CYCLOTRONS 2010 - List of Keywords (proton)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOM1CIO02	Eighty Years of Cyclotrons	cyclotron, ion, focusing, electron	1
	M.K. Craddock UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
	Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron in 1930 not only revolutionized nuclear physics, but proved the starting point for a whole variety of recirculating accelerators, from microtrons to FFAGs to synchrotrons, that have had an enormous impact in almost every branch of science and several areas of medicine and industry. Cyclotrons (i.e. fixed-field accelerators) themselves have proved remarkably adaptable, incorporating a variety of new ideas and technologies over the years: frequency modulation, edge focusing, AG focusing, axial and azimuthal injection, ring geometries, stripping extraction, superconducting magnets and rf… Long may they flourish!
	Slides MOM1CIO02 [7.108 MB]

MOA2CCO02	Current Status of the Cyclotron Facilities and Future Projects at iThemba Labs	controls, cyclotron, ion, vacuum	42
	J.L. Conradie, L.S. Anthony, A.H. Botha, M.A. Crombie, J.G. De Villiers, J.L.G. Delsink, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, M.E. Hogan, I.H. Kohler, C. Lussi, R.H. McAlister, H.W. Mostert, S.S. Ntshangase, J.V. Pilcher, P.F. Rohwer, M. Sakildien, N. Stodart, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk, D. de Villiers, P.A. van Schalkwyk iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa C. Böhme UniDo/IBS, Dortmund, Germany J. Dietrich FZJ, Jülich, Germany Z. Kormány ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary
	For nearly 25 years the cyclotron facilities at iThemba LABS have been utilized for radioisotope production, nuclear physics research, and proton and neutron therapy. The aging systems require continual upgrading and replacement to limit interruptions to the scheduled beam delivery. The distributed computer control system is being migrated to a system running on the EPICS platform. The analogue low-level RF control systems will be replaced with digital systems. The Minimafios ECR ion source has been replaced with an ECR source from the former Hahn Meitner Institute and a second source, based on the design of the Grenoble test source, will be commissioned later this year. To increase the production of radio-isotopes, the 66 MeV proton beam is split to deliver beam simultaneously to two production targets. The first result with the beam splitter will be reported. A beam phase measurement system comprising 21 fixed probes has been installed in the separated sector cyclotron. Progress with these projects and the status of the facilities will be presented. Proposals for new facilities for proton therapy and for acceleration of radioactive beams will also be discussed.
	Slides MOA2CCO02 [4.496 MB]

MOPCP003	Application of Cyclotrons in Brachytherapy	cyclotron, target, simulation, extraction	51
	P. Saidi Bidokhti PPRC, Tehran, Iran M. Sadeghi Agricultural, Medical & Industrial Research School, Gohadasht, Iran A. Shirazi Tehran University, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
	Cyclotrons are particle accelerator machines which have many applications in industry, technology and medicine. Cyclotrons play an important role in medicine and about 50% of the all particle accelerators running in the world are used in medicine for radiation therapy, medical radioisotopes production, and biomedical research. In this short review the use of cyclotrons for a radiation therapy method, brachytherapy, is discussed. Brachytherapy is a form of radiotherapy where a radioactive source placed on or in the tissue to be irradiated. For a long period the production of radioactive isotopes for medical applications was essentially done in nuclear reactors but due to some advantages of radioisotopes production with cyclotron over a nuclear reactor, in the last two decades several types of cyclotrons have been developed to meet the specific demands of radionuclide production. This talk will briefly explain the technical design, beam transfer and beam delivery systems of cyclotron for brachytherapy radioisotope production; and also will shortly describe some detail of ¹⁰³Pd production in the following: production, targetry, radiochemical separation and seed fabrication.

MOPCP005	Kharkov Compact Cyclotron CV-28: Present and Future Status	cyclotron, ion, target, radiation	54
	Y.T. Petrusenko, D.Y. Barankov, D.O. Irzhevskyi, S.M. Shkyryda NSC/KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine R. Hölzle FZJ, Jülich, Germany
	Reported are the present and future statuses of the Kharkov Compact Cyclotron CV-28 donated to the National Science Center - Kharkov Institute of Physics & Technology (NSC KIPT) by the Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany). The cyclotron configuration and special features of new installation at the NSC KIPT are presented. Consideration is given to the problems of promising cyclotron-beam use for investigation and development of materials for fusion reactors and generation-IV nuclear reactors, investigation and production of medical radionuclides, possible applications of a high-energy neutron source based on a deuteron beam and a thick beryllium target.

MOPCP014	Activation of a 250 MeV SC-cyclotron for Protontherapy	cyclotron, extraction, beam-losses, radioactivity	72
	J.M. Schippers, D.C. Kiselev, R. Lüscher, O. Morath, M. Wohlmuther PSI, Villigen, Switzerland B. Amrein, P. Frey, M. Kostezer, A. Schmidt, G. Steen PSI-LRF, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
	Dedicated Cyclotrons of 230-250 MeV are used at protontherapy facilities since ~12 years. Beam losses at acceleration and extraction cause buildup of radioactivity in the cyclotron, having consequences for accessibility, service and decommissioning. At PSI a dedicated 250 MeV SC-cyclotron is used for proton therapy since 2007. The machine has been optimized to obtain a high extraction efficiency of over 80%. Apart from these losses, most other losses occur at a pair of phase slits at 21 cm radius. Here we report on a systematic study of the radioactivity at selected locations in the pole, the RF system and of some screws located near the median plane. The spectra of gamma rays emitted from iron plugs in the pole, copper disks in the liner and several screws have been measured with HPGe detectors. From these spectra the isotopic compositions have been derived and compared with activities calculated with the Monte Carlo transport code MCNPX. Dose rate measurements have been made as a function of time. The data and beam history of the cyclotron allow us predictions of the dose rate during service activities shortly after beam interruption as well as after a specified life time.

MOPCP015	Status of the HZB# Cyclotron: Eye Tumour Therapy in Berlin	cyclotron, ion, controls, rfq	75
	A. Denker, C.R. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich HZB, Berlin, Germany D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	The ion beam laboratory ISL at the Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin supplied light to heavy ions for solid state physics and medicine. Since 1998, eye tumours are treated with protons together with the University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Charité. In 12/2006, ISL was closed and a Charité - HMI agreement was signed to continue the tumour therapy, to this day the only facility in Germany for eye treatments. We have now experienced the first three years under the new terms; treating more than 600 patients in that time. The main challenge is to supply protons for therapy with less man-power but keeping the same high reliability as before. A new injector for protons has been installed and commissioned. The conversion process is not yet finished. In general, the operation of the machine went smoothly. Only in spring last year, we had for the first time an interruption of the therapy due to a water leak in the RF system. In spite of major structural changes we could keep a high quality standard and even increased the number of treated patients per year. In addition to the routine treatment, we established proton therapy of ocular tumours for very young children under general anaesthesia. # The new Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie has been formed by the merger of the former Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin (HMI) and the Berlin electron synchrotron BESSY

MOPCP016	Present Status of the RCNP Cyclotron Facility	cyclotron, ion, plasma, resonance	78
	K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	The Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) cyclotron cascade system has been operated to provide high quality beams for various experiments. In order to increase the physics research opportunities, the Azimuthally Varying Field (AVF) cyclotron facility was upgraded recently. A flat-topping system and an 18-GHz superconducting Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source were introduced to improve the beam's quality and intensity. A new beam line was installed to diagnose the characteristics of the beam to be injected into the ring cyclotron and to bypass the ring cyclotron and directly transport low energy beams from the AVF cyclotron to experimental halls. A separator is equipped to provide RI beams produced by fusion reactions at low energy and by projectile fragmentations at high energy. Developments have been continued to increase secondary beams as white neutrons, ultra cold neutrons, muons and unstable nucleri.

MOPCP018	Experience of Cyclotron Operation with Beam Sharing at TSL, Uppsala	cyclotron, controls, ion, target	84
	D. van Rooyen, K.J. Gajewski, B. Gålnander, B. Lundström, M. Pettersson, A.V. Prokofiev TSL, Uppsala, Sweden
	TSL (The Svedberg Laboratory) has a long history of producing beams of accelerated particles. Originally it was conceptualized as an accelerator for radioisotope production and nuclear chemistry by The(odor) Svedberg, and later used for nuclear physics, biological radiation effects and medical therapy with protons. A major upgrade during the 1980's with the extension of new experimental areas and a storage ring, the CELSIUS-ring, enabled the facility to get involved in new areas of nuclear physics, and neutron physics. The laboratory was restructured in 2005/2006 and the focus of activities was shifted towards, mainly, proton therapy and, in addition, radiation effects testing using protons and neutrons in a beam sharing mode. Specific attention will be given to a discussion of the development of a range of software utilities, for example switching of the beam between users by the principal user instead of being controlled via a cyclotron operator, which naturally enables a much more effective use of beam time. A range of features were developed that enables the end user to easily and effectively evaluate the beam quality as well as some further specific beam characteristics.

MOPCP021	Automated Operation and Optimization of the VARIAN 250 MeV Superconducting Compact Proton Cyclotron	cyclotron, extraction, controls, feedback	93
	T. Stephani, U. Behrens, H. Röcken VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany C. Baumgarten PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	The 250 MeV superconducting compact proton cyclotron of Varian Medical Systems Particle Therapy (the former ACCEL) is specially designed for the use in proton therapy systems. During medical operation typically no operator is required. Furthermore, several automated control system procedures guarantee a fast, simple, and reliable startup and beam optimization after overnight shutdown or regular service actions. We report on the automated startup procedures, automated beam centering, and automated optimization of extraction efficiency. Furthermore we present an automated beam current setting as used during medical operation by means of an electrostatic deflector located at the cyclotron center at low beam energies.

MOPCP022	Present Operational Status of NIRS Cyclotrons (AVF930, HM18)	cyclotron, target, controls, radiation	96
	M. Kanazawa, S. Hojo, T. Honma, A. Sugiura, K. Tashiro NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan T. Kamiya, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi AEC, Chiba, Japan
	Since Japanese government launched a new program of the 'Molecular Imaging Research Program' in 2005, NIRS AVF930 cyclotron has been mainly operated to produce radio-isotopes together with a small cyclotron (HM18) for PET diagnosis. There is also machine operation of AVF930 for physical experiments and tests of radiation damage on electric devices. To carry out the cyclotron operations for these purposes, some improvements have been done in the facility. In this report, we will present recent operational status of NIRS cyclotron facility (AVF930, HM18).

