CYCLOTRONS 2010 - List of Keywords (focusing)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOM1CIO02	Eighty Years of Cyclotrons	cyclotron, ion, proton, electron	1
	M.K. Craddock UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
	Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron in 1930 not only revolutionized nuclear physics, but proved the starting point for a whole variety of recirculating accelerators, from microtrons to FFAGs to synchrotrons, that have had an enormous impact in almost every branch of science and several areas of medicine and industry. Cyclotrons (i.e. fixed-field accelerators) themselves have proved remarkably adaptable, incorporating a variety of new ideas and technologies over the years: frequency modulation, edge focusing, AG focusing, axial and azimuthal injection, ring geometries, stripping extraction, superconducting magnets and rf… Long may they flourish!
	Slides MOM1CIO02 [7.108 MB]

MOPCP002	The Isochronous Magnetic Field Optimization of HITFiL Cyclotron	cyclotron, ion, heavy-ion, extraction	48
	L.Z. Ma, Q.G. Yao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	A new project named HITFiL (Heavy Ion Therapy Facility in Lanzhou) is being constructed. In this project, a 7 Mev ¹²C⁵⁺ cyclotron is selected as the initial injector providing a 10 μA carbon beam. The isochronous magnetic field optimization of the cyclotron is introduced in this paper. Optimization result shows that the deviations between calculation values and theory are smaller than 5 Gs. In the design process, the sofware OPERA has been utilized for the field calculation and optimization.

MOPCP020	Beam Extraction of the Heavy Ions from the U-400M Cyclotron	extraction, ion, cyclotron, simulation	90
	O.N. Borisov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	U400M is an isochronous cyclotron with pole diameter 4.0 m and 4 spiral sectors (maximal angle is equal 40°). The parameters of the cyclotron: A/Z=2-10; W=6-100 MeV/amu. A new physical channel for heavy ions beam extraction with low energies (W=5.0-9.0 MeV/amu) is constracted. Numerical simulation results of the beam extraction by stripping from the cyclotron are presented. Calculation of the transport line parameters were carried out.

MOPCP033	Magnet Design of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron (KoRIA)	cyclotron, simulation, extraction, resonance	120
	Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University A k=100 separated sector cyclotron is being designed in SKKU university South Korea, this cyclotron is considered the main drive for ISOL to produce ~ 70-100 MeV proton beam and ~35-50 MeV deuteron beam for production of radioactive material as a basic nuclear research, in this paper we will describe Opera 3D (Tosca) numerical simulation for determining the basic magnet parameters, magnet material, deformation , imperfection fields and preliminary ion beam dynamics study for verifying the focusing properties of the designed magnet

MOPCP044	New Magnetic Einzel Lens and Its Beam Optical Features	optics, electron, ion, controls	141
	M.H. Rashid, R.K. Bhandari, C. Mallik DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	Magnetic cylindrical lens is used mostly in beam lines to focus and transport low energy beam. It is well known that focusing power of a magnetic solenoid lens depends on the ratio of particle momentum and electric charge. A solenoid rotates also an ion beam while focusing it and the phase space areas of the beam in x- and y-plane get entangled and increased. The paper reported here describes an effort to design a new magnetic Einzel lens using a pair of Glaser lens in anti-solenoid mode for the first time to get zero rotation of the exit beam. Analytical formulae have been generated to deduce the scalar magnetic potential and field along the central axis of the lens. Thereafter, beam optics and particle tracking is done using the combined field of a pair of Glaser Lenses constituting the magnetic Einzel lens. The required focusing power of the designed lens is achieved for a beam of given rigidity.

