extraction. As a consequence, modifications on the pole sectors and chamfers have been made in order to improve the flutter and eliminate the harmful resonance.

MOPCP072	Design of IBA Cyclone 11 Cyclotron Magnet	extraction, betatron, proton, ion	192
	V. Nuttens, M. Abs, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, T. Servais, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	To extend customer choice in the low energy range, IBA is developing the Cyclone 11. It is a fixed energy 11 MeV H⁻ cyclotron for the production of PET isotopes. The cyclotron magnet is based on the well known Cyclone 10/5, with the same yoke dimensions, which is compatible with the IBA self-shielding design. The higher proton energy compared to the 10 MeV machine takes the benefit of the higher PET isotope production yield. This poster presents the Cyclone 10 magnet modifications required to reach 11 MeV. At first, the magnetic field has been raised by a small reduction of the valley depth. Additionally, the main coil current has been increased. The pole edge milling has been used to obtain the isochronous magnetic field shape. Beam optics in the magnet is excellent. Extraction is ensured by means of stripper foils mounted on carousels located at different azimuths allowing for up to eight targets.

MOPCP073	The Vacuum System of HIRFL Cyclotrons	vacuum, ion, heavy-ion, extraction	195
	X.T. Yang, J. Meng, J.H. Zhang IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	HIRFL has 2 cyclotrons: a sector focus cyclotron (SFC) and a separate sector cyclotron (SSC). SFC was built in 1957. In the past 50 years, the vacuum system of SFC has been upgraded for three times. The vacuum chamber was redesigned to double-deck at the third upgrade. The working pressure in beam chamber was improved from 10^-6 mbar to 10^-8 mbar. SFC has delivered Pb, Bi and U beams in the past few years since the last upgrading of its vacuum chamber. SSC began to operate in 1987. The vacuum chamber of SSC has a volume of 100m³. 8 cryopumps keep the pressure from 4×10^-7 mbar to 8×10^-8 mbar depending on the used pump numbers (2~8). In the past 20 years, because of the contamination of oil vapour and leaks occurred in some components inside the SSC vacuum chamber, the vacuum condition has worsened than the beginning. It is a big problem to accelerate the heavier ions. The upgrade for the SSC vacuum system will be an urgent task for us. The rough pumping system of both SFC and SSC will be rebuilt recently. The oil pump units will be changed by large dry mechanical pumps. As a result, the oil vapour in two cyclotrons will be eliminated and the vacuum condition of them will be improved.

MOPCP074	Upgrade of the IBA Cyclone 3D Cyclotron	extraction, betatron, ion, target	197
	W.J.G.M. Kleeven, M. Abs, E. Forton, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, T. Servais, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	There is a need for 15O generator producing a continuous flow of PET tracer without disrupting the schedule of the hospital main cyclotron (usually used for ¹⁸F and ¹¹C production) and to promote new emergency room evaluation of brain stroke and ischemic heart attack in PET centers without access to cyclotron short-lived isotopes. To answer, IBA improves the Cyclone 3D, originally developed for this purpose and accelerating D⁺ ions to more than 3 MeV. In the previous magnet design, vertical focusing is obtained by four straight pole-sectors. The new design has three spiralled pole-sectors. This improves the vertical focusing properties of the machine. Also the main coil and the return yoke are slightly modified. This will increase the extraction energy by about 10% from 3.3 MeV to 3.6 MeV. This new design will improve the transmission in the cyclotron and the extraction efficiency above 80%, using an electrostatic deflector. The goal is to obtain an extracted current of 50 μA with the prototype, then 70 μA for subsequent machines. This represents a doubling of the previous model performance. Results of magnetic field optimization and extraction calculations are presented.

MOPCP075	Cyclotron Vacuum Model and H⁻ Gas Stripping Losses	vacuum, ion, extraction, target	200
	V. Nuttens, M. Abs, J.L. Delvaux, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, L. Medeiros-Romao, M. Mehaudens, T. Servais, T. Vanderlinden, P. Verbruggen IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	Many proton cyclotrons take the advantage of stripping for the extraction, by accelerating H⁻ ions. However, before extraction, the negative ion beam can suffer losses from stripping by the residual gas. The higher is the pressure, the higher the losses. Moreover, the stripped beam will be stopped on the inner wall of the cyclotron, inducing an additional degassing and increasing the pressure and hence losses in the cyclotron. For high beam current, degassing can be too large compared to the pumping capacity and the beam transmission can drop down to zero. The pressure inside the cyclotron has therefore a large impact on the current that can be extracted from the cyclotron. A simple model has been set up at IBA to determine the vacuum pressure in the hills and in the valleys of the Cyclone 70 cyclotron. The transmission is then computed by integration of the gas stripping cross-section along the ion orbits in the cyclotron. Pressure and transmission provided by the model are in good agreement with experimental data in the ARRONAX Cyclone 70 cyclotron installed in Nantes.

MOPCP076	Operational Experience of Superconducting Cyclotron Magnet at VECC, Kolkata	vacuum, controls, cryogenics, coupling	203
	U. Bhunia, M. Ahmed, R.K. Bhandari, T. Bhattacharyya, M.K. Dey, R. Dey, A. Dutta, A. Dutta Gupta, C. Mallik, C. Nandi, Z.A. Naser, G.P. Pal, U. Panda, S. Paul, J. Pradhan, S. Saha DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	The Kolkata Superconducting cyclotron magnet has been operational in the center since last few years and enabled us to extensively map magnetic fields over a year covering the operating range of the machine and successful commissioning of internal beam. The magnet cryostat coupled with the liquid helium refrigerator performs satisfactorily with moderate currents (<550A) in both the coils. The superconducting coil did not undergo any training and over the years has not suffered from any quench. Author would share the experience and difficulties of enhanced overall heat load to the liquid helium refrigerator at higher excitations of coils. This creates instability in the operation of liquid helium refrigerator and finally leads to slow dump. Rigorous study has been carried out in this regard to understand the problems and operational logic of liquid helium refrigerator has been modified accordingly to alleviate from. Some other measures have also been taken from cryostat and cryogenic distribution point of view in order to reduce the heat load at higher excitations.

MOPCP077	Median Plane Effects and Measurement Method for Radial Component of Magnetic Field in AVF Cyclotrons	extraction, vacuum, alignment, simulation	206
	N.A. Morozov, G.A. Karamysheva JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia P. Shishlyannikov JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	The median plane of the magnetic field in AVF cyclotrons rather often does not coincide with the mid-plane of their magnetic system. The idea of an effective median plane formulated by J.I.M.Botman and H.L.Hagedorn [] for the central region of the cyclotron is extended to the entire working region and tolerances for the horizontal components of the magnetic field are estimated. Equipment based on the search coils is proposed and used for measurement of the radial component of the magnetic field and for correction of the magnetic field median plane. [] J.I.M.Botman, H.L.Hagedorn, 'Median Plane Effects in the Eindhoven AVF Cyclotron', IEEE Trans. On Nucl. Science, Vol. NS-28, No.3, p.2128.

MOPCP078	Study of Magnetic Field Imperfections of Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron	resonance, simulation	209
	J. Pradhan, R.K. Bhandari, U. Bhunia, J. Debnath, M.K. Dey, C. Mallik, S. Paul DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	Analysis of the magnetic data obtained during the magnetic field mapping of Kolkata superconducting cyclotron showed imperfections in the main magnetic field. Since the main magnet of the superconducting cyclotron is three fold rotationally symmetric, any deviation from this symmetry creates imperfections in the magnetic field. Generally, 1st and 2nd harmonic components are inherently present in the field due to assembling errors in iron/coil. A major portion of these imperfections is attributed to the misplacement/tilting of the iron pole tip with respect to coil. The error in positioning of main superconducting coil with respect to surrounding iron produces another imperfection. Pole tip deformation due to rise of temperature produces field imperfection. This paper reports the various possible sources of imperfection in general and their estimation. The calculation was compared with measured data to find out the actual cause of imperfections and necessary corrections

MOPCP079	Optimization of Sector Geometry of a Compact Cyclotron by Random Search Method	proton, extraction, betatron, ion-source	212
	P. Sing Babu, A. Goswami, V.S. Pandit, P.R. Sarma DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	A compact four sector 10 MeV, 5 mA proton cyclotron is being developed at VECC, Kolkata. Proton beam at 80keV from a 2.45 GHz ion source (under testing) will be first collimated and bunched and will be injected axially in the central region where a spiral inflector will place the beam on the orbit. This paper describes the procedure of optimizing the sector geometry of the magnet to obtain the desired isochronous field. Due to fringe field effect, analytical formulae do not predict the correct sector shape particularly at the lower radii in the cases of compact cyclotrons, where hill gap is very small and valley gap is large. Hence a 3D code becomes necessary to obtain the correct shape and size of the magnet sectors. This involves a lengthy iterative procedure of determining the hill angle at a large number of radii. In our procedure magnet sector is described in terms of a small number of parameters which are iteratively determined by random search technique geared to minimize the frequency error. 3D magnetic field data and results of equilibrium orbit code are used as input to the code developed for the optimization.

MOPCP081	Design Study of Magnetic Channel at NIRS-AVF930	proton, extraction, simulation, radiation	215
	S. Hojo, T. Honma, M. Kanazawa, N. Miyahara, M. Muramatsu, K. Noda, Y. Sakamoto, A. Sugiura, K. Tashiro NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan T. Kamiya, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi AEC, Chiba, Japan
	In the NIRS (National Institute of Radiological Sciences) AVF930 cyclotron, a current magnetic channel has been used for ten years, and the flowing rate of cooling water at longest coil is gradually decreasing. Therefore, the high energy operation such as 70 MeV proton became difficult recently. As the design specification of this magnetic channel is very severe, the flow velocity of cooling water is very fast. The sectional area of the longest coil is expanded in the new design of magnetic channel. Details of the new design and results of calculated magnetic fields are discussed.

MOPCP082	Design Study of AVF Magnet for Compact Cyclotron	simulation, proton, extraction, vacuum	218
	H.W. Kim, J.-S. Chai, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	K=100 separated sector cyclotron and its injector cyclotron design is started on April, 2010 at Sungkyunkwan University. The main purpose of the K=100 separated sector cyclotron is producing proton and deuteron beam for ISOL which generate rare isotopes to accelerate RI beam for basic science research. In K=100 separated sector cyclotron facilities, two 8 MeV sector focused cyclotrons will be used as an injector cyclotron for the main cyclotron. In this paper, an Azimuthally Varying Field (AVF) magnet for the 8 MeV injector cyclotron is designed to produce 8 MeV proton beam and 4MeV deuteron beam. All field simulations have been performed by OPERA-3D TOSCA for 3D magnetic field simulation. The assignments of these injector cyclotrons are generating 8 MeV, 1 mA proton beam and 4MeV deuteron beam that inject to the main cyclotron.

MOPCP083	Vacuum Simulation for Heavy Ion Beams in the AGOR-Cyclotron	ion, simulation, vacuum, target	221
	A. Sen, S. Brandenburg, M.A. Hofstee, M.J. van Goethem KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM). The vacuum in the AGOR cyclotron and thereby the beam transmission is beam intensity dependent for heavy ions. The onset of significant vacuum and transmission degradation is dependent on the ion species and final energy. For ²⁰Ne⁶⁺ @ 23 MeV/A no significant effects are observed for intensities up to at least 2 x 10¹² pps, while for ²⁰⁶Pb²⁷⁺ @ 8.5 MeV/A degradation sets in at around 10¹¹ pps. This process is driven by the loss of particles through charge exchange with the residual gas and subsequent desorption from the chamber walls induced by the lost particles. We are developing a model based on particle tracking simulations of beam particles after charge exchange and 3D vacuum simulation including the experimentally determined 'regular' out gassing and induced desorption. An experimental setup to measure beam induced desorption was built and tested. It will be used to evaluate the mitigation measures such as surface treatment and stimulated out gassing. Improvement of the vacuum in the injection line, which is limiting the overall transmission, is also presented.

MOPCP087	Beamloss Monitoring and Control for High Intensity Beams at the AGOR-Facility	beam-losses, pick-up, injection, controls	227
	M.A. Hevinga, S. Brandenburg, T.W. Nijboer, J. Vorenholt KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM). The experiments at the AGOR facility require intense heavy ion beams with a beam power up to 500 W. Examples are 6 x 10¹² pps of ²⁰Ne at 23 MeV/A and 10¹² pps ²⁰⁶Pb at 8.5 MeV/A. To prevent damage to components by the beam (power density >100 W/mm³ in unfavorable cases) a modular beam loss monitoring and control system has been developed for the cyclotron and high energy beam lines. The architecture of the system will be described and the considerations for the major design choices discussed. The system uses the CAN-bus for communication and verification of system integrity. The injected beam is chopped at 1 kHz with a variable duty factor up to 90 %. The beam intensity at injection and a number of locations in the high energy beam line is measured by inductive pick-ups. Furthermore localized beam losses on slits and diaphragms are directly measured. When beam loss in any section exceeds the predefined maximum value the duty factor of the beam is automatically reduced. Beam diagnostics are protected by switching off the beam when they are inserted at too high intensity.

MOPCP090	Progress in Formation of Single-Pulse Beams by a Chopping System at the JAEA/TIARA facility	extraction, acceleration, ion, controls	233
	S. Kurashima, I. Ishibori, T. Nara, W. Yokota JAEA/TARRI, Gunma-ken, Japan M. Taguchi JAEA/QuBS, Takasaki, Japan
	The intervals of beam pulses from a cyclotron is generally tens of ns and they are too short for pulse radiolysis experiments which require beam pulses at intervals ranging from 1 μs to 1 ms (single-pulse beam). A chopping system, consisting of two types of high voltage kickers, is used at the JAEA AVF cyclotron to form single-pulse beam. The first kicker installed in the injection line generates beam pulses with repetition period of 1 μs to 1 ms. The pulse width is about a cycle length of the acceleration frequency. The other kicker in the transport line thins out needless beam pulses caused by multi-turn extraction. We could not provide single-pulse beam stably over 30 min since the magnetic field of the cyclotron gradually decreased by 0.01 % and the number of multi-turn extraction increased. The magnetic field was stabilized within 0.001 % by keeping temperature of the cyclotron magnet constant. In addition, a new technique to measure and control an acceleration phase has enabled us to reduce the number of multi-turn extraction easier than before. We have succeeded to provide single-pulse beam of a 320 MeV carbon without retuning of the cyclotron over 4 h, as a result.

MOPCP091	Status of Beam Diagnostic Components for Superconducting Cyclotron at Kolkata	diagnostics, controls, extraction, injection	236
	G.P. Pal, R.K. Bhandari, S. Bhattacharya, T. Bhattacharyya, T. Das, C. Mallik, S. Roy DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	VEC Centre Kolkata has constructed a K500 superconducting cyclotron (SCC). Several beam diagnostic components have been designed, fabricated and installed in SCC. In the low energy beam line, uncooled slits, faraday cup, beam viewers, and collimators are used. The inflector is also operated in a faraday cup mode to measure the beam inside SCC. The radial probe and viewer probe are respectively used to measure beam current and to observe the beam size and shape inside SCC. The magnetic channels, electro-static deflectors and M9 slit are also used to measure beam current at the extraction radius. Water cooled faraday cup and beam viewers are used in the external beam line. The radius of curvature of the radial probe track was reduced to align the internal and external track during its assembly. It was observed that the probe did not functioning properly during beam trials. Different modifications were incorporated. But, problem with the probe persisted. The paper describes the beam diagnostic components used in the cyclotron, discusses the problems faced in operating the radial probe, modifications tried and outlines the future steps planned to operate the beam diagnostic components.

MOPCP092	Study on PXI and PAC-Based HIL Simulation Control System of CYCHU-10 Cyclotron	simulation, controls, target, ion-source	239
	X. Hu, D. Li, Y.Q. Xiong, J. Yang, T. Yu HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
	Using the technology of hardware in loop (HIL), control system simulation model of the CYCHU-10 cyclotron is developed with real-time, simulation and statechart module under the LabVIEW environment. A prototyping design method based on NI PXI operation condition virtual platform and PAC controller is presented. The result indicates that the platform is feasible and effective in completing control system test under hardware virtual environment and shortening development time.

MOPCP093	Beam Extraction System and External Beam Line of Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron	extraction, optics, quadrupole, target	242
	J. Debnath, S. Bhattacharya, T. Bhattacharyya, U. Bhunia, P.S. Chakraborty, M.K. Dey, C. Mallik, Z.A. Naser, G.P. Pal, S. Paul, J. Pradhan DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	All the major components of the extraction system of the Kolkata superconducting cyclotron are installed and functional. It includes the Electrostatic deflectors, magnetic channels, M9 slit etc. Internal beam acceleration has already been done successfully and now we are on the verge of extracting and transporting the beam to the cave. The external beam transport system has been designed comprising of quadrupole magnets, steering magnets, switching magnets, beam diagnostics etc. One of the four beam lines has been installed, which extends 20 meters up to the experimental cave - 1. Control and monitoring system for all these components have been developed and tested. All the beam dynamical and technical aspects of the beam extraction and beam transportation have been discussed in this paper.

MOPCP094	Consistency in Measurement of Beam Phase and Beam Intensity Using Lock-in Amplifier and Oscilloscope Systems	monitoring, acceleration, beam-transport, rfq	245
	R. Koyama, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, A. Goto, M. Hemmi, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	The RIKEN RI beam factory (RIBF) consists of four ring cyclotrons (RRC, fRC, IRC, and SRC) and two injectors (RILAC and AVF) which are all connected in cascade. RILAC, AVF, and RRC began operation in the 1980s, and fRC, IRC, and SRC were installed in 2006. Phase probes (PPs) are installed in all cyclotrons and beam transport lines of RIBF, and the beam-bunch signals that are detected nondestructively by these PPs are used for tuning of isochronous magnetic field of cyclotrons and for monitoring the beam phase and beam intensity. We mainly use a newly developed system that incorporates a lock-in amplifier (LIA; SR844, SRS) for those tuning and monitoring; however, in AVF and RRC, a conventional measurement method using an oscilloscope system (OSC; DSO6052A, Agilent) is used. In this study, we investigated the consistency in the measurements carried out using LIA and OSC systems by Fourier analyzing the observed data. Additionally, we investigated the resolution and measurement uncertainty of LIA and OSC.

MOPCP095	Experiment and Analysis: Partial Loss of Insulation Vacuum in K-500 Superconducting Cyclotron During Energization	vacuum, superconducting-magnet, controls, extraction	248
	P. Bhattacharyya, M. Ahammed, S. Bandyopadhyay, R.K. Bhandari, U. Bhunia, J. Chaudhuri, A. De, A. Dutta Gupta, C. Mallik, A. Mukherjee, C. Nandi, U. Panda, S. Saha, S. Saha DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	At higher currents in superconducting coil of K-500 Superconducting cyclotron, it was found that the insulation vacuum surrounding the LHe vessel gets worsen with increased current in the coil,finally leading to slow dump of power of the coil. This is a limitation for further increasing current value in the superconducting magnet coil. But once the current value returned to zero, vacuum reading reaches its initial value. Experiment & analysis have been done to quantify the contribution of molecular gas conduction on heat load because of this partial loss of insulation vacuum. Experiment was done to quantify how much betterment in terms of heat load is possible by incorporating additional vacuum pump. The cryostat safety analysis because of loss of insulation vacuum has become very important at this new scenario. Analysis has been done to know what could be the maximum pressure rise with time in case of loss of vacuum. This data has been used to know what should be the relieving mass flow rate to avoid any pressure burst accident. Finally this data has been compared with the existing relief valve. It is found that the existing safety system can take care of such incident.

