CYCLOTRONS 2010 - List of Keywords (ion)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOM1CIO02	Eighty Years of Cyclotrons	cyclotron, focusing, proton, electron	1
	M.K. Craddock UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
	Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron in 1930 not only revolutionized nuclear physics, but proved the starting point for a whole variety of recirculating accelerators, from microtrons to FFAGs to synchrotrons, that have had an enormous impact in almost every branch of science and several areas of medicine and industry. Cyclotrons (i.e. fixed-field accelerators) themselves have proved remarkably adaptable, incorporating a variety of new ideas and technologies over the years: frequency modulation, edge focusing, AG focusing, axial and azimuthal injection, ring geometries, stripping extraction, superconducting magnets and rf… Long may they flourish!
	Slides MOM1CIO02 [7.108 MB]

MOM2CIO01	Review of High Power Cyclotrons for Heavy Ion Beams	cyclotron, heavy-ion, ion-source, beam-losses	9
	A. Goto RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	Since heavy ion cyclotrons for use in radioactive beam sciences were built in laboratories worldwide in 1980's, a lot of efforts on the upgrade of many such cyclotrons have been made in terms of beam intensity as well as beam energy. This talk describes an overview of such cyclotrons that provide heavy ion beams with the power in kW range or higher. Some technological issues related to high-power heavy ion beams are also discussed based on the experiences of those cyclotrons.
	Slides MOM2CIO01 [8.469 MB]

MOM2CIO02	Intense Beam Operation at GANIL	target, cyclotron, ion-source, acceleration	16
	F. Chautard GANIL, Caen, France
	The GANIL (Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds) produces and accelerates stable ions beams since 1982. The first radioactive beam post-accelerated with the CIME cyclotron happened in 2001. In 2013, stable beams with higher intensities and new energy range will be available from the new superconducting linear accelerator SPIRAL2. In 2015, new exotic beams will be accelerated with the existing cyclotron CIME. This paper will show how GANIL manages the SPIRAL2 machine arrival by continuing the delivery of high intensity and exotic beams. But also by pursuing the developments of the machine capabilities in a project structure in order to keep equipments running with a high reliability yield and still responding to physics demands. The progress in ion source production will be exposed. Finally, it will be presented the foreseen calendar of the exploitation for the existing machine together with SPIRAL2.
	Slides MOM2CIO02 [2.928 MB]

MOM2CCO03	Progress towards High Intensity Heavy Ion Beams at the AGOR-Facility	beam-losses, vacuum, cyclotron, acceleration	21
	S. Brandenburg, J.P.M. Beijers, M.A. Hevinga, M.A. Hofstee, H.R. Kremers, V. Mironov, J. Mulder, S. Saminathan, A. Sen KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM). The on-going upgrade program of the AGOR-facility aiming at intensities beyond 10¹² pps for heavy ion beams up to Pb will be discussed. The progress in the main elements of the program (further development of the ECR-source; improvement of the transmission into and through the cyclotron and protection of equipment agains excessive beam loss) will be reported. Further improvement of the ECR ion source is facilitated by the installation of a second source. Redesign of the LEBT to compensate aberrations is in progress; simulations predict a significant increase in transmission. A new, cooled electrostatic extractor is being commissioned and the beam loss control system has been completed. The main remaining issue is vacuum degradation induced by beam loss caused by charge exchange on the residual gas. Experiments at GSI[1] have shown that scrapers and surface coatings can strongly reduce this effect. Tracking calculations of the distribution of the beam losses over the vacuum chamber to determine the optimum location of scrapers and application of a gold coating to relevant parts of the vacuum chamber are underway. [1] C. Omet, H. Kollmus, H. Reich-Sprenger, P. Spiller; Ion catcher system for the stabilisation of the dynamic pressure in SIS18; http://jacow.org/e08/papers/mopc099.pdf
	Slides MOM2CCO03 [1.532 MB]

MOM2CCO04	Recent Progress on the Facility Upgrade for Accelerated Radioactive Beams at Texas A&M	cyclotron, injection, ion-source, extraction	24
	D.P. May, R.E. Tribble Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute, College Station, Texas, USA F.P. Abegglen, G. Chubaryan, G.J. Derrig, G.J. Kim, G. Tabacaru Texas A&M University, Cyclotron Institute, College Station, USA
	Funding: Supported by U. S. Dept. of Energy Grant DE-FG02-93ER40773 The Cyclotron Institute at Texas A&M University is involved in an upgrade, one goal of which is to provide radioactive ion beams accelerated to intermediate energies by the K500 superconducting cyclotron. The old 88" cyclotron, now the K150, has been refurbished to be used as a driver and also to provide higher intensity, low-energy, primary beams for experiments. Two external ion sources, an electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (ECRIS) and a multi-cusp negative ion source, have been installed on a new axial line to inject beams into a modified K150 central region. Acceleration of negative ions of protons and deuterons with stripping for extraction will be used in order to mitigate activation of the K150. Beams from the K150 will be used to create radioactive species via a light-ion guide and a heavy-ion guide. Singly charged ions from either ion guide will be transported to an ECRIS that is configured to capture these ions and further ionize them. One charge-state from this second ECRIS will be selected for subsequent acceleration by the K500. Progress on the upgrade, including the acceleration and extraction of both negative and positive beams by the K150, is presented.
	Slides MOM2CCO04 [1.690 MB]

MOA1CIO01	Intense Beam Operation of the NSCL/MSU Cyclotrons	cyclotron, injection, emittance, extraction	27
	J.W. Stetson, G. Machicoane, F. Marti, D.R. Poe NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Supported under National Science Foundation under grant No. PHY06-06007 Intense heavy ion beam acceleration by superconducting compact cyclotrons presents significant challenges since surfaces impacted by lost beam are subject to high thermal loads and consequent damage. High transmission efficiencies allow 0.7-1.0 kW beams to be routinely delivered for experiment at the NSCL, with minimal negative impact on reliability. Net beam transmission measured from just before the K500 to extracted beam from the K1200 can be about 30% depending on the ion used (factoring out the unavoidable loss due to the charge stripping foil in the K1200). Techniques and examples are discussed.
	Slides MOA1CIO01 [4.425 MB]

MOA1CIO02	High Intensity Cyclotrons for Super Heavy Elements Research of FLNR JINR	cyclotron, extraction, target, injection	33
	G.G. Gulbekyan JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	Main team of FLNR JINR is super heavy elements research. From 2000 up to 2010 there was synthesized elements 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118 and more the 40 isotopes of super heavy elements in the Lab. As a target we used 243Am, 242Pu, 248Cm, 249Bk, 249Cf et al. Full flux 48Ca ion beam through the targets on the level 5×10 20 ion with 48Ca matter consumption 0.4 mg/hour, and average beam intensity 1pμA. According plan after U400 cyclotron modernization (2012) 48Ca beam intensity will be up to 3pμA on the target and 48Ca beam intensity from new cyclotron DC200 will be 10 pμA (2014).

MOA2CIO01	HIRFL-CSR Facility Status and Development	target, extraction, electron, injection	37
	Y.J. Yuan, X.H. Cai, D.Q. Gao, Y. He, L.Z. Ma, X. Ma, R.S. Mao, Y.W. Su, X.L. Tu, J.W. Xia, H.S. Xu, Z. Xu, J.C. Yang, X.D. Yang, X.T. Yang, Y.P. Yang, W. Zhang, H.W. Zhao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	The HIRFL-CSR facility come into operation by the end of 2007. During operation in recent years, CSR supplied beam for experiments at several terminals and inside both CSRm and CSRe rings. The experiments covers high resolution mass measurement, cancer therapy research, neutron wall, atomic physics using electron target and internal gas target, using injection beam mainly from the SFC of cyclotron injector. New methods and further developments are required to improve the performance of CSR system including multi-gradients measurement method for beam spot commissioning and beam transfer, nonlinear effect correction and stabilization of isochronous mode of CSRe. For suppling of heverier ion beam with proper ernergy, the cyclotron complex should be enhanced and new injector is proposed to replace SFC as injector of SSC.
	Slides MOA2CIO01 [3.766 MB]