TUA2CCO02	Induction Sector Cyclotron for Cluster Ions	acceleration, ion, induction, cyclotron	314
	K. Takayama, T. Adachi KEK, Ibaraki, Japan W. Jiang Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan Y. Oguri TIT, Tokyo, Japan H. Tsutsui SHI, Tokyo, Japan
	Funding: supported by Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research (KAKENHI 22265403) A novel scheme of a sector cyclotron to accelerate extremely heavy cluster ions, called 'Induction Sector Cyclotron (ISC)', is described [1]. Its key feature is fast induction acceleration, which has been already demonstrated using the KEK 12 GeV proton synchrotron [2]. An ion bunch is accelerated and captured with pulse voltages generated by transformers. The acceleration and confinement in the longitudinal direction can be independently handled. The transformers are energized by the corresponding switching power supply, in which power solid-state devices are employed as switching elements and their turning on/off is maneuvered by gate signals digitally manipulated from the circulating beam signal of an ion bunch. Consequently the acceleration synchronizing with the revolution of any ion beam is always guaranteed. A cluster ion beam such as C-60, which so far there has been no way to repeatedly accelerate, can be accelerated from an extremely low velocity to a nearly light velocity. Its fundamental concept, beam dynamics, required key devices, and life time of a cluster ion beam will be discussed. A typical example of ISC is proposed at the conference. [1] K.Takayama et al., submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2010). [2] K.Takayama et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 054801 (2007), K.Takayama and R.Briggs (Eds.), 'Induction Accelerators' (Springer, 2010).
	Slides TUA2CCO02 [1.781 MB]

THA1CIO03	Innovations in Fixed-Field Accelerators: Design and Simulation	cyclotron, acceleration, synchrotron, controls	389
	C. Johnstone Fermilab, Batavia, USA M. Berz, K. Makino MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA S.R. Koscielniak TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada P. Snopok UCR, Riverside, California, USA
	The drive for high beam power, high duty cycle, and reliable beams has focused world interest on fixed field accelerators, notably Fixed-field Alternating Gradient accelerators (FFAGs) ' with cyclotrons representing a specific class of fixed-field accelerators. Recently, the concept of isochronous orbits has been developed for nonscaling FFAGs using new methodologies in FFAG design. The property of isochronous orbits enables the simplicity of fixed RF and, by tailoring a nonlinear radial field profile, the FFAG is isochronous well into the relativistic regime. The machine proposed here has the high current advantage and duty cycle of the cyclotron in combination with the strong focusing, smaller losses, and energy variability that are more typical of the synchrotron. Further, compact high-performance devices are often are operated in a regime where space charge effects become significant, but are complicated to analyze in fixed-field accelerators because of the cross talk between beams at different nearby radii. A new space charge simulation approach is under development in the code COSY INFINITY. This presentation reports on advances in FFAG accelerator design and simulation.
	Slides THA1CIO03 [1.527 MB]

THA1CCO04	Cyclotron and FFAG Studies Using Cyclotron Codes	cyclotron, lattice, synchrotron, proton	395
	M.K. Craddock UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Y.-N. Rao TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	This paper describes the use of cyclotron codes to study the beam dynamics of both high-energy isochronous cyclotrons using AG focusing and non-scaling (NS) FFAGs. The equilibrium orbit code CYCLOPS determines orbits, tunes and period at fixed energies, while the general orbit code GOBLIN tracks a representative bunch of particles through the acceleration process. The results for radial-sector cyclotrons show that the use of negative valley fields allows axial focusing to be maintained, and hence intense cw beams to be accelerated, to energies ≈10 GeV. The results for FFAGs confirm those obtained with lumped-element codes, and suggest that cyclotron codes will prove to be important tools for evaluating the measured fields of FFAG magnets.
	Slides THA1CCO04 [1.750 MB]

FRM1CCO05	Advocacy for a Dedicated 70 MeV Proton Therapy Facility	proton, cyclotron, quadrupole, scattering	416
	A. Denker, C.R. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich HZB, Berlin, Germany D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	Since 1998 we treated more then 1500 patients with eye tumors at the HZB cyclotron with a 68 MeV proton beam. The 5 years follow up shows a tumor control rate of more then 96%. The combination of a CT/MRT based planning and excellent physical beam conditions like 2 nA in the scattered proton beam, a 0.94 mm distal dose fall-off and a dose penumbra of 2.1 mm offers the opportunity to keep side effects on a lowest level. However all new medical proton facilities are equipped with accelerators delivering beams of 230 MeV and more. While this is needed for deep seated tumors, a lot of physical and medical compromises have to be accepted for the treatment of shallow seated tumors like eye melanomas. Hence, we suggest a 70 MeV proton therapy facility. It should be equipped with a horizontal beam line and can have optionally a vertical line for more complicated cases under anesthetics or for biological experiments. By the use of PBO Lab and MCNPX beam line concepts and a radio-protecting architecture are designed. In Germany we see a definite need for a single low energy facility which guarantees the excellence of proton therapy for the need of 80 million people.
	Slides FRM1CCO05 [1.881 MB]