MOPCP098	Influence of RF Magnetic Field on Ion Dynamics in IBA C400 Cyclotron	ion, acceleration, radio-frequency, resonance	251
	E. Samsonov, G.A. Karamysheva, S.A. Kostromin JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia Y. Jongen IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	Magnetic components of RF field in C400 cyclotron being under development by IBA makes noticeable influence on ion dynamics. In particular, increase in the dees voltage along radius leads to corresponding phase compression of a bunch. Influence of the RF magnetic field on the bunch center phase deviation during acceleration and on radial ion axial motions have been also estimated numerically. RF magnetic field changes a central ion phase by only 2° RF. Calculations have also shown that RF magnetic field makes visible but pretty small influence on the radial motion of the ions ensuring some decrease in the radial amplitudes. No visible impact of the RF magnetic field on the axial motion has been detected. The results are compared for the two RF magnetic field maps: (i) obtained by Microwave Studio and, (ii) computed from RF electric field map by means of Maxwell' equations.

MOPCP100	Axial Injection Beam Line of a Compact Cyclotron	ion, injection, vacuum, ion-source	254
	J.Q. Zhang, Y. Cao, L.Z. Ma, A. Shi, M.T. Song, L.P. Sun, X.T. Yang, Q.G. Yao, Z.M. You, X.Q. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang, H.W. Zhao, J.H. Zheng IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Axial injection beam line of the therapy cyclotron is presented. It is intended for transportation of the C⁵⁺ ion beam obtained in the permanent magnet ion source. The beam line is only 3.486 m from the ion source to the entrance of spiral inflector, it consists of two sets glasser lens, one set double 90° bend magnet, one quadrupole lens and two solenoid lens. A big vacuum chamber is installed in the vertical part of the beam line, the sinusoidal buncher, the Faraday cap, the slit collimator and chopper are located in the vacuum chamber. The sinusoidal buncher is used for increasing of the seizing efficiency. The Faraday cap is used for the beam diagnostics. The bend magnet with the slit collimator is used for choice of C⁵⁺ ion beam. The chopper is used for choice of the beam utilizing time.

MOPCP101	Beam Extraction System of Compact Cyclotron	extraction, emittance, simulation, ion	256
	H.F. Hao, K.D. Man, M.T. Song, Y.L. Su, B. Wang, Q.G. Yao, H.W. Zhao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Based on the beam orbit and dynamics simulations, the extraction system of a compact cyclotron is determined, and the beam parameters of the extracted beam are calculated.

MOPCP105	Research on Acceptance of SSC	ion, simulation, injection, linac	260
	X.N. Li, Y. He, Y.J. Yuan IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	The injection, acceleration and extraction of SSC (Separate Sector Cyclotron) is analyzed and simulated to get the transverse and longitudinal acceptance, using two typical ions ²³⁸U³⁶⁺ and ⁷⁰Zn¹⁰⁺ with energy 9.7 MeV/u and 5.62 MeV/u respectively. In order to study the actual acceptance of SSC, the isochronous magnetic field model in coincidence with the real one is established by Kr-Kb and Lagrange methods based on the actual measurement. The transverse and longitudinal acceptance is calculated under the above isochronous magnetic field model. From the simulation results, one of the major reason of low efficiency and acceptance of SSC is the defaults in the design of MSI3. The simulation results show that the actual efficiency and acceptance of SSC can be improved by redesign the curvature of MSI3 or shim in MSI3 to change the distribution of inner magnetic field.

MOPCP106	Beam-Phase Measurement System for HIRFL	controls, shielding, ion, extraction	263
	J.H. Zheng, W. Liu, W. Ma, R.S. Mao, Y. Wang, J.X. Wu, Y. Yin IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	The beam phase measurement system in HIRFL is introduced. The system had been improved using RF-signal mixing and filtering techniques and noise cancellation method. Therefore,the influence of strongly RF field disturbing signal was eliminated and the signal to noise rate was increased, and a stable and sensitive phase measurement system was developed. The phase history of the ion beam was detected by using 15 set of capacitive pick-up probes installed in the SSC cyclotron. The phase information of the measurement was necessary for tuning purposes to obtain an optimized isochronous magnetic field, where the beam intensity was increased and the beam quality was optimized . The measuremnet results before and after isochronous magnetic field for ion and ion in SSC was given . The phase measurement system was reliable by optimizing isochronous magnetic field test,and the precision reached ±0.5°,the sensitivity of the beam signal measurement was about 10nA as well.

TUM1CIO01	Towards the 2MW Cyclotron and Latest Developments at PSI	proton, target, extraction, scattering	275
	M. Seidel PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	PSI operates a cyclotron based high intensity proton accelerator routinely at an average beam power of 1.3MW. With this power the facility is at the worldwide forefront of high intensity proton accelerators. An upgrade program is under way to ensure high operational reliability and push the intensity to even higher levels. The beam current is practically limited by losses at extraction and the resulting activation of accelerator components. Further intensity upgrades are only possible if the relative losses can be lowered in proportion, thus keeping absolute losses at a constant level. The basic upgrade path involves the reduction of space charge induced extraction losses by implementing improved RF systems and resonators in both cyclotrons. The paper describes the ongoing upgrade program, achievements that were realized since the last cyclotron conference and several operational experiences and difficulties that were observed during routine operation.
	Slides TUM1CIO01 [8.697 MB]

TUM1CCO03	Reliable Production of Multiple High Intensity Beams with the 500 MeV TRIUMF Cyclotron	extraction, injection, emittance, ion	280
	R.A. Baartman, F.W. Bach, I.V. Bylinskii, J.F. Cessford, G. Dutto, D.T. Gray, A. Hurst, K. Jayamanna, M. Mouat, Y.-N. Rao, W.R. Rawnsley, L.W. Root, R. Ruegg, V.A. Verzilov TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	In 2001, after 25 years of smooth cyclotron operation with up to ~200 μA H¯ acceleration, developments towards higher intensities became compelling because of the ISAC expansion. Recently average current of 300 μA, within a nominal ~90% duty cycle, was routinely achieved. Beam availability was 90-94% over the last five years. Development highlights are discussed in the paper. These include: ion source and beam transport re-optimized for this cyclotron acceptance; the 12 m long vertical injection line section was redesigned to accommodate higher space charge. In the centre region, a water cooled beam scraper was installed to absorb unwanted phases; other electrodes were realigned. Other activities were aimed at beam stability enhancement for ISAC. This included: reducing ν_r = 3/2 resonance effects at 420 MeV, stabilizing the intensity of the primary beam through pulser feedback regulation and improving beam quality at the target through beam optics optimization and target position stability feedback, etc. Extraction was also improved, using special stripping foils.
	Slides TUM1CCO03 [1.882 MB]

TUM1CCO04	The VARIAN 250 MeV Superconducting Compact Proton Cyclotron: Medical Operation of the 2nd Machine, Production and Commissioning Status of Machines No. 3 to 7	proton, factory, controls, induction	283
	H. Röcken, M. Abdel-Bary, E.M. Akcoeltekin, P. Budz, T. Stephani, J.C. Wittschen VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
	Varian Medical Systems Particle Therapy (the former ACCEL) has successfully finalized in 2008 the commissioning of its 2nd superconducting compact proton cyclotron for use in proton therapy. The 250 MeV machine serves as proton source for treatments at the first clinical proton therapy center in Germany which opened in early 2009. Furthermore, Varian is currently commissioning and factory testing its 3rd machine. We report on the operation and performance of the 2nd machine as well as on the successful cool-down, quench testing, and magnetic shimming of the 3rd machine. In addition we present RF commissioning plans using a newly developed solid state amplifier, and plans for the upcoming factory beam commissioning in the new Varian cyclotron test cell, scheduled for October 2010. Finally we provide a brief status and outlook on machines no. 4 to 7.
	Slides TUM1CCO04 [5.761 MB]

TUM2CIO01	Status of RIBF Accelerators at RIKEN	ion, ion-source, rfq, acceleration	286
	O. Kamigaito, S. Arai, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, T. Fujinawa, H. Fujisawa, N. Fukunishi, A. Goto, H. Hasebe, Y. Higurashi, K. Ikegami, E. Ikezawa, H. Imao, T. Kageyama, M. Kase, M. Kidera, M. Komiyama, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, M. Nagase, T. Nakagawa, M. Nakamura, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, H. Watanabe, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, Y. Yano, S. Yokouchi RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	Recent developments and upgrade program in the near future at RIKEN RI-Beam Factory (RIBF) are presented. The beam intensity and available ion species are increasing at RIBF, owing to the continuous efforts that have been paid since the first beam in 2006. So far, we accelerated deuteron, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, aluminum, calcium, krypton, and uranium beams with the superconducting ring cyclotron, SRC. The extracted beam intensities reached 1,000 pnA for helium and oxygen beams. From the operational point of view, however, the intensity of the uranium beam should be much increased. We are, therefore, constructing a new injector linac for the RIBF, consisting of a superconducting ECR ion source, RFQ, and DTL, which will be commissioned in this fiscal year. By using this injector, we also aim at independent operation of the RIBF and GARIS facility for super-heavy element synthesis.
	Slides TUM2CIO01 [4.914 MB]

TUM2CCO02	First Beam Acceleration in Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron and Its Present Status	extraction, vacuum, ion, ion-source	292
	C. Mallik, R.K. Bhandari DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	Major systems of the superconducting cyclotron at Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata were functional and integrated by May 2009. After achieving the required acceleration condition internal beam trials were started in July 2009. First internal beam was observed on borescope viewer on August 14th. Ne³⁺ beam at 14 MHz was accelerated to full extraction radius and nuclear reaction observed on August 25th. The trials were not without difficulty and several problems did crop up during the initial phase. Major problems encountered were related to obtaining sufficient dee voltages primarily due to ceramic insulator degradation leading to vacuum breakdown. Earlier the 14 GHz ECR ion source was connected with injection line without much difficulty. The cyclotron magnet with the cryostat has been running smoothly and quite a valuable experience has been gained over the years. An analogue beam was also accelerated before taking a shutdown for installation of extraction system and augmentation of cryogenic plant. Very soon beam extraction and transportation to the experimental area will be started.
	Slides TUM2CCO02 [5.726 MB]

TUM2CCO03	Commissioning of the JYFL MCC30/15 Cyclotron	proton, controls, ion, ion-source	295
	P. M.T. Heikkinen JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
	The new MCC30/15 cyclotron from NIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Russia, arrived at Jyväskylä on 10th of August 2009, as a partial compensation of the Former Soviet Union debt to Finland. The cyclotron required an extension for the old experimental hall. The building of the extension started in late August, 2008. Both the cyclotron and the building projects took a little more time than planned. However, the delay of both projects was less than two months, and so the building was ready to host the cyclotron by the beginning of August, 2009. The installation of the cyclotron was done by the manufacturer's (NIIEFA) specialists. Before the end of November 2009 the maximum extracted proton intensity (in pulses) was twice the guaranteed value and 24 % over the guaranteed value for deuterons. The final acceptance protocol was signed on 30th of April, 2010. In addition to the scientific work (IGISOL), the new MCC30/15 cyclotron is planned to be used for medical radioisotope production, mainly ¹²³I and ¹⁸F. Negotiations on the isotope production are underway.
	Slides TUM2CCO03 [4.824 MB]

TUA1CIO01	A Multi MegaWatt Cyclotron Complex to Search for CP Violation in the Neutrino Sector	extraction, proton, injection, electron	298
	L. Calabretta, M.M. Maggiore, L.A.C. Piazza, D. Rifuggiato INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
	Funding: I.N.F.N., Laboratorio Nazionale del Sud, Catania, Italy Scientists of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) proposed a new approach to search for CP violation in the neutrino sector . They proposed to use high-power proton accelerators able to deliver a proton beam whit energy 800 MeV, 1.5 MW power and duty cycle of 20% (100 μs beam on, 400 μs beam off). In the past, a layout for a similar accelerator complex to get a proton beam with 10MW of power was proposed by the LNS Accelerator Team . This previous machines' proposal is now updated to meet the MIT requirements. It consists in a two cascade cyclotron complex. The injector cyclotron, is a four sector machine, which accelerates a beam of H²⁺ up to energy of 35 MeV/n. The extraction radius is set around 130 cm and the energy gain is fixed at 1.1 MeV/turn, to obtain a turn separation of about 11 mm and then to make very efficient the extraction by the electrostatic deflector. The beam is then injected inside a 8 sectors Superconducting Cyclotron Ring. The energy gain is set at about 3 MeV/turn to reduce the number of turns inside the Ring cyclotron. The beam is extracted by the stripper method. The main characteristics and features of the machines will be presented. J. M. Conrad and M. H. Shaevitz, "Multiple Cyclotron Method to Search for CP violation in the Neutrino Sector", Phys. Rev.Lett. 104:141802, 2010 ** L. Calabretta et Al., EPAC(2000),pp.918
	Slides TUA1CIO01 [2.341 MB]

TUA1CCO04	Design study of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron for KoRIA project	proton, injection, ion, simulation	304
	Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University Starting from April 2010, KoRIA was launched in the republic of Korea; the main objects of this project are fundamental and applied researches, e.g. production of radioisotope beam for the basic science research, nuclear structure, material and life sciences and medical isotope production, A K=100 separated sector cyclotron will be used as a driving accelerator for ISOL. It will provide a 70-100 MeV, ~1 mA of proton beam and 35-50 MeV, ~1 mA of deuteron ion beam, the SSC cyclotron will be injected by 8 MeV proton beam from 2 sector focused cyclotrons. In this paper we will describe briefly the conceptual design of the cyclotron including the design of separated sector magnet, beam dynamics and RF system, etc.

TUA2CCO02	Induction Sector Cyclotron for Cluster Ions	acceleration, ion, induction, focusing	314
	K. Takayama, T. Adachi KEK, Ibaraki, Japan W. Jiang Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan Y. Oguri TIT, Tokyo, Japan H. Tsutsui SHI, Tokyo, Japan
	Funding: supported by Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research (KAKENHI 22265403) A novel scheme of a sector cyclotron to accelerate extremely heavy cluster ions, called 'Induction Sector Cyclotron (ISC)', is described [1]. Its key feature is fast induction acceleration, which has been already demonstrated using the KEK 12 GeV proton synchrotron [2]. An ion bunch is accelerated and captured with pulse voltages generated by transformers. The acceleration and confinement in the longitudinal direction can be independently handled. The transformers are energized by the corresponding switching power supply, in which power solid-state devices are employed as switching elements and their turning on/off is maneuvered by gate signals digitally manipulated from the circulating beam signal of an ion bunch. Consequently the acceleration synchronizing with the revolution of any ion beam is always guaranteed. A cluster ion beam such as C-60, which so far there has been no way to repeatedly accelerate, can be accelerated from an extremely low velocity to a nearly light velocity. Its fundamental concept, beam dynamics, required key devices, and life time of a cluster ion beam will be discussed. A typical example of ISC is proposed at the conference. [1] K.Takayama et al., submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2010). [2] K.Takayama et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 054801 (2007), K.Takayama and R.Briggs (Eds.), 'Induction Accelerators' (Springer, 2010).
	Slides TUA2CCO02 [1.781 MB]

TUA2CCO03	Design and Construction Progress of a 7 MeV/u Cyclotron	ion, injection, ion-source, extraction	317
	B. Wang, D.Q. Gao, H.F. Hao, L.Z. Ma, K.D. Man, M.T. Song, X.W. Wang, X.T. Yang, Q.G. Yao, Z.M. You, J.Q. Zhang, S.H. Zhang, X.Q. Zhang, H.W. Zhao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	The 7MeV/u cyclotron accelerates carbon ions with mass number 12, 5+ charges, the extraction energy of carbon ions is 7 MeV/u, and the beam current density is designed to be 10 eμA. It designed as injector for the HITFiL (Heavy Ions Therapy Facility in LanZhou) synchrotron, which accelerates carbon ions to the energy 300 MeV/u for tumors treatment. Computer modeling results on the axial injection, magnetic, accelerating and extraction systems of the cyclotron are given. Design of the main systems of the cyclotron and the results of beam dynamic simulations are introduced. The construction progress including the ECR ion source, the axial injection beam line, the magnet, the RF system, the vacuum system etc. will be described respectively.
	Slides TUA2CCO03 [1.679 MB]

WEM2CIO01	High Power RF Systems and Resonators for Sector Cyclotrons	proton, simulation, pick-up, extraction	332
	L. Stingelin, M. Bopp, M. Broennimann, J. Cherix, H. Fitze, M. Schneider, W. Tron PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	In the framework of the high intensity upgrade of the PSI proton accelerator facility, it is planned to replace two existing 150 MHz resonators of the injector II cyclotron by two new 50 MHz resonators. The first prototype resonator has been manufactured by SDMS and first vacuum- and LLRF-tests were carried out. Tuners, coupler and pickups were mounted and high power RF tests are in progress at the teststand. A new building for the RF installation has been built and is ready to house the power amplifiers and LLRF-systems.
	Slides WEM2CIO01 [3.497 MB]

WEM2CCO02	Operating Experience with the RF System for Superconducting Ring Cyclotron of RIBF	acceleration, vacuum, cryogenics, pick-up	338
	N. Sakamoto, M. Fujimaki, A. Goto, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, R. Koyama, K. Suda, K. Yamada, S. Yokouchi RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	Since December 2006, Superconducting Ring Cyclotron (SRC) has been operational. Up to now, the beams of ²³⁸U, ⁴⁸Ca, pol-d, N, ⁴He have been provided for nuclear physics experiments. The SRC consists of 6 superconducting sector magnets, 4 accelerating cavities and one flattop cavity. Designed value of the acceleration voltage is 2 MV/turn. The gap voltage of 600 kV is excited with 130 kW rf power in the accelerating cavity. The cavities have been installed at four valley regions of 6 sector magnets and are exposed to a strong stray field of superconducting magnets. The strength of the magnetic field is as large as a few kilogauss. It is found that the condition of multipactor depends drastically on the strength of the stray field. How to treat the multipactor is one of the most important issues for stable operation of the SRC. This paper will discuss on our efforts to settle the problem concerning the cavities. By improving the vacuum, cooling, surface treatment and so on, we finally succeeded to minimize the break time due to the rf break down of the SRC cavities during experiments.
	Slides WEM2CCO02 [9.291 MB]

WEM2CCO03	Disturbance Effects Caused by RF Power Leaking Out From Cavities in the PSI Ringcyclotron	plasma, vacuum, septum, proton	341
	J.M. Humbel PSI-LRF, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland H. Zhang PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	While commissioning the PSI high intensity proton beam facility after the shutdown 2010 direct and indirect phenomena of interaction between the electrostatic septa of the injection and extraction region and the RF power, leaking out from the cavities occurred in the Ringcyclotron. As an indirect influence RF fields outside the cavities generate plasma clouds at the edge of magnet poles. Accelerated plasma ions sputtered metallic atoms form the vacuum chamber wall, which then covered the insulator surface with an electrically conductive layer. The septum therefore had to be replaced. Directly RF power, dissipated from the third harmonic cavity was redirected by a beam stopper in such a way, that a linear correlation between the RF pick up signal monitored at the extraction septum EEC and the leak current across the septum insulator could be observed. As an instant mending action the beam stopper, which is not permanently used, has been removed. The leaking out of RF power from a cavity is known to depend on vertical asymmetry. With asymmetrical settings of the hydraulic tuning system we will try to minimize this disturbing effect.
	Slides WEM2CCO03 [3.166 MB]

WEM2CIO04	Beam Diagnostics for Cyclotrons	diagnostics, beam-losses, ion, simulation	344
	R. Dölling PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	An overview is given on beam diagnostics used at cyclotrons. The focus is set to devices installed inside the cyclotron with its special "environmental" conditions and limitations and on techniques which cover specific needs of the commissioning and operation of cyclotrons.
	Slides WEM2CIO04 [4.247 MB]