MOA2CCO02	Current Status of the Cyclotron Facilities and Future Projects at iThemba Labs	controls, cyclotron, vacuum, proton	42
	J.L. Conradie, L.S. Anthony, A.H. Botha, M.A. Crombie, J.G. De Villiers, J.L.G. Delsink, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, M.E. Hogan, I.H. Kohler, C. Lussi, R.H. McAlister, H.W. Mostert, S.S. Ntshangase, J.V. Pilcher, P.F. Rohwer, M. Sakildien, N. Stodart, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk, D. de Villiers, P.A. van Schalkwyk iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa C. Böhme UniDo/IBS, Dortmund, Germany J. Dietrich FZJ, Jülich, Germany Z. Kormány ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary
	For nearly 25 years the cyclotron facilities at iThemba LABS have been utilized for radioisotope production, nuclear physics research, and proton and neutron therapy. The aging systems require continual upgrading and replacement to limit interruptions to the scheduled beam delivery. The distributed computer control system is being migrated to a system running on the EPICS platform. The analogue low-level RF control systems will be replaced with digital systems. The Minimafios ECR ion source has been replaced with an ECR source from the former Hahn Meitner Institute and a second source, based on the design of the Grenoble test source, will be commissioned later this year. To increase the production of radio-isotopes, the 66 MeV proton beam is split to deliver beam simultaneously to two production targets. The first result with the beam splitter will be reported. A beam phase measurement system comprising 21 fixed probes has been installed in the separated sector cyclotron. Progress with these projects and the status of the facilities will be presented. Proposals for new facilities for proton therapy and for acceleration of radioactive beams will also be discussed.
	Slides MOA2CCO02 [4.496 MB]

MOA2CCO03	Status of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron High-Voltage Injection Upgrade Project	cyclotron, injection, ion-source, vacuum	45
	K. Yoshiki Franzen, P.W. Casey, A. Hodgkinson, M. Kireeff Covo, D. Leitner, C.M. Lyneis, L. Phair, P. Pipersky LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	The goal of the project includes design of a new center region that allows external beam injection at injection voltages between 20 and 30 kV for high intensity beams. This new center region will make use of a spiral inflector to eliminate the use of a gridded mirror for high intensity beams. At the same time the mechanical design of the new center region must be flexible enough to allow use of the current center region for less intense beams. The use of two or more different center regions is necessary to cover the wide range of operation parameter space utilized by the 88-Inch Cyclotron Nuclear Science and Applied research program. The project also includes HV upgrades of the external injection lines and HV insulation of the AECR and VENUS source with the goal to provide focusing for beams up to 25 kV or if feasible up to 30 kV. The current spiral inflector design is based on extensive 3D FEM simulations which results will be presented. In addition results from ongoing efforts to improve on the transport efficiency from the AECR ion source to the current mirror inflector will be discussed.
	Slides MOA2CCO03 [1.359 MB]

MOPCP002	The Isochronous Magnetic Field Optimization of HITFiL Cyclotron	cyclotron, focusing, heavy-ion, extraction	48
	L.Z. Ma, Q.G. Yao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	A new project named HITFiL (Heavy Ion Therapy Facility in Lanzhou) is being constructed. In this project, a 7 Mev ¹²C⁵⁺ cyclotron is selected as the initial injector providing a 10 μA carbon beam. The isochronous magnetic field optimization of the cyclotron is introduced in this paper. Optimization result shows that the deviations between calculation values and theory are smaller than 5 Gs. In the design process, the sofware OPERA has been utilized for the field calculation and optimization.

MOPCP005	Kharkov Compact Cyclotron CV-28: Present and Future Status	cyclotron, target, radiation, proton	54
	Y.T. Petrusenko, D.Y. Barankov, D.O. Irzhevskyi, S.M. Shkyryda NSC/KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine R. Hölzle FZJ, Jülich, Germany
	Reported are the present and future statuses of the Kharkov Compact Cyclotron CV-28 donated to the National Science Center - Kharkov Institute of Physics & Technology (NSC KIPT) by the Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany). The cyclotron configuration and special features of new installation at the NSC KIPT are presented. Consideration is given to the problems of promising cyclotron-beam use for investigation and development of materials for fusion reactors and generation-IV nuclear reactors, investigation and production of medical radionuclides, possible applications of a high-energy neutron source based on a deuteron beam and a thick beryllium target.

MOPCP015	Status of the HZB# Cyclotron: Eye Tumour Therapy in Berlin	proton, cyclotron, controls, rfq	75
	A. Denker, C.R. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich HZB, Berlin, Germany D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber Charite, Berlin, Germany
	The ion beam laboratory ISL at the Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin supplied light to heavy ions for solid state physics and medicine. Since 1998, eye tumours are treated with protons together with the University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Charité. In 12/2006, ISL was closed and a Charité - HMI agreement was signed to continue the tumour therapy, to this day the only facility in Germany for eye treatments. We have now experienced the first three years under the new terms; treating more than 600 patients in that time. The main challenge is to supply protons for therapy with less man-power but keeping the same high reliability as before. A new injector for protons has been installed and commissioned. The conversion process is not yet finished. In general, the operation of the machine went smoothly. Only in spring last year, we had for the first time an interruption of the therapy due to a water leak in the RF system. In spite of major structural changes we could keep a high quality standard and even increased the number of treated patients per year. In addition to the routine treatment, we established proton therapy of ocular tumours for very young children under general anaesthesia. # The new Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie has been formed by the merger of the former Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin (HMI) and the Berlin electron synchrotron BESSY

MOPCP016	Present Status of the RCNP Cyclotron Facility	cyclotron, proton, plasma, resonance	78
	K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, T. Yorita RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	The Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) cyclotron cascade system has been operated to provide high quality beams for various experiments. In order to increase the physics research opportunities, the Azimuthally Varying Field (AVF) cyclotron facility was upgraded recently. A flat-topping system and an 18-GHz superconducting Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source were introduced to improve the beam's quality and intensity. A new beam line was installed to diagnose the characteristics of the beam to be injected into the ring cyclotron and to bypass the ring cyclotron and directly transport low energy beams from the AVF cyclotron to experimental halls. A separator is equipped to provide RI beams produced by fusion reactions at low energy and by projectile fragmentations at high energy. Developments have been continued to increase secondary beams as white neutrons, ultra cold neutrons, muons and unstable nucleri.

MOPCP017	New High Intensity Compact Negative Hydrogen Ion Cyclotrons	cyclotron, ion-source, extraction, injection	81
	V. Sabaiduc, D. Du, W. Gyles, R.R. Johnson, K. Suthanthiran BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada E.P. Conard PAC sprl, Dion Valmont, Belgium W.Z. Gelbart ASD, Garden Bay, Canada
	Best Cyclotron Systems Inc (BCSI) has been established in Springfield, Virginia, US, for the design and production of commercial cyclotrons. The company is a subsidiary of Best Medical International renowned in the field of medical instrumentation and radiation therapy. Cyclotrons are manufactured and tested at Best Theratronics, Ottawa. BCSI is initially focusing on three different energy cyclotrons. All have four radial sectors with two dees in opposite valleys and simultaneous beam extraction on opposite lines. The BEST14p is designed for fixed 14 MeV extraction 100 μA internal upgradable to 400 μA external ion source for PET isotopes and 99mTc production. The BEST35p is designed for variable energy extraction up to 35 MeV and combined current in excess of 1.5 mA. The BEST70p is designed for variable energy extraction up to 70 MeV with a combined current of 800 μA. It may be used as injector to a post-accelerator simultaneously with isotope production. BEST70p is most challenging given its present state of the art design. Design goals are total H⁻ vacuum or e.m. losses ≤2%; dee voltage increasing with radius from 60 kV to 81 kV; extracted beam emittance <4π mm mrad.

MOPCP018	Experience of Cyclotron Operation with Beam Sharing at TSL, Uppsala	proton, cyclotron, controls, target	84
	D. van Rooyen, K.J. Gajewski, B. Gålnander, B. Lundström, M. Pettersson, A.V. Prokofiev TSL, Uppsala, Sweden
	TSL (The Svedberg Laboratory) has a long history of producing beams of accelerated particles. Originally it was conceptualized as an accelerator for radioisotope production and nuclear chemistry by The(odor) Svedberg, and later used for nuclear physics, biological radiation effects and medical therapy with protons. A major upgrade during the 1980's with the extension of new experimental areas and a storage ring, the CELSIUS-ring, enabled the facility to get involved in new areas of nuclear physics, and neutron physics. The laboratory was restructured in 2005/2006 and the focus of activities was shifted towards, mainly, proton therapy and, in addition, radiation effects testing using protons and neutrons in a beam sharing mode. Specific attention will be given to a discussion of the development of a range of software utilities, for example switching of the beam between users by the principal user instead of being controlled via a cyclotron operator, which naturally enables a much more effective use of beam time. A range of features were developed that enables the end user to easily and effectively evaluate the beam quality as well as some further specific beam characteristics.