MOPCP024	Design of RF System for Compact AVF Cyclotron	cyclotron, resonance, magnet-design, simulation	99
	J.H. Oh, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	RF system is one of the most important parts for producing good and efficient accelerator system. The ion beam will be derived by a K100 SSC (Separated-Sector-Cyclotron). 8 MeV SF(Sector-focused) Cyclotron which produces 8 MeV proton beam is used as injector of K100 SSC cyclotron. In this paper, we designed RF system including RF cavity. The total specification of system is on the following. The frequency of this RF system is 70 MHz coaxial type cavity. Also we applied 4th harmonic, dee voltage of 50KV. We simulated the RF system using commercially available simulator, CST Microwave studio. KEYWORDS : Cyclotron, , RF system

MOPCP026	Beam Extraction System for CYCIAE-14	extraction, cyclotron, target, emittance	105
	S.M. Wei, S. An, W.P. Hu, M. Li, Y.L. Lu, L.P. Wen, H.D. Xie, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	A 14MeV medical cyclotron is under design and construction at CIAE, and H⁻ ion will be accelerated and extracted by carbon stripper in dual opposite direction. Two stripping points are chosen in each extracting direction to extract proton beams to different targets or beam lines to extend the use of the machine. Two modes have been considered for the extraction system. One is designed to be installed on the wall of the vacuum cavity, and the other is designed to be inserted vertically from the sector poles. The final choice depends on the agility, simplicity and results of the experimentation. The angle between the stripper and the beam orbit is optimized to improve the extracted beam quality. The results of numerical simulation show the two stripping points at each extraction direction, the beam orbit and the beam characteristic at each extraction direction. The comparison of the beam envelope of different stripper azimuth is also presented in this paper to show the influence of the stripper azimuth. Based on the concept design, the mechanical design and the experimentation of the DC motor in magnetic field have been conducted, with the results shown in the paper as well.

MOPCP030	The Injection Line and Central Region Design of CYCIAE-70	injection, cyclotron, ion, ion-source	111
	M. Li, X.L. Jia, Y.L. Lu, C. Wang, J.J. Yang, H.J. Yao, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	A compact cyclotron CYCIAE-70 is under design at CIAE capable of providing both 70MeV, 700μA H⁻ beam and 35MeV, 40μA D- beam. Both beams are produced by a single external multicusp ion source, injected axially with a transport line and bent onto the median plane through a spiral inflector. The injection line utilizes two solenoids and a quadruple triplet for transverse focusing and a buncher to increase the injection efficiency. The beam optics design is performed using TRANSOPTR, taking into account space charge effects and neutralization. The inflector is capable of bending both H⁻ and D- beams with a transmission efficiency of over 80%. The central particles are tracked backwards to obtain the initial reference orbit of the first several turns. The electrode structures and the shape of Dee tips are then optimized to achieve matching at the inflector exit and to maximize the acceptance of central region. The central region is capable to accept both beams without component replacement. The preliminary design results of the injection line, spiral inflector and center region are elaborated, and the beam matching from the ion source to the central region is presented.

MOPCP031	Physics Design and Calculation of CYCIAE-70 Extraction System	extraction, cyclotron, target, beam-transport	114
	S. An, F.P. Guan, M. Li, G.F. Song, C. Wang, S.M. Wei, F. Yang, T.J. Zhang, J.Q. Zhong CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	A cyclotron functioning as a driver with beam power of 50kW (70 MeV, 0.75 mA) based on compact H⁻ cyclotron, CYCIAE-70, has been designed at CIAE in Beijing for the RIB production and application in the field of nuclear medicine recently. CYCIAE-70 is designed to be a dual particle cyclotron capable of delivering proton with energy in the range 35~70 MeV and deuteron beam with energy in a range of about 18~33 MeV. About 700 μA for H⁺ and 40 μA for D⁺ will be extracted in dual opposite directions by charge exchange stripping devices and the extraction beam energy is continuously adjustable. The physics design of CYCIAE-70 stripping system has been done and the optics calculations for the extraction proton and deuteron beam have been finished. The dispersion effects for the extracted beam are analyzed and the beam parameters after extraction are calculated with multi-particle tracking code COMA.

MOPCP043	Modification of the Central Region in the RIKEN AVF Cyclotron for Acceleration at the H=1 RF Harmonic	acceleration, cyclotron, ion, emittance	138
	S.B. Vorozhtsov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia A. Goto RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan V.L. Smirnov JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	Funding: JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Russia, and RIKEN, Wako, Japan A highly advanced upgrade plan of the RIKEN AVF cyclotron is under way. The study is focused on the formulation of the new acceleration regimes in the AVF cyclotron by detailed orbit simulations. The extension of the acceleration energy region of light ions towards higher energies in the existing RF harmonic equal to 2 and the modification of the central geometry for the RF harmonic equal to 1 to allow an acceleration of protons at several tens of MeV are considered. The substantial redesign of the central electrode structure is needed to accelerate protons with reasonable values of the dee voltage. The new inflector geometry and the optimized central electrode structure have been formulated for the upgrade.

MOPCP045	Towards Quantitative Predictions of High Power Cyclotrons	cyclotron, simulation, space-charge, extraction	144
	Y.J. Bi, J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China A. Adelmann, R. Dölling, J.M. Humbel, W. Joho, M. Seidel PSI, Villigen, Switzerland Y.J. Bi Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China C.-X. Tang TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The large and complex structure of cyclotrons poses great challenges in the precise simulation of high power beams. However, such simulation capabilities are mandatory in the design and operation of the next generation high power proton drivers. The powerful tool OPAL enables us to do large scale simulations including 3D space charge and particle matter interactions. A large scale simulation effort is presented in the paper, which leads to a better quantitative understanding of the existing PSI high power proton cyclotron facility and predicts the beam behavior of CYCIAE-100 under construction at CIAE. The beam power of 1.3 MW delivered by the PSI 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron together with stringent requirements regarding the controlled and uncontrolled beam losses poses great challenges to predictive simulations. The comparisons with measurements show that OPAL can precisely predict the radial beam pattern at extraction with large dynamic range (3-4 orders of magnitude). The new particle matter interaction model is used to obtain necessary beam loss statistics during the acceleration. This data is indispensable in the design of an efficient collimation system in CYCIAE-100.

MOPCP047	Analysis of Beam Quality Optimization of Bucket Ion Source	ion, ion-source, plasma, electron	147
	Y.H. Xie, C.D. Hu, C.C. Jiang, L.Z. Liang, S. Liu, Y.L. Xie ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China
	Funding: The National Nature Science Foundation of China (contract number: 10875146) The bucket ion source is widely used as the high energy beam source on the high power neutral beam injector system. A hot cathode bucket ion source is studied for the diagnostic neutral beam injector. The main parameters which influence the performance of bucket ion source are arc voltage, filament voltage, gas inlet rate and extracted voltage. In the experiment, only one parameter setting is varied when other parameter settings are fixed. The characteristics of ion source are got and the parameters setting valve are as follows: four filaments current from 500 A to 550 A, arc voltage from 120 V to 200 V, and ion source pressure during discharge is from 2.0 mTorr to 4.5 mTorr, extracted voltage from 40kV to 50kV. The arc current is higher than 100 A, and extracted beam current can reaches 6 A. Based on this, the arc efficiency, beam power deposition and beam proton ratio of ion source are analyzed and optimized. The proton ratio of extracted beam increased from 28 % to 40 %. It is very useful for the experimental operation and study about the bucket ion source.

MOPCP070	Design of IBA Cyclone 30XP Cyclotron Magnet	cyclotron, extraction, resonance, quadrupole	189
	E. Forton, M. Abs, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	IBA is developing an evolution of its famous Cyclone 30 cyclotron. The Cyclone 30xp will be a multi-particle, multiport cyclotron capable of accelerating alpha particles up to 30 MeV, deuteron (D-) beams between 7.5 and 15 MeV and proton (H⁻) beams between 15 and 30 MeV. The magnet system has been improved with IBA Cyclone 18/9 and Cyclone 70 features. Coil dimensions have been updated in order to raise the free space in the median plane. This allows the mounting of a retractable electrostatic deflector system for the extraction of the alpha particle beam. Gradient corrector pole extensions have been added to ease the alpha beam extraction. Finally, compensation for relativistic effects between H⁻ (q/m=1/1) and D-/alpha (q/m=1/2) beams is made by movable iron inserts located in two valleys, as in IBA Cyclone 18/9 cyclotrons. These modifications could have an adverse effect on the flutter. In addition, the second harmonic induced by the movable iron inserts drives the machine in the 2.ν_r=2 resonance close to the extraction. As a consequence, modifications on the pole sectors and chamfers have been made in order to improve the flutter and eliminate the harmful resonance.

MOPCP072	Design of IBA Cyclone 11 Cyclotron Magnet	cyclotron, extraction, betatron, ion	192
	V. Nuttens, M. Abs, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, T. Servais, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	To extend customer choice in the low energy range, IBA is developing the Cyclone 11. It is a fixed energy 11 MeV H⁻ cyclotron for the production of PET isotopes. The cyclotron magnet is based on the well known Cyclone 10/5, with the same yoke dimensions, which is compatible with the IBA self-shielding design. The higher proton energy compared to the 10 MeV machine takes the benefit of the higher PET isotope production yield. This poster presents the Cyclone 10 magnet modifications required to reach 11 MeV. At first, the magnetic field has been raised by a small reduction of the valley depth. Additionally, the main coil current has been increased. The pole edge milling has been used to obtain the isochronous magnetic field shape. Beam optics in the magnet is excellent. Extraction is ensured by means of stripper foils mounted on carousels located at different azimuths allowing for up to eight targets.