WEM2CCO05	Beam Diagnostics for RIBF in RIKEN	ion, pick-up, monitoring, emittance	351
	T. Watanabe, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, M. Komiyama, R. Koyama, H. Watanabe RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	In the present work, many varieties of beam diagnostics have been played a tremendous role for the RIBF (RI Beam Factory) in RIKEN. During beam user's experiments, it is essential to keep the beam transmission efficiency as high as possible, because the production of RI beams requires an intense primary beam, and the activation of the beam transport chambers induced by beam loss should be avoided. This presentation will include the overview of the Faraday cups, the transverse beam profile monitors, radial probes and phase probes to tune the accelerators and the beam transport line. To realize the stable operation of the accelerator complex, the nondestructive monitoring system of RF fields and beam-phase by using lock-in amplifies are used. Plastic scintillation monitors have been fabricated to evaluate the energy and longitudinal profiles of heavy-ion beams. Furthermore, a highly sensitive beam current (position) monitor with a high Tc (Critical Temperature) SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) monitor, has been developed. We will report the present status of the facility, the details of the beam diagnostics and the results of the beam measurement.
	Slides WEM2CCO05 [6.855 MB]

THM1CIO01	Post-acceleration of High Intensity RIB through the CIME Cyclotron in the Frame of the SPIRAL2 Project at GANIL	ion, acceleration, linac, ion-source	354
	P. Bertrand, A. Savalle GANIL, Caen, France
	The cyclotron CIME is presently used at GANIL for the acceleration of SPIRAL1 radioactive beams. One of the goals of the SPIRAL2 project is to produce, post-accelerate and use in the existing experimental areas much higher intensity secondary beams induced by uranium fission like neutron-rich krypton, xenon, tin isotopes, and many others. Intensity may reach 10¹⁰ pps. Specific developments are needed for secondary beam diagnostics. Improvement of mass separation is also necessary, and the Vertical Mass Separator (VMS) is specially developed for this purpose. However, the main concern is related to the high radioactivity linked to RIB high intensity. Safety and radioprotection issues will require modifications of the installation with special care for the maintenance of the cyclotron. The experience of the SPIRAL1 beams, in terms of beam losses and equipment contamination, is especially useful to define the necessary modifications.
	Slides THM1CIO01 [6.133 MB]

THM1CIO02	Acceleration above the Coulomb Barrier - Completion of the ISAC-II Project at TRIUMF	linac, acceleration, ion, vacuum	359
	R.E. Laxdal TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	The ISAC-II project at TRIUMF was proposed to boost the final energy of the radioactive ion beams of the TRIUMF ISAC facility above the Coulomb barrier. The nominal goal of 6.5 MeV/u for ions with A/q=6 was recently achieved. The ISAC-II post-accelerator consists of 40 MV of installed heavy ion superconducting linac to broaden the energy reach and a charge state booster to broaden the mass reach. Details of the project and the ISAC-II commissioning and operation will be presented.
	Slides THM1CIO02 [3.619 MB]

THM2CCO03	Stripper Foil Developments at NSCL/MSU	ion, electron, light-ion, gun	373
	F. Marti, S. Hitchcock, P.S. Miller, J.W. Stetson, J. Yurkon NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Work supported by DOE Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661 and National Science Foundation under grant No. PHY06-06007 The Coupled Cyclotrons Facility (CCF) at NSCL/MSU includes an injector cyclotron (K500) and a booster cyclotron (K1200). The beam from the K500 is injected radially into the K1200 and stripped at approximately one third of the radius at energies of approximately 10 MeV/u. Stripping is done with a carbon foil. The lifetime of the foil is very short when stripping heavy ions and does not agree with the estimates from formulas that work quite well for light ions. We will present in this paper the studies performed to understand the limitations and improve the lifetime of the foils. A foil test chamber with an electron gun has been built as part of the R&D for the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) project. It has been used to study different ways of supporting the carbon foils and effects of high temperature operation. Different foil materials (diamond-like carbon, graphene, etc) have been tested in the cyclotron.
	Slides THM2CCO03 [4.560 MB]

THA1CIO03	Innovations in Fixed-Field Accelerators: Design and Simulation	focusing, acceleration, synchrotron, controls	389
	C. Johnstone Fermilab, Batavia, USA M. Berz, K. Makino MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA S.R. Koscielniak TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada P. Snopok UCR, Riverside, California, USA
	The drive for high beam power, high duty cycle, and reliable beams has focused world interest on fixed field accelerators, notably Fixed-field Alternating Gradient accelerators (FFAGs) ' with cyclotrons representing a specific class of fixed-field accelerators. Recently, the concept of isochronous orbits has been developed for nonscaling FFAGs using new methodologies in FFAG design. The property of isochronous orbits enables the simplicity of fixed RF and, by tailoring a nonlinear radial field profile, the FFAG is isochronous well into the relativistic regime. The machine proposed here has the high current advantage and duty cycle of the cyclotron in combination with the strong focusing, smaller losses, and energy variability that are more typical of the synchrotron. Further, compact high-performance devices are often are operated in a regime where space charge effects become significant, but are complicated to analyze in fixed-field accelerators because of the cross talk between beams at different nearby radii. A new space charge simulation approach is under development in the code COSY INFINITY. This presentation reports on advances in FFAG accelerator design and simulation.
	Slides THA1CIO03 [1.527 MB]

THA1CCO04	Cyclotron and FFAG Studies Using Cyclotron Codes	focusing, lattice, synchrotron, proton	395
	M.K. Craddock UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Y.-N. Rao TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	This paper describes the use of cyclotron codes to study the beam dynamics of both high-energy isochronous cyclotrons using AG focusing and non-scaling (NS) FFAGs. The equilibrium orbit code CYCLOPS determines orbits, tunes and period at fixed energies, while the general orbit code GOBLIN tracks a representative bunch of particles through the acceleration process. The results for radial-sector cyclotrons show that the use of negative valley fields allows axial focusing to be maintained, and hence intense cw beams to be accelerated, to energies ≈10 GeV. The results for FFAGs confirm those obtained with lumped-element codes, and suggest that cyclotron codes will prove to be important tools for evaluating the measured fields of FFAG magnets.
	Slides THA1CCO04 [1.750 MB]

FRM1CIO01	Review on Cyclotrons for Cancer Therapy	proton, synchrotron, ion, hadron	398
	Y. Jongen IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	The science and technology of proton and carbon therapy was initially developed in national and university laboratories. The first hospital based proton therapy facility was built at Loma Linda University with the help from Fermilab. After this initial phase, and starting with the tender for the proton therapy system at MGH, many proton and carbon beam facilities have been ordered from industry and built. Industrially made proton and carbon therapy facilities represent today the vast majority of the installed base.
	Slides FRM1CIO01 [2.015 MB]

FRM1CIO03	IBA-JINR 400 MeV/u Superconducting Cyclotron for Hadron Therapy	ion, extraction, proton, resonance	404
	N.A. Morozov, V. Aleksandrov, S. Gurskiy, G.A. Karamysheva, N.Yu. Kazarinov, S.A. Kostromin, E. Samsonov, V. Shevtsov, G. Shirkov, E. Syresin, A. Tuzikov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia M. Abs, A. Blondin, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, D. Vandeplassche, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium O. Karamyshev JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	The compact superconducting isochronous cyclotron C400 [1] has been designed by the IBA-JINR collaboration. It will be the first cyclotron in the world capable of delivering protons, carbon and helium ions for cancer treatment. The cyclotron construction is started this year within the framework of the ARCHADE project [2] (Caen, France). ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ ions will be accelerated to 400 MeV/u energy and extracted by the electrostatic deflector, H²⁺ ions will be accelerated to the energy of 265 MeV/u and extracted by stripping. The magnet yoke has a diameter of 6.6 m, the total weight of the magnet is about 700 t. The designed magnetic field corresponds to 4.5 T in the hills and 2.45 T in the valleys. Superconducting coils will be enclosed in a cryostat; all other parts of the cyclotron will be warm. Three external ion sources will be mounted on the switching magnet on the injection line located below the cyclotron. The main parameters of the cyclotron, its design, the current status of the development work on the cyclotron systems are presented. [1] Y.Jongen et al, 'IBA C400 Cyclotron Project for Hadron Therapy', The 18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications Cyclotrons 2007, Italy 2007. [2] http://archade.fr/
	Slides FRM1CIO03 [1.996 MB]

FRM1CIO04	Fast Scanning Techniques for Cancer Therapy with Hadrons - a Domain of Cyclotrons	proton, extraction, ion, synchrotron	410
	J.M. Schippers PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	In protontherapy fast 3D pencil beam scanning is regarded as the most optimal dose delivery method. The two transverse directions are covered by magnetic scanning and fast depth variations are achieved by changing beam energy with a degrader in the beam line. During the transversal scan the beam intensity is varied with kHz speed. This performance has a big impact on the accelerator concept. Routinely a very stable, reproducible and accurate beam intensity is needed, which is adjustable within a ms. Quick changes of the maximum intensity from the cyclotron are also needed when changing treatment room. The eye treatment room at PSI, for example, needs a 5-7 times higher intensity as the Gantry. Dedicated tools and setup procedures are used to switch area within a few seconds. Typical energy variations must be performed within 50-80 ms. In order to compensate the energy dependent variation (factor 100) of the transmission through the degrader it is convenient to compensate this, e.g. with an adjustable beam transport transmission or with Dee voltage. It will be shown that a cyclotron offers the most advantageous possibilities to achieve this ambitious performance.
	Slides FRM1CIO04 [9.164 MB]

FRM1CCO05	Advocacy for a Dedicated 70 MeV Proton Therapy Facility	proton, quadrupole, focusing, scattering	416
	A. Denker, C.R. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich HZB, Berlin, Germany D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	Since 1998 we treated more then 1500 patients with eye tumors at the HZB cyclotron with a 68 MeV proton beam. The 5 years follow up shows a tumor control rate of more then 96%. The combination of a CT/MRT based planning and excellent physical beam conditions like 2 nA in the scattered proton beam, a 0.94 mm distal dose fall-off and a dose penumbra of 2.1 mm offers the opportunity to keep side effects on a lowest level. However all new medical proton facilities are equipped with accelerators delivering beams of 230 MeV and more. While this is needed for deep seated tumors, a lot of physical and medical compromises have to be accepted for the treatment of shallow seated tumors like eye melanomas. Hence, we suggest a 70 MeV proton therapy facility. It should be equipped with a horizontal beam line and can have optionally a vertical line for more complicated cases under anesthetics or for biological experiments. By the use of PBO Lab and MCNPX beam line concepts and a radio-protecting architecture are designed. In Germany we see a definite need for a single low energy facility which guarantees the excellence of proton therapy for the need of 80 million people.
	Slides FRM1CCO05 [1.881 MB]

FRM2CIO01	Review of Cyclotrons Used in the Production of Radio-Isotopes for Biomedical Applications	target, ion, proton, ion-source	419
	P. Schmor TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Cyclotrons are the primary tool for producing the shorter-lived proton-rich radio-isotopes currently used in the biosciences. Although the primary use of the cyclo-tron produced short-lived radio-isotopes is in PET/CT and SPECT diagnostic medical procedures, cyclotrons are also producing longer-lived isotopes for therapeutic pro-cedures. Commercial suppliers are responding by provid-ing a range of cyclotrons in the energy range of 3 to 70 MeV. The cyclotrons generally have multiple beams ser-vicing multiple targets. This paper provides a comparison of some of the capabilities of the various current cyclo-trons. The use of nuclear medicine and the number of cyclotrons providing the needed isotopes is increasing. In the future it is expected that there will be a new genera-tion of small 'table top' cyclotrons providing patient doses on demand.
	Slides FRM2CIO01 [5.366 MB]

FRM2CIO02	Medical Cyclotron and Development in China	ion, heavy-ion, extraction, ion-source	425
	M. Fan HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
	The first medical cyclotron CYCIAE-30 in China was designed and constructed by China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), and its construction was finished in 1994. Since then on, medical cyclotron got developed in China, several cyclotrons had been constructed, and some medical experiments and practice had been done with those cyclotrons. Now medical cyclotron develops even quickly in china, several medical cyclotrons are under design and construction. In the meantime, a compact cyclotron virtual prototyping was developed to help the cyclotron design and reduce cyclotron R & D cost.
	Slides FRM2CIO02 [4.205 MB]

FRM2CCO04	BNCT System Using 30 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron	target, proton, beam-transport, injection	430
	T. Mitsumoto, K. Fujita, T. Ogasawara, H. Tsutsui, S. Yajima SHI, Tokyo, Japan A. Maruhashi, Y. Sakurai, H. Tanaka KURRI, Osaka, Japan
	Kyoto University and Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. have developed an accelerator-based neutron source for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) at the Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute (KURRI). In order to obtain 10⁹ n/cm²/sec epithermal neutron for cancer treatment, a newly designed 30 MeV H⁻ AVF cyclotron named HM-30 was constructed and is being operated. With newly developed spiral inflector, the beam current in the central region can exceed 2 mA. The cyclotron is operated stably at 1 mA owing to the limit of the facility. Extracted proton beam is expanded by two scanner magnets in order to moderate heat concentration on the beryllium target, which is directly cooled by water to endure 30 kW heat load. Mainly fast neutrons are emitted from the target, and moderated to epithermal region by a moderator which consists of lead, iron, polyethylene, etc. Thermal neutron flux in a water phantom is measured by gold wire, which is consistent with the calculation using MCNPX. Preclinical studies have been continued with 10B-p-Borono- phenylalanine.
	Slides FRM2CCO04 [1.818 MB]

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOM1CIO02

Eighty Years of Cyclotrons

ion, focusing, proton, electron

1

M.K. Craddock
UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron in 1930 not only revolutionized nuclear physics, but proved the starting point for a whole variety of recirculating accelerators, from microtrons to FFAGs to synchrotrons, that have had an enormous impact in almost every branch of science and several areas of medicine and industry. Cyclotrons (i.e. fixed-field accelerators) themselves have proved remarkably adaptable, incorporating a variety of new ideas and technologies over the years: frequency modulation, edge focusing, AG focusing, axial and azimuthal injection, ring geometries, stripping extraction, superconducting magnets and rf… Long may they flourish!

Slides MOM1CIO02 [7.108 MB]

MOM2CIO01

Review of High Power Cyclotrons for Heavy Ion Beams

ion, heavy-ion, ion-source, beam-losses

9

A. Goto
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

Since heavy ion cyclotrons for use in radioactive beam sciences were built in laboratories worldwide in 1980's, a lot of efforts on the upgrade of many such cyclotrons have been made in terms of beam intensity as well as beam energy. This talk describes an overview of such cyclotrons that provide heavy ion beams with the power in kW range or higher. Some technological issues related to high-power heavy ion beams are also discussed based on the experiences of those cyclotrons.

Slides MOM2CIO01 [8.469 MB]

MOM2CIO02

Intense Beam Operation at GANIL

ion, target, ion-source, acceleration

16

F. Chautard
GANIL, Caen, France

The GANIL (Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds) produces and accelerates stable ions beams since 1982. The first radioactive beam post-accelerated with the CIME cyclotron happened in 2001. In 2013, stable beams with higher intensities and new energy range will be available from the new superconducting linear accelerator SPIRAL2. In 2015, new exotic beams will be accelerated with the existing cyclotron CIME. This paper will show how GANIL manages the SPIRAL2 machine arrival by continuing the delivery of high intensity and exotic beams. But also by pursuing the developments of the machine capabilities in a project structure in order to keep equipments running with a high reliability yield and still responding to physics demands. The progress in ion source production will be exposed. Finally, it will be presented the foreseen calendar of the exploitation for the existing machine together with SPIRAL2.

Slides MOM2CIO02 [2.928 MB]

MOM2CCO03

Progress towards High Intensity Heavy Ion Beams at the AGOR-Facility

beam-losses, ion, vacuum, acceleration

21

S. Brandenburg, J.P.M. Beijers, M.A. Hevinga, M.A. Hofstee, H.R. Kremers, V. Mironov, J. Mulder, S. Saminathan, A. Sen
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM).
The on-going upgrade program of the AGOR-facility aiming at intensities beyond 10¹² pps for heavy ion beams up to Pb will be discussed. The progress in the main elements of the program (further development of the ECR-source; improvement of the transmission into and through the cyclotron and protection of equipment agains excessive beam loss) will be reported. Further improvement of the ECR ion source is facilitated by the installation of a second source. Redesign of the LEBT to compensate aberrations is in progress; simulations predict a significant increase in transmission. A new, cooled electrostatic extractor is being commissioned and the beam loss control system has been completed. The main remaining issue is vacuum degradation induced by beam loss caused by charge exchange on the residual gas. Experiments at GSI[1] have shown that scrapers and surface coatings can strongly reduce this effect. Tracking calculations of the distribution of the beam losses over the vacuum chamber to determine the optimum location of scrapers and application of a gold coating to relevant parts of the vacuum chamber are underway.
[1] C. Omet, H. Kollmus, H. Reich-Sprenger, P. Spiller; Ion catcher system for the stabilisation of the dynamic pressure in SIS18; http://jacow.org/e08/papers/mopc099.pdf

Slides MOM2CCO03 [1.532 MB]

MOM2CCO04

Recent Progress on the Facility Upgrade for Accelerated Radioactive Beams at Texas A&M

ion, injection, ion-source, extraction

24

D.P. May, R.E. Tribble
Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute, College Station, Texas, USA
F.P. Abegglen, G. Chubaryan, G.J. Derrig, G.J. Kim, G. Tabacaru
Texas A&M University, Cyclotron Institute, College Station, USA

Funding: Supported by U. S. Dept. of Energy Grant DE-FG02-93ER40773
The Cyclotron Institute at Texas A&M University is involved in an upgrade, one goal of which is to provide radioactive ion beams accelerated to intermediate energies by the K500 superconducting cyclotron. The old 88" cyclotron, now the K150, has been refurbished to be used as a driver and also to provide higher intensity, low-energy, primary beams for experiments. Two external ion sources, an electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (ECRIS) and a multi-cusp negative ion source, have been installed on a new axial line to inject beams into a modified K150 central region. Acceleration of negative ions of protons and deuterons with stripping for extraction will be used in order to mitigate activation of the K150. Beams from the K150 will be used to create radioactive species via a light-ion guide and a heavy-ion guide. Singly charged ions from either ion guide will be transported to an ECRIS that is configured to capture these ions and further ionize them. One charge-state from this second ECRIS will be selected for subsequent acceleration by the K500. Progress on the upgrade, including the acceleration and extraction of both negative and positive beams by the K150, is presented.

Slides MOM2CCO04 [1.690 MB]

MOA1CIO01

Intense Beam Operation of the NSCL/MSU Cyclotrons

ion, injection, emittance, extraction

27

J.W. Stetson, G. Machicoane, F. Marti, D.R. Poe
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Supported under National Science Foundation under grant No. PHY06-06007
Intense heavy ion beam acceleration by superconducting compact cyclotrons presents significant challenges since surfaces impacted by lost beam are subject to high thermal loads and consequent damage. High transmission efficiencies allow 0.7-1.0 kW beams to be routinely delivered for experiment at the NSCL, with minimal negative impact on reliability. Net beam transmission measured from just before the K500 to extracted beam from the K1200 can be about 30% depending on the ion used (factoring out the unavoidable loss due to the charge stripping foil in the K1200). Techniques and examples are discussed.