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOM1CIO02

Eighty Years of Cyclotrons

cyclotron, ion, proton, electron

1

M.K. Craddock
UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron in 1930 not only revolutionized nuclear physics, but proved the starting point for a whole variety of recirculating accelerators, from microtrons to FFAGs to synchrotrons, that have had an enormous impact in almost every branch of science and several areas of medicine and industry. Cyclotrons (i.e. fixed-field accelerators) themselves have proved remarkably adaptable, incorporating a variety of new ideas and technologies over the years: frequency modulation, edge focusing, AG focusing, axial and azimuthal injection, ring geometries, stripping extraction, superconducting magnets and rf… Long may they flourish!

Slides MOM1CIO02 [7.108 MB]

MOPCP002

The Isochronous Magnetic Field Optimization of HITFiL Cyclotron

cyclotron, ion, heavy-ion, extraction

48

L.Z. Ma, Q.G. Yao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

A new project named HITFiL (Heavy Ion Therapy Facility in Lanzhou) is being constructed. In this project, a 7 Mev ¹²C⁵⁺ cyclotron is selected as the initial injector providing a 10 μA carbon beam. The isochronous magnetic field optimization of the cyclotron is introduced in this paper. Optimization result shows that the deviations between calculation values and theory are smaller than 5 Gs. In the design process, the sofware OPERA has been utilized for the field calculation and optimization.

MOPCP020

Beam Extraction of the Heavy Ions from the U-400M Cyclotron

extraction, ion, cyclotron, simulation

90

O.N. Borisov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

U400M is an isochronous cyclotron with pole diameter 4.0 m and 4 spiral sectors (maximal angle is equal 40°). The parameters of the cyclotron: A/Z=2-10; W=6-100 MeV/amu. A new physical channel for heavy ions beam extraction with low energies (W=5.0-9.0 MeV/amu) is constracted. Numerical simulation results of the beam extraction by stripping from the cyclotron are presented. Calculation of the transport line parameters were carried out.

MOPCP033

Magnet Design of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron (KoRIA)

cyclotron, simulation, extraction, resonance

120

Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University
A k=100 separated sector cyclotron is being designed in SKKU university South Korea, this cyclotron is considered the main drive for ISOL to produce ~ 70-100 MeV proton beam and ~35-50 MeV deuteron beam for production of radioactive material as a basic nuclear research, in this paper we will describe Opera 3D (Tosca) numerical simulation for determining the basic magnet parameters, magnet material, deformation , imperfection fields and preliminary ion beam dynamics study for verifying the focusing properties of the designed magnet

MOPCP044

New Magnetic Einzel Lens and Its Beam Optical Features

optics, electron, ion, controls

141

M.H. Rashid, R.K. Bhandari, C. Mallik
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

Magnetic cylindrical lens is used mostly in beam lines to focus and transport low energy beam. It is well known that focusing power of a magnetic solenoid lens depends on the ratio of particle momentum and electric charge. A solenoid rotates also an ion beam while focusing it and the phase space areas of the beam in x- and y-plane get entangled and increased. The paper reported here describes an effort to design a new magnetic Einzel lens using a pair of Glaser lens in anti-solenoid mode for the first time to get zero rotation of the exit beam. Analytical formulae have been generated to deduce the scalar magnetic potential and field along the central axis of the lens. Thereafter, beam optics and particle tracking is done using the combined field of a pair of Glaser Lenses constituting the magnetic Einzel lens. The required focusing power of the designed lens is achieved for a beam of given rigidity.

TUA2CCO02

Induction Sector Cyclotron for Cluster Ions

acceleration, ion, induction, cyclotron

314

K. Takayama, T. Adachi
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
W. Jiang
Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
Y. Oguri
TIT, Tokyo, Japan
H. Tsutsui
SHI, Tokyo, Japan