MOPCP079	Optimization of Sector Geometry of a Compact Cyclotron by Random Search Method	cyclotron, extraction, betatron, ion-source	212
	P. Sing Babu, A. Goswami, V.S. Pandit, P.R. Sarma DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	A compact four sector 10 MeV, 5 mA proton cyclotron is being developed at VECC, Kolkata. Proton beam at 80keV from a 2.45 GHz ion source (under testing) will be first collimated and bunched and will be injected axially in the central region where a spiral inflector will place the beam on the orbit. This paper describes the procedure of optimizing the sector geometry of the magnet to obtain the desired isochronous field. Due to fringe field effect, analytical formulae do not predict the correct sector shape particularly at the lower radii in the cases of compact cyclotrons, where hill gap is very small and valley gap is large. Hence a 3D code becomes necessary to obtain the correct shape and size of the magnet sectors. This involves a lengthy iterative procedure of determining the hill angle at a large number of radii. In our procedure magnet sector is described in terms of a small number of parameters which are iteratively determined by random search technique geared to minimize the frequency error. 3D magnetic field data and results of equilibrium orbit code are used as input to the code developed for the optimization.

MOPCP081	Design Study of Magnetic Channel at NIRS-AVF930	cyclotron, extraction, simulation, radiation	215
	S. Hojo, T. Honma, M. Kanazawa, N. Miyahara, M. Muramatsu, K. Noda, Y. Sakamoto, A. Sugiura, K. Tashiro NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan T. Kamiya, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi AEC, Chiba, Japan
	In the NIRS (National Institute of Radiological Sciences) AVF930 cyclotron, a current magnetic channel has been used for ten years, and the flowing rate of cooling water at longest coil is gradually decreasing. Therefore, the high energy operation such as 70 MeV proton became difficult recently. As the design specification of this magnetic channel is very severe, the flow velocity of cooling water is very fast. The sectional area of the longest coil is expanded in the new design of magnetic channel. Details of the new design and results of calculated magnetic fields are discussed.

MOPCP082	Design Study of AVF Magnet for Compact Cyclotron	cyclotron, simulation, extraction, vacuum	218
	H.W. Kim, J.-S. Chai, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	K=100 separated sector cyclotron and its injector cyclotron design is started on April, 2010 at Sungkyunkwan University. The main purpose of the K=100 separated sector cyclotron is producing proton and deuteron beam for ISOL which generate rare isotopes to accelerate RI beam for basic science research. In K=100 separated sector cyclotron facilities, two 8 MeV sector focused cyclotrons will be used as an injector cyclotron for the main cyclotron. In this paper, an Azimuthally Varying Field (AVF) magnet for the 8 MeV injector cyclotron is designed to produce 8 MeV proton beam and 4MeV deuteron beam. All field simulations have been performed by OPERA-3D TOSCA for 3D magnetic field simulation. The assignments of these injector cyclotrons are generating 8 MeV, 1 mA proton beam and 4MeV deuteron beam that inject to the main cyclotron.

MOPCP108	Design of High Energy Hadron FFAGs for ADSR and other Applications	ion, extraction, injection, lattice	269
	B. Qin, Y. Mori, T. Planche KURRI, Osaka, Japan K. Okabe University of Fukui, Faculty of Engineering, Fukui, Japan
	Design study of high energy proton FFAG accelerator has been carried out at Kyoto University Research Reactor for the next generation ADSR experiment where the proton beam energy covers up to 700 MeV. The scaling type of FFAG with spiral sectors was employed. Details of the design, especially on the operational working points and dynamic apertures are described in this paper. Also, some possibility to apply this design to hadron therapy accelerators is presented.

TUM1CIO01	Towards the 2MW Cyclotron and Latest Developments at PSI	cyclotron, target, extraction, scattering	275
	M. Seidel PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	PSI operates a cyclotron based high intensity proton accelerator routinely at an average beam power of 1.3MW. With this power the facility is at the worldwide forefront of high intensity proton accelerators. An upgrade program is under way to ensure high operational reliability and push the intensity to even higher levels. The beam current is practically limited by losses at extraction and the resulting activation of accelerator components. Further intensity upgrades are only possible if the relative losses can be lowered in proportion, thus keeping absolute losses at a constant level. The basic upgrade path involves the reduction of space charge induced extraction losses by implementing improved RF systems and resonators in both cyclotrons. The paper describes the ongoing upgrade program, achievements that were realized since the last cyclotron conference and several operational experiences and difficulties that were observed during routine operation.
	Slides TUM1CIO01 [8.697 MB]

TUM1CCO04	The VARIAN 250 MeV Superconducting Compact Proton Cyclotron: Medical Operation of the 2nd Machine, Production and Commissioning Status of Machines No. 3 to 7	cyclotron, factory, controls, induction	283
	H. Röcken, M. Abdel-Bary, E.M. Akcoeltekin, P. Budz, T. Stephani, J.C. Wittschen VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
	Varian Medical Systems Particle Therapy (the former ACCEL) has successfully finalized in 2008 the commissioning of its 2nd superconducting compact proton cyclotron for use in proton therapy. The 250 MeV machine serves as proton source for treatments at the first clinical proton therapy center in Germany which opened in early 2009. Furthermore, Varian is currently commissioning and factory testing its 3rd machine. We report on the operation and performance of the 2nd machine as well as on the successful cool-down, quench testing, and magnetic shimming of the 3rd machine. In addition we present RF commissioning plans using a newly developed solid state amplifier, and plans for the upcoming factory beam commissioning in the new Varian cyclotron test cell, scheduled for October 2010. Finally we provide a brief status and outlook on machines no. 4 to 7.
	Slides TUM1CCO04 [5.761 MB]

TUM2CCO03	Commissioning of the JYFL MCC30/15 Cyclotron	cyclotron, controls, ion, ion-source	295
	P. M.T. Heikkinen JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
	The new MCC30/15 cyclotron from NIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Russia, arrived at Jyväskylä on 10th of August 2009, as a partial compensation of the Former Soviet Union debt to Finland. The cyclotron required an extension for the old experimental hall. The building of the extension started in late August, 2008. Both the cyclotron and the building projects took a little more time than planned. However, the delay of both projects was less than two months, and so the building was ready to host the cyclotron by the beginning of August, 2009. The installation of the cyclotron was done by the manufacturer's (NIIEFA) specialists. Before the end of November 2009 the maximum extracted proton intensity (in pulses) was twice the guaranteed value and 24 % over the guaranteed value for deuterons. The final acceptance protocol was signed on 30th of April, 2010. In addition to the scientific work (IGISOL), the new MCC30/15 cyclotron is planned to be used for medical radioisotope production, mainly ¹²³I and ¹⁸F. Negotiations on the isotope production are underway.
	Slides TUM2CCO03 [4.824 MB]

TUA1CIO01	A Multi MegaWatt Cyclotron Complex to Search for CP Violation in the Neutrino Sector	cyclotron, extraction, injection, electron	298
	L. Calabretta, M.M. Maggiore, L.A.C. Piazza, D. Rifuggiato INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
	Funding: I.N.F.N., Laboratorio Nazionale del Sud, Catania, Italy Scientists of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) proposed a new approach to search for CP violation in the neutrino sector . They proposed to use high-power proton accelerators able to deliver a proton beam whit energy 800 MeV, 1.5 MW power and duty cycle of 20% (100 μs beam on, 400 μs beam off). In the past, a layout for a similar accelerator complex to get a proton beam with 10MW of power was proposed by the LNS Accelerator Team . This previous machines' proposal is now updated to meet the MIT requirements. It consists in a two cascade cyclotron complex. The injector cyclotron, is a four sector machine, which accelerates a beam of H²⁺ up to energy of 35 MeV/n. The extraction radius is set around 130 cm and the energy gain is fixed at 1.1 MeV/turn, to obtain a turn separation of about 11 mm and then to make very efficient the extraction by the electrostatic deflector. The beam is then injected inside a 8 sectors Superconducting Cyclotron Ring. The energy gain is set at about 3 MeV/turn to reduce the number of turns inside the Ring cyclotron. The beam is extracted by the stripper method. The main characteristics and features of the machines will be presented. J. M. Conrad and M. H. Shaevitz, "Multiple Cyclotron Method to Search for CP violation in the Neutrino Sector", Phys. Rev.Lett. 104:141802, 2010 ** L. Calabretta et Al., EPAC(2000),pp.918
	Slides TUA1CIO01 [2.341 MB]

TUA1CCO04	Design study of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron for KoRIA project	cyclotron, injection, ion, simulation	304
	Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University Starting from April 2010, KoRIA was launched in the republic of Korea; the main objects of this project are fundamental and applied researches, e.g. production of radioisotope beam for the basic science research, nuclear structure, material and life sciences and medical isotope production, A K=100 separated sector cyclotron will be used as a driving accelerator for ISOL. It will provide a 70-100 MeV, ~1 mA of proton beam and 35-50 MeV, ~1 mA of deuteron ion beam, the SSC cyclotron will be injected by 8 MeV proton beam from 2 sector focused cyclotrons. In this paper we will describe briefly the conceptual design of the cyclotron including the design of separated sector magnet, beam dynamics and RF system, etc.