Slides MOA1CIO01 [4.425 MB]

MOA1CIO02

High Intensity Cyclotrons for Super Heavy Elements Research of FLNR JINR

ion, extraction, target, injection

33

G.G. Gulbekyan
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

Main team of FLNR JINR is super heavy elements research. From 2000 up to 2010 there was synthesized elements 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118 and more the 40 isotopes of super heavy elements in the Lab. As a target we used 243Am, 242Pu, 248Cm, 249Bk, 249Cf et al. Full flux 48Ca ion beam through the targets on the level 5×10 20 ion with 48Ca matter consumption 0.4 mg/hour, and average beam intensity 1pμA. According plan after U400 cyclotron modernization (2012) 48Ca beam intensity will be up to 3pμA on the target and 48Ca beam intensity from new cyclotron DC200 will be 10 pμA (2014).

MOA2CCO02

Current Status of the Cyclotron Facilities and Future Projects at iThemba Labs

controls, ion, vacuum, proton

42

J.L. Conradie, L.S. Anthony, A.H. Botha, M.A. Crombie, J.G. De Villiers, J.L.G. Delsink, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, M.E. Hogan, I.H. Kohler, C. Lussi, R.H. McAlister, H.W. Mostert, S.S. Ntshangase, J.V. Pilcher, P.F. Rohwer, M. Sakildien, N. Stodart, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk, D. de Villiers, P.A. van Schalkwyk
iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa
C. Böhme
UniDo/IBS, Dortmund, Germany
J. Dietrich
FZJ, Jülich, Germany
Z. Kormány
ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary

For nearly 25 years the cyclotron facilities at iThemba LABS have been utilized for radioisotope production, nuclear physics research, and proton and neutron therapy. The aging systems require continual upgrading and replacement to limit interruptions to the scheduled beam delivery. The distributed computer control system is being migrated to a system running on the EPICS platform. The analogue low-level RF control systems will be replaced with digital systems. The Minimafios ECR ion source has been replaced with an ECR source from the former Hahn Meitner Institute and a second source, based on the design of the Grenoble test source, will be commissioned later this year. To increase the production of radio-isotopes, the 66 MeV proton beam is split to deliver beam simultaneously to two production targets. The first result with the beam splitter will be reported. A beam phase measurement system comprising 21 fixed probes has been installed in the separated sector cyclotron. Progress with these projects and the status of the facilities will be presented. Proposals for new facilities for proton therapy and for acceleration of radioactive beams will also be discussed.

Slides MOA2CCO02 [4.496 MB]

MOA2CCO03

Status of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron High-Voltage Injection Upgrade Project

ion, injection, ion-source, vacuum

45

K. Yoshiki Franzen, P.W. Casey, A. Hodgkinson, M. Kireeff Covo, D. Leitner, C.M. Lyneis, L. Phair, P. Pipersky
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

The goal of the project includes design of a new center region that allows external beam injection at injection voltages between 20 and 30 kV for high intensity beams. This new center region will make use of a spiral inflector to eliminate the use of a gridded mirror for high intensity beams. At the same time the mechanical design of the new center region must be flexible enough to allow use of the current center region for less intense beams. The use of two or more different center regions is necessary to cover the wide range of operation parameter space utilized by the 88-Inch Cyclotron Nuclear Science and Applied research program. The project also includes HV upgrades of the external injection lines and HV insulation of the AECR and VENUS source with the goal to provide focusing for beams up to 25 kV or if feasible up to 30 kV. The current spiral inflector design is based on extensive 3D FEM simulations which results will be presented. In addition results from ongoing efforts to improve on the transport efficiency from the AECR ion source to the current mirror inflector will be discussed.

Slides MOA2CCO03 [1.359 MB]

MOPCP002

The Isochronous Magnetic Field Optimization of HITFiL Cyclotron

focusing, ion, heavy-ion, extraction

48

L.Z. Ma, Q.G. Yao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

A new project named HITFiL (Heavy Ion Therapy Facility in Lanzhou) is being constructed. In this project, a 7 Mev ¹²C⁵⁺ cyclotron is selected as the initial injector providing a 10 μA carbon beam. The isochronous magnetic field optimization of the cyclotron is introduced in this paper. Optimization result shows that the deviations between calculation values and theory are smaller than 5 Gs. In the design process, the sofware OPERA has been utilized for the field calculation and optimization.

MOPCP003

Application of Cyclotrons in Brachytherapy

target, simulation, extraction, proton

51

P. Saidi Bidokhti
PPRC, Tehran, Iran
M. Sadeghi
Agricultural, Medical & Industrial Research School, Gohadasht, Iran
A. Shirazi
Tehran University, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran

Cyclotrons are particle accelerator machines which have many applications in industry, technology and medicine. Cyclotrons play an important role in medicine and about 50% of the all particle accelerators running in the world are used in medicine for radiation therapy, medical radioisotopes production, and biomedical research. In this short review the use of cyclotrons for a radiation therapy method, brachytherapy, is discussed. Brachytherapy is a form of radiotherapy where a radioactive source placed on or in the tissue to be irradiated. For a long period the production of radioactive isotopes for medical applications was essentially done in nuclear reactors but due to some advantages of radioisotopes production with cyclotron over a nuclear reactor, in the last two decades several types of cyclotrons have been developed to meet the specific demands of radionuclide production. This talk will briefly explain the technical design, beam transfer and beam delivery systems of cyclotron for brachytherapy radioisotope production; and also will shortly describe some detail of ¹⁰³Pd production in the following: production, targetry, radiochemical separation and seed fabrication.

MOPCP005

Kharkov Compact Cyclotron CV-28: Present and Future Status

ion, target, radiation, proton

54

Y.T. Petrusenko, D.Y. Barankov, D.O. Irzhevskyi, S.M. Shkyryda
NSC/KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine
R. Hölzle
FZJ, Jülich, Germany

Reported are the present and future statuses of the Kharkov Compact Cyclotron CV-28 donated to the National Science Center - Kharkov Institute of Physics & Technology (NSC KIPT) by the Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany). The cyclotron configuration and special features of new installation at the NSC KIPT are presented. Consideration is given to the problems of promising cyclotron-beam use for investigation and development of materials for fusion reactors and generation-IV nuclear reactors, investigation and production of medical radionuclides, possible applications of a high-energy neutron source based on a deuteron beam and a thick beryllium target.

MOPCP008

Control System of Cryogenic Plant for Superconducting Cyclotron at VECC

controls, cryogenics, monitoring, superconducting-magnet

57

U. Panda, T. Bhattacharjee, R. Dey, A. Mandal, S. Pal
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

Cryogenic Plant of Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre consists of two Helium refrigerators (250 W and 415 W @ 4.5K), valve box with sub-cooler and associated sub systems like pure gas storage, helium purifier and impure gas recovery etc. The system also consists of 3.1K liters of liquid Nitrogen (LN2) storage and delivery system. The plant is designed to cater the cryogenic requirements of the Superconducting Cyclotron. The control system is fully automated and does not require any human intervention once it is started. EPICS architecture has been adopted to design the SCADA module. The EPICS Input Output Controller (IOC) communicates with four Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) over Ethernet based control LAN to control/monitor 618 numbers of field inputs/ outputs. The plant is running very reliably round the clock, however, the historical data trending of important parameters during plant operation has been integrated to the system for plant maintenance and easy diagnosis. The 400 kVA UPS with 10 minutes back up time have been installed to keep the cryogenic system running with one 160 kW cycle compressor during utility power interruptions.

MOPCP009

Development of Power Supplies for 3-Ф, 240 kW RF System with Crowbar Protection for Superconducting Cyclotron at VECC

power-supply, controls, monitoring, coupling

60

S.K. Thakur, R.K. Bhandari, A. De, Y. Kumar, J.S.P. Prasad, S. Saha, S.S. Som, T.P. Tiwari
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

RF system of K-500 super conducting cyclotron at VECC is a complex three phase system operating in the frequency range of 9 MHz to 27 MHz with maximum acceleration potential of around 100 kV feeding to each of three Dee cavities placed in median plane of cyclotron 120° apart through coupling capacitors. Each phase consists of chain of amplifiers and resonator operating in synchronization and at final stage of each phase, a high power water cooled Tetrode Tube (Eimac 4CW 150,000 E) as an RF high power amplifier each capable of delivering 80 kW of RF power. Individual power supplies for biasing Anode (20 kV, 22 Amp), Filament (16 V, 225 Amp), Screen (1600 V, 1 Amp) and grid (-500 V, 0.1 Amp) each for all three high power Tetrode Tubes are designed, developed and commissioned indigenously in VECC Cyclotron building and have been in operation from last few months successfully. Anode supply is common to all three tubes, rated at 20 kV, 22 Amp, 450 kW along with fast acting crowbar protection using Ignitron. This paper describes about the technical challenges in the development of the power supplies and special features of protection systems.

MOPCP010

Activities at the COSY/Jülich Injector Cyclotron JULIC

target, synchrotron, polarization, hadron

63

R. Gebel, R. Brings, O. Felden, R. Maier
FZJ, Jülich, Germany

The institute for nuclear physics at the Forschungszentrum Jülich is dedicated to fundamental research in the field of hadron, particle, and nuclear physics. Main activities are the development of the HESR synchrotron, part of the GSI FAIR project, the 3.7 GeV/c Cooler Synchrotron COSY-Jülich with the injector cyclotron JULIC, as well as the design, preparation, and operation of experimental facilities at this large scale facility, and theoretical investigations accompanying the scientific research program. The operation and development of the accelerator facility COSY is based upon the availability and performance of the isochronous cyclotron JULIC as the pre-accelerator. The cyclotron is commissioned in 1968 and exceeded 240 000 hours of operation. In parallel to the operation of COSY the cyclotron beam is also used for irradiation and nuclide production. A brief overview of activities, performance, new and improved installations will be presented.

MOPCP011

25 Years of Continuous Operation of the Seattle Clinical Cyclotron Facility

controls, target, isotope-production, radiation

66

R. Risler, S.P. Banerian, J.G. Douglas, R.C. Emery, I.J. Kalet, G.E. Laramore, D.D. Reid
University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, USA

The clinical cyclotron facility at the University of Washington Medical Center has now been in continuous operation for over 25 years. It is highly reliable, and its primary use is still for fast neutron therapy, mostly for salivary gland tumors. Neutron therapy accounts for about 85% of the facility use time. In cases where the tumor involves the base of the skull, significant improvements of patient outcome have been achieved by combining the neutron treatment with a gamma knife boost to areas where the neutron dose is limited by adjacent healthy tissue. Production of 211-At and 117m-Sn with alpha particles at 29.0 and 47.3 MeV and currents between 50 and 70 μA have become routine. These isotopes are used in medical applications presently under development. The introduction of a new control system using EPICS (Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System) is progressing systematically. All the user interfaces are up and running, and several accelerator subsystems have been migrated to the new controls. No interruption of therapy or isotope production operation is planned for the conversion to the new control system.

MOPCP013

Magnetic Field Calculation and Magnet Shimming Simulation for the CYCHU-10 Cyclotron

extraction, simulation, controls, ion-source

69

Z. Chen, D.Z. Chen, K.F. Liu, B. Qin
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China

The compact internal ion source cyclotron CYCHU-10 developed in Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) is in magnet machining, and will be assembled soon later. Difference between the ideal computation and practical measurement of the magnetic field is an important reference for magnet shimming. So in this paper, a further study on magnet field computation using FEM is implemented. By giving diverse boundaries and grid meshes, a quarter and a half models are both calculated to make sure correctness of the ideal model. Besides, the research on magnet shimming is also carried out. A new shim tool based on an improved matrix method combining the multiple linear regression is developed to simulate the practical shimming process. With the aid of 3D finite element code and beam dynamics code, an iterative shimming process has been accomplished successfully. The results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the shim tool.

MOPCP014

Activation of a 250 MeV SC-cyclotron for Protontherapy

proton, extraction, beam-losses, radioactivity

72

J.M. Schippers, D.C. Kiselev, R. Lüscher, O. Morath, M. Wohlmuther
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
B. Amrein, P. Frey, M. Kostezer, A. Schmidt, G. Steen
PSI-LRF, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland

Dedicated Cyclotrons of 230-250 MeV are used at protontherapy facilities since ~12 years. Beam losses at acceleration and extraction cause buildup of radioactivity in the cyclotron, having consequences for accessibility, service and decommissioning. At PSI a dedicated 250 MeV SC-cyclotron is used for proton therapy since 2007. The machine has been optimized to obtain a high extraction efficiency of over 80%. Apart from these losses, most other losses occur at a pair of phase slits at 21 cm radius. Here we report on a systematic study of the radioactivity at selected locations in the pole, the RF system and of some screws located near the median plane. The spectra of gamma rays emitted from iron plugs in the pole, copper disks in the liner and several screws have been measured with HPGe detectors. From these spectra the isotopic compositions have been derived and compared with activities calculated with the Monte Carlo transport code MCNPX. Dose rate measurements have been made as a function of time. The data and beam history of the cyclotron allow us predictions of the dose rate during service activities shortly after beam interruption as well as after a specified life time.

MOPCP015

Status of the HZB# Cyclotron: Eye Tumour Therapy in Berlin

proton, ion, controls, rfq

75

A. Denker, C.R. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich
HZB, Berlin, Germany
D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

The ion beam laboratory ISL at the Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin supplied light to heavy ions for solid state physics and medicine. Since 1998, eye tumours are treated with protons together with the University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Charité. In 12/2006, ISL was closed and a Charité - HMI agreement was signed to continue the tumour therapy, to this day the only facility in Germany for eye treatments. We have now experienced the first three years under the new terms; treating more than 600 patients in that time. The main challenge is to supply protons for therapy with less man-power but keeping the same high reliability as before. A new injector for protons has been installed and commissioned. The conversion process is not yet finished. In general, the operation of the machine went smoothly. Only in spring last year, we had for the first time an interruption of the therapy due to a water leak in the RF system. In spite of major structural changes we could keep a high quality standard and even increased the number of treated patients per year. In addition to the routine treatment, we established proton therapy of ocular tumours for very young children under general anaesthesia.
# The new Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie has been formed by the merger of the former Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin (HMI) and the Berlin electron synchrotron BESSY

MOPCP016

Present Status of the RCNP Cyclotron Facility

ion, proton, plasma, resonance

78

K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

The Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) cyclotron cascade system has been operated to provide high quality beams for various experiments. In order to increase the physics research opportunities, the Azimuthally Varying Field (AVF) cyclotron facility was upgraded recently. A flat-topping system and an 18-GHz superconducting Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source were introduced to improve the beam's quality and intensity. A new beam line was installed to diagnose the characteristics of the beam to be injected into the ring cyclotron and to bypass the ring cyclotron and directly transport low energy beams from the AVF cyclotron to experimental halls. A separator is equipped to provide RI beams produced by fusion reactions at low energy and by projectile fragmentations at high energy. Developments have been continued to increase secondary beams as white neutrons, ultra cold neutrons, muons and unstable nucleri.

MOPCP017

New High Intensity Compact Negative Hydrogen Ion Cyclotrons

ion, ion-source, extraction, injection

81

V. Sabaiduc, D. Du, W. Gyles, R.R. Johnson, K. Suthanthiran
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada
E.P. Conard
PAC sprl, Dion Valmont, Belgium
W.Z. Gelbart
ASD, Garden Bay, Canada

Best Cyclotron Systems Inc (BCSI) has been established in Springfield, Virginia, US, for the design and production of commercial cyclotrons. The company is a subsidiary of Best Medical International renowned in the field of medical instrumentation and radiation therapy. Cyclotrons are manufactured and tested at Best Theratronics, Ottawa. BCSI is initially focusing on three different energy cyclotrons. All have four radial sectors with two dees in opposite valleys and simultaneous beam extraction on opposite lines. The BEST14p is designed for fixed 14 MeV extraction 100 μA internal upgradable to 400 μA external ion source for PET isotopes and 99mTc production. The BEST35p is designed for variable energy extraction up to 35 MeV and combined current in excess of 1.5 mA. The BEST70p is designed for variable energy extraction up to 70 MeV with a combined current of 800 μA. It may be used as injector to a post-accelerator simultaneously with isotope production. BEST70p is most challenging given its present state of the art design. Design goals are total H⁻ vacuum or e.m. losses ≤2%; dee voltage increasing with radius from 60 kV to 81 kV; extracted beam emittance <4π mm mrad.

MOPCP018

Experience of Cyclotron Operation with Beam Sharing at TSL, Uppsala

proton, controls, ion, target

84

D. van Rooyen, K.J. Gajewski, B. Gålnander, B. Lundström, M. Pettersson, A.V. Prokofiev
TSL, Uppsala, Sweden

TSL (The Svedberg Laboratory) has a long history of producing beams of accelerated particles. Originally it was conceptualized as an accelerator for radioisotope production and nuclear chemistry by The(odor) Svedberg, and later used for nuclear physics, biological radiation effects and medical therapy with protons. A major upgrade during the 1980's with the extension of new experimental areas and a storage ring, the CELSIUS-ring, enabled the facility to get involved in new areas of nuclear physics, and neutron physics. The laboratory was restructured in 2005/2006 and the focus of activities was shifted towards, mainly, proton therapy and, in addition, radiation effects testing using protons and neutrons in a beam sharing mode. Specific attention will be given to a discussion of the development of a range of software utilities, for example switching of the beam between users by the principal user instead of being controlled via a cyclotron operator, which naturally enables a much more effective use of beam time. A range of features were developed that enables the end user to easily and effectively evaluate the beam quality as well as some further specific beam characteristics.

MOPCP019

Present Status of JAEA AVF Cyclotron Facility

ion, ion-source, target, acceleration

87

T. Yuyama, I. Ishibori, T. Ishizaka, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, N. Miyawaki, T. Nara, S. Okumura, W. Yokota, K. Yoshida, Y. Yuri
JAEA/TARRI, Gunma-ken, Japan

The JAEA AVF cyclotron provides various ion beams mainly for research in materials science and biotechnology such as estimation of radiation hardness of space-use devices, and plant breeding by ion beams. We have been developing ion sources, the cyclotron, and beam irradiation techniques to meet requirements from users. In order to stabilize the beam intensity, power supplies for magnets were improved by installing a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) unit with a Peltier device for coil current control. As a result, coil current stability of main magnet of ± 5 × 10^-6 has been obtained by the renewed DAC unit which guarantees temperature control within 1°C at 30°C. Initially, it took about eight hours to form a heavy-ion microbeam, so it was impractical to change the microbeam ion species in an experiment. However, the microbeam of a 520 MeV 40Ar¹⁴⁺ has been successfully changed to the one of a 260 MeV ²⁰Ne⁷⁺ within 30 minutes using a cocktail beam acceleration technique. A beam profile uniformization system using multipole magnets are being developed to enable uniform irradiation of a large sample at a constant particle fluence rate.

MOPCP020

Beam Extraction of the Heavy Ions from the U-400M Cyclotron

extraction, ion, focusing, simulation

90

O.N. Borisov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

U400M is an isochronous cyclotron with pole diameter 4.0 m and 4 spiral sectors (maximal angle is equal 40°). The parameters of the cyclotron: A/Z=2-10; W=6-100 MeV/amu. A new physical channel for heavy ions beam extraction with low energies (W=5.0-9.0 MeV/amu) is constracted. Numerical simulation results of the beam extraction by stripping from the cyclotron are presented. Calculation of the transport line parameters were carried out.