MOPCP019	Present Status of JAEA AVF Cyclotron Facility	cyclotron, ion-source, target, acceleration	87
	T. Yuyama, I. Ishibori, T. Ishizaka, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, N. Miyawaki, T. Nara, S. Okumura, W. Yokota, K. Yoshida, Y. Yuri JAEA/TARRI, Gunma-ken, Japan
	The JAEA AVF cyclotron provides various ion beams mainly for research in materials science and biotechnology such as estimation of radiation hardness of space-use devices, and plant breeding by ion beams. We have been developing ion sources, the cyclotron, and beam irradiation techniques to meet requirements from users. In order to stabilize the beam intensity, power supplies for magnets were improved by installing a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) unit with a Peltier device for coil current control. As a result, coil current stability of main magnet of ± 5 × 10^-6 has been obtained by the renewed DAC unit which guarantees temperature control within 1°C at 30°C. Initially, it took about eight hours to form a heavy-ion microbeam, so it was impractical to change the microbeam ion species in an experiment. However, the microbeam of a 520 MeV 40Ar¹⁴⁺ has been successfully changed to the one of a 260 MeV ²⁰Ne⁷⁺ within 30 minutes using a cocktail beam acceleration technique. A beam profile uniformization system using multipole magnets are being developed to enable uniform irradiation of a large sample at a constant particle fluence rate.

MOPCP020	Beam Extraction of the Heavy Ions from the U-400M Cyclotron	extraction, cyclotron, focusing, simulation	90
	O.N. Borisov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	U400M is an isochronous cyclotron with pole diameter 4.0 m and 4 spiral sectors (maximal angle is equal 40°). The parameters of the cyclotron: A/Z=2-10; W=6-100 MeV/amu. A new physical channel for heavy ions beam extraction with low energies (W=5.0-9.0 MeV/amu) is constracted. Numerical simulation results of the beam extraction by stripping from the cyclotron are presented. Calculation of the transport line parameters were carried out.

MOPCP025	Construction of New Injector LINAC at RIBF	linac, rfq, impedance, vacuum	102
	K. Yamada, S. Arai, M. Fujimaki, T. Fujinawa, N. Fukunishi, A. Goto, Y. Higurashi, E. Ikezawa, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, M. Komiyama, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, T. Nakagawa, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, H. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, Y. Yano, S. Yokouchi RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan H. Fujisawa Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto, Japan Y. Sato KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	A new additional linac injector called RILAC2 has been constructed at the RIKEN Nishina Center so that RIBF experiments and synthesis of super-heavy element can be carried out independently. The RILAC2 consists of a 28-GHz superconducting ECR ion source (SC-ECRIS), a low-energy beam transport with a prebuncher, a four-rod RFQ linac, three drift-tube linac tanks (DTL1-3), a rebuncher between the RFQ and DTL1, and strong quadrupole magnets that were placed between the rf resonators for the transverse focusing. Very heavy ions with mass-to-charge ratio of 7, such as ¹³⁶Xe²⁰⁺ and ²³⁸U³⁵⁺, are accelerated up to an energy of 680 keV/u in the cw mode and injected into the RRC without charge stripping. The rf resonators excluding the pre-buncher are operated at a fixed rf frequency of 36.5 MHz, whereas the pre-buncher is operated at 18.25 MHz. The basic design of the RILAC2 was finished in 2006 and the construction has started since the budget was approved at the end of FY2008. The SC-ECRIS is installed in a new room, and other equipments are placed in the existing AVF-cyclotron vault. This contribution mainly presents the details of the construction of linac part.

MOPCP028	Facility for Modification and Analysis of Materials with Ion Beams (FAMA)	ion-source, target, light-ion, cyclotron	108
	A. Dobrosavljević, P. Beličev, V. Jocić, N. Nešković, I.M. Trajić, V. Vujović, Lj. Vukosavljević VINCA, Belgrade, Serbia
	The facility for modification and analysis of materials with ion beams (FAMA) is the low energy part of the TESLA Accelerator Installation, in the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia. It presently comprises two machines: a heavy ion source (M1) and a light ion source (M2), and two experimental channels: a channel for analysis of ion beams (C1) and a channel for surface modification of materials (C2). In April 2009 the Vinča Institute signed a contract with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia, on the upgrading of FAMA. The contract comprises: (i) the refurbishment of the M1 and M2 machines and the C1 and C2 channels, (ii) the construction of a channel for ion implantation (C3) and a channel for deeper modification of materials (C4), (iii) the construction of a small isochronous cyclotron (M3), and (iv) the construction of a channel for analysis of materials in vacuum (C5) and a channel for analysis of materials in air (C6). This presentation is devoted to the upgraded FAMA and its research program.

MOPCP030	The Injection Line and Central Region Design of CYCIAE-70	injection, cyclotron, ion-source, proton	111
	M. Li, X.L. Jia, Y.L. Lu, C. Wang, J.J. Yang, H.J. Yao, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	A compact cyclotron CYCIAE-70 is under design at CIAE capable of providing both 70MeV, 700μA H⁻ beam and 35MeV, 40μA D- beam. Both beams are produced by a single external multicusp ion source, injected axially with a transport line and bent onto the median plane through a spiral inflector. The injection line utilizes two solenoids and a quadruple triplet for transverse focusing and a buncher to increase the injection efficiency. The beam optics design is performed using TRANSOPTR, taking into account space charge effects and neutralization. The inflector is capable of bending both H⁻ and D- beams with a transmission efficiency of over 80%. The central particles are tracked backwards to obtain the initial reference orbit of the first several turns. The electrode structures and the shape of Dee tips are then optimized to achieve matching at the inflector exit and to maximize the acceptance of central region. The central region is capable to accept both beams without component replacement. The preliminary design results of the injection line, spiral inflector and center region are elaborated, and the beam matching from the ion source to the central region is presented.

MOPCP032	Design Study of Compact Cyclotron For Injection of K=100 SSC	cyclotron, ion-source, injection, extraction	117
	B.N. Lee, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, J.H. Oh SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University The Compact cyclotron was designed for injection of K=100 Separated Sector Cyclotron(SSC). It has four magnet sectors with pancake type and maximum magnetic fields is 1.92 T. The magnet adopting 4 harmonics has three kind of holes for beam injection, vacuum pumps and RF systems. The pole diameter was chosen about 70 cm with 50 kV dee-voltage and 40° dee-angles. The ion-source of this accelerator consists of a double gap buncher, Solenoid Qaudrupole Qaudrupole(SQQ) and a spiral inflector. It will provide a 4~8 MeV, ~1 mA of proton beams and 2~4 MeV, ~0.5mA of deuteron ion beam. In this paper we will describe the conceptual design of this machine including the Ion-source, Injection system, Magnet and RF system. etc.

MOPCP034	Beam Optics Study of a Fragment Separator for the Planned Rare Isotope Beam Facility in Korea	dipole, shielding, quadrupole, optics	123
	W. Wan LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA J.-W. Kim NCC, Korea, Kyonggi, Republic of Korea Y.-H. Park NCC, Goyang, Kyeonggi, Republic of Korea
	A heavy-ion accelerator facility based on linear accelerator is planned in Korea. The facility is designed to provide high-current radioisotope beams with various users. The primary beam energy is in the range of a few hundreds of MeV/u. The major mechanism to produce isotope beams is in-flight fragment separation. The rare isotope beams are to be utilized in the fields of nuclear, material and biomedical sciences. The separator system should have high mass resolution to identify and separate rare isotopes of interest, and also large momentum and angular acceptances for maximal utilization of produced isotopes. We are considering improved beam optics design to realize such a system, where all second order aberrations are corrected. The study has been performed mainly using COSY Infinity, and the results will be presented.

MOPCP037	Central Region Design of a Baby Cyclotron	cyclotron, ion-source, isotope-production, extraction	126
	X. He TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China K. Zhang CAEP/IFP, Mainyang, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
	Baby cyclotrons are widely used in short lived beta+ radioactive isotope production for PET. Central region design is one of the most important part of the design work of the cyclotron. Central region design, including design process and design results is presentd in this paper.