WEM2CIO01	High Power RF Systems and Resonators for Sector Cyclotrons	cyclotron, simulation, pick-up, extraction	332
	L. Stingelin, M. Bopp, M. Broennimann, J. Cherix, H. Fitze, M. Schneider, W. Tron PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	In the framework of the high intensity upgrade of the PSI proton accelerator facility, it is planned to replace two existing 150 MHz resonators of the injector II cyclotron by two new 50 MHz resonators. The first prototype resonator has been manufactured by SDMS and first vacuum- and LLRF-tests were carried out. Tuners, coupler and pickups were mounted and high power RF tests are in progress at the teststand. A new building for the RF installation has been built and is ready to house the power amplifiers and LLRF-systems.
	Slides WEM2CIO01 [3.497 MB]

WEM2CCO03	Disturbance Effects Caused by RF Power Leaking Out From Cavities in the PSI Ringcyclotron	plasma, vacuum, septum, cyclotron	341
	J.M. Humbel PSI-LRF, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland H. Zhang PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	While commissioning the PSI high intensity proton beam facility after the shutdown 2010 direct and indirect phenomena of interaction between the electrostatic septa of the injection and extraction region and the RF power, leaking out from the cavities occurred in the Ringcyclotron. As an indirect influence RF fields outside the cavities generate plasma clouds at the edge of magnet poles. Accelerated plasma ions sputtered metallic atoms form the vacuum chamber wall, which then covered the insulator surface with an electrically conductive layer. The septum therefore had to be replaced. Directly RF power, dissipated from the third harmonic cavity was redirected by a beam stopper in such a way, that a linear correlation between the RF pick up signal monitored at the extraction septum EEC and the leak current across the septum insulator could be observed. As an instant mending action the beam stopper, which is not permanently used, has been removed. The leaking out of RF power from a cavity is known to depend on vertical asymmetry. With asymmetrical settings of the hydraulic tuning system we will try to minimize this disturbing effect.
	Slides WEM2CCO03 [3.166 MB]

THM1CIO04	Progress towards New RI and Higher RIB Intensities at TRIUMF	target, ion, ion-source, electron	365
	P.G. Bricault, F. Ames, M. Dombsky, V. Hanemaayer, P. Kunz, J. Lassen TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Funding: TRIUMF is owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian Universities via a contribution through the National Research Council of Canada. Over the past five years TRIUMF has operated routinely the ISAC facility at proton beam intensity around and above 70 μA. Contrary to other ISOL facilities ISAC utilizes a modular assembly for the target station. This is mainly to provide enough radiation shielding for operation at high proton beam intensity. So far ISAC was licensed to operate target material Z < 82. Two actinide target (UO2) tests have been performed during the past two years to assess the ISAC systems (vacuum, nuclear ventilation, personnel safety) for actinide operation. The uranium oxide target is limited to 2 μA only because of the low operating temperature. We are now developing a uranium carbide target using similar techniques as for our other carbide targets (SiC, TiC, ZrC) operating up to 70 μA. Among the recent upgrade, the mass range, which was so far limited to mass lower than 30 has been increased to 150 with the installation of a charge state booster.
	Slides THM1CIO04 [5.623 MB]

THA1CIO01	FFAG Developments in Japan	acceleration, optics, lattice, betatron	376
	Y. Mori KURRI, Osaka, Japan
	Recent activities of the research and development works on FFAG accelerators in Japan are reviewed in this talk.
	Slides THA1CIO01 [27.606 MB]

THA1CCO04	Cyclotron and FFAG Studies Using Cyclotron Codes	cyclotron, focusing, lattice, synchrotron	395
	M.K. Craddock UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Y.-N. Rao TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	This paper describes the use of cyclotron codes to study the beam dynamics of both high-energy isochronous cyclotrons using AG focusing and non-scaling (NS) FFAGs. The equilibrium orbit code CYCLOPS determines orbits, tunes and period at fixed energies, while the general orbit code GOBLIN tracks a representative bunch of particles through the acceleration process. The results for radial-sector cyclotrons show that the use of negative valley fields allows axial focusing to be maintained, and hence intense cw beams to be accelerated, to energies ≈10 GeV. The results for FFAGs confirm those obtained with lumped-element codes, and suggest that cyclotron codes will prove to be important tools for evaluating the measured fields of FFAG magnets.
	Slides THA1CCO04 [1.750 MB]

FRM1CIO01	Review on Cyclotrons for Cancer Therapy	cyclotron, synchrotron, ion, hadron	398
	Y. Jongen IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	The science and technology of proton and carbon therapy was initially developed in national and university laboratories. The first hospital based proton therapy facility was built at Loma Linda University with the help from Fermilab. After this initial phase, and starting with the tender for the proton therapy system at MGH, many proton and carbon beam facilities have been ordered from industry and built. Industrially made proton and carbon therapy facilities represent today the vast majority of the installed base.
	Slides FRM1CIO01 [2.015 MB]

FRM1CIO03	IBA-JINR 400 MeV/u Superconducting Cyclotron for Hadron Therapy	cyclotron, ion, extraction, resonance	404
	N.A. Morozov, V. Aleksandrov, S. Gurskiy, G.A. Karamysheva, N.Yu. Kazarinov, S.A. Kostromin, E. Samsonov, V. Shevtsov, G. Shirkov, E. Syresin, A. Tuzikov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia M. Abs, A. Blondin, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, D. Vandeplassche, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium O. Karamyshev JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	The compact superconducting isochronous cyclotron C400 [1] has been designed by the IBA-JINR collaboration. It will be the first cyclotron in the world capable of delivering protons, carbon and helium ions for cancer treatment. The cyclotron construction is started this year within the framework of the ARCHADE project [2] (Caen, France). ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ ions will be accelerated to 400 MeV/u energy and extracted by the electrostatic deflector, H²⁺ ions will be accelerated to the energy of 265 MeV/u and extracted by stripping. The magnet yoke has a diameter of 6.6 m, the total weight of the magnet is about 700 t. The designed magnetic field corresponds to 4.5 T in the hills and 2.45 T in the valleys. Superconducting coils will be enclosed in a cryostat; all other parts of the cyclotron will be warm. Three external ion sources will be mounted on the switching magnet on the injection line located below the cyclotron. The main parameters of the cyclotron, its design, the current status of the development work on the cyclotron systems are presented. [1] Y.Jongen et al, 'IBA C400 Cyclotron Project for Hadron Therapy', The 18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications Cyclotrons 2007, Italy 2007. [2] http://archade.fr/
	Slides FRM1CIO03 [1.996 MB]

FRM1CIO04	Fast Scanning Techniques for Cancer Therapy with Hadrons - a Domain of Cyclotrons	cyclotron, extraction, ion, synchrotron	410
	J.M. Schippers PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	In protontherapy fast 3D pencil beam scanning is regarded as the most optimal dose delivery method. The two transverse directions are covered by magnetic scanning and fast depth variations are achieved by changing beam energy with a degrader in the beam line. During the transversal scan the beam intensity is varied with kHz speed. This performance has a big impact on the accelerator concept. Routinely a very stable, reproducible and accurate beam intensity is needed, which is adjustable within a ms. Quick changes of the maximum intensity from the cyclotron are also needed when changing treatment room. The eye treatment room at PSI, for example, needs a 5-7 times higher intensity as the Gantry. Dedicated tools and setup procedures are used to switch area within a few seconds. Typical energy variations must be performed within 50-80 ms. In order to compensate the energy dependent variation (factor 100) of the transmission through the degrader it is convenient to compensate this, e.g. with an adjustable beam transport transmission or with Dee voltage. It will be shown that a cyclotron offers the most advantageous possibilities to achieve this ambitious performance.
	Slides FRM1CIO04 [9.164 MB]

FRM1CCO05	Advocacy for a Dedicated 70 MeV Proton Therapy Facility	cyclotron, quadrupole, focusing, scattering	416
	A. Denker, C.R. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich HZB, Berlin, Germany D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	Since 1998 we treated more then 1500 patients with eye tumors at the HZB cyclotron with a 68 MeV proton beam. The 5 years follow up shows a tumor control rate of more then 96%. The combination of a CT/MRT based planning and excellent physical beam conditions like 2 nA in the scattered proton beam, a 0.94 mm distal dose fall-off and a dose penumbra of 2.1 mm offers the opportunity to keep side effects on a lowest level. However all new medical proton facilities are equipped with accelerators delivering beams of 230 MeV and more. While this is needed for deep seated tumors, a lot of physical and medical compromises have to be accepted for the treatment of shallow seated tumors like eye melanomas. Hence, we suggest a 70 MeV proton therapy facility. It should be equipped with a horizontal beam line and can have optionally a vertical line for more complicated cases under anesthetics or for biological experiments. By the use of PBO Lab and MCNPX beam line concepts and a radio-protecting architecture are designed. In Germany we see a definite need for a single low energy facility which guarantees the excellence of proton therapy for the need of 80 million people.
	Slides FRM1CCO05 [1.881 MB]

FRM2CIO01	Review of Cyclotrons Used in the Production of Radio-Isotopes for Biomedical Applications	cyclotron, target, ion, ion-source	419
	P. Schmor TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Cyclotrons are the primary tool for producing the shorter-lived proton-rich radio-isotopes currently used in the biosciences. Although the primary use of the cyclo-tron produced short-lived radio-isotopes is in PET/CT and SPECT diagnostic medical procedures, cyclotrons are also producing longer-lived isotopes for therapeutic pro-cedures. Commercial suppliers are responding by provid-ing a range of cyclotrons in the energy range of 3 to 70 MeV. The cyclotrons generally have multiple beams ser-vicing multiple targets. This paper provides a comparison of some of the capabilities of the various current cyclo-trons. The use of nuclear medicine and the number of cyclotrons providing the needed isotopes is increasing. In the future it is expected that there will be a new genera-tion of small 'table top' cyclotrons providing patient doses on demand.
	Slides FRM2CIO01 [5.366 MB]

FRM2CCO04	BNCT System Using 30 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron	cyclotron, target, beam-transport, injection	430
	T. Mitsumoto, K. Fujita, T. Ogasawara, H. Tsutsui, S. Yajima SHI, Tokyo, Japan A. Maruhashi, Y. Sakurai, H. Tanaka KURRI, Osaka, Japan
	Kyoto University and Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. have developed an accelerator-based neutron source for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) at the Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute (KURRI). In order to obtain 10⁹ n/cm²/sec epithermal neutron for cancer treatment, a newly designed 30 MeV H⁻ AVF cyclotron named HM-30 was constructed and is being operated. With newly developed spiral inflector, the beam current in the central region can exceed 2 mA. The cyclotron is operated stably at 1 mA owing to the limit of the facility. Extracted proton beam is expanded by two scanner magnets in order to moderate heat concentration on the beryllium target, which is directly cooled by water to endure 30 kW heat load. Mainly fast neutrons are emitted from the target, and moderated to epithermal region by a moderator which consists of lead, iron, polyethylene, etc. Thermal neutron flux in a water phantom is measured by gold wire, which is consistent with the calculation using MCNPX. Preclinical studies have been continued with 10B-p-Borono- phenylalanine.
	Slides FRM2CCO04 [1.818 MB]

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MOM1CIO02

Eighty Years of Cyclotrons

cyclotron, ion, focusing, electron

1

M.K. Craddock
UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron in 1930 not only revolutionized nuclear physics, but proved the starting point for a whole variety of recirculating accelerators, from microtrons to FFAGs to synchrotrons, that have had an enormous impact in almost every branch of science and several areas of medicine and industry. Cyclotrons (i.e. fixed-field accelerators) themselves have proved remarkably adaptable, incorporating a variety of new ideas and technologies over the years: frequency modulation, edge focusing, AG focusing, axial and azimuthal injection, ring geometries, stripping extraction, superconducting magnets and rf… Long may they flourish!