MOPCP021

Automated Operation and Optimization of the VARIAN 250 MeV Superconducting Compact Proton Cyclotron

extraction, controls, proton, feedback

93

T. Stephani, U. Behrens, H. Röcken
VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
C. Baumgarten
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

The 250 MeV superconducting compact proton cyclotron of Varian Medical Systems Particle Therapy (the former ACCEL) is specially designed for the use in proton therapy systems. During medical operation typically no operator is required. Furthermore, several automated control system procedures guarantee a fast, simple, and reliable startup and beam optimization after overnight shutdown or regular service actions. We report on the automated startup procedures, automated beam centering, and automated optimization of extraction efficiency. Furthermore we present an automated beam current setting as used during medical operation by means of an electrostatic deflector located at the cyclotron center at low beam energies.

MOPCP022

Present Operational Status of NIRS Cyclotrons (AVF930, HM18)

target, controls, proton, radiation

96

M. Kanazawa, S. Hojo, T. Honma, A. Sugiura, K. Tashiro
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
T. Kamiya, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi
AEC, Chiba, Japan

Since Japanese government launched a new program of the 'Molecular Imaging Research Program' in 2005, NIRS AVF930 cyclotron has been mainly operated to produce radio-isotopes together with a small cyclotron (HM18) for PET diagnosis. There is also machine operation of AVF930 for physical experiments and tests of radiation damage on electric devices. To carry out the cyclotron operations for these purposes, some improvements have been done in the facility. In this report, we will present recent operational status of NIRS cyclotron facility (AVF930, HM18).

MOPCP024

Design of RF System for Compact AVF Cyclotron

resonance, magnet-design, simulation, proton

99

J.H. Oh, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

RF system is one of the most important parts for producing good and efficient accelerator system. The ion beam will be derived by a K100 SSC (Separated-Sector-Cyclotron). 8 MeV SF(Sector-focused) Cyclotron which produces 8 MeV proton beam is used as injector of K100 SSC cyclotron. In this paper, we designed RF system including RF cavity. The total specification of system is on the following. The frequency of this RF system is 70 MHz coaxial type cavity. Also we applied 4th harmonic, dee voltage of 50KV. We simulated the RF system using commercially available simulator, CST Microwave studio.
KEYWORDS : Cyclotron, , RF system

MOPCP026

Beam Extraction System for CYCIAE-14

extraction, target, proton, emittance

105

S.M. Wei, S. An, W.P. Hu, M. Li, Y.L. Lu, L.P. Wen, H.D. Xie, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

A 14MeV medical cyclotron is under design and construction at CIAE, and H⁻ ion will be accelerated and extracted by carbon stripper in dual opposite direction. Two stripping points are chosen in each extracting direction to extract proton beams to different targets or beam lines to extend the use of the machine. Two modes have been considered for the extraction system. One is designed to be installed on the wall of the vacuum cavity, and the other is designed to be inserted vertically from the sector poles. The final choice depends on the agility, simplicity and results of the experimentation. The angle between the stripper and the beam orbit is optimized to improve the extracted beam quality. The results of numerical simulation show the two stripping points at each extraction direction, the beam orbit and the beam characteristic at each extraction direction. The comparison of the beam envelope of different stripper azimuth is also presented in this paper to show the influence of the stripper azimuth. Based on the concept design, the mechanical design and the experimentation of the DC motor in magnetic field have been conducted, with the results shown in the paper as well.

MOPCP028

Facility for Modification and Analysis of Materials with Ion Beams (FAMA)

ion, ion-source, target, light-ion

108

A. Dobrosavljević, P. Beličev, V. Jocić, N. Nešković, I.M. Trajić, V. Vujović, Lj. Vukosavljević
VINCA, Belgrade, Serbia

The facility for modification and analysis of materials with ion beams (FAMA) is the low energy part of the TESLA Accelerator Installation, in the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia. It presently comprises two machines: a heavy ion source (M1) and a light ion source (M2), and two experimental channels: a channel for analysis of ion beams (C1) and a channel for surface modification of materials (C2). In April 2009 the Vinča Institute signed a contract with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia, on the upgrading of FAMA. The contract comprises: (i) the refurbishment of the M1 and M2 machines and the C1 and C2 channels, (ii) the construction of a channel for ion implantation (C3) and a channel for deeper modification of materials (C4), (iii) the construction of a small isochronous cyclotron (M3), and (iv) the construction of a channel for analysis of materials in vacuum (C5) and a channel for analysis of materials in air (C6). This presentation is devoted to the upgraded FAMA and its research program.

MOPCP030

The Injection Line and Central Region Design of CYCIAE-70

injection, ion, ion-source, proton

111

M. Li, X.L. Jia, Y.L. Lu, C. Wang, J.J. Yang, H.J. Yao, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

A compact cyclotron CYCIAE-70 is under design at CIAE capable of providing both 70MeV, 700μA H⁻ beam and 35MeV, 40μA D- beam. Both beams are produced by a single external multicusp ion source, injected axially with a transport line and bent onto the median plane through a spiral inflector. The injection line utilizes two solenoids and a quadruple triplet for transverse focusing and a buncher to increase the injection efficiency. The beam optics design is performed using TRANSOPTR, taking into account space charge effects and neutralization. The inflector is capable of bending both H⁻ and D- beams with a transmission efficiency of over 80%. The central particles are tracked backwards to obtain the initial reference orbit of the first several turns. The electrode structures and the shape of Dee tips are then optimized to achieve matching at the inflector exit and to maximize the acceptance of central region. The central region is capable to accept both beams without component replacement. The preliminary design results of the injection line, spiral inflector and center region are elaborated, and the beam matching from the ion source to the central region is presented.

MOPCP031

Physics Design and Calculation of CYCIAE-70 Extraction System

extraction, proton, target, beam-transport

114

S. An, F.P. Guan, M. Li, G.F. Song, C. Wang, S.M. Wei, F. Yang, T.J. Zhang, J.Q. Zhong
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

A cyclotron functioning as a driver with beam power of 50kW (70 MeV, 0.75 mA) based on compact H⁻ cyclotron, CYCIAE-70, has been designed at CIAE in Beijing for the RIB production and application in the field of nuclear medicine recently. CYCIAE-70 is designed to be a dual particle cyclotron capable of delivering proton with energy in the range 35~70 MeV and deuteron beam with energy in a range of about 18~33 MeV. About 700 μA for H⁺ and 40 μA for D⁺ will be extracted in dual opposite directions by charge exchange stripping devices and the extraction beam energy is continuously adjustable. The physics design of CYCIAE-70 stripping system has been done and the optics calculations for the extraction proton and deuteron beam have been finished. The dispersion effects for the extracted beam are analyzed and the beam parameters after extraction are calculated with multi-particle tracking code COMA.

MOPCP032

Design Study of Compact Cyclotron For Injection of K=100 SSC

ion, ion-source, injection, extraction

117

B.N. Lee, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, J.H. Oh
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University
The Compact cyclotron was designed for injection of K=100 Separated Sector Cyclotron(SSC). It has four magnet sectors with pancake type and maximum magnetic fields is 1.92 T. The magnet adopting 4 harmonics has three kind of holes for beam injection, vacuum pumps and RF systems. The pole diameter was chosen about 70 cm with 50 kV dee-voltage and 40° dee-angles. The ion-source of this accelerator consists of a double gap buncher, Solenoid Qaudrupole Qaudrupole(SQQ) and a spiral inflector. It will provide a 4~8 MeV, ~1 mA of proton beams and 2~4 MeV, ~0.5mA of deuteron ion beam. In this paper we will describe the conceptual design of this machine including the Ion-source, Injection system, Magnet and RF system. etc.

MOPCP033

Magnet Design of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron (KoRIA)

simulation, extraction, resonance, focusing

120

Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University
A k=100 separated sector cyclotron is being designed in SKKU university South Korea, this cyclotron is considered the main drive for ISOL to produce ~ 70-100 MeV proton beam and ~35-50 MeV deuteron beam for production of radioactive material as a basic nuclear research, in this paper we will describe Opera 3D (Tosca) numerical simulation for determining the basic magnet parameters, magnet material, deformation , imperfection fields and preliminary ion beam dynamics study for verifying the focusing properties of the designed magnet

MOPCP037

Central Region Design of a Baby Cyclotron

ion, ion-source, isotope-production, extraction

126

X. He
TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
K. Zhang
CAEP/IFP, Mainyang, Sichuan, People's Republic of China

Baby cyclotrons are widely used in short lived beta+ radioactive isotope production for PET. Central region design is one of the most important part of the design work of the cyclotron. Central region design, including design process and design results is presentd in this paper.

MOPCP038

Design Optimization of the Spiral Inflector for a High Current Compact Cyclotron

ion, space-charge, coupling, emittance

129

A. Goswami, V.S. Pandit, P. Sing Babu
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

VECC is developing a 10 MeV, 5 mA compact proton cyclotron. 80 keV protons from a 2.45 GHz microwave ion source will be injected axially in the central region by a spiral inflector. Because of the high injection energy, the inflector will be comparatively large in size. In order to avoid the beam blow up due to space charge effect and to accommodate the inflector in the small available space in the central region, the design and optimization of the inflector parameters require special attention. This paper describes the design of the spiral inflector and studies its optical properties in the presence of space charge. The beam trajectory calculation from the entrance of the spiral inflector to the central region of the cyclotron have been carried out using the magnetic field data obtained from a 3D code and the electric field data from RELAX3D. We have also checked the orbit centering of the injected beam using a central region code. We have evaluated the effect of linear space charge and carried out optimization of the input beam parameters to minimize the coupling effects between two transverse planes at the inflector exit and to match the acceptance of the central region.

MOPCP041

Beam Tuning in Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron

ion, extraction, injection, acceleration

132

M.K. Dey, R.K. Bhandari, U. Bhunia, J. Debnath, A. Dutta, C. Mallik, Z.A. Naser, S. Paul, J. Pradhan, M.H. Rashid
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

The Superconducting cyclotron at VECC, Kolkata, has accelerated ion beams up to extraction radius successfully confirmed by the neutrons produced by the nuclear reactions. The internal beam tuning process started with beam parameters calculated using the measured magnetic field data. Due to some mechanical and electrical problems we were forced to tune the beam with three major trim coils off. Accurate positioning of central region Dee-extensions ensuring the proper acceleration gaps in the first turn was required for successful acceleration of beam through the compact central region clearing the posts in the median plane. Here we present different aspects and results of initial beam tuning.

MOPCP042

Determination of Isochronous Field Using Magnetic Field Map

closed-orbit, ion, heavy-ion, extraction

135

N.Yu. Kazarinov, O.N. Borisov, V.I. Kazacha
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

In this work a new scheme for calculation of a cyclotron isochronous field using the previously calculated or measured map of the cyclotron magnetic field in its median plane is adduced. The calculating map of the cyclotron magnetic field was set by the matrix having the dimensions 201x181. The flutter part of the magnetic field obtained by subtraction of the zero azimuth harmonic from the magnetic field values were calculated in all net nodes. The magnetic rigidity value in the equation for the particle radius versus the angle was replaced by product of the mean radius and mean along the closed orbit magnetic field. The flutter function was interpolated with the help of the third order Lagrange's polynomials using 16 nodes of the net. At every given radius with the help of the nonlinear simplex method of optimization one can find such value of the isochronous field when the particle path is enclosed with accuracy of 10^-9. The results of the fulfilled calculations for the cyclotron DC-110 and their comparison with results of other calculations are given.

MOPCP043

Modification of the Central Region in the RIKEN AVF Cyclotron for Acceleration at the H=1 RF Harmonic

acceleration, proton, ion, emittance

138

S.B. Vorozhtsov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
A. Goto
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
V.L. Smirnov
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

Funding: JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Russia, and RIKEN, Wako, Japan
A highly advanced upgrade plan of the RIKEN AVF cyclotron is under way. The study is focused on the formulation of the new acceleration regimes in the AVF cyclotron by detailed orbit simulations. The extension of the acceleration energy region of light ions towards higher energies in the existing RF harmonic equal to 2 and the modification of the central geometry for the RF harmonic equal to 1 to allow an acceleration of protons at several tens of MeV are considered. The substantial redesign of the central electrode structure is needed to accelerate protons with reasonable values of the dee voltage. The new inflector geometry and the optimized central electrode structure have been formulated for the upgrade.

MOPCP045

Towards Quantitative Predictions of High Power Cyclotrons

simulation, space-charge, proton, extraction

144

Y.J. Bi, J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
A. Adelmann, R. Dölling, J.M. Humbel, W. Joho, M. Seidel
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
Y.J. Bi
Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
C.-X. Tang
TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The large and complex structure of cyclotrons poses great challenges in the precise simulation of high power beams. However, such simulation capabilities are mandatory in the design and operation of the next generation high power proton drivers. The powerful tool OPAL enables us to do large scale simulations including 3D space charge and particle matter interactions. A large scale simulation effort is presented in the paper, which leads to a better quantitative understanding of the existing PSI high power proton cyclotron facility and predicts the beam behavior of CYCIAE-100 under construction at CIAE. The beam power of 1.3 MW delivered by the PSI 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron together with stringent requirements regarding the controlled and uncontrolled beam losses poses great challenges to predictive simulations. The comparisons with measurements show that OPAL can precisely predict the radial beam pattern at extraction with large dynamic range (3-4 orders of magnitude). The new particle matter interaction model is used to obtain necessary beam loss statistics during the acceleration. This data is indispensable in the design of an efficient collimation system in CYCIAE-100.

MOPCP057

A Compact Solution for DDS-Generator, Turn-on and Protections in RF Accelerator Systems

controls, pick-up, radio-frequency, resonance

159

A.C. Caruso, F. Consoli, A. Spartà
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
A. Longhitano
ALTEK, San Gregorio (CATANIA), Italy

A single compact rack that includes a Direct Digital Synthesizer generator, a turn-on and protection system provides the smart solution in RF accelerator systems. It synthesizes a high stable RF signal up to 120 MHz, turns the power on into the RF cavities through a step-ramp modulator, protects the RF system against mismatching, sparks and multipactoring. A preliminary prototype has been designed, assembled and tested on the RF system of the k-800 superconducting cyclotron at Infn-Lns. This solution is part of the new computer-based RF control system. The hardware, software, and first test results will be shown in this paper.

MOPCP058

Commissioning Experience of the RF System of K500 Superconducting Cyclotron at VECC

controls, vacuum, radio-frequency, impedance

162

S.S. Som, R.K. Bhandari, P. Gangopadhyay, A. Mandal, S.P. Pal, P.R. Raj, S. Saha, S. Seth
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

Funding: Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India.
Radio frequency system of Superconducting cyclotron at VECC, has been developed to achieve accelerating voltage of 100 kV max. with frequency, amplitude and phase stability of 0.1 ppm, 100 ppm and ±0.5 degree respectively within 9~27 MHz frequency. Each of the three half-wave coaxial cavity is fed with rf power (80kW max.) from a high power final rf amplifier based on Eimac 4CW150,000E tetrodes. Initially, the whole three-phase RF system has been tuned for operation with RF power to the cavities at 19.1994 MHz and thereafter commissioned the cyclotron with neon 3+ beam at external radius at 14.0 MHz. In this paper, we present brief description of the rf system and behaviour observed during initial conditioning of the cavities with rf power and the way to get out of multipacting zone together with discussion on our operational experience. We have so far achieved dee voltage up to 52 kV at 14 MHz with 20 kW of RF power fed at each of the three dees and achieved vacuum level of 4.5 x 10^-7 mbar inside the beam chamber. We also present discussion on the problems and failures of some RF components during commissioning stage and rectifications done to solve the same.

MOPCP059

Theoritical Analysis and Fabrication of Coupling Capacitor for K500 Superconducting Cyclotron at Kolkata

coupling, vacuum, extraction, radio-frequency

165

M. Ahammed, R.K. Bhandari, P. Bhattacharyya, J. Chaudhuri, M.K. Dey, A. Dutta Gupta, B. Hemram, B.C. Mandal, N. Mandal, B. Manna, S. Murali, Y.E. Rao, S. Saha, S. Sur
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

K500 SC cyclotron has already been constructed and commissioned after spiraling Ne³⁺ internal beam with 70 nA upto extraction radius(670 mm) at Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre at Kolkata, India. Several problems have been experienced related to the coupling capacitor of the radio frequency system including it's sever burning during commissioning of the cyclotron. Making of the dissimilar joints between alumina ceramic and copper of the coupling capacitor demands the usage of vacuum furnace to avoid the cracking of the ceramic. Therefore exhaustive analysis has been carried out to facilitate the in-house fabrication of the coupling capacitor without using the vacuum furnace in case of emergency. The maximum allowable rate of temperature rise for the ceramic and the optimum thickness ration of the copper to ceramic has been estimated. Finally fabrication of the coupling capacitor has been carried out in-house without employing vacuum furnace. At present the coupling capacitor is performing well as maximum 57 kV DEE voltages were been achieved the till date. This paper presents the details of the analysis and experiences gain during the fabrication of the coupling capacitor.

MOPCP060

Design, Construction and Commissioning of the 100 kW RF Amplifier for CYCIAE-100

vacuum, site, resonance, factory

168

Z.G. Yin, B. Ji, Z.G. Li, T.J. Zhang, Z.L. Zhao
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
S.D. Wei, H.C. Xiao, Y. Xie
CASIC, Beijing, People's Republic of China

As a major part of the BRIF project, the 100 MeV high intensity cyclotron being constructed at CIAE, CYCIAE-100, will provide 200 μA proton beam ranging from 75 MeV to 100 MeV for RIB production. Two identical 100 kW RF amplifiers will be used to drive two cavities independently to accelerate H⁻ beam up to 100 MeV. The detail technical specification has been investigated, fixed, and initial design has been finished by CIAE. Then, the construction design and manufacture is implemented by China Academy of Aero and Space, and the on site commissioning is successful by mutual efforts. The final commissioning is under way with a full scale prototype cavity at CIAE. A general description of the CYCIAE-100 RF system design will be given, as well as the review of 100 kW amplifier design. In the commissioning of the amplifier with dummy load, different high order resonances are found when operated at different frequencies between 42 MHz to 46 MHz. An equivalent circuit model is carried out to hunt down the problems. The model and related analysis will be reported together with the process and results of high power test with the cavity load through ~35 meters six inch rigid transmission line.

MOPCP061

RF Cavity Simulations for Superconducting C400 Cyclotron

simulation, ion, acceleration, extraction

171

G.A. Karamysheva, A.A. Glazov, S. Gurskiy, N.A. Morozov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
M. Abs, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
O. Karamyshev
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

Compact superconducting isochronous cyclotron C400 has designed at IBA (Belgium) in collaboration with the JINR (Dubna). This cyclotron will be the first cyclotron in the world capable of delivering protons, carbon and helium ions for therapeutic use. ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ ions will be accelerated to 400 MeV/u energy and extracted by electrostatic deflector, H²⁺ ions will be accelerated to the energy 265 MeV/u and extracted by stripping. It is planed to use two normal conducting RF cavities for ion beam acceleration in cyclotron C400. Computer model of the double gap delta RF cavity with 4 stems was developed in is a general-purpose simulation software CST STUDIO SUITE. Necessary resonant frequency and increase of the voltage along the gaps were achieved. Optimization of the RF cavity parameters leads us to the cavity with quality factor about 14000, RF power dissipation is equal to about 50 kW per cavity.

MOPCP062

TRIUMF Cyclotron Booster Frequency Tuning System

controls, booster

174

Q. Zheng, K. Fong, M.P. Laverty
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

For auto frequency tuning of TRIUMF cyclotron booster, a new control module based upon VXI Bus has been designed, tested and put into commission. This new auto tuning control module, which replaced the old analogue control box, has more features including the implementation of PIC16C71 microprocessor to generate Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) pulse, the utilization of digital RF phase detector and the most important aspect of computer control capability. Thus, the resonant frequency of cyclotron booster RF cavity is tuned automatically by this control module and the reflected RF power is kept at the minimum level in the operation.