MOPCP038	Design Optimization of the Spiral Inflector for a High Current Compact Cyclotron	cyclotron, space-charge, coupling, emittance	129
	A. Goswami, V.S. Pandit, P. Sing Babu DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	VECC is developing a 10 MeV, 5 mA compact proton cyclotron. 80 keV protons from a 2.45 GHz microwave ion source will be injected axially in the central region by a spiral inflector. Because of the high injection energy, the inflector will be comparatively large in size. In order to avoid the beam blow up due to space charge effect and to accommodate the inflector in the small available space in the central region, the design and optimization of the inflector parameters require special attention. This paper describes the design of the spiral inflector and studies its optical properties in the presence of space charge. The beam trajectory calculation from the entrance of the spiral inflector to the central region of the cyclotron have been carried out using the magnetic field data obtained from a 3D code and the electric field data from RELAX3D. We have also checked the orbit centering of the injected beam using a central region code. We have evaluated the effect of linear space charge and carried out optimization of the input beam parameters to minimize the coupling effects between two transverse planes at the inflector exit and to match the acceptance of the central region.

MOPCP041	Beam Tuning in Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron	cyclotron, extraction, injection, acceleration	132
	M.K. Dey, R.K. Bhandari, U. Bhunia, J. Debnath, A. Dutta, C. Mallik, Z.A. Naser, S. Paul, J. Pradhan, M.H. Rashid DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	The Superconducting cyclotron at VECC, Kolkata, has accelerated ion beams up to extraction radius successfully confirmed by the neutrons produced by the nuclear reactions. The internal beam tuning process started with beam parameters calculated using the measured magnetic field data. Due to some mechanical and electrical problems we were forced to tune the beam with three major trim coils off. Accurate positioning of central region Dee-extensions ensuring the proper acceleration gaps in the first turn was required for successful acceleration of beam through the compact central region clearing the posts in the median plane. Here we present different aspects and results of initial beam tuning.

MOPCP042	Determination of Isochronous Field Using Magnetic Field Map	cyclotron, closed-orbit, heavy-ion, extraction	135
	N.Yu. Kazarinov, O.N. Borisov, V.I. Kazacha JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	In this work a new scheme for calculation of a cyclotron isochronous field using the previously calculated or measured map of the cyclotron magnetic field in its median plane is adduced. The calculating map of the cyclotron magnetic field was set by the matrix having the dimensions 201x181. The flutter part of the magnetic field obtained by subtraction of the zero azimuth harmonic from the magnetic field values were calculated in all net nodes. The magnetic rigidity value in the equation for the particle radius versus the angle was replaced by product of the mean radius and mean along the closed orbit magnetic field. The flutter function was interpolated with the help of the third order Lagrange's polynomials using 16 nodes of the net. At every given radius with the help of the nonlinear simplex method of optimization one can find such value of the isochronous field when the particle path is enclosed with accuracy of 10^-9. The results of the fulfilled calculations for the cyclotron DC-110 and their comparison with results of other calculations are given.

MOPCP043	Modification of the Central Region in the RIKEN AVF Cyclotron for Acceleration at the H=1 RF Harmonic	acceleration, proton, cyclotron, emittance	138
	S.B. Vorozhtsov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia A. Goto RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan V.L. Smirnov JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	Funding: JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Russia, and RIKEN, Wako, Japan A highly advanced upgrade plan of the RIKEN AVF cyclotron is under way. The study is focused on the formulation of the new acceleration regimes in the AVF cyclotron by detailed orbit simulations. The extension of the acceleration energy region of light ions towards higher energies in the existing RF harmonic equal to 2 and the modification of the central geometry for the RF harmonic equal to 1 to allow an acceleration of protons at several tens of MeV are considered. The substantial redesign of the central electrode structure is needed to accelerate protons with reasonable values of the dee voltage. The new inflector geometry and the optimized central electrode structure have been formulated for the upgrade.

MOPCP044	New Magnetic Einzel Lens and Its Beam Optical Features	focusing, optics, electron, controls	141
	M.H. Rashid, R.K. Bhandari, C. Mallik DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	Magnetic cylindrical lens is used mostly in beam lines to focus and transport low energy beam. It is well known that focusing power of a magnetic solenoid lens depends on the ratio of particle momentum and electric charge. A solenoid rotates also an ion beam while focusing it and the phase space areas of the beam in x- and y-plane get entangled and increased. The paper reported here describes an effort to design a new magnetic Einzel lens using a pair of Glaser lens in anti-solenoid mode for the first time to get zero rotation of the exit beam. Analytical formulae have been generated to deduce the scalar magnetic potential and field along the central axis of the lens. Thereafter, beam optics and particle tracking is done using the combined field of a pair of Glaser Lenses constituting the magnetic Einzel lens. The required focusing power of the designed lens is achieved for a beam of given rigidity.

MOPCP047	Analysis of Beam Quality Optimization of Bucket Ion Source	ion-source, proton, plasma, electron	147
	Y.H. Xie, C.D. Hu, C.C. Jiang, L.Z. Liang, S. Liu, Y.L. Xie ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China
	Funding: The National Nature Science Foundation of China (contract number: 10875146) The bucket ion source is widely used as the high energy beam source on the high power neutral beam injector system. A hot cathode bucket ion source is studied for the diagnostic neutral beam injector. The main parameters which influence the performance of bucket ion source are arc voltage, filament voltage, gas inlet rate and extracted voltage. In the experiment, only one parameter setting is varied when other parameter settings are fixed. The characteristics of ion source are got and the parameters setting valve are as follows: four filaments current from 500 A to 550 A, arc voltage from 120 V to 200 V, and ion source pressure during discharge is from 2.0 mTorr to 4.5 mTorr, extracted voltage from 40kV to 50kV. The arc current is higher than 100 A, and extracted beam current can reaches 6 A. Based on this, the arc efficiency, beam power deposition and beam proton ratio of ion source are analyzed and optimized. The proton ratio of extracted beam increased from 28 % to 40 %. It is very useful for the experimental operation and study about the bucket ion source.

MOPCP049	Ion Source Related Research Work at JYFL	ion-source, electron, plasma, resonance	150
	H. A. Koivisto, V.P. Aho, J. Ärje, T. Kalvas, J.A. Kauppinen, J.P. Kommpula, T. Ropponen, O.A. Tarvainen, V.A. Toivanen JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
	In this article the work of the JYFL ion source group will be presented. New bremsstrahlung measurements were carried out in order to compare the results with different electron heating models, especially defining the endpoint energy of the bremsstrahlung spectra. A project to obtain new information about the ion temperatures and their time evolution has been initiated. The study will be performed using spectroscopic techniques measuring the ion temperature through the Doppler broadening of emission lines. The objective is to reveal accurate information about the time evolution of highly charged ions in the ECRIS plasma. The work also includes frequency tuning experiments, beam quality experiments and tests with a so-called collar structure. The beneficial effect of collar was first tested and noticed with the ECR ion sources by the KVI ion source group and has been shortly confirmed at JYFL in collaboration with the KVI research group. The JYFL ion source group is also developing a low energy electron gun for the spacecraft applications. The results of the development work can possibly be applied also with the ion sources in order to increase the density of cold electrons.

MOPCP050	Studies of ECRIS Ion Beam Formation and Quality at the Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä	space-charge, ion-source, emittance, plasma	153
	V.A. Toivanen, V.P. Aho, J. Ärje, J.A. Kauppinen, H. A. Koivisto, O.A. Tarvainen JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland L. Celona, G. Ciavola, S. Gammino, D. Mascali INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy A. Galatà INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy T. Ropponen NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	During the last couple of years a lot of effort has been put into studies concerning the ion beam formation and beam quality of electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRISs) at the Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä (JYFL). The effects of microwave frequency fine tuning on the performance of JYFL 14 GHz ECRIS have been studied with multiple experiments in collaboration with INFN-LNS (Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud). Also, a number of measurements have been carried out to study the effects of space charge compensation of ion beams on the beam quality. In order to proceed further with these studies, a modified version of the beam potential measurement device developed at LBNL (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) is under development. Simulations are used to study the possibility to improve the beam quality by biasing the beginning of the beam line upstream from m/q separation. With high voltage biasing the beam energy could be increased temporarily over the limit of the injection system of the accelerator. Latest results and current status of these projects will be presented and discussed.