Slides MOM1CIO02 [7.108 MB]

MOA2CCO02

Current Status of the Cyclotron Facilities and Future Projects at iThemba Labs

controls, cyclotron, ion, vacuum

42

J.L. Conradie, L.S. Anthony, A.H. Botha, M.A. Crombie, J.G. De Villiers, J.L.G. Delsink, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, M.E. Hogan, I.H. Kohler, C. Lussi, R.H. McAlister, H.W. Mostert, S.S. Ntshangase, J.V. Pilcher, P.F. Rohwer, M. Sakildien, N. Stodart, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk, D. de Villiers, P.A. van Schalkwyk
iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa
C. Böhme
UniDo/IBS, Dortmund, Germany
J. Dietrich
FZJ, Jülich, Germany
Z. Kormány
ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary

For nearly 25 years the cyclotron facilities at iThemba LABS have been utilized for radioisotope production, nuclear physics research, and proton and neutron therapy. The aging systems require continual upgrading and replacement to limit interruptions to the scheduled beam delivery. The distributed computer control system is being migrated to a system running on the EPICS platform. The analogue low-level RF control systems will be replaced with digital systems. The Minimafios ECR ion source has been replaced with an ECR source from the former Hahn Meitner Institute and a second source, based on the design of the Grenoble test source, will be commissioned later this year. To increase the production of radio-isotopes, the 66 MeV proton beam is split to deliver beam simultaneously to two production targets. The first result with the beam splitter will be reported. A beam phase measurement system comprising 21 fixed probes has been installed in the separated sector cyclotron. Progress with these projects and the status of the facilities will be presented. Proposals for new facilities for proton therapy and for acceleration of radioactive beams will also be discussed.

Slides MOA2CCO02 [4.496 MB]

MOPCP003

Application of Cyclotrons in Brachytherapy

cyclotron, target, simulation, extraction

51

P. Saidi Bidokhti
PPRC, Tehran, Iran
M. Sadeghi
Agricultural, Medical & Industrial Research School, Gohadasht, Iran
A. Shirazi
Tehran University, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran

Cyclotrons are particle accelerator machines which have many applications in industry, technology and medicine. Cyclotrons play an important role in medicine and about 50% of the all particle accelerators running in the world are used in medicine for radiation therapy, medical radioisotopes production, and biomedical research. In this short review the use of cyclotrons for a radiation therapy method, brachytherapy, is discussed. Brachytherapy is a form of radiotherapy where a radioactive source placed on or in the tissue to be irradiated. For a long period the production of radioactive isotopes for medical applications was essentially done in nuclear reactors but due to some advantages of radioisotopes production with cyclotron over a nuclear reactor, in the last two decades several types of cyclotrons have been developed to meet the specific demands of radionuclide production. This talk will briefly explain the technical design, beam transfer and beam delivery systems of cyclotron for brachytherapy radioisotope production; and also will shortly describe some detail of ¹⁰³Pd production in the following: production, targetry, radiochemical separation and seed fabrication.

MOPCP005

Kharkov Compact Cyclotron CV-28: Present and Future Status

cyclotron, ion, target, radiation

54

Y.T. Petrusenko, D.Y. Barankov, D.O. Irzhevskyi, S.M. Shkyryda
NSC/KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine
R. Hölzle
FZJ, Jülich, Germany

Reported are the present and future statuses of the Kharkov Compact Cyclotron CV-28 donated to the National Science Center - Kharkov Institute of Physics & Technology (NSC KIPT) by the Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany). The cyclotron configuration and special features of new installation at the NSC KIPT are presented. Consideration is given to the problems of promising cyclotron-beam use for investigation and development of materials for fusion reactors and generation-IV nuclear reactors, investigation and production of medical radionuclides, possible applications of a high-energy neutron source based on a deuteron beam and a thick beryllium target.

MOPCP014

Activation of a 250 MeV SC-cyclotron for Protontherapy

cyclotron, extraction, beam-losses, radioactivity

72

J.M. Schippers, D.C. Kiselev, R. Lüscher, O. Morath, M. Wohlmuther
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
B. Amrein, P. Frey, M. Kostezer, A. Schmidt, G. Steen
PSI-LRF, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland

Dedicated Cyclotrons of 230-250 MeV are used at protontherapy facilities since ~12 years. Beam losses at acceleration and extraction cause buildup of radioactivity in the cyclotron, having consequences for accessibility, service and decommissioning. At PSI a dedicated 250 MeV SC-cyclotron is used for proton therapy since 2007. The machine has been optimized to obtain a high extraction efficiency of over 80%. Apart from these losses, most other losses occur at a pair of phase slits at 21 cm radius. Here we report on a systematic study of the radioactivity at selected locations in the pole, the RF system and of some screws located near the median plane. The spectra of gamma rays emitted from iron plugs in the pole, copper disks in the liner and several screws have been measured with HPGe detectors. From these spectra the isotopic compositions have been derived and compared with activities calculated with the Monte Carlo transport code MCNPX. Dose rate measurements have been made as a function of time. The data and beam history of the cyclotron allow us predictions of the dose rate during service activities shortly after beam interruption as well as after a specified life time.

MOPCP015

Status of the HZB# Cyclotron: Eye Tumour Therapy in Berlin

cyclotron, ion, controls, rfq

75

A. Denker, C.R. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich
HZB, Berlin, Germany
D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

The ion beam laboratory ISL at the Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin supplied light to heavy ions for solid state physics and medicine. Since 1998, eye tumours are treated with protons together with the University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Charité. In 12/2006, ISL was closed and a Charité - HMI agreement was signed to continue the tumour therapy, to this day the only facility in Germany for eye treatments. We have now experienced the first three years under the new terms; treating more than 600 patients in that time. The main challenge is to supply protons for therapy with less man-power but keeping the same high reliability as before. A new injector for protons has been installed and commissioned. The conversion process is not yet finished. In general, the operation of the machine went smoothly. Only in spring last year, we had for the first time an interruption of the therapy due to a water leak in the RF system. In spite of major structural changes we could keep a high quality standard and even increased the number of treated patients per year. In addition to the routine treatment, we established proton therapy of ocular tumours for very young children under general anaesthesia.
# The new Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie has been formed by the merger of the former Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin (HMI) and the Berlin electron synchrotron BESSY

MOPCP016

Present Status of the RCNP Cyclotron Facility

cyclotron, ion, plasma, resonance

78

K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

The Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) cyclotron cascade system has been operated to provide high quality beams for various experiments. In order to increase the physics research opportunities, the Azimuthally Varying Field (AVF) cyclotron facility was upgraded recently. A flat-topping system and an 18-GHz superconducting Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source were introduced to improve the beam's quality and intensity. A new beam line was installed to diagnose the characteristics of the beam to be injected into the ring cyclotron and to bypass the ring cyclotron and directly transport low energy beams from the AVF cyclotron to experimental halls. A separator is equipped to provide RI beams produced by fusion reactions at low energy and by projectile fragmentations at high energy. Developments have been continued to increase secondary beams as white neutrons, ultra cold neutrons, muons and unstable nucleri.

MOPCP018

Experience of Cyclotron Operation with Beam Sharing at TSL, Uppsala

cyclotron, controls, ion, target

84

D. van Rooyen, K.J. Gajewski, B. Gålnander, B. Lundström, M. Pettersson, A.V. Prokofiev
TSL, Uppsala, Sweden

TSL (The Svedberg Laboratory) has a long history of producing beams of accelerated particles. Originally it was conceptualized as an accelerator for radioisotope production and nuclear chemistry by The(odor) Svedberg, and later used for nuclear physics, biological radiation effects and medical therapy with protons. A major upgrade during the 1980's with the extension of new experimental areas and a storage ring, the CELSIUS-ring, enabled the facility to get involved in new areas of nuclear physics, and neutron physics. The laboratory was restructured in 2005/2006 and the focus of activities was shifted towards, mainly, proton therapy and, in addition, radiation effects testing using protons and neutrons in a beam sharing mode. Specific attention will be given to a discussion of the development of a range of software utilities, for example switching of the beam between users by the principal user instead of being controlled via a cyclotron operator, which naturally enables a much more effective use of beam time. A range of features were developed that enables the end user to easily and effectively evaluate the beam quality as well as some further specific beam characteristics.

MOPCP021

Automated Operation and Optimization of the VARIAN 250 MeV Superconducting Compact Proton Cyclotron

cyclotron, extraction, controls, feedback

93

T. Stephani, U. Behrens, H. Röcken
VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
C. Baumgarten
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

The 250 MeV superconducting compact proton cyclotron of Varian Medical Systems Particle Therapy (the former ACCEL) is specially designed for the use in proton therapy systems. During medical operation typically no operator is required. Furthermore, several automated control system procedures guarantee a fast, simple, and reliable startup and beam optimization after overnight shutdown or regular service actions. We report on the automated startup procedures, automated beam centering, and automated optimization of extraction efficiency. Furthermore we present an automated beam current setting as used during medical operation by means of an electrostatic deflector located at the cyclotron center at low beam energies.