MOPCP064

Amplifier Test Stand for the CRM Cyclotron

resonance, impedance, simulation, feedback

177

Z.G. Yin, K. Fei, B. Ji, P.Z. Li, G.S. Liu, G.F. Song, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
C.J. Yu
CASIC, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Abstract: The final stage amplifier stability proves to be an important issue in the process of commissioning CRM cyclotron at CIAE. An air cooled 4CX15,000 tube final stage has been designed to evaluate the anode circuit and neutralization, both of which are weak points of the CRM cyclotron amplifier. Instead of strip line, the design of the new anode structure adopts coaxial form, resulting in less chance of parasitic resonance in the circuits. A tunable neutralization circuits is also included in the design, giving an opportunity to better stability in high power operations. First, the instability in CRM RF system will be analyzed in this paper followed with the new amplifier designs including the tube working line calculations, input/output circuit calculations and finite integral simulations. The mechanical design for tube socket and the anode tank have been successfully carried out using the data provided in this paper. The final stage amplifier is then fabricated, assembled and commissioned. In the power test with dummy load, more than 9.2kW RF fundamental power is provided at the frequency of 44MHz.

MOPCP065

Closed Loop RF Tuning for Superconducitng Cyclotron at VECC

controls, impedance, coupling, pick-up

180

A. Mandal, R.K. Bhandari, S.P. Pal, U. Panda, S. Saha, S. Seth, S.S. Som
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

The RF system of Superconducting cyclotron has been operational within 9 - 27 MHz frequency. It has three tunable half-wave coaxial cavities as main resonators and three tunable RF amplifier cavities. A PC-based system takes care of stepper motor driven coarse tuning of cavities with positional accuracy ~20 μm and hydraulically driven three couplers and three trimmers. The couplers, in open loop, match the cavity impedance to 50 Ω in order to feed power from RF amplifier. Trimmers operate in closed loop for fine tuning the cavity, if detuned thermally at high RF power. The control logic has been simulated and finally implemented with Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Precision control of trimmer (~20 μm) is essential to achieve the accelerating (Dee) voltage stability better than 100 ppm and also minimizing the RF power to maintain it. Phase difference between Dee-in and Dee-pick-off signals and the reflected power signals (from cavity) together act in closed loop for fine tuning of the cavity. The close loop PID control determines the final positioning of the trimmer in each power level and achieved the required voltage stability.

MOPCP067

Design and Primary Test of Full Scale Cavity of CYCIAE-100

simulation, impedance, coupling, resonance

183

B. Ji, P.Z. Li, J. Lin, G.S. Liu, G.F. Pan, Z.H. Wang, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, Z.L. Zhao
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The engineering of the RF cavity for cyclotron concerns several aspects of the system including vacuum, cooling, mechanical support etc, Sometime it is even more complex than the RF design itself. With limit space in a compact cyclotron, in order to achieve a voltage distribution of 60kV in central orbit and 120kV for outer orbit, a double stem double gap λ by 2 cavities has been designed for CYCIAE-100[1]. The RF resonance of the cavity is simulated [1] by finite integral codes, while the thermal analysis and mechanical tolerance are studied using other approaches [2, 3]. The mechanical design and fabrications is then carried out under these directions, resulting in a full scale cavity model. The simulations and the mechanical design will be reported in this paper, followed with low level measurement results of quality factor, shunt impedance curve along accelerating gap etc. After surface polishing, the measurement yields an unloaded Q value of 9300, which matches well with the simulation with a neglectable difference of several hundreds. The high power test of the cavity will be carried out later, and will be given in separate paper presented at this conference.
[1] Tianjue Zhang,et al, 100 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron as an RIB Driving Accelerator, CYC 2004
[2] Yuanjie Bi, et al, The Study on RF Cavity Tolerance for CYCIAE-100, CYC 2007
[3] S.M. Wei, et al, Thermal Analysis of RF Cavity for CYCIAE-100, CYC 2007

MOPCP068

Stable Operation of RF Systems for RIBF

controls, pick-up, monitoring, heavy-ion

186

K. Suda, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, M. Hemmi, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, R. Koyama, K. Kumagai, N. Sakamoto, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

At RIKEN RI-Beam Factory (RIBF), heavy ion beams are accelerated up to 345 MeV/u by using the RIKEN heavy ion linac (RILAC) and four ring cyclotrons. In order to provide high intensity beams up to 1puA, all the RF systems must be stable enough for a long term (a few weeks), within ±0.1% in voltages and ±0.1 degrees in phases. For a stable operation of RIBF, we have started to monitor for the RF voltages and phases for all the RF systems, and beam intensity and phases using lock-in amplifiers. We have investigated a degree of stability of the RF systems. Then, we have performed several improvements. The Automatic Gain Control units for RILAC were replaced for a better stability. It was found that the stability of RF systems was considerably affected by the fluctuation of reference signals. The fluctuation was mainly caused by the temperature dependence of power dividers used for a reference signal distribution. Therefore, we have changed the distribution method. The reference signal is first amplified to 40 dBm and divided by directional couplers, and they are delivered to low level circuits. The present degree of stability of the RF systems will be presented.

MOPCP070

Design of IBA Cyclone 30XP Cyclotron Magnet

extraction, resonance, quadrupole, proton

189

E. Forton, M. Abs, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

IBA is developing an evolution of its famous Cyclone 30 cyclotron. The Cyclone 30xp will be a multi-particle, multiport cyclotron capable of accelerating alpha particles up to 30 MeV, deuteron (D-) beams between 7.5 and 15 MeV and proton (H⁻) beams between 15 and 30 MeV. The magnet system has been improved with IBA Cyclone 18/9 and Cyclone 70 features. Coil dimensions have been updated in order to raise the free space in the median plane. This allows the mounting of a retractable electrostatic deflector system for the extraction of the alpha particle beam. Gradient corrector pole extensions have been added to ease the alpha beam extraction. Finally, compensation for relativistic effects between H⁻ (q/m=1/1) and D-/alpha (q/m=1/2) beams is made by movable iron inserts located in two valleys, as in IBA Cyclone 18/9 cyclotrons. These modifications could have an adverse effect on the flutter. In addition, the second harmonic induced by the movable iron inserts drives the machine in the 2.ν_r=2 resonance close to the extraction. As a consequence, modifications on the pole sectors and chamfers have been made in order to improve the flutter and eliminate the harmful resonance.

MOPCP072

Design of IBA Cyclone 11 Cyclotron Magnet

extraction, betatron, proton, ion

192

V. Nuttens, M. Abs, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, T. Servais, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

To extend customer choice in the low energy range, IBA is developing the Cyclone 11. It is a fixed energy 11 MeV H⁻ cyclotron for the production of PET isotopes. The cyclotron magnet is based on the well known Cyclone 10/5, with the same yoke dimensions, which is compatible with the IBA self-shielding design. The higher proton energy compared to the 10 MeV machine takes the benefit of the higher PET isotope production yield. This poster presents the Cyclone 10 magnet modifications required to reach 11 MeV. At first, the magnetic field has been raised by a small reduction of the valley depth. Additionally, the main coil current has been increased. The pole edge milling has been used to obtain the isochronous magnetic field shape. Beam optics in the magnet is excellent. Extraction is ensured by means of stripper foils mounted on carousels located at different azimuths allowing for up to eight targets.

MOPCP073

The Vacuum System of HIRFL Cyclotrons

vacuum, ion, heavy-ion, extraction

195

X.T. Yang, J. Meng, J.H. Zhang
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

HIRFL has 2 cyclotrons: a sector focus cyclotron (SFC) and a separate sector cyclotron (SSC). SFC was built in 1957. In the past 50 years, the vacuum system of SFC has been upgraded for three times. The vacuum chamber was redesigned to double-deck at the third upgrade. The working pressure in beam chamber was improved from 10^-6 mbar to 10^-8 mbar. SFC has delivered Pb, Bi and U beams in the past few years since the last upgrading of its vacuum chamber. SSC began to operate in 1987. The vacuum chamber of SSC has a volume of 100m³. 8 cryopumps keep the pressure from 4×10^-7 mbar to 8×10^-8 mbar depending on the used pump numbers (2~8). In the past 20 years, because of the contamination of oil vapour and leaks occurred in some components inside the SSC vacuum chamber, the vacuum condition has worsened than the beginning. It is a big problem to accelerate the heavier ions. The upgrade for the SSC vacuum system will be an urgent task for us. The rough pumping system of both SFC and SSC will be rebuilt recently. The oil pump units will be changed by large dry mechanical pumps. As a result, the oil vapour in two cyclotrons will be eliminated and the vacuum condition of them will be improved.

MOPCP074

Upgrade of the IBA Cyclone 3D Cyclotron

extraction, betatron, ion, target

197

W.J.G.M. Kleeven, M. Abs, E. Forton, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, T. Servais, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

There is a need for 15O generator producing a continuous flow of PET tracer without disrupting the schedule of the hospital main cyclotron (usually used for ¹⁸F and ¹¹C production) and to promote new emergency room evaluation of brain stroke and ischemic heart attack in PET centers without access to cyclotron short-lived isotopes. To answer, IBA improves the Cyclone 3D, originally developed for this purpose and accelerating D⁺ ions to more than 3 MeV. In the previous magnet design, vertical focusing is obtained by four straight pole-sectors. The new design has three spiralled pole-sectors. This improves the vertical focusing properties of the machine. Also the main coil and the return yoke are slightly modified. This will increase the extraction energy by about 10% from 3.3 MeV to 3.6 MeV. This new design will improve the transmission in the cyclotron and the extraction efficiency above 80%, using an electrostatic deflector. The goal is to obtain an extracted current of 50 μA with the prototype, then 70 μA for subsequent machines. This represents a doubling of the previous model performance. Results of magnetic field optimization and extraction calculations are presented.

MOPCP075

Cyclotron Vacuum Model and H⁻ Gas Stripping Losses

vacuum, ion, extraction, target

200

V. Nuttens, M. Abs, J.L. Delvaux, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, L. Medeiros-Romao, M. Mehaudens, T. Servais, T. Vanderlinden, P. Verbruggen
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Many proton cyclotrons take the advantage of stripping for the extraction, by accelerating H⁻ ions. However, before extraction, the negative ion beam can suffer losses from stripping by the residual gas. The higher is the pressure, the higher the losses. Moreover, the stripped beam will be stopped on the inner wall of the cyclotron, inducing an additional degassing and increasing the pressure and hence losses in the cyclotron. For high beam current, degassing can be too large compared to the pumping capacity and the beam transmission can drop down to zero. The pressure inside the cyclotron has therefore a large impact on the current that can be extracted from the cyclotron. A simple model has been set up at IBA to determine the vacuum pressure in the hills and in the valleys of the Cyclone 70 cyclotron. The transmission is then computed by integration of the gas stripping cross-section along the ion orbits in the cyclotron. Pressure and transmission provided by the model are in good agreement with experimental data in the ARRONAX Cyclone 70 cyclotron installed in Nantes.

MOPCP076

Operational Experience of Superconducting Cyclotron Magnet at VECC, Kolkata

vacuum, controls, cryogenics, coupling

203

U. Bhunia, M. Ahmed, R.K. Bhandari, T. Bhattacharyya, M.K. Dey, R. Dey, A. Dutta, A. Dutta Gupta, C. Mallik, C. Nandi, Z.A. Naser, G.P. Pal, U. Panda, S. Paul, J. Pradhan, S. Saha
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

The Kolkata Superconducting cyclotron magnet has been operational in the center since last few years and enabled us to extensively map magnetic fields over a year covering the operating range of the machine and successful commissioning of internal beam. The magnet cryostat coupled with the liquid helium refrigerator performs satisfactorily with moderate currents (<550A) in both the coils. The superconducting coil did not undergo any training and over the years has not suffered from any quench. Author would share the experience and difficulties of enhanced overall heat load to the liquid helium refrigerator at higher excitations of coils. This creates instability in the operation of liquid helium refrigerator and finally leads to slow dump. Rigorous study has been carried out in this regard to understand the problems and operational logic of liquid helium refrigerator has been modified accordingly to alleviate from. Some other measures have also been taken from cryostat and cryogenic distribution point of view in order to reduce the heat load at higher excitations.

MOPCP077

Median Plane Effects and Measurement Method for Radial Component of Magnetic Field in AVF Cyclotrons

extraction, vacuum, alignment, simulation

206

N.A. Morozov, G.A. Karamysheva
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
P. Shishlyannikov
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

The median plane of the magnetic field in AVF cyclotrons rather often does not coincide with the mid-plane of their magnetic system. The idea of an effective median plane formulated by J.I.M.Botman and H.L.Hagedorn [*] for the central region of the cyclotron is extended to the entire working region and tolerances for the horizontal components of the magnetic field are estimated. Equipment based on the search coils is proposed and used for measurement of the radial component of the magnetic field and for correction of the magnetic field median plane.
[*] J.I.M.Botman, H.L.Hagedorn, 'Median Plane Effects in the Eindhoven AVF Cyclotron', IEEE Trans. On Nucl. Science, Vol. NS-28, No.3, p.2128.

MOPCP078

Study of Magnetic Field Imperfections of Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron

resonance, simulation

209

J. Pradhan, R.K. Bhandari, U. Bhunia, J. Debnath, M.K. Dey, C. Mallik, S. Paul
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

Analysis of the magnetic data obtained during the magnetic field mapping of Kolkata superconducting cyclotron showed imperfections in the main magnetic field. Since the main magnet of the superconducting cyclotron is three fold rotationally symmetric, any deviation from this symmetry creates imperfections in the magnetic field. Generally, 1st and 2nd harmonic components are inherently present in the field due to assembling errors in iron/coil. A major portion of these imperfections is attributed to the misplacement/tilting of the iron pole tip with respect to coil. The error in positioning of main superconducting coil with respect to surrounding iron produces another imperfection. Pole tip deformation due to rise of temperature produces field imperfection. This paper reports the various possible sources of imperfection in general and their estimation. The calculation was compared with measured data to find out the actual cause of imperfections and necessary corrections

MOPCP079

Optimization of Sector Geometry of a Compact Cyclotron by Random Search Method

proton, extraction, betatron, ion-source

212

P. Sing Babu, A. Goswami, V.S. Pandit, P.R. Sarma
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

A compact four sector 10 MeV, 5 mA proton cyclotron is being developed at VECC, Kolkata. Proton beam at 80keV from a 2.45 GHz ion source (under testing) will be first collimated and bunched and will be injected axially in the central region where a spiral inflector will place the beam on the orbit. This paper describes the procedure of optimizing the sector geometry of the magnet to obtain the desired isochronous field. Due to fringe field effect, analytical formulae do not predict the correct sector shape particularly at the lower radii in the cases of compact cyclotrons, where hill gap is very small and valley gap is large. Hence a 3D code becomes necessary to obtain the correct shape and size of the magnet sectors. This involves a lengthy iterative procedure of determining the hill angle at a large number of radii. In our procedure magnet sector is described in terms of a small number of parameters which are iteratively determined by random search technique geared to minimize the frequency error. 3D magnetic field data and results of equilibrium orbit code are used as input to the code developed for the optimization.

MOPCP081

Design Study of Magnetic Channel at NIRS-AVF930

proton, extraction, simulation, radiation

215

S. Hojo, T. Honma, M. Kanazawa, N. Miyahara, M. Muramatsu, K. Noda, Y. Sakamoto, A. Sugiura, K. Tashiro
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
T. Kamiya, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi
AEC, Chiba, Japan

In the NIRS (National Institute of Radiological Sciences) AVF930 cyclotron, a current magnetic channel has been used for ten years, and the flowing rate of cooling water at longest coil is gradually decreasing. Therefore, the high energy operation such as 70 MeV proton became difficult recently. As the design specification of this magnetic channel is very severe, the flow velocity of cooling water is very fast. The sectional area of the longest coil is expanded in the new design of magnetic channel. Details of the new design and results of calculated magnetic fields are discussed.

MOPCP082

Design Study of AVF Magnet for Compact Cyclotron

simulation, proton, extraction, vacuum

218

H.W. Kim, J.-S. Chai, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

K=100 separated sector cyclotron and its injector cyclotron design is started on April, 2010 at Sungkyunkwan University. The main purpose of the K=100 separated sector cyclotron is producing proton and deuteron beam for ISOL which generate rare isotopes to accelerate RI beam for basic science research. In K=100 separated sector cyclotron facilities, two 8 MeV sector focused cyclotrons will be used as an injector cyclotron for the main cyclotron. In this paper, an Azimuthally Varying Field (AVF) magnet for the 8 MeV injector cyclotron is designed to produce 8 MeV proton beam and 4MeV deuteron beam. All field simulations have been performed by OPERA-3D TOSCA for 3D magnetic field simulation. The assignments of these injector cyclotrons are generating 8 MeV, 1 mA proton beam and 4MeV deuteron beam that inject to the main cyclotron.

MOPCP083

Vacuum Simulation for Heavy Ion Beams in the AGOR-Cyclotron

ion, simulation, vacuum, target

221

A. Sen, S. Brandenburg, M.A. Hofstee, M.J. van Goethem
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM).
The vacuum in the AGOR cyclotron and thereby the beam transmission is beam intensity dependent for heavy ions. The onset of significant vacuum and transmission degradation is dependent on the ion species and final energy. For ²⁰Ne⁶⁺ @ 23 MeV/A no significant effects are observed for intensities up to at least 2 x 10¹² pps, while for ²⁰⁶Pb²⁷⁺ @ 8.5 MeV/A degradation sets in at around 10¹¹ pps. This process is driven by the loss of particles through charge exchange with the residual gas and subsequent desorption from the chamber walls induced by the lost particles. We are developing a model based on particle tracking simulations of beam particles after charge exchange and 3D vacuum simulation including the experimentally determined 'regular' out gassing and induced desorption. An experimental setup to measure beam induced desorption was built and tested. It will be used to evaluate the mitigation measures such as surface treatment and stimulated out gassing. Improvement of the vacuum in the injection line, which is limiting the overall transmission, is also presented.

MOPCP087

Beamloss Monitoring and Control for High Intensity Beams at the AGOR-Facility

beam-losses, pick-up, injection, controls

227

M.A. Hevinga, S. Brandenburg, T.W. Nijboer, J. Vorenholt
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM).
The experiments at the AGOR facility require intense heavy ion beams with a beam power up to 500 W. Examples are 6 x 10¹² pps of ²⁰Ne at 23 MeV/A and 10¹² pps ²⁰⁶Pb at 8.5 MeV/A. To prevent damage to components by the beam (power density >100 W/mm³ in unfavorable cases) a modular beam loss monitoring and control system has been developed for the cyclotron and high energy beam lines. The architecture of the system will be described and the considerations for the major design choices discussed. The system uses the CAN-bus for communication and verification of system integrity. The injected beam is chopped at 1 kHz with a variable duty factor up to 90 %. The beam intensity at injection and a number of locations in the high energy beam line is measured by inductive pick-ups. Furthermore localized beam losses on slits and diaphragms are directly measured. When beam loss in any section exceeds the predefined maximum value the duty factor of the beam is automatically reduced. Beam diagnostics are protected by switching off the beam when they are inserted at too high intensity.