MOPCP053	ECR Ion Source Development at the AGOR Facility	plasma, extraction, emittance, simulation	156
	V. Mironov, J.P.M. Beijers, S. Brandenburg, H.R. Kremers, J. Mulder, S. Saminathan KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM). This paper reports on recent work to improve the performance of the 14 GHz KVI-AECR ion source, which is used as an injector for the AGOR cyclotron. We have installed stainless-steel screens at the injection and extraction sides and an additional collar around the extraction aperture resulting in better plasma stability and an increase of extracted ion currents. Stability and output are also improved by the use of additional RF power at 12 GHz. Source tuning is aided by continuously observing the visible light output of the plasma through the extraction aperture with a ccd camera. We now routinely extract 700 μA of O⁶⁺ and 50 μA of Pb²⁷⁺ ions. Source optimization is supported by extensive computational modeling of the ion transport in the low-energy beam line and measuring the transverse emittance of the extracted ion beam with a pepperpot emittance meter. These efforts have shown that second-order aberrations in the analyzing magnet lead to a significant increase of the effective beam emittance. Work to compensate these aberrations is underway

MOPCP061	RF Cavity Simulations for Superconducting C400 Cyclotron	simulation, cyclotron, acceleration, extraction	171
	G.A. Karamysheva, A.A. Glazov, S. Gurskiy, N.A. Morozov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia M. Abs, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium O. Karamyshev JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	Compact superconducting isochronous cyclotron C400 has designed at IBA (Belgium) in collaboration with the JINR (Dubna). This cyclotron will be the first cyclotron in the world capable of delivering protons, carbon and helium ions for therapeutic use. ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ ions will be accelerated to 400 MeV/u energy and extracted by electrostatic deflector, H²⁺ ions will be accelerated to the energy 265 MeV/u and extracted by stripping. It is planed to use two normal conducting RF cavities for ion beam acceleration in cyclotron C400. Computer model of the double gap delta RF cavity with 4 stems was developed in is a general-purpose simulation software CST STUDIO SUITE. Necessary resonant frequency and increase of the voltage along the gaps were achieved. Optimization of the RF cavity parameters leads us to the cavity with quality factor about 14000, RF power dissipation is equal to about 50 kW per cavity.

MOPCP072	Design of IBA Cyclone 11 Cyclotron Magnet	cyclotron, extraction, betatron, proton	192
	V. Nuttens, M. Abs, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, T. Servais, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	To extend customer choice in the low energy range, IBA is developing the Cyclone 11. It is a fixed energy 11 MeV H⁻ cyclotron for the production of PET isotopes. The cyclotron magnet is based on the well known Cyclone 10/5, with the same yoke dimensions, which is compatible with the IBA self-shielding design. The higher proton energy compared to the 10 MeV machine takes the benefit of the higher PET isotope production yield. This poster presents the Cyclone 10 magnet modifications required to reach 11 MeV. At first, the magnetic field has been raised by a small reduction of the valley depth. Additionally, the main coil current has been increased. The pole edge milling has been used to obtain the isochronous magnetic field shape. Beam optics in the magnet is excellent. Extraction is ensured by means of stripper foils mounted on carousels located at different azimuths allowing for up to eight targets.

MOPCP073	The Vacuum System of HIRFL Cyclotrons	vacuum, cyclotron, heavy-ion, extraction	195
	X.T. Yang, J. Meng, J.H. Zhang IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	HIRFL has 2 cyclotrons: a sector focus cyclotron (SFC) and a separate sector cyclotron (SSC). SFC was built in 1957. In the past 50 years, the vacuum system of SFC has been upgraded for three times. The vacuum chamber was redesigned to double-deck at the third upgrade. The working pressure in beam chamber was improved from 10^-6 mbar to 10^-8 mbar. SFC has delivered Pb, Bi and U beams in the past few years since the last upgrading of its vacuum chamber. SSC began to operate in 1987. The vacuum chamber of SSC has a volume of 100m³. 8 cryopumps keep the pressure from 4×10^-7 mbar to 8×10^-8 mbar depending on the used pump numbers (2~8). In the past 20 years, because of the contamination of oil vapour and leaks occurred in some components inside the SSC vacuum chamber, the vacuum condition has worsened than the beginning. It is a big problem to accelerate the heavier ions. The upgrade for the SSC vacuum system will be an urgent task for us. The rough pumping system of both SFC and SSC will be rebuilt recently. The oil pump units will be changed by large dry mechanical pumps. As a result, the oil vapour in two cyclotrons will be eliminated and the vacuum condition of them will be improved.

MOPCP074	Upgrade of the IBA Cyclone 3D Cyclotron	cyclotron, extraction, betatron, target	197
	W.J.G.M. Kleeven, M. Abs, E. Forton, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, T. Servais, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	There is a need for 15O generator producing a continuous flow of PET tracer without disrupting the schedule of the hospital main cyclotron (usually used for ¹⁸F and ¹¹C production) and to promote new emergency room evaluation of brain stroke and ischemic heart attack in PET centers without access to cyclotron short-lived isotopes. To answer, IBA improves the Cyclone 3D, originally developed for this purpose and accelerating D⁺ ions to more than 3 MeV. In the previous magnet design, vertical focusing is obtained by four straight pole-sectors. The new design has three spiralled pole-sectors. This improves the vertical focusing properties of the machine. Also the main coil and the return yoke are slightly modified. This will increase the extraction energy by about 10% from 3.3 MeV to 3.6 MeV. This new design will improve the transmission in the cyclotron and the extraction efficiency above 80%, using an electrostatic deflector. The goal is to obtain an extracted current of 50 μA with the prototype, then 70 μA for subsequent machines. This represents a doubling of the previous model performance. Results of magnetic field optimization and extraction calculations are presented.

MOPCP075	Cyclotron Vacuum Model and H⁻ Gas Stripping Losses	cyclotron, vacuum, extraction, target	200
	V. Nuttens, M. Abs, J.L. Delvaux, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, L. Medeiros-Romao, M. Mehaudens, T. Servais, T. Vanderlinden, P. Verbruggen IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	Many proton cyclotrons take the advantage of stripping for the extraction, by accelerating H⁻ ions. However, before extraction, the negative ion beam can suffer losses from stripping by the residual gas. The higher is the pressure, the higher the losses. Moreover, the stripped beam will be stopped on the inner wall of the cyclotron, inducing an additional degassing and increasing the pressure and hence losses in the cyclotron. For high beam current, degassing can be too large compared to the pumping capacity and the beam transmission can drop down to zero. The pressure inside the cyclotron has therefore a large impact on the current that can be extracted from the cyclotron. A simple model has been set up at IBA to determine the vacuum pressure in the hills and in the valleys of the Cyclone 70 cyclotron. The transmission is then computed by integration of the gas stripping cross-section along the ion orbits in the cyclotron. Pressure and transmission provided by the model are in good agreement with experimental data in the ARRONAX Cyclone 70 cyclotron installed in Nantes.

MOPCP083	Vacuum Simulation for Heavy Ion Beams in the AGOR-Cyclotron	cyclotron, simulation, vacuum, target	221
	A. Sen, S. Brandenburg, M.A. Hofstee, M.J. van Goethem KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM). The vacuum in the AGOR cyclotron and thereby the beam transmission is beam intensity dependent for heavy ions. The onset of significant vacuum and transmission degradation is dependent on the ion species and final energy. For ²⁰Ne⁶⁺ @ 23 MeV/A no significant effects are observed for intensities up to at least 2 x 10¹² pps, while for ²⁰⁶Pb²⁷⁺ @ 8.5 MeV/A degradation sets in at around 10¹¹ pps. This process is driven by the loss of particles through charge exchange with the residual gas and subsequent desorption from the chamber walls induced by the lost particles. We are developing a model based on particle tracking simulations of beam particles after charge exchange and 3D vacuum simulation including the experimentally determined 'regular' out gassing and induced desorption. An experimental setup to measure beam induced desorption was built and tested. It will be used to evaluate the mitigation measures such as surface treatment and stimulated out gassing. Improvement of the vacuum in the injection line, which is limiting the overall transmission, is also presented.

MOPCP088	The Simulation on Beam Interaction with Background Particles	target, simulation, background, ion-source	230
	C.D. Hu, L.Z. Liang, J.L. Wei ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China
	Funding: Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (10875146) and the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y05FCQ0128) A particle simulation with Monte Carlo was developed to study beam interaction with background particles in neutral beam injector. The collision processes associated with charge state change and reaction cross-section were analyzed for neutralization and re-ionization. Take the neutralization processes as a reference, for the positive arc discharge ion source, there are three different original ion species in the energetic ion beam. In evolution, a fast particle will suffer kinds of collisions decided by the collision cross-section or no impact within the target gas. Classify those collisions and their cross-sections according the change of charge state and momentum. Discretize the distribution of target gas density along the neutralizer properly. As a result, the neutralizer is divided into many extremely short segments averagely. So the gas density quantity at middle point can be regarded as that of each segment. According to the collision cross-section, select a random number to determine the evolution of particle states in each segments. With that particle simulation, the neutralization efficiency is estimated.