MOPCP022

Present Operational Status of NIRS Cyclotrons (AVF930, HM18)

cyclotron, target, controls, radiation

96

M. Kanazawa, S. Hojo, T. Honma, A. Sugiura, K. Tashiro
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
T. Kamiya, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi
AEC, Chiba, Japan

Since Japanese government launched a new program of the 'Molecular Imaging Research Program' in 2005, NIRS AVF930 cyclotron has been mainly operated to produce radio-isotopes together with a small cyclotron (HM18) for PET diagnosis. There is also machine operation of AVF930 for physical experiments and tests of radiation damage on electric devices. To carry out the cyclotron operations for these purposes, some improvements have been done in the facility. In this report, we will present recent operational status of NIRS cyclotron facility (AVF930, HM18).

MOPCP024

Design of RF System for Compact AVF Cyclotron

cyclotron, resonance, magnet-design, simulation

99

J.H. Oh, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

RF system is one of the most important parts for producing good and efficient accelerator system. The ion beam will be derived by a K100 SSC (Separated-Sector-Cyclotron). 8 MeV SF(Sector-focused) Cyclotron which produces 8 MeV proton beam is used as injector of K100 SSC cyclotron. In this paper, we designed RF system including RF cavity. The total specification of system is on the following. The frequency of this RF system is 70 MHz coaxial type cavity. Also we applied 4th harmonic, dee voltage of 50KV. We simulated the RF system using commercially available simulator, CST Microwave studio.
KEYWORDS : Cyclotron, , RF system

MOPCP026

Beam Extraction System for CYCIAE-14

extraction, cyclotron, target, emittance

105

S.M. Wei, S. An, W.P. Hu, M. Li, Y.L. Lu, L.P. Wen, H.D. Xie, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

A 14MeV medical cyclotron is under design and construction at CIAE, and H⁻ ion will be accelerated and extracted by carbon stripper in dual opposite direction. Two stripping points are chosen in each extracting direction to extract proton beams to different targets or beam lines to extend the use of the machine. Two modes have been considered for the extraction system. One is designed to be installed on the wall of the vacuum cavity, and the other is designed to be inserted vertically from the sector poles. The final choice depends on the agility, simplicity and results of the experimentation. The angle between the stripper and the beam orbit is optimized to improve the extracted beam quality. The results of numerical simulation show the two stripping points at each extraction direction, the beam orbit and the beam characteristic at each extraction direction. The comparison of the beam envelope of different stripper azimuth is also presented in this paper to show the influence of the stripper azimuth. Based on the concept design, the mechanical design and the experimentation of the DC motor in magnetic field have been conducted, with the results shown in the paper as well.

MOPCP030

The Injection Line and Central Region Design of CYCIAE-70

injection, cyclotron, ion, ion-source

111

M. Li, X.L. Jia, Y.L. Lu, C. Wang, J.J. Yang, H.J. Yao, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

A compact cyclotron CYCIAE-70 is under design at CIAE capable of providing both 70MeV, 700μA H⁻ beam and 35MeV, 40μA D- beam. Both beams are produced by a single external multicusp ion source, injected axially with a transport line and bent onto the median plane through a spiral inflector. The injection line utilizes two solenoids and a quadruple triplet for transverse focusing and a buncher to increase the injection efficiency. The beam optics design is performed using TRANSOPTR, taking into account space charge effects and neutralization. The inflector is capable of bending both H⁻ and D- beams with a transmission efficiency of over 80%. The central particles are tracked backwards to obtain the initial reference orbit of the first several turns. The electrode structures and the shape of Dee tips are then optimized to achieve matching at the inflector exit and to maximize the acceptance of central region. The central region is capable to accept both beams without component replacement. The preliminary design results of the injection line, spiral inflector and center region are elaborated, and the beam matching from the ion source to the central region is presented.

MOPCP031

Physics Design and Calculation of CYCIAE-70 Extraction System

extraction, cyclotron, target, beam-transport

114

S. An, F.P. Guan, M. Li, G.F. Song, C. Wang, S.M. Wei, F. Yang, T.J. Zhang, J.Q. Zhong
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

A cyclotron functioning as a driver with beam power of 50kW (70 MeV, 0.75 mA) based on compact H⁻ cyclotron, CYCIAE-70, has been designed at CIAE in Beijing for the RIB production and application in the field of nuclear medicine recently. CYCIAE-70 is designed to be a dual particle cyclotron capable of delivering proton with energy in the range 35~70 MeV and deuteron beam with energy in a range of about 18~33 MeV. About 700 μA for H⁺ and 40 μA for D⁺ will be extracted in dual opposite directions by charge exchange stripping devices and the extraction beam energy is continuously adjustable. The physics design of CYCIAE-70 stripping system has been done and the optics calculations for the extraction proton and deuteron beam have been finished. The dispersion effects for the extracted beam are analyzed and the beam parameters after extraction are calculated with multi-particle tracking code COMA.

MOPCP043

Modification of the Central Region in the RIKEN AVF Cyclotron for Acceleration at the H=1 RF Harmonic

acceleration, cyclotron, ion, emittance

138

S.B. Vorozhtsov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
A. Goto
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
V.L. Smirnov
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

Funding: JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Russia, and RIKEN, Wako, Japan
A highly advanced upgrade plan of the RIKEN AVF cyclotron is under way. The study is focused on the formulation of the new acceleration regimes in the AVF cyclotron by detailed orbit simulations. The extension of the acceleration energy region of light ions towards higher energies in the existing RF harmonic equal to 2 and the modification of the central geometry for the RF harmonic equal to 1 to allow an acceleration of protons at several tens of MeV are considered. The substantial redesign of the central electrode structure is needed to accelerate protons with reasonable values of the dee voltage. The new inflector geometry and the optimized central electrode structure have been formulated for the upgrade.

MOPCP045

Towards Quantitative Predictions of High Power Cyclotrons

cyclotron, simulation, space-charge, extraction

144

Y.J. Bi, J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
A. Adelmann, R. Dölling, J.M. Humbel, W. Joho, M. Seidel
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
Y.J. Bi
Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
C.-X. Tang
TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The large and complex structure of cyclotrons poses great challenges in the precise simulation of high power beams. However, such simulation capabilities are mandatory in the design and operation of the next generation high power proton drivers. The powerful tool OPAL enables us to do large scale simulations including 3D space charge and particle matter interactions. A large scale simulation effort is presented in the paper, which leads to a better quantitative understanding of the existing PSI high power proton cyclotron facility and predicts the beam behavior of CYCIAE-100 under construction at CIAE. The beam power of 1.3 MW delivered by the PSI 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron together with stringent requirements regarding the controlled and uncontrolled beam losses poses great challenges to predictive simulations. The comparisons with measurements show that OPAL can precisely predict the radial beam pattern at extraction with large dynamic range (3-4 orders of magnitude). The new particle matter interaction model is used to obtain necessary beam loss statistics during the acceleration. This data is indispensable in the design of an efficient collimation system in CYCIAE-100.

MOPCP047

Analysis of Beam Quality Optimization of Bucket Ion Source

ion, ion-source, plasma, electron

147

Y.H. Xie, C.D. Hu, C.C. Jiang, L.Z. Liang, S. Liu, Y.L. Xie
ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China

Funding: The National Nature Science Foundation of China (contract number: 10875146)
The bucket ion source is widely used as the high energy beam source on the high power neutral beam injector system. A hot cathode bucket ion source is studied for the diagnostic neutral beam injector. The main parameters which influence the performance of bucket ion source are arc voltage, filament voltage, gas inlet rate and extracted voltage. In the experiment, only one parameter setting is varied when other parameter settings are fixed. The characteristics of ion source are got and the parameters setting valve are as follows: four filaments current from 500 A to 550 A, arc voltage from 120 V to 200 V, and ion source pressure during discharge is from 2.0 mTorr to 4.5 mTorr, extracted voltage from 40kV to 50kV. The arc current is higher than 100 A, and extracted beam current can reaches 6 A. Based on this, the arc efficiency, beam power deposition and beam proton ratio of ion source are analyzed and optimized. The proton ratio of extracted beam increased from 28 % to 40 %. It is very useful for the experimental operation and study about the bucket ion source.

MOPCP070

Design of IBA Cyclone 30XP Cyclotron Magnet

cyclotron, extraction, resonance, quadrupole

189

E. Forton, M. Abs, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

IBA is developing an evolution of its famous Cyclone 30 cyclotron. The Cyclone 30xp will be a multi-particle, multiport cyclotron capable of accelerating alpha particles up to 30 MeV, deuteron (D-) beams between 7.5 and 15 MeV and proton (H⁻) beams between 15 and 30 MeV. The magnet system has been improved with IBA Cyclone 18/9 and Cyclone 70 features. Coil dimensions have been updated in order to raise the free space in the median plane. This allows the mounting of a retractable electrostatic deflector system for the extraction of the alpha particle beam. Gradient corrector pole extensions have been added to ease the alpha beam extraction. Finally, compensation for relativistic effects between H⁻ (q/m=1/1) and D-/alpha (q/m=1/2) beams is made by movable iron inserts located in two valleys, as in IBA Cyclone 18/9 cyclotrons. These modifications could have an adverse effect on the flutter. In addition, the second harmonic induced by the movable iron inserts drives the machine in the 2.ν_r=2 resonance close to the extraction. As a consequence, modifications on the pole sectors and chamfers have been made in order to improve the flutter and eliminate the harmful resonance.

MOPCP072

Design of IBA Cyclone 11 Cyclotron Magnet

cyclotron, extraction, betatron, ion

192

V. Nuttens, M. Abs, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, T. Servais, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

To extend customer choice in the low energy range, IBA is developing the Cyclone 11. It is a fixed energy 11 MeV H⁻ cyclotron for the production of PET isotopes. The cyclotron magnet is based on the well known Cyclone 10/5, with the same yoke dimensions, which is compatible with the IBA self-shielding design. The higher proton energy compared to the 10 MeV machine takes the benefit of the higher PET isotope production yield. This poster presents the Cyclone 10 magnet modifications required to reach 11 MeV. At first, the magnetic field has been raised by a small reduction of the valley depth. Additionally, the main coil current has been increased. The pole edge milling has been used to obtain the isochronous magnetic field shape. Beam optics in the magnet is excellent. Extraction is ensured by means of stripper foils mounted on carousels located at different azimuths allowing for up to eight targets.