MOPCP090

Progress in Formation of Single-Pulse Beams by a Chopping System at the JAEA/TIARA facility

extraction, acceleration, ion, controls

233

S. Kurashima, I. Ishibori, T. Nara, W. Yokota
JAEA/TARRI, Gunma-ken, Japan
M. Taguchi
JAEA/QuBS, Takasaki, Japan

The intervals of beam pulses from a cyclotron is generally tens of ns and they are too short for pulse radiolysis experiments which require beam pulses at intervals ranging from 1 μs to 1 ms (single-pulse beam). A chopping system, consisting of two types of high voltage kickers, is used at the JAEA AVF cyclotron to form single-pulse beam. The first kicker installed in the injection line generates beam pulses with repetition period of 1 μs to 1 ms. The pulse width is about a cycle length of the acceleration frequency. The other kicker in the transport line thins out needless beam pulses caused by multi-turn extraction. We could not provide single-pulse beam stably over 30 min since the magnetic field of the cyclotron gradually decreased by 0.01 % and the number of multi-turn extraction increased. The magnetic field was stabilized within 0.001 % by keeping temperature of the cyclotron magnet constant. In addition, a new technique to measure and control an acceleration phase has enabled us to reduce the number of multi-turn extraction easier than before. We have succeeded to provide single-pulse beam of a 320 MeV carbon without retuning of the cyclotron over 4 h, as a result.

MOPCP091

Status of Beam Diagnostic Components for Superconducting Cyclotron at Kolkata

diagnostics, controls, extraction, injection

236

G.P. Pal, R.K. Bhandari, S. Bhattacharya, T. Bhattacharyya, T. Das, C. Mallik, S. Roy
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

VEC Centre Kolkata has constructed a K500 superconducting cyclotron (SCC). Several beam diagnostic components have been designed, fabricated and installed in SCC. In the low energy beam line, uncooled slits, faraday cup, beam viewers, and collimators are used. The inflector is also operated in a faraday cup mode to measure the beam inside SCC. The radial probe and viewer probe are respectively used to measure beam current and to observe the beam size and shape inside SCC. The magnetic channels, electro-static deflectors and M9 slit are also used to measure beam current at the extraction radius. Water cooled faraday cup and beam viewers are used in the external beam line. The radius of curvature of the radial probe track was reduced to align the internal and external track during its assembly. It was observed that the probe did not functioning properly during beam trials. Different modifications were incorporated. But, problem with the probe persisted. The paper describes the beam diagnostic components used in the cyclotron, discusses the problems faced in operating the radial probe, modifications tried and outlines the future steps planned to operate the beam diagnostic components.

MOPCP092

Study on PXI and PAC-Based HIL Simulation Control System of CYCHU-10 Cyclotron

simulation, controls, target, ion-source

239

X. Hu, D. Li, Y.Q. Xiong, J. Yang, T. Yu
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China

Using the technology of hardware in loop (HIL), control system simulation model of the CYCHU-10 cyclotron is developed with real-time, simulation and statechart module under the LabVIEW environment. A prototyping design method based on NI PXI operation condition virtual platform and PAC controller is presented. The result indicates that the platform is feasible and effective in completing control system test under hardware virtual environment and shortening development time.

MOPCP093

Beam Extraction System and External Beam Line of Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron

extraction, optics, quadrupole, target

242

J. Debnath, S. Bhattacharya, T. Bhattacharyya, U. Bhunia, P.S. Chakraborty, M.K. Dey, C. Mallik, Z.A. Naser, G.P. Pal, S. Paul, J. Pradhan
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

All the major components of the extraction system of the Kolkata superconducting cyclotron are installed and functional. It includes the Electrostatic deflectors, magnetic channels, M9 slit etc. Internal beam acceleration has already been done successfully and now we are on the verge of extracting and transporting the beam to the cave. The external beam transport system has been designed comprising of quadrupole magnets, steering magnets, switching magnets, beam diagnostics etc. One of the four beam lines has been installed, which extends 20 meters up to the experimental cave - 1. Control and monitoring system for all these components have been developed and tested. All the beam dynamical and technical aspects of the beam extraction and beam transportation have been discussed in this paper.

MOPCP094

Consistency in Measurement of Beam Phase and Beam Intensity Using Lock-in Amplifier and Oscilloscope Systems

monitoring, acceleration, beam-transport, rfq

245

R. Koyama, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, A. Goto, M. Hemmi, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, T. Watanabe, K. Yamada
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

The RIKEN RI beam factory (RIBF) consists of four ring cyclotrons (RRC, fRC, IRC, and SRC) and two injectors (RILAC and AVF) which are all connected in cascade. RILAC, AVF, and RRC began operation in the 1980s, and fRC, IRC, and SRC were installed in 2006. Phase probes (PPs) are installed in all cyclotrons and beam transport lines of RIBF, and the beam-bunch signals that are detected nondestructively by these PPs are used for tuning of isochronous magnetic field of cyclotrons and for monitoring the beam phase and beam intensity. We mainly use a newly developed system that incorporates a lock-in amplifier (LIA; SR844, SRS) for those tuning and monitoring; however, in AVF and RRC, a conventional measurement method using an oscilloscope system (OSC; DSO6052A, Agilent) is used. In this study, we investigated the consistency in the measurements carried out using LIA and OSC systems by Fourier analyzing the observed data. Additionally, we investigated the resolution and measurement uncertainty of LIA and OSC.

MOPCP095

Experiment and Analysis: Partial Loss of Insulation Vacuum in K-500 Superconducting Cyclotron During Energization

vacuum, superconducting-magnet, controls, extraction

248

P. Bhattacharyya, M. Ahammed, S. Bandyopadhyay, R.K. Bhandari, U. Bhunia, J. Chaudhuri, A. De, A. Dutta Gupta, C. Mallik, A. Mukherjee, C. Nandi, U. Panda, S. Saha, S. Saha
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

At higher currents in superconducting coil of K-500 Superconducting cyclotron, it was found that the insulation vacuum surrounding the LHe vessel gets worsen with increased current in the coil,finally leading to slow dump of power of the coil. This is a limitation for further increasing current value in the superconducting magnet coil. But once the current value returned to zero, vacuum reading reaches its initial value. Experiment & analysis have been done to quantify the contribution of molecular gas conduction on heat load because of this partial loss of insulation vacuum. Experiment was done to quantify how much betterment in terms of heat load is possible by incorporating additional vacuum pump. The cryostat safety analysis because of loss of insulation vacuum has become very important at this new scenario. Analysis has been done to know what could be the maximum pressure rise with time in case of loss of vacuum. This data has been used to know what should be the relieving mass flow rate to avoid any pressure burst accident. Finally this data has been compared with the existing relief valve. It is found that the existing safety system can take care of such incident.

MOPCP098

Influence of RF Magnetic Field on Ion Dynamics in IBA C400 Cyclotron

ion, acceleration, radio-frequency, resonance

251

E. Samsonov, G.A. Karamysheva, S.A. Kostromin
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
Y. Jongen
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Magnetic components of RF field in C400 cyclotron being under development by IBA makes noticeable influence on ion dynamics. In particular, increase in the dees voltage along radius leads to corresponding phase compression of a bunch. Influence of the RF magnetic field on the bunch center phase deviation during acceleration and on radial ion axial motions have been also estimated numerically. RF magnetic field changes a central ion phase by only 2° RF. Calculations have also shown that RF magnetic field makes visible but pretty small influence on the radial motion of the ions ensuring some decrease in the radial amplitudes. No visible impact of the RF magnetic field on the axial motion has been detected. The results are compared for the two RF magnetic field maps: (i) obtained by Microwave Studio and, (ii) computed from RF electric field map by means of Maxwell' equations.

MOPCP100

Axial Injection Beam Line of a Compact Cyclotron

ion, injection, vacuum, ion-source

254

J.Q. Zhang, Y. Cao, L.Z. Ma, A. Shi, M.T. Song, L.P. Sun, X.T. Yang, Q.G. Yao, Z.M. You, X.Q. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang, H.W. Zhao, J.H. Zheng
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Axial injection beam line of the therapy cyclotron is presented. It is intended for transportation of the C⁵⁺ ion beam obtained in the permanent magnet ion source. The beam line is only 3.486 m from the ion source to the entrance of spiral inflector, it consists of two sets glasser lens, one set double 90° bend magnet, one quadrupole lens and two solenoid lens. A big vacuum chamber is installed in the vertical part of the beam line, the sinusoidal buncher, the Faraday cap, the slit collimator and chopper are located in the vacuum chamber. The sinusoidal buncher is used for increasing of the seizing efficiency. The Faraday cap is used for the beam diagnostics. The bend magnet with the slit collimator is used for choice of C⁵⁺ ion beam. The chopper is used for choice of the beam utilizing time.

MOPCP101

Beam Extraction System of Compact Cyclotron

extraction, emittance, simulation, ion

256

H.F. Hao, K.D. Man, M.T. Song, Y.L. Su, B. Wang, Q.G. Yao, H.W. Zhao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Based on the beam orbit and dynamics simulations, the extraction system of a compact cyclotron is determined, and the beam parameters of the extracted beam are calculated.

MOPCP105

Research on Acceptance of SSC

ion, simulation, injection, linac

260

X.N. Li, Y. He, Y.J. Yuan
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The injection, acceleration and extraction of SSC (Separate Sector Cyclotron) is analyzed and simulated to get the transverse and longitudinal acceptance, using two typical ions ²³⁸U³⁶⁺ and ⁷⁰Zn¹⁰⁺ with energy 9.7 MeV/u and 5.62 MeV/u respectively. In order to study the actual acceptance of SSC, the isochronous magnetic field model in coincidence with the real one is established by Kr-Kb and Lagrange methods based on the actual measurement. The transverse and longitudinal acceptance is calculated under the above isochronous magnetic field model. From the simulation results, one of the major reason of low efficiency and acceptance of SSC is the defaults in the design of MSI3. The simulation results show that the actual efficiency and acceptance of SSC can be improved by redesign the curvature of MSI3 or shim in MSI3 to change the distribution of inner magnetic field.

MOPCP106

Beam-Phase Measurement System for HIRFL

controls, shielding, ion, extraction

263

J.H. Zheng, W. Liu, W. Ma, R.S. Mao, Y. Wang, J.X. Wu, Y. Yin
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The beam phase measurement system in HIRFL is introduced. The system had been improved using RF-signal mixing and filtering techniques and noise cancellation method. Therefore,the influence of strongly RF field disturbing signal was eliminated and the signal to noise rate was increased, and a stable and sensitive phase measurement system was developed. The phase history of the ion beam was detected by using 15 set of capacitive pick-up probes installed in the SSC cyclotron. The phase information of the measurement was necessary for tuning purposes to obtain an optimized isochronous magnetic field, where the beam intensity was increased and the beam quality was optimized . The measuremnet results before and after isochronous magnetic field for ion and ion in SSC was given . The phase measurement system was reliable by optimizing isochronous magnetic field test,and the precision reached ±0.5°,the sensitivity of the beam signal measurement was about 10nA as well.

TUM1CIO01

Towards the 2MW Cyclotron and Latest Developments at PSI

proton, target, extraction, scattering

275

M. Seidel
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

PSI operates a cyclotron based high intensity proton accelerator routinely at an average beam power of 1.3MW. With this power the facility is at the worldwide forefront of high intensity proton accelerators. An upgrade program is under way to ensure high operational reliability and push the intensity to even higher levels. The beam current is practically limited by losses at extraction and the resulting activation of accelerator components. Further intensity upgrades are only possible if the relative losses can be lowered in proportion, thus keeping absolute losses at a constant level. The basic upgrade path involves the reduction of space charge induced extraction losses by implementing improved RF systems and resonators in both cyclotrons. The paper describes the ongoing upgrade program, achievements that were realized since the last cyclotron conference and several operational experiences and difficulties that were observed during routine operation.

Slides TUM1CIO01 [8.697 MB]

TUM1CCO03

Reliable Production of Multiple High Intensity Beams with the 500 MeV TRIUMF Cyclotron

extraction, injection, emittance, ion

280

R.A. Baartman, F.W. Bach, I.V. Bylinskii, J.F. Cessford, G. Dutto, D.T. Gray, A. Hurst, K. Jayamanna, M. Mouat, Y.-N. Rao, W.R. Rawnsley, L.W. Root, R. Ruegg, V.A. Verzilov
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

In 2001, after 25 years of smooth cyclotron operation with up to ~200 μA H¯ acceleration, developments towards higher intensities became compelling because of the ISAC expansion. Recently average current of 300 μA, within a nominal ~90% duty cycle, was routinely achieved. Beam availability was 90-94% over the last five years. Development highlights are discussed in the paper. These include: ion source and beam transport re-optimized for this cyclotron acceptance; the 12 m long vertical injection line section was redesigned to accommodate higher space charge. In the centre region, a water cooled beam scraper was installed to absorb unwanted phases; other electrodes were realigned. Other activities were aimed at beam stability enhancement for ISAC. This included: reducing ν_r = 3/2 resonance effects at 420 MeV, stabilizing the intensity of the primary beam through pulser feedback regulation and improving beam quality at the target through beam optics optimization and target position stability feedback, etc. Extraction was also improved, using special stripping foils.

Slides TUM1CCO03 [1.882 MB]

TUM1CCO04

The VARIAN 250 MeV Superconducting Compact Proton Cyclotron: Medical Operation of the 2nd Machine, Production and Commissioning Status of Machines No. 3 to 7

proton, factory, controls, induction

283

H. Röcken, M. Abdel-Bary, E.M. Akcoeltekin, P. Budz, T. Stephani, J.C. Wittschen
VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany

Varian Medical Systems Particle Therapy (the former ACCEL) has successfully finalized in 2008 the commissioning of its 2nd superconducting compact proton cyclotron for use in proton therapy. The 250 MeV machine serves as proton source for treatments at the first clinical proton therapy center in Germany which opened in early 2009. Furthermore, Varian is currently commissioning and factory testing its 3rd machine. We report on the operation and performance of the 2nd machine as well as on the successful cool-down, quench testing, and magnetic shimming of the 3rd machine. In addition we present RF commissioning plans using a newly developed solid state amplifier, and plans for the upcoming factory beam commissioning in the new Varian cyclotron test cell, scheduled for October 2010. Finally we provide a brief status and outlook on machines no. 4 to 7.

Slides TUM1CCO04 [5.761 MB]

TUM2CIO01

Status of RIBF Accelerators at RIKEN

ion, ion-source, rfq, acceleration

286

O. Kamigaito, S. Arai, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, T. Fujinawa, H. Fujisawa, N. Fukunishi, A. Goto, H. Hasebe, Y. Higurashi, K. Ikegami, E. Ikezawa, H. Imao, T. Kageyama, M. Kase, M. Kidera, M. Komiyama, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, M. Nagase, T. Nakagawa, M. Nakamura, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, H. Watanabe, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, Y. Yano, S. Yokouchi
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

Recent developments and upgrade program in the near future at RIKEN RI-Beam Factory (RIBF) are presented. The beam intensity and available ion species are increasing at RIBF, owing to the continuous efforts that have been paid since the first beam in 2006. So far, we accelerated deuteron, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, aluminum, calcium, krypton, and uranium beams with the superconducting ring cyclotron, SRC. The extracted beam intensities reached 1,000 pnA for helium and oxygen beams. From the operational point of view, however, the intensity of the uranium beam should be much increased. We are, therefore, constructing a new injector linac for the RIBF, consisting of a superconducting ECR ion source, RFQ, and DTL, which will be commissioned in this fiscal year. By using this injector, we also aim at independent operation of the RIBF and GARIS facility for super-heavy element synthesis.

Slides TUM2CIO01 [4.914 MB]

TUM2CCO02

First Beam Acceleration in Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron and Its Present Status

extraction, vacuum, ion, ion-source

292

C. Mallik, R.K. Bhandari
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

Major systems of the superconducting cyclotron at Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata were functional and integrated by May 2009. After achieving the required acceleration condition internal beam trials were started in July 2009. First internal beam was observed on borescope viewer on August 14th. Ne³⁺ beam at 14 MHz was accelerated to full extraction radius and nuclear reaction observed on August 25th. The trials were not without difficulty and several problems did crop up during the initial phase. Major problems encountered were related to obtaining sufficient dee voltages primarily due to ceramic insulator degradation leading to vacuum breakdown. Earlier the 14 GHz ECR ion source was connected with injection line without much difficulty. The cyclotron magnet with the cryostat has been running smoothly and quite a valuable experience has been gained over the years. An analogue beam was also accelerated before taking a shutdown for installation of extraction system and augmentation of cryogenic plant. Very soon beam extraction and transportation to the experimental area will be started.

Slides TUM2CCO02 [5.726 MB]

TUM2CCO03

Commissioning of the JYFL MCC30/15 Cyclotron

proton, controls, ion, ion-source

295

P. M.T. Heikkinen
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland

The new MCC30/15 cyclotron from NIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Russia, arrived at Jyväskylä on 10th of August 2009, as a partial compensation of the Former Soviet Union debt to Finland. The cyclotron required an extension for the old experimental hall. The building of the extension started in late August, 2008. Both the cyclotron and the building projects took a little more time than planned. However, the delay of both projects was less than two months, and so the building was ready to host the cyclotron by the beginning of August, 2009. The installation of the cyclotron was done by the manufacturer's (NIIEFA) specialists. Before the end of November 2009 the maximum extracted proton intensity (in pulses) was twice the guaranteed value and 24 % over the guaranteed value for deuterons. The final acceptance protocol was signed on 30th of April, 2010. In addition to the scientific work (IGISOL), the new MCC30/15 cyclotron is planned to be used for medical radioisotope production, mainly ¹²³I and ¹⁸F. Negotiations on the isotope production are underway.

Slides TUM2CCO03 [4.824 MB]

TUA1CIO01

A Multi MegaWatt Cyclotron Complex to Search for CP Violation in the Neutrino Sector

extraction, proton, injection, electron

298

L. Calabretta, M.M. Maggiore, L.A.C. Piazza, D. Rifuggiato
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

Funding: I.N.F.N., Laboratorio Nazionale del Sud, Catania, Italy
Scientists of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) proposed a new approach to search for CP violation in the neutrino sector *. They proposed to use high-power proton accelerators able to deliver a proton beam whit energy 800 MeV, 1.5 MW power and duty cycle of 20% (100 μs beam on, 400 μs beam off). In the past, a layout for a similar accelerator complex to get a proton beam with 10MW of power was proposed by the LNS Accelerator Team **. This previous machines' proposal is now updated to meet the MIT requirements. It consists in a two cascade cyclotron complex. The injector cyclotron, is a four sector machine, which accelerates a beam of H²⁺ up to energy of 35 MeV/n. The extraction radius is set around 130 cm and the energy gain is fixed at 1.1 MeV/turn, to obtain a turn separation of about 11 mm and then to make very efficient the extraction by the electrostatic deflector. The beam is then injected inside a 8 sectors Superconducting Cyclotron Ring. The energy gain is set at about 3 MeV/turn to reduce the number of turns inside the Ring cyclotron. The beam is extracted by the stripper method. The main characteristics and features of the machines will be presented.
* J. M. Conrad and M. H. Shaevitz, "Multiple Cyclotron Method to Search for CP violation in the Neutrino Sector", Phys. Rev.Lett. 104:141802, 2010
** L. Calabretta et Al., EPAC(2000),pp.918

Slides TUA1CIO01 [2.341 MB]

TUA1CCO04

Design study of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron for KoRIA project

proton, injection, ion, simulation

304

Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University
Starting from April 2010, KoRIA was launched in the republic of Korea; the main objects of this project are fundamental and applied researches, e.g. production of radioisotope beam for the basic science research, nuclear structure, material and life sciences and medical isotope production, A K=100 separated sector cyclotron will be used as a driving accelerator for ISOL. It will provide a 70-100 MeV, ~1 mA of proton beam and 35-50 MeV, ~1 mA of deuteron ion beam, the SSC cyclotron will be injected by 8 MeV proton beam from 2 sector focused cyclotrons. In this paper we will describe briefly the conceptual design of the cyclotron including the design of separated sector magnet, beam dynamics and RF system, etc.