MOPCP090	Progress in Formation of Single-Pulse Beams by a Chopping System at the JAEA/TIARA facility	cyclotron, extraction, acceleration, controls	233
	S. Kurashima, I. Ishibori, T. Nara, W. Yokota JAEA/TARRI, Gunma-ken, Japan M. Taguchi JAEA/QuBS, Takasaki, Japan
	The intervals of beam pulses from a cyclotron is generally tens of ns and they are too short for pulse radiolysis experiments which require beam pulses at intervals ranging from 1 μs to 1 ms (single-pulse beam). A chopping system, consisting of two types of high voltage kickers, is used at the JAEA AVF cyclotron to form single-pulse beam. The first kicker installed in the injection line generates beam pulses with repetition period of 1 μs to 1 ms. The pulse width is about a cycle length of the acceleration frequency. The other kicker in the transport line thins out needless beam pulses caused by multi-turn extraction. We could not provide single-pulse beam stably over 30 min since the magnetic field of the cyclotron gradually decreased by 0.01 % and the number of multi-turn extraction increased. The magnetic field was stabilized within 0.001 % by keeping temperature of the cyclotron magnet constant. In addition, a new technique to measure and control an acceleration phase has enabled us to reduce the number of multi-turn extraction easier than before. We have succeeded to provide single-pulse beam of a 320 MeV carbon without retuning of the cyclotron over 4 h, as a result.

MOPCP098	Influence of RF Magnetic Field on Ion Dynamics in IBA C400 Cyclotron	cyclotron, acceleration, radio-frequency, resonance	251
	E. Samsonov, G.A. Karamysheva, S.A. Kostromin JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia Y. Jongen IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	Magnetic components of RF field in C400 cyclotron being under development by IBA makes noticeable influence on ion dynamics. In particular, increase in the dees voltage along radius leads to corresponding phase compression of a bunch. Influence of the RF magnetic field on the bunch center phase deviation during acceleration and on radial ion axial motions have been also estimated numerically. RF magnetic field changes a central ion phase by only 2° RF. Calculations have also shown that RF magnetic field makes visible but pretty small influence on the radial motion of the ions ensuring some decrease in the radial amplitudes. No visible impact of the RF magnetic field on the axial motion has been detected. The results are compared for the two RF magnetic field maps: (i) obtained by Microwave Studio and, (ii) computed from RF electric field map by means of Maxwell' equations.

MOPCP100	Axial Injection Beam Line of a Compact Cyclotron	cyclotron, injection, vacuum, ion-source	254
	J.Q. Zhang, Y. Cao, L.Z. Ma, A. Shi, M.T. Song, L.P. Sun, X.T. Yang, Q.G. Yao, Z.M. You, X.Q. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang, H.W. Zhao, J.H. Zheng IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Axial injection beam line of the therapy cyclotron is presented. It is intended for transportation of the C⁵⁺ ion beam obtained in the permanent magnet ion source. The beam line is only 3.486 m from the ion source to the entrance of spiral inflector, it consists of two sets glasser lens, one set double 90° bend magnet, one quadrupole lens and two solenoid lens. A big vacuum chamber is installed in the vertical part of the beam line, the sinusoidal buncher, the Faraday cap, the slit collimator and chopper are located in the vacuum chamber. The sinusoidal buncher is used for increasing of the seizing efficiency. The Faraday cap is used for the beam diagnostics. The bend magnet with the slit collimator is used for choice of C⁵⁺ ion beam. The chopper is used for choice of the beam utilizing time.

MOPCP101	Beam Extraction System of Compact Cyclotron	extraction, cyclotron, emittance, simulation	256
	H.F. Hao, K.D. Man, M.T. Song, Y.L. Su, B. Wang, Q.G. Yao, H.W. Zhao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Based on the beam orbit and dynamics simulations, the extraction system of a compact cyclotron is determined, and the beam parameters of the extracted beam are calculated.

MOPCP102	Transmission Efficiency Study of SSC	injection, extraction, simulation, heavy-ion	258
	H.F. Hao, J.F. Gao, Q.X. Guo, G.H. Han, A.P. Li, X.M. Su, A.J. Wang, S.X. Wang, C.L. Xie, J.J. Yang, W.Q. Yang, Y.P. Yang, H.W. Zhao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	The transmission efficiency of HIFIL-SSC had been studied. We found the main reasons of the lower transmission efficiency, and some advices was put forward to improve the transmission efficiency.

MOPCP105	Research on Acceptance of SSC	simulation, injection, cyclotron, linac	260
	X.N. Li, Y. He, Y.J. Yuan IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	The injection, acceleration and extraction of SSC (Separate Sector Cyclotron) is analyzed and simulated to get the transverse and longitudinal acceptance, using two typical ions ²³⁸U³⁶⁺ and ⁷⁰Zn¹⁰⁺ with energy 9.7 MeV/u and 5.62 MeV/u respectively. In order to study the actual acceptance of SSC, the isochronous magnetic field model in coincidence with the real one is established by Kr-Kb and Lagrange methods based on the actual measurement. The transverse and longitudinal acceptance is calculated under the above isochronous magnetic field model. From the simulation results, one of the major reason of low efficiency and acceptance of SSC is the defaults in the design of MSI3. The simulation results show that the actual efficiency and acceptance of SSC can be improved by redesign the curvature of MSI3 or shim in MSI3 to change the distribution of inner magnetic field.

MOPCP106	Beam-Phase Measurement System for HIRFL	cyclotron, controls, shielding, extraction	263
	J.H. Zheng, W. Liu, W. Ma, R.S. Mao, Y. Wang, J.X. Wu, Y. Yin IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	The beam phase measurement system in HIRFL is introduced. The system had been improved using RF-signal mixing and filtering techniques and noise cancellation method. Therefore,the influence of strongly RF field disturbing signal was eliminated and the signal to noise rate was increased, and a stable and sensitive phase measurement system was developed. The phase history of the ion beam was detected by using 15 set of capacitive pick-up probes installed in the SSC cyclotron. The phase information of the measurement was necessary for tuning purposes to obtain an optimized isochronous magnetic field, where the beam intensity was increased and the beam quality was optimized . The measuremnet results before and after isochronous magnetic field for ion and ion in SSC was given . The phase measurement system was reliable by optimizing isochronous magnetic field test,and the precision reached ±0.5°,the sensitivity of the beam signal measurement was about 10nA as well.

MOPCP108	Design of High Energy Hadron FFAGs for ADSR and other Applications	proton, extraction, injection, lattice	269
	B. Qin, Y. Mori, T. Planche KURRI, Osaka, Japan K. Okabe University of Fukui, Faculty of Engineering, Fukui, Japan
	Design study of high energy proton FFAG accelerator has been carried out at Kyoto University Research Reactor for the next generation ADSR experiment where the proton beam energy covers up to 700 MeV. The scaling type of FFAG with spiral sectors was employed. Details of the design, especially on the operational working points and dynamic apertures are described in this paper. Also, some possibility to apply this design to hadron therapy accelerators is presented.

MOPCP109	The Design of Transverse Emittance Measurement at HIRFL-CSR	emittance, controls, heavy-ion, storage-ring	272
	P. Li, J.X. Wu, Y.Q. Yang, Y.J. Yuan IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Funding: *Work supported by HIRFL-CSR project #lipeng@impcas.ac.cn HIRFL-CSR is a multi-purpose heavy ion storage ring in Lanzhou. In order to measure the transverse emittance of the injected beam on the transfer channel to the HIRFL-CSR, two kinds of emittance measurement devices which included pepper-pot and slit-grid were proposed. The pepper-pot is unique in providing an instantaneous measurement of the two-dimensional emittance of a beam. The data acquired by this method is only an image. The slit-grid is a one dimensional emittance measurement device. During the measurement, the slit, driven by the stepper motor is moved stepwise across the beam, and then the signal induced on the grid will be stored in the computer for further analysis. Because slit-grid is one dimensional device, two sets of this device are needed for transverse measurement. In this paper, we introduce the design, parameters, data acquisition and analysis of these two methods. Especially the software integration is given in this paper. Main interest is directed on the software development for emittance front-end control and data analysis such as evaluation algorithms.