MOPCP079

Optimization of Sector Geometry of a Compact Cyclotron by Random Search Method

cyclotron, extraction, betatron, ion-source

212

P. Sing Babu, A. Goswami, V.S. Pandit, P.R. Sarma
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

A compact four sector 10 MeV, 5 mA proton cyclotron is being developed at VECC, Kolkata. Proton beam at 80keV from a 2.45 GHz ion source (under testing) will be first collimated and bunched and will be injected axially in the central region where a spiral inflector will place the beam on the orbit. This paper describes the procedure of optimizing the sector geometry of the magnet to obtain the desired isochronous field. Due to fringe field effect, analytical formulae do not predict the correct sector shape particularly at the lower radii in the cases of compact cyclotrons, where hill gap is very small and valley gap is large. Hence a 3D code becomes necessary to obtain the correct shape and size of the magnet sectors. This involves a lengthy iterative procedure of determining the hill angle at a large number of radii. In our procedure magnet sector is described in terms of a small number of parameters which are iteratively determined by random search technique geared to minimize the frequency error. 3D magnetic field data and results of equilibrium orbit code are used as input to the code developed for the optimization.

MOPCP081

Design Study of Magnetic Channel at NIRS-AVF930

cyclotron, extraction, simulation, radiation

215

S. Hojo, T. Honma, M. Kanazawa, N. Miyahara, M. Muramatsu, K. Noda, Y. Sakamoto, A. Sugiura, K. Tashiro
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
T. Kamiya, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi
AEC, Chiba, Japan

In the NIRS (National Institute of Radiological Sciences) AVF930 cyclotron, a current magnetic channel has been used for ten years, and the flowing rate of cooling water at longest coil is gradually decreasing. Therefore, the high energy operation such as 70 MeV proton became difficult recently. As the design specification of this magnetic channel is very severe, the flow velocity of cooling water is very fast. The sectional area of the longest coil is expanded in the new design of magnetic channel. Details of the new design and results of calculated magnetic fields are discussed.

MOPCP082

Design Study of AVF Magnet for Compact Cyclotron

cyclotron, simulation, extraction, vacuum

218

H.W. Kim, J.-S. Chai, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

K=100 separated sector cyclotron and its injector cyclotron design is started on April, 2010 at Sungkyunkwan University. The main purpose of the K=100 separated sector cyclotron is producing proton and deuteron beam for ISOL which generate rare isotopes to accelerate RI beam for basic science research. In K=100 separated sector cyclotron facilities, two 8 MeV sector focused cyclotrons will be used as an injector cyclotron for the main cyclotron. In this paper, an Azimuthally Varying Field (AVF) magnet for the 8 MeV injector cyclotron is designed to produce 8 MeV proton beam and 4MeV deuteron beam. All field simulations have been performed by OPERA-3D TOSCA for 3D magnetic field simulation. The assignments of these injector cyclotrons are generating 8 MeV, 1 mA proton beam and 4MeV deuteron beam that inject to the main cyclotron.

MOPCP108

Design of High Energy Hadron FFAGs for ADSR and other Applications

ion, extraction, injection, lattice

269

B. Qin, Y. Mori, T. Planche
KURRI, Osaka, Japan
K. Okabe
University of Fukui, Faculty of Engineering, Fukui, Japan

Design study of high energy proton FFAG accelerator has been carried out at Kyoto University Research Reactor for the next generation ADSR experiment where the proton beam energy covers up to 700 MeV. The scaling type of FFAG with spiral sectors was employed. Details of the design, especially on the operational working points and dynamic apertures are described in this paper. Also, some possibility to apply this design to hadron therapy accelerators is presented.

TUM1CIO01

Towards the 2MW Cyclotron and Latest Developments at PSI

cyclotron, target, extraction, scattering

275

M. Seidel
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

PSI operates a cyclotron based high intensity proton accelerator routinely at an average beam power of 1.3MW. With this power the facility is at the worldwide forefront of high intensity proton accelerators. An upgrade program is under way to ensure high operational reliability and push the intensity to even higher levels. The beam current is practically limited by losses at extraction and the resulting activation of accelerator components. Further intensity upgrades are only possible if the relative losses can be lowered in proportion, thus keeping absolute losses at a constant level. The basic upgrade path involves the reduction of space charge induced extraction losses by implementing improved RF systems and resonators in both cyclotrons. The paper describes the ongoing upgrade program, achievements that were realized since the last cyclotron conference and several operational experiences and difficulties that were observed during routine operation.

Slides TUM1CIO01 [8.697 MB]

TUM1CCO04

The VARIAN 250 MeV Superconducting Compact Proton Cyclotron: Medical Operation of the 2nd Machine, Production and Commissioning Status of Machines No. 3 to 7

cyclotron, factory, controls, induction

283

H. Röcken, M. Abdel-Bary, E.M. Akcoeltekin, P. Budz, T. Stephani, J.C. Wittschen
VMS-PT, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany

Varian Medical Systems Particle Therapy (the former ACCEL) has successfully finalized in 2008 the commissioning of its 2nd superconducting compact proton cyclotron for use in proton therapy. The 250 MeV machine serves as proton source for treatments at the first clinical proton therapy center in Germany which opened in early 2009. Furthermore, Varian is currently commissioning and factory testing its 3rd machine. We report on the operation and performance of the 2nd machine as well as on the successful cool-down, quench testing, and magnetic shimming of the 3rd machine. In addition we present RF commissioning plans using a newly developed solid state amplifier, and plans for the upcoming factory beam commissioning in the new Varian cyclotron test cell, scheduled for October 2010. Finally we provide a brief status and outlook on machines no. 4 to 7.

Slides TUM1CCO04 [5.761 MB]

TUM2CCO03

Commissioning of the JYFL MCC30/15 Cyclotron

cyclotron, controls, ion, ion-source

295

P. M.T. Heikkinen
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland

The new MCC30/15 cyclotron from NIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Russia, arrived at Jyväskylä on 10th of August 2009, as a partial compensation of the Former Soviet Union debt to Finland. The cyclotron required an extension for the old experimental hall. The building of the extension started in late August, 2008. Both the cyclotron and the building projects took a little more time than planned. However, the delay of both projects was less than two months, and so the building was ready to host the cyclotron by the beginning of August, 2009. The installation of the cyclotron was done by the manufacturer's (NIIEFA) specialists. Before the end of November 2009 the maximum extracted proton intensity (in pulses) was twice the guaranteed value and 24 % over the guaranteed value for deuterons. The final acceptance protocol was signed on 30th of April, 2010. In addition to the scientific work (IGISOL), the new MCC30/15 cyclotron is planned to be used for medical radioisotope production, mainly ¹²³I and ¹⁸F. Negotiations on the isotope production are underway.

Slides TUM2CCO03 [4.824 MB]

TUA1CIO01

A Multi MegaWatt Cyclotron Complex to Search for CP Violation in the Neutrino Sector

cyclotron, extraction, injection, electron

298

L. Calabretta, M.M. Maggiore, L.A.C. Piazza, D. Rifuggiato
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

Funding: I.N.F.N., Laboratorio Nazionale del Sud, Catania, Italy
Scientists of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) proposed a new approach to search for CP violation in the neutrino sector *. They proposed to use high-power proton accelerators able to deliver a proton beam whit energy 800 MeV, 1.5 MW power and duty cycle of 20% (100 μs beam on, 400 μs beam off). In the past, a layout for a similar accelerator complex to get a proton beam with 10MW of power was proposed by the LNS Accelerator Team **. This previous machines' proposal is now updated to meet the MIT requirements. It consists in a two cascade cyclotron complex. The injector cyclotron, is a four sector machine, which accelerates a beam of H²⁺ up to energy of 35 MeV/n. The extraction radius is set around 130 cm and the energy gain is fixed at 1.1 MeV/turn, to obtain a turn separation of about 11 mm and then to make very efficient the extraction by the electrostatic deflector. The beam is then injected inside a 8 sectors Superconducting Cyclotron Ring. The energy gain is set at about 3 MeV/turn to reduce the number of turns inside the Ring cyclotron. The beam is extracted by the stripper method. The main characteristics and features of the machines will be presented.
* J. M. Conrad and M. H. Shaevitz, "Multiple Cyclotron Method to Search for CP violation in the Neutrino Sector", Phys. Rev.Lett. 104:141802, 2010
** L. Calabretta et Al., EPAC(2000),pp.918

Slides TUA1CIO01 [2.341 MB]

TUA1CCO04

Design study of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron for KoRIA project

cyclotron, injection, ion, simulation

304

Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University
Starting from April 2010, KoRIA was launched in the republic of Korea; the main objects of this project are fundamental and applied researches, e.g. production of radioisotope beam for the basic science research, nuclear structure, material and life sciences and medical isotope production, A K=100 separated sector cyclotron will be used as a driving accelerator for ISOL. It will provide a 70-100 MeV, ~1 mA of proton beam and 35-50 MeV, ~1 mA of deuteron ion beam, the SSC cyclotron will be injected by 8 MeV proton beam from 2 sector focused cyclotrons. In this paper we will describe briefly the conceptual design of the cyclotron including the design of separated sector magnet, beam dynamics and RF system, etc.

WEM2CIO01

High Power RF Systems and Resonators for Sector Cyclotrons

cyclotron, simulation, pick-up, extraction

332

L. Stingelin, M. Bopp, M. Broennimann, J. Cherix, H. Fitze, M. Schneider, W. Tron
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

In the framework of the high intensity upgrade of the PSI proton accelerator facility, it is planned to replace two existing 150 MHz resonators of the injector II cyclotron by two new 50 MHz resonators. The first prototype resonator has been manufactured by SDMS and first vacuum- and LLRF-tests were carried out. Tuners, coupler and pickups were mounted and high power RF tests are in progress at the teststand. A new building for the RF installation has been built and is ready to house the power amplifiers and LLRF-systems.