TUA2CCO02

Induction Sector Cyclotron for Cluster Ions

acceleration, ion, induction, focusing

314

K. Takayama, T. Adachi
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
W. Jiang
Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
Y. Oguri
TIT, Tokyo, Japan
H. Tsutsui
SHI, Tokyo, Japan

Funding: supported by Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research (KAKENHI 22265403)
A novel scheme of a sector cyclotron to accelerate extremely heavy cluster ions, called 'Induction Sector Cyclotron (ISC)', is described [1]. Its key feature is fast induction acceleration, which has been already demonstrated using the KEK 12 GeV proton synchrotron [2]. An ion bunch is accelerated and captured with pulse voltages generated by transformers. The acceleration and confinement in the longitudinal direction can be independently handled. The transformers are energized by the corresponding switching power supply, in which power solid-state devices are employed as switching elements and their turning on/off is maneuvered by gate signals digitally manipulated from the circulating beam signal of an ion bunch. Consequently the acceleration synchronizing with the revolution of any ion beam is always guaranteed. A cluster ion beam such as C-60, which so far there has been no way to repeatedly accelerate, can be accelerated from an extremely low velocity to a nearly light velocity. Its fundamental concept, beam dynamics, required key devices, and life time of a cluster ion beam will be discussed. A typical example of ISC is proposed at the conference.
[1] K.Takayama et al., submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2010).
[2] K.Takayama et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 054801 (2007),
K.Takayama and R.Briggs (Eds.), 'Induction Accelerators' (Springer, 2010).

Slides TUA2CCO02 [1.781 MB]

TUA2CCO03

Design and Construction Progress of a 7 MeV/u Cyclotron

ion, injection, ion-source, extraction

317

B. Wang, D.Q. Gao, H.F. Hao, L.Z. Ma, K.D. Man, M.T. Song, X.W. Wang, X.T. Yang, Q.G. Yao, Z.M. You, J.Q. Zhang, S.H. Zhang, X.Q. Zhang, H.W. Zhao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The 7MeV/u cyclotron accelerates carbon ions with mass number 12, 5+ charges, the extraction energy of carbon ions is 7 MeV/u, and the beam current density is designed to be 10 eμA. It designed as injector for the HITFiL (Heavy Ions Therapy Facility in LanZhou) synchrotron, which accelerates carbon ions to the energy 300 MeV/u for tumors treatment. Computer modeling results on the axial injection, magnetic, accelerating and extraction systems of the cyclotron are given. Design of the main systems of the cyclotron and the results of beam dynamic simulations are introduced. The construction progress including the ECR ion source, the axial injection beam line, the magnet, the RF system, the vacuum system etc. will be described respectively.

Slides TUA2CCO03 [1.679 MB]

WEM2CIO01

High Power RF Systems and Resonators for Sector Cyclotrons

proton, simulation, pick-up, extraction

332

L. Stingelin, M. Bopp, M. Broennimann, J. Cherix, H. Fitze, M. Schneider, W. Tron
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

In the framework of the high intensity upgrade of the PSI proton accelerator facility, it is planned to replace two existing 150 MHz resonators of the injector II cyclotron by two new 50 MHz resonators. The first prototype resonator has been manufactured by SDMS and first vacuum- and LLRF-tests were carried out. Tuners, coupler and pickups were mounted and high power RF tests are in progress at the teststand. A new building for the RF installation has been built and is ready to house the power amplifiers and LLRF-systems.

Slides WEM2CIO01 [3.497 MB]

WEM2CCO02

Operating Experience with the RF System for Superconducting Ring Cyclotron of RIBF

acceleration, vacuum, cryogenics, pick-up

338

N. Sakamoto, M. Fujimaki, A. Goto, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, R. Koyama, K. Suda, K. Yamada, S. Yokouchi
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

Since December 2006, Superconducting Ring Cyclotron (SRC) has been operational. Up to now, the beams of ²³⁸U, ⁴⁸Ca, pol-d, N, ⁴He have been provided for nuclear physics experiments. The SRC consists of 6 superconducting sector magnets, 4 accelerating cavities and one flattop cavity. Designed value of the acceleration voltage is 2 MV/turn. The gap voltage of 600 kV is excited with 130 kW rf power in the accelerating cavity. The cavities have been installed at four valley regions of 6 sector magnets and are exposed to a strong stray field of superconducting magnets. The strength of the magnetic field is as large as a few kilogauss. It is found that the condition of multipactor depends drastically on the strength of the stray field. How to treat the multipactor is one of the most important issues for stable operation of the SRC. This paper will discuss on our efforts to settle the problem concerning the cavities. By improving the vacuum, cooling, surface treatment and so on, we finally succeeded to minimize the break time due to the rf break down of the SRC cavities during experiments.

Slides WEM2CCO02 [9.291 MB]

WEM2CCO03

Disturbance Effects Caused by RF Power Leaking Out From Cavities in the PSI Ringcyclotron

plasma, vacuum, septum, proton

341

J.M. Humbel
PSI-LRF, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
H. Zhang
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

While commissioning the PSI high intensity proton beam facility after the shutdown 2010 direct and indirect phenomena of interaction between the electrostatic septa of the injection and extraction region and the RF power, leaking out from the cavities occurred in the Ringcyclotron. As an indirect influence RF fields outside the cavities generate plasma clouds at the edge of magnet poles. Accelerated plasma ions sputtered metallic atoms form the vacuum chamber wall, which then covered the insulator surface with an electrically conductive layer. The septum therefore had to be replaced. Directly RF power, dissipated from the third harmonic cavity was redirected by a beam stopper in such a way, that a linear correlation between the RF pick up signal monitored at the extraction septum EEC and the leak current across the septum insulator could be observed. As an instant mending action the beam stopper, which is not permanently used, has been removed. The leaking out of RF power from a cavity is known to depend on vertical asymmetry. With asymmetrical settings of the hydraulic tuning system we will try to minimize this disturbing effect.

Slides WEM2CCO03 [3.166 MB]

WEM2CIO04

Beam Diagnostics for Cyclotrons

diagnostics, beam-losses, ion, simulation

344

R. Dölling
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

An overview is given on beam diagnostics used at cyclotrons. The focus is set to devices installed inside the cyclotron with its special "environmental" conditions and limitations and on techniques which cover specific needs of the commissioning and operation of cyclotrons.

Slides WEM2CIO04 [4.247 MB]

WEM2CCO05

Beam Diagnostics for RIBF in RIKEN

ion, pick-up, monitoring, emittance

351

T. Watanabe, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, M. Komiyama, R. Koyama, H. Watanabe
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

In the present work, many varieties of beam diagnostics have been played a tremendous role for the RIBF (RI Beam Factory) in RIKEN. During beam user's experiments, it is essential to keep the beam transmission efficiency as high as possible, because the production of RI beams requires an intense primary beam, and the activation of the beam transport chambers induced by beam loss should be avoided. This presentation will include the overview of the Faraday cups, the transverse beam profile monitors, radial probes and phase probes to tune the accelerators and the beam transport line. To realize the stable operation of the accelerator complex, the nondestructive monitoring system of RF fields and beam-phase by using lock-in amplifies are used. Plastic scintillation monitors have been fabricated to evaluate the energy and longitudinal profiles of heavy-ion beams. Furthermore, a highly sensitive beam current (position) monitor with a high Tc (Critical Temperature) SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) monitor, has been developed. We will report the present status of the facility, the details of the beam diagnostics and the results of the beam measurement.

Slides WEM2CCO05 [6.855 MB]

THM1CIO01

Post-acceleration of High Intensity RIB through the CIME Cyclotron in the Frame of the SPIRAL2 Project at GANIL

ion, acceleration, linac, ion-source

354

P. Bertrand, A. Savalle
GANIL, Caen, France

The cyclotron CIME is presently used at GANIL for the acceleration of SPIRAL1 radioactive beams. One of the goals of the SPIRAL2 project is to produce, post-accelerate and use in the existing experimental areas much higher intensity secondary beams induced by uranium fission like neutron-rich krypton, xenon, tin isotopes, and many others. Intensity may reach 10¹⁰ pps. Specific developments are needed for secondary beam diagnostics. Improvement of mass separation is also necessary, and the Vertical Mass Separator (VMS) is specially developed for this purpose. However, the main concern is related to the high radioactivity linked to RIB high intensity. Safety and radioprotection issues will require modifications of the installation with special care for the maintenance of the cyclotron. The experience of the SPIRAL1 beams, in terms of beam losses and equipment contamination, is especially useful to define the necessary modifications.

Slides THM1CIO01 [6.133 MB]

THM1CIO02

Acceleration above the Coulomb Barrier - Completion of the ISAC-II Project at TRIUMF

linac, acceleration, ion, vacuum

359

R.E. Laxdal
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

The ISAC-II project at TRIUMF was proposed to boost the final energy of the radioactive ion beams of the TRIUMF ISAC facility above the Coulomb barrier. The nominal goal of 6.5 MeV/u for ions with A/q=6 was recently achieved. The ISAC-II post-accelerator consists of 40 MV of installed heavy ion superconducting linac to broaden the energy reach and a charge state booster to broaden the mass reach. Details of the project and the ISAC-II commissioning and operation will be presented.

Slides THM1CIO02 [3.619 MB]

THM2CCO03

Stripper Foil Developments at NSCL/MSU

ion, electron, light-ion, gun

373

F. Marti, S. Hitchcock, P.S. Miller, J.W. Stetson, J. Yurkon
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Work supported by DOE Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661 and National Science Foundation under grant No. PHY06-06007
The Coupled Cyclotrons Facility (CCF) at NSCL/MSU includes an injector cyclotron (K500) and a booster cyclotron (K1200). The beam from the K500 is injected radially into the K1200 and stripped at approximately one third of the radius at energies of approximately 10 MeV/u. Stripping is done with a carbon foil. The lifetime of the foil is very short when stripping heavy ions and does not agree with the estimates from formulas that work quite well for light ions. We will present in this paper the studies performed to understand the limitations and improve the lifetime of the foils. A foil test chamber with an electron gun has been built as part of the R&D for the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) project. It has been used to study different ways of supporting the carbon foils and effects of high temperature operation. Different foil materials (diamond-like carbon, graphene, etc) have been tested in the cyclotron.

Slides THM2CCO03 [4.560 MB]

THA1CIO03

Innovations in Fixed-Field Accelerators: Design and Simulation

focusing, acceleration, synchrotron, controls

389

C. Johnstone
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
M. Berz, K. Makino
MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
S.R. Koscielniak
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
P. Snopok
UCR, Riverside, California, USA

The drive for high beam power, high duty cycle, and reliable beams has focused world interest on fixed field accelerators, notably Fixed-field Alternating Gradient accelerators (FFAGs) ' with cyclotrons representing a specific class of fixed-field accelerators. Recently, the concept of isochronous orbits has been developed for nonscaling FFAGs using new methodologies in FFAG design. The property of isochronous orbits enables the simplicity of fixed RF and, by tailoring a nonlinear radial field profile, the FFAG is isochronous well into the relativistic regime. The machine proposed here has the high current advantage and duty cycle of the cyclotron in combination with the strong focusing, smaller losses, and energy variability that are more typical of the synchrotron. Further, compact high-performance devices are often are operated in a regime where space charge effects become significant, but are complicated to analyze in fixed-field accelerators because of the cross talk between beams at different nearby radii. A new space charge simulation approach is under development in the code COSY INFINITY. This presentation reports on advances in FFAG accelerator design and simulation.

Slides THA1CIO03 [1.527 MB]

THA1CCO04

Cyclotron and FFAG Studies Using Cyclotron Codes

focusing, lattice, synchrotron, proton

395

M.K. Craddock
UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Y.-N. Rao
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

This paper describes the use of cyclotron codes to study the beam dynamics of both high-energy isochronous cyclotrons using AG focusing and non-scaling (NS) FFAGs. The equilibrium orbit code CYCLOPS determines orbits, tunes and period at fixed energies, while the general orbit code GOBLIN tracks a representative bunch of particles through the acceleration process. The results for radial-sector cyclotrons show that the use of negative valley fields allows axial focusing to be maintained, and hence intense cw beams to be accelerated, to energies ≈10 GeV. The results for FFAGs confirm those obtained with lumped-element codes, and suggest that cyclotron codes will prove to be important tools for evaluating the measured fields of FFAG magnets.

Slides THA1CCO04 [1.750 MB]

FRM1CIO01

Review on Cyclotrons for Cancer Therapy

proton, synchrotron, ion, hadron

398

Y. Jongen
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

The science and technology of proton and carbon therapy was initially developed in national and university laboratories. The first hospital based proton therapy facility was built at Loma Linda University with the help from Fermilab. After this initial phase, and starting with the tender for the proton therapy system at MGH, many proton and carbon beam facilities have been ordered from industry and built. Industrially made proton and carbon therapy facilities represent today the vast majority of the installed base.

Slides FRM1CIO01 [2.015 MB]

FRM1CIO03

IBA-JINR 400 MeV/u Superconducting Cyclotron for Hadron Therapy

ion, extraction, proton, resonance

404

N.A. Morozov, V. Aleksandrov, S. Gurskiy, G.A. Karamysheva, N.Yu. Kazarinov, S.A. Kostromin, E. Samsonov, V. Shevtsov, G. Shirkov, E. Syresin, A. Tuzikov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
M. Abs, A. Blondin, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, D. Vandeplassche, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
O. Karamyshev
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

The compact superconducting isochronous cyclotron C400 [1] has been designed by the IBA-JINR collaboration. It will be the first cyclotron in the world capable of delivering protons, carbon and helium ions for cancer treatment. The cyclotron construction is started this year within the framework of the ARCHADE project [2] (Caen, France). ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ ions will be accelerated to 400 MeV/u energy and extracted by the electrostatic deflector, H²⁺ ions will be accelerated to the energy of 265 MeV/u and extracted by stripping. The magnet yoke has a diameter of 6.6 m, the total weight of the magnet is about 700 t. The designed magnetic field corresponds to 4.5 T in the hills and 2.45 T in the valleys. Superconducting coils will be enclosed in a cryostat; all other parts of the cyclotron will be warm. Three external ion sources will be mounted on the switching magnet on the injection line located below the cyclotron. The main parameters of the cyclotron, its design, the current status of the development work on the cyclotron systems are presented.
[1] Y.Jongen et al, 'IBA C400 Cyclotron Project for Hadron Therapy', The 18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications Cyclotrons 2007, Italy 2007.
[2] http://archade.fr/

Slides FRM1CIO03 [1.996 MB]

FRM1CIO04

Fast Scanning Techniques for Cancer Therapy with Hadrons - a Domain of Cyclotrons

proton, extraction, ion, synchrotron

410

J.M. Schippers
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

In protontherapy fast 3D pencil beam scanning is regarded as the most optimal dose delivery method. The two transverse directions are covered by magnetic scanning and fast depth variations are achieved by changing beam energy with a degrader in the beam line. During the transversal scan the beam intensity is varied with kHz speed. This performance has a big impact on the accelerator concept. Routinely a very stable, reproducible and accurate beam intensity is needed, which is adjustable within a ms. Quick changes of the maximum intensity from the cyclotron are also needed when changing treatment room. The eye treatment room at PSI, for example, needs a 5-7 times higher intensity as the Gantry. Dedicated tools and setup procedures are used to switch area within a few seconds. Typical energy variations must be performed within 50-80 ms. In order to compensate the energy dependent variation (factor 100) of the transmission through the degrader it is convenient to compensate this, e.g. with an adjustable beam transport transmission or with Dee voltage. It will be shown that a cyclotron offers the most advantageous possibilities to achieve this ambitious performance.

Slides FRM1CIO04 [9.164 MB]

FRM1CCO05

Advocacy for a Dedicated 70 MeV Proton Therapy Facility

proton, quadrupole, focusing, scattering

416

A. Denker, C.R. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich
HZB, Berlin, Germany
D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

Since 1998 we treated more then 1500 patients with eye tumors at the HZB cyclotron with a 68 MeV proton beam. The 5 years follow up shows a tumor control rate of more then 96%. The combination of a CT/MRT based planning and excellent physical beam conditions like 2 nA in the scattered proton beam, a 0.94 mm distal dose fall-off and a dose penumbra of 2.1 mm offers the opportunity to keep side effects on a lowest level. However all new medical proton facilities are equipped with accelerators delivering beams of 230 MeV and more. While this is needed for deep seated tumors, a lot of physical and medical compromises have to be accepted for the treatment of shallow seated tumors like eye melanomas. Hence, we suggest a 70 MeV proton therapy facility. It should be equipped with a horizontal beam line and can have optionally a vertical line for more complicated cases under anesthetics or for biological experiments. By the use of PBO Lab and MCNPX beam line concepts and a radio-protecting architecture are designed. In Germany we see a definite need for a single low energy facility which guarantees the excellence of proton therapy for the need of 80 million people.

Slides FRM1CCO05 [1.881 MB]

FRM2CIO01

Review of Cyclotrons Used in the Production of Radio-Isotopes for Biomedical Applications

target, ion, proton, ion-source

419

P. Schmor
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Cyclotrons are the primary tool for producing the shorter-lived proton-rich radio-isotopes currently used in the biosciences. Although the primary use of the cyclo-tron produced short-lived radio-isotopes is in PET/CT and SPECT diagnostic medical procedures, cyclotrons are also producing longer-lived isotopes for therapeutic pro-cedures. Commercial suppliers are responding by provid-ing a range of cyclotrons in the energy range of 3 to 70 MeV. The cyclotrons generally have multiple beams ser-vicing multiple targets. This paper provides a comparison of some of the capabilities of the various current cyclo-trons. The use of nuclear medicine and the number of cyclotrons providing the needed isotopes is increasing. In the future it is expected that there will be a new genera-tion of small 'table top' cyclotrons providing patient doses on demand.

Slides FRM2CIO01 [5.366 MB]

FRM2CIO02

Medical Cyclotron and Development in China

ion, heavy-ion, extraction, ion-source

425

M. Fan
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China

The first medical cyclotron CYCIAE-30 in China was designed and constructed by China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), and its construction was finished in 1994. Since then on, medical cyclotron got developed in China, several cyclotrons had been constructed, and some medical experiments and practice had been done with those cyclotrons. Now medical cyclotron develops even quickly in china, several medical cyclotrons are under design and construction. In the meantime, a compact cyclotron virtual prototyping was developed to help the cyclotron design and reduce cyclotron R & D cost.

Slides FRM2CIO02 [4.205 MB]

FRM2CCO04

BNCT System Using 30 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron

target, proton, beam-transport, injection

430

T. Mitsumoto, K. Fujita, T. Ogasawara, H. Tsutsui, S. Yajima
SHI, Tokyo, Japan
A. Maruhashi, Y. Sakurai, H. Tanaka
KURRI, Osaka, Japan

Kyoto University and Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. have developed an accelerator-based neutron source for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) at the Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute (KURRI). In order to obtain 10⁹ n/cm²/sec epithermal neutron for cancer treatment, a newly designed 30 MeV H⁻ AVF cyclotron named HM-30 was constructed and is being operated. With newly developed spiral inflector, the beam current in the central region can exceed 2 mA. The cyclotron is operated stably at 1 mA owing to the limit of the facility. Extracted proton beam is expanded by two scanner magnets in order to moderate heat concentration on the beryllium target, which is directly cooled by water to endure 30 kW heat load. Mainly fast neutrons are emitted from the target, and moderated to epithermal region by a moderator which consists of lead, iron, polyethylene, etc. Thermal neutron flux in a water phantom is measured by gold wire, which is consistent with the calculation using MCNPX. Preclinical studies have been continued with 10B-p-Borono- phenylalanine.

Slides FRM2CCO04 [1.818 MB]