TUM1CCO03	Reliable Production of Multiple High Intensity Beams with the 500 MeV TRIUMF Cyclotron	cyclotron, extraction, injection, emittance	280
	R.A. Baartman, F.W. Bach, I.V. Bylinskii, J.F. Cessford, G. Dutto, D.T. Gray, A. Hurst, K. Jayamanna, M. Mouat, Y.-N. Rao, W.R. Rawnsley, L.W. Root, R. Ruegg, V.A. Verzilov TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	In 2001, after 25 years of smooth cyclotron operation with up to ~200 μA H¯ acceleration, developments towards higher intensities became compelling because of the ISAC expansion. Recently average current of 300 μA, within a nominal ~90% duty cycle, was routinely achieved. Beam availability was 90-94% over the last five years. Development highlights are discussed in the paper. These include: ion source and beam transport re-optimized for this cyclotron acceptance; the 12 m long vertical injection line section was redesigned to accommodate higher space charge. In the centre region, a water cooled beam scraper was installed to absorb unwanted phases; other electrodes were realigned. Other activities were aimed at beam stability enhancement for ISAC. This included: reducing ν_r = 3/2 resonance effects at 420 MeV, stabilizing the intensity of the primary beam through pulser feedback regulation and improving beam quality at the target through beam optics optimization and target position stability feedback, etc. Extraction was also improved, using special stripping foils.
	Slides TUM1CCO03 [1.882 MB]

TUM2CIO01	Status of RIBF Accelerators at RIKEN	cyclotron, ion-source, rfq, acceleration	286
	O. Kamigaito, S. Arai, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, T. Fujinawa, H. Fujisawa, N. Fukunishi, A. Goto, H. Hasebe, Y. Higurashi, K. Ikegami, E. Ikezawa, H. Imao, T. Kageyama, M. Kase, M. Kidera, M. Komiyama, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, M. Nagase, T. Nakagawa, M. Nakamura, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, H. Watanabe, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, Y. Yano, S. Yokouchi RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	Recent developments and upgrade program in the near future at RIKEN RI-Beam Factory (RIBF) are presented. The beam intensity and available ion species are increasing at RIBF, owing to the continuous efforts that have been paid since the first beam in 2006. So far, we accelerated deuteron, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, aluminum, calcium, krypton, and uranium beams with the superconducting ring cyclotron, SRC. The extracted beam intensities reached 1,000 pnA for helium and oxygen beams. From the operational point of view, however, the intensity of the uranium beam should be much increased. We are, therefore, constructing a new injector linac for the RIBF, consisting of a superconducting ECR ion source, RFQ, and DTL, which will be commissioned in this fiscal year. By using this injector, we also aim at independent operation of the RIBF and GARIS facility for super-heavy element synthesis.
	Slides TUM2CIO01 [4.914 MB]

TUM2CCO02	First Beam Acceleration in Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron and Its Present Status	cyclotron, extraction, vacuum, ion-source	292
	C. Mallik, R.K. Bhandari DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	Major systems of the superconducting cyclotron at Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata were functional and integrated by May 2009. After achieving the required acceleration condition internal beam trials were started in July 2009. First internal beam was observed on borescope viewer on August 14th. Ne³⁺ beam at 14 MHz was accelerated to full extraction radius and nuclear reaction observed on August 25th. The trials were not without difficulty and several problems did crop up during the initial phase. Major problems encountered were related to obtaining sufficient dee voltages primarily due to ceramic insulator degradation leading to vacuum breakdown. Earlier the 14 GHz ECR ion source was connected with injection line without much difficulty. The cyclotron magnet with the cryostat has been running smoothly and quite a valuable experience has been gained over the years. An analogue beam was also accelerated before taking a shutdown for installation of extraction system and augmentation of cryogenic plant. Very soon beam extraction and transportation to the experimental area will be started.
	Slides TUM2CCO02 [5.726 MB]

TUM2CCO03	Commissioning of the JYFL MCC30/15 Cyclotron	cyclotron, proton, controls, ion-source	295
	P. M.T. Heikkinen JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
	The new MCC30/15 cyclotron from NIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Russia, arrived at Jyväskylä on 10th of August 2009, as a partial compensation of the Former Soviet Union debt to Finland. The cyclotron required an extension for the old experimental hall. The building of the extension started in late August, 2008. Both the cyclotron and the building projects took a little more time than planned. However, the delay of both projects was less than two months, and so the building was ready to host the cyclotron by the beginning of August, 2009. The installation of the cyclotron was done by the manufacturer's (NIIEFA) specialists. Before the end of November 2009 the maximum extracted proton intensity (in pulses) was twice the guaranteed value and 24 % over the guaranteed value for deuterons. The final acceptance protocol was signed on 30th of April, 2010. In addition to the scientific work (IGISOL), the new MCC30/15 cyclotron is planned to be used for medical radioisotope production, mainly ¹²³I and ¹⁸F. Negotiations on the isotope production are underway.
	Slides TUM2CCO03 [4.824 MB]

TUA1CCO04	Design study of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron for KoRIA project	cyclotron, proton, injection, simulation	304
	Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University Starting from April 2010, KoRIA was launched in the republic of Korea; the main objects of this project are fundamental and applied researches, e.g. production of radioisotope beam for the basic science research, nuclear structure, material and life sciences and medical isotope production, A K=100 separated sector cyclotron will be used as a driving accelerator for ISOL. It will provide a 70-100 MeV, ~1 mA of proton beam and 35-50 MeV, ~1 mA of deuteron ion beam, the SSC cyclotron will be injected by 8 MeV proton beam from 2 sector focused cyclotrons. In this paper we will describe briefly the conceptual design of the cyclotron including the design of separated sector magnet, beam dynamics and RF system, etc.

TUA2CIO01	Progress on Construction of CYCIAE-100	vacuum, controls, extraction, site	308
	T.J. Zhang, Z.G. Li, Y.L. Lu CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	As a driving accelerator for RIB production, CYCIAE-100 will provide proton beam of 75MeV~100MeV with an intensity of 200 μA~500 μA. The design for each system has been accomplished and about 50% of fabricating work has been finished. The main magnet manufacture has entered the fine machining stage. Two main magnet coils have been completed, two 100 kW RF power supplies and transmission lines are tested with full output power, and the main vacuum chamber and main magnet elevating system will be completed soon. The construction designs and market surveys for other systems are finished and ready for purchase. Some key design and technology experiments are in process and significant results have been achieved in verifications. The Comprehensive Test Stand (CRM) has successfully passed the authoritative certification, and an important progress has been made for a full scale experimental RF cavity and its frequency and Q value measured agree well with the numerical data. The certification test of vacuum cryo-panel structure has been finished with valuable information to cryo-panel design. Key technical problems related to CYCIAE-100 are being solved along with the progress.
	Slides TUA2CIO01 [11.584 MB]

TUA2CCO02	Induction Sector Cyclotron for Cluster Ions	acceleration, induction, cyclotron, focusing	314
	K. Takayama, T. Adachi KEK, Ibaraki, Japan W. Jiang Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan Y. Oguri TIT, Tokyo, Japan H. Tsutsui SHI, Tokyo, Japan
	Funding: supported by Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research (KAKENHI 22265403) A novel scheme of a sector cyclotron to accelerate extremely heavy cluster ions, called 'Induction Sector Cyclotron (ISC)', is described [1]. Its key feature is fast induction acceleration, which has been already demonstrated using the KEK 12 GeV proton synchrotron [2]. An ion bunch is accelerated and captured with pulse voltages generated by transformers. The acceleration and confinement in the longitudinal direction can be independently handled. The transformers are energized by the corresponding switching power supply, in which power solid-state devices are employed as switching elements and their turning on/off is maneuvered by gate signals digitally manipulated from the circulating beam signal of an ion bunch. Consequently the acceleration synchronizing with the revolution of any ion beam is always guaranteed. A cluster ion beam such as C-60, which so far there has been no way to repeatedly accelerate, can be accelerated from an extremely low velocity to a nearly light velocity. Its fundamental concept, beam dynamics, required key devices, and life time of a cluster ion beam will be discussed. A typical example of ISC is proposed at the conference. [1] K.Takayama et al., submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2010). [2] K.Takayama et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 054801 (2007), K.Takayama and R.Briggs (Eds.), 'Induction Accelerators' (Springer, 2010).
	Slides TUA2CCO02 [1.781 MB]