Slides WEM2CIO01 [3.497 MB]

WEM2CCO03

Disturbance Effects Caused by RF Power Leaking Out From Cavities in the PSI Ringcyclotron

plasma, vacuum, septum, cyclotron

341

J.M. Humbel
PSI-LRF, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
H. Zhang
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

While commissioning the PSI high intensity proton beam facility after the shutdown 2010 direct and indirect phenomena of interaction between the electrostatic septa of the injection and extraction region and the RF power, leaking out from the cavities occurred in the Ringcyclotron. As an indirect influence RF fields outside the cavities generate plasma clouds at the edge of magnet poles. Accelerated plasma ions sputtered metallic atoms form the vacuum chamber wall, which then covered the insulator surface with an electrically conductive layer. The septum therefore had to be replaced. Directly RF power, dissipated from the third harmonic cavity was redirected by a beam stopper in such a way, that a linear correlation between the RF pick up signal monitored at the extraction septum EEC and the leak current across the septum insulator could be observed. As an instant mending action the beam stopper, which is not permanently used, has been removed. The leaking out of RF power from a cavity is known to depend on vertical asymmetry. With asymmetrical settings of the hydraulic tuning system we will try to minimize this disturbing effect.

Slides WEM2CCO03 [3.166 MB]

THM1CIO04

Progress towards New RI and Higher RIB Intensities at TRIUMF

target, ion, ion-source, electron

365

P.G. Bricault, F. Ames, M. Dombsky, V. Hanemaayer, P. Kunz, J. Lassen
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Funding: TRIUMF is owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian Universities via a contribution through the National Research Council of Canada.
Over the past five years TRIUMF has operated routinely the ISAC facility at proton beam intensity around and above 70 μA. Contrary to other ISOL facilities ISAC utilizes a modular assembly for the target station. This is mainly to provide enough radiation shielding for operation at high proton beam intensity. So far ISAC was licensed to operate target material Z < 82. Two actinide target (UO2) tests have been performed during the past two years to assess the ISAC systems (vacuum, nuclear ventilation, personnel safety) for actinide operation. The uranium oxide target is limited to 2 μA only because of the low operating temperature. We are now developing a uranium carbide target using similar techniques as for our other carbide targets (SiC, TiC, ZrC) operating up to 70 μA. Among the recent upgrade, the mass range, which was so far limited to mass lower than 30 has been increased to 150 with the installation of a charge state booster.

Slides THM1CIO04 [5.623 MB]

THA1CIO01

FFAG Developments in Japan

acceleration, optics, lattice, betatron

376

Y. Mori
KURRI, Osaka, Japan

Recent activities of the research and development works on FFAG accelerators in Japan are reviewed in this talk.

Slides THA1CIO01 [27.606 MB]

THA1CCO04

Cyclotron and FFAG Studies Using Cyclotron Codes

cyclotron, focusing, lattice, synchrotron

395

M.K. Craddock
UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Y.-N. Rao
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

This paper describes the use of cyclotron codes to study the beam dynamics of both high-energy isochronous cyclotrons using AG focusing and non-scaling (NS) FFAGs. The equilibrium orbit code CYCLOPS determines orbits, tunes and period at fixed energies, while the general orbit code GOBLIN tracks a representative bunch of particles through the acceleration process. The results for radial-sector cyclotrons show that the use of negative valley fields allows axial focusing to be maintained, and hence intense cw beams to be accelerated, to energies ≈10 GeV. The results for FFAGs confirm those obtained with lumped-element codes, and suggest that cyclotron codes will prove to be important tools for evaluating the measured fields of FFAG magnets.

Slides THA1CCO04 [1.750 MB]

FRM1CIO01

Review on Cyclotrons for Cancer Therapy

cyclotron, synchrotron, ion, hadron

398

Y. Jongen
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

The science and technology of proton and carbon therapy was initially developed in national and university laboratories. The first hospital based proton therapy facility was built at Loma Linda University with the help from Fermilab. After this initial phase, and starting with the tender for the proton therapy system at MGH, many proton and carbon beam facilities have been ordered from industry and built. Industrially made proton and carbon therapy facilities represent today the vast majority of the installed base.

Slides FRM1CIO01 [2.015 MB]

FRM1CIO03

IBA-JINR 400 MeV/u Superconducting Cyclotron for Hadron Therapy

cyclotron, ion, extraction, resonance

404

N.A. Morozov, V. Aleksandrov, S. Gurskiy, G.A. Karamysheva, N.Yu. Kazarinov, S.A. Kostromin, E. Samsonov, V. Shevtsov, G. Shirkov, E. Syresin, A. Tuzikov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
M. Abs, A. Blondin, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, D. Vandeplassche, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
O. Karamyshev
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

The compact superconducting isochronous cyclotron C400 [1] has been designed by the IBA-JINR collaboration. It will be the first cyclotron in the world capable of delivering protons, carbon and helium ions for cancer treatment. The cyclotron construction is started this year within the framework of the ARCHADE project [2] (Caen, France). ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ ions will be accelerated to 400 MeV/u energy and extracted by the electrostatic deflector, H²⁺ ions will be accelerated to the energy of 265 MeV/u and extracted by stripping. The magnet yoke has a diameter of 6.6 m, the total weight of the magnet is about 700 t. The designed magnetic field corresponds to 4.5 T in the hills and 2.45 T in the valleys. Superconducting coils will be enclosed in a cryostat; all other parts of the cyclotron will be warm. Three external ion sources will be mounted on the switching magnet on the injection line located below the cyclotron. The main parameters of the cyclotron, its design, the current status of the development work on the cyclotron systems are presented.
[1] Y.Jongen et al, 'IBA C400 Cyclotron Project for Hadron Therapy', The 18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications Cyclotrons 2007, Italy 2007.
[2] http://archade.fr/

Slides FRM1CIO03 [1.996 MB]

FRM1CIO04

Fast Scanning Techniques for Cancer Therapy with Hadrons - a Domain of Cyclotrons

cyclotron, extraction, ion, synchrotron

410

J.M. Schippers
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

In protontherapy fast 3D pencil beam scanning is regarded as the most optimal dose delivery method. The two transverse directions are covered by magnetic scanning and fast depth variations are achieved by changing beam energy with a degrader in the beam line. During the transversal scan the beam intensity is varied with kHz speed. This performance has a big impact on the accelerator concept. Routinely a very stable, reproducible and accurate beam intensity is needed, which is adjustable within a ms. Quick changes of the maximum intensity from the cyclotron are also needed when changing treatment room. The eye treatment room at PSI, for example, needs a 5-7 times higher intensity as the Gantry. Dedicated tools and setup procedures are used to switch area within a few seconds. Typical energy variations must be performed within 50-80 ms. In order to compensate the energy dependent variation (factor 100) of the transmission through the degrader it is convenient to compensate this, e.g. with an adjustable beam transport transmission or with Dee voltage. It will be shown that a cyclotron offers the most advantageous possibilities to achieve this ambitious performance.

Slides FRM1CIO04 [9.164 MB]

FRM1CCO05

Advocacy for a Dedicated 70 MeV Proton Therapy Facility

cyclotron, quadrupole, focusing, scattering

416

A. Denker, C.R. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich
HZB, Berlin, Germany
D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

Since 1998 we treated more then 1500 patients with eye tumors at the HZB cyclotron with a 68 MeV proton beam. The 5 years follow up shows a tumor control rate of more then 96%. The combination of a CT/MRT based planning and excellent physical beam conditions like 2 nA in the scattered proton beam, a 0.94 mm distal dose fall-off and a dose penumbra of 2.1 mm offers the opportunity to keep side effects on a lowest level. However all new medical proton facilities are equipped with accelerators delivering beams of 230 MeV and more. While this is needed for deep seated tumors, a lot of physical and medical compromises have to be accepted for the treatment of shallow seated tumors like eye melanomas. Hence, we suggest a 70 MeV proton therapy facility. It should be equipped with a horizontal beam line and can have optionally a vertical line for more complicated cases under anesthetics or for biological experiments. By the use of PBO Lab and MCNPX beam line concepts and a radio-protecting architecture are designed. In Germany we see a definite need for a single low energy facility which guarantees the excellence of proton therapy for the need of 80 million people.

Slides FRM1CCO05 [1.881 MB]

FRM2CIO01

Review of Cyclotrons Used in the Production of Radio-Isotopes for Biomedical Applications

cyclotron, target, ion, ion-source

419

P. Schmor
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Cyclotrons are the primary tool for producing the shorter-lived proton-rich radio-isotopes currently used in the biosciences. Although the primary use of the cyclo-tron produced short-lived radio-isotopes is in PET/CT and SPECT diagnostic medical procedures, cyclotrons are also producing longer-lived isotopes for therapeutic pro-cedures. Commercial suppliers are responding by provid-ing a range of cyclotrons in the energy range of 3 to 70 MeV. The cyclotrons generally have multiple beams ser-vicing multiple targets. This paper provides a comparison of some of the capabilities of the various current cyclo-trons. The use of nuclear medicine and the number of cyclotrons providing the needed isotopes is increasing. In the future it is expected that there will be a new genera-tion of small 'table top' cyclotrons providing patient doses on demand.

Slides FRM2CIO01 [5.366 MB]

FRM2CCO04

BNCT System Using 30 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron

cyclotron, target, beam-transport, injection

430

T. Mitsumoto, K. Fujita, T. Ogasawara, H. Tsutsui, S. Yajima
SHI, Tokyo, Japan
A. Maruhashi, Y. Sakurai, H. Tanaka
KURRI, Osaka, Japan

Kyoto University and Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. have developed an accelerator-based neutron source for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) at the Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute (KURRI). In order to obtain 10⁹ n/cm²/sec epithermal neutron for cancer treatment, a newly designed 30 MeV H⁻ AVF cyclotron named HM-30 was constructed and is being operated. With newly developed spiral inflector, the beam current in the central region can exceed 2 mA. The cyclotron is operated stably at 1 mA owing to the limit of the facility. Extracted proton beam is expanded by two scanner magnets in order to moderate heat concentration on the beryllium target, which is directly cooled by water to endure 30 kW heat load. Mainly fast neutrons are emitted from the target, and moderated to epithermal region by a moderator which consists of lead, iron, polyethylene, etc. Thermal neutron flux in a water phantom is measured by gold wire, which is consistent with the calculation using MCNPX. Preclinical studies have been continued with 10B-p-Borono- phenylalanine.

Slides FRM2CCO04 [1.818 MB]