Funding: supported by Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research (KAKENHI 22265403)
A novel scheme of a sector cyclotron to accelerate extremely heavy cluster ions, called 'Induction Sector Cyclotron (ISC)', is described [1]. Its key feature is fast induction acceleration, which has been already demonstrated using the KEK 12 GeV proton synchrotron [2]. An ion bunch is accelerated and captured with pulse voltages generated by transformers. The acceleration and confinement in the longitudinal direction can be independently handled. The transformers are energized by the corresponding switching power supply, in which power solid-state devices are employed as switching elements and their turning on/off is maneuvered by gate signals digitally manipulated from the circulating beam signal of an ion bunch. Consequently the acceleration synchronizing with the revolution of any ion beam is always guaranteed. A cluster ion beam such as C-60, which so far there has been no way to repeatedly accelerate, can be accelerated from an extremely low velocity to a nearly light velocity. Its fundamental concept, beam dynamics, required key devices, and life time of a cluster ion beam will be discussed. A typical example of ISC is proposed at the conference.
[1] K.Takayama et al., submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2010).
[2] K.Takayama et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 054801 (2007),
K.Takayama and R.Briggs (Eds.), 'Induction Accelerators' (Springer, 2010).

Slides TUA2CCO02 [1.781 MB]

THA1CIO03

Innovations in Fixed-Field Accelerators: Design and Simulation

cyclotron, acceleration, synchrotron, controls

389

C. Johnstone
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
M. Berz, K. Makino
MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
S.R. Koscielniak
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
P. Snopok
UCR, Riverside, California, USA

The drive for high beam power, high duty cycle, and reliable beams has focused world interest on fixed field accelerators, notably Fixed-field Alternating Gradient accelerators (FFAGs) ' with cyclotrons representing a specific class of fixed-field accelerators. Recently, the concept of isochronous orbits has been developed for nonscaling FFAGs using new methodologies in FFAG design. The property of isochronous orbits enables the simplicity of fixed RF and, by tailoring a nonlinear radial field profile, the FFAG is isochronous well into the relativistic regime. The machine proposed here has the high current advantage and duty cycle of the cyclotron in combination with the strong focusing, smaller losses, and energy variability that are more typical of the synchrotron. Further, compact high-performance devices are often are operated in a regime where space charge effects become significant, but are complicated to analyze in fixed-field accelerators because of the cross talk between beams at different nearby radii. A new space charge simulation approach is under development in the code COSY INFINITY. This presentation reports on advances in FFAG accelerator design and simulation.

Slides THA1CIO03 [1.527 MB]

THA1CCO04

Cyclotron and FFAG Studies Using Cyclotron Codes

cyclotron, lattice, synchrotron, proton

395

M.K. Craddock
UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Y.-N. Rao
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

This paper describes the use of cyclotron codes to study the beam dynamics of both high-energy isochronous cyclotrons using AG focusing and non-scaling (NS) FFAGs. The equilibrium orbit code CYCLOPS determines orbits, tunes and period at fixed energies, while the general orbit code GOBLIN tracks a representative bunch of particles through the acceleration process. The results for radial-sector cyclotrons show that the use of negative valley fields allows axial focusing to be maintained, and hence intense cw beams to be accelerated, to energies ≈10 GeV. The results for FFAGs confirm those obtained with lumped-element codes, and suggest that cyclotron codes will prove to be important tools for evaluating the measured fields of FFAG magnets.

Slides THA1CCO04 [1.750 MB]

FRM1CCO05

Advocacy for a Dedicated 70 MeV Proton Therapy Facility

proton, cyclotron, quadrupole, scattering

416

A. Denker, C.R. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich
HZB, Berlin, Germany
D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

Since 1998 we treated more then 1500 patients with eye tumors at the HZB cyclotron with a 68 MeV proton beam. The 5 years follow up shows a tumor control rate of more then 96%. The combination of a CT/MRT based planning and excellent physical beam conditions like 2 nA in the scattered proton beam, a 0.94 mm distal dose fall-off and a dose penumbra of 2.1 mm offers the opportunity to keep side effects on a lowest level. However all new medical proton facilities are equipped with accelerators delivering beams of 230 MeV and more. While this is needed for deep seated tumors, a lot of physical and medical compromises have to be accepted for the treatment of shallow seated tumors like eye melanomas. Hence, we suggest a 70 MeV proton therapy facility. It should be equipped with a horizontal beam line and can have optionally a vertical line for more complicated cases under anesthetics or for biological experiments. By the use of PBO Lab and MCNPX beam line concepts and a radio-protecting architecture are designed. In Germany we see a definite need for a single low energy facility which guarantees the excellence of proton therapy for the need of 80 million people.

Slides FRM1CCO05 [1.881 MB]