TUA2CCO03	Design and Construction Progress of a 7 MeV/u Cyclotron	cyclotron, injection, ion-source, extraction	317
	B. Wang, D.Q. Gao, H.F. Hao, L.Z. Ma, K.D. Man, M.T. Song, X.W. Wang, X.T. Yang, Q.G. Yao, Z.M. You, J.Q. Zhang, S.H. Zhang, X.Q. Zhang, H.W. Zhao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	The 7MeV/u cyclotron accelerates carbon ions with mass number 12, 5+ charges, the extraction energy of carbon ions is 7 MeV/u, and the beam current density is designed to be 10 eμA. It designed as injector for the HITFiL (Heavy Ions Therapy Facility in LanZhou) synchrotron, which accelerates carbon ions to the energy 300 MeV/u for tumors treatment. Computer modeling results on the axial injection, magnetic, accelerating and extraction systems of the cyclotron are given. Design of the main systems of the cyclotron and the results of beam dynamic simulations are introduced. The construction progress including the ECR ion source, the axial injection beam line, the magnet, the RF system, the vacuum system etc. will be described respectively.
	Slides TUA2CCO03 [1.679 MB]

WEM1CIO02	28 GHz SC-ECRIS at RIBF	ion-source, plasma, heavy-ion, extraction	321
	T. Nakagawa RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	The next generation heavy ion accelerator facility (RIBF) for production of intense RI beam requires great variety of high charged heavy ions with higher beam intensity than currently available. In the last decade, performance of the ECR ion sources has been dramatically improved with increasing the magnetic field and RF frequency to enhance the density, confinement time of plasma and electron temperature. Furthermore, the effects of the key components (magnetic field configuration, gas pressure etc) of the ion source on the ECR plasma have been revealed. Such basic studies give us how to optimize the ion source structure. Based on these studies and superconducting technology, several SC-ECRISs with higher microwave frequency (>20 GHz) were constructed. In this contribution, I present status of SC-ECRIS for RIBF, how to increase the beam intensity to meet the requirements, and the technology of the SC-ECRIS with 28GHz microwave.
	Slides WEM1CIO02 [4.179 MB]

WEM1CIO03	New Tools for the Improvement of Beam Brightness in ECR Ion Sources	plasma, electron, resonance, simulation	327
	S. Gammino, L. Celona, G. Ciavola, D. Mascali INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
	According to the model that has driven the development of ECRIS in the last years, a large variation of the pumping microwave frequency (order of GHz) along with the proportional increase of the magnetic field boosts the extracted current for each charge state because of a larger plasma density. Recent experiments have demonstrated that even slight frequency's changes (of the order of MHz) considerably influence the output current, and what's more important, even the extracted beam properties (beam shape, brightness and emittance) are affected. A number of tests have been carried out in the last few years and they will be reviewed along with the results of numerical simulations which are able to explain the observed phenomena. The frequency has been systematically changed and the beam output has been recorded either in terms of charge state distributions and beam emittance. The detected bremsstrahlung X-rays are additionally analysed: they give insights about the electron energy distribution function (EEDF). An overview about the possible future improvements of ECR ion source will be given.

WEM2CIO04	Beam Diagnostics for Cyclotrons	cyclotron, diagnostics, beam-losses, simulation	344
	R. Dölling PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	An overview is given on beam diagnostics used at cyclotrons. The focus is set to devices installed inside the cyclotron with its special "environmental" conditions and limitations and on techniques which cover specific needs of the commissioning and operation of cyclotrons.
	Slides WEM2CIO04 [4.247 MB]

WEM2CCO05	Beam Diagnostics for RIBF in RIKEN	cyclotron, pick-up, monitoring, emittance	351
	T. Watanabe, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, M. Komiyama, R. Koyama, H. Watanabe RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	In the present work, many varieties of beam diagnostics have been played a tremendous role for the RIBF (RI Beam Factory) in RIKEN. During beam user's experiments, it is essential to keep the beam transmission efficiency as high as possible, because the production of RI beams requires an intense primary beam, and the activation of the beam transport chambers induced by beam loss should be avoided. This presentation will include the overview of the Faraday cups, the transverse beam profile monitors, radial probes and phase probes to tune the accelerators and the beam transport line. To realize the stable operation of the accelerator complex, the nondestructive monitoring system of RF fields and beam-phase by using lock-in amplifies are used. Plastic scintillation monitors have been fabricated to evaluate the energy and longitudinal profiles of heavy-ion beams. Furthermore, a highly sensitive beam current (position) monitor with a high Tc (Critical Temperature) SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) monitor, has been developed. We will report the present status of the facility, the details of the beam diagnostics and the results of the beam measurement.
	Slides WEM2CCO05 [6.855 MB]

THM1CIO01	Post-acceleration of High Intensity RIB through the CIME Cyclotron in the Frame of the SPIRAL2 Project at GANIL	cyclotron, acceleration, linac, ion-source	354
	P. Bertrand, A. Savalle GANIL, Caen, France
	The cyclotron CIME is presently used at GANIL for the acceleration of SPIRAL1 radioactive beams. One of the goals of the SPIRAL2 project is to produce, post-accelerate and use in the existing experimental areas much higher intensity secondary beams induced by uranium fission like neutron-rich krypton, xenon, tin isotopes, and many others. Intensity may reach 10¹⁰ pps. Specific developments are needed for secondary beam diagnostics. Improvement of mass separation is also necessary, and the Vertical Mass Separator (VMS) is specially developed for this purpose. However, the main concern is related to the high radioactivity linked to RIB high intensity. Safety and radioprotection issues will require modifications of the installation with special care for the maintenance of the cyclotron. The experience of the SPIRAL1 beams, in terms of beam losses and equipment contamination, is especially useful to define the necessary modifications.
	Slides THM1CIO01 [6.133 MB]

THM1CIO02	Acceleration above the Coulomb Barrier - Completion of the ISAC-II Project at TRIUMF	linac, acceleration, vacuum, cyclotron	359
	R.E. Laxdal TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	The ISAC-II project at TRIUMF was proposed to boost the final energy of the radioactive ion beams of the TRIUMF ISAC facility above the Coulomb barrier. The nominal goal of 6.5 MeV/u for ions with A/q=6 was recently achieved. The ISAC-II post-accelerator consists of 40 MV of installed heavy ion superconducting linac to broaden the energy reach and a charge state booster to broaden the mass reach. Details of the project and the ISAC-II commissioning and operation will be presented.
	Slides THM1CIO02 [3.619 MB]

THM1CIO04	Progress towards New RI and Higher RIB Intensities at TRIUMF	target, ion-source, proton, electron	365
	P.G. Bricault, F. Ames, M. Dombsky, V. Hanemaayer, P. Kunz, J. Lassen TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Funding: TRIUMF is owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian Universities via a contribution through the National Research Council of Canada. Over the past five years TRIUMF has operated routinely the ISAC facility at proton beam intensity around and above 70 μA. Contrary to other ISOL facilities ISAC utilizes a modular assembly for the target station. This is mainly to provide enough radiation shielding for operation at high proton beam intensity. So far ISAC was licensed to operate target material Z < 82. Two actinide target (UO2) tests have been performed during the past two years to assess the ISAC systems (vacuum, nuclear ventilation, personnel safety) for actinide operation. The uranium oxide target is limited to 2 μA only because of the low operating temperature. We are now developing a uranium carbide target using similar techniques as for our other carbide targets (SiC, TiC, ZrC) operating up to 70 μA. Among the recent upgrade, the mass range, which was so far limited to mass lower than 30 has been increased to 150 with the installation of a charge state booster.
	Slides THM1CIO04 [5.623 MB]

THM2CCO03	Stripper Foil Developments at NSCL/MSU	cyclotron, electron, light-ion, gun	373
	F. Marti, S. Hitchcock, P.S. Miller, J.W. Stetson, J. Yurkon NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Work supported by DOE Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661 and National Science Foundation under grant No. PHY06-06007 The Coupled Cyclotrons Facility (CCF) at NSCL/MSU includes an injector cyclotron (K500) and a booster cyclotron (K1200). The beam from the K500 is injected radially into the K1200 and stripped at approximately one third of the radius at energies of approximately 10 MeV/u. Stripping is done with a carbon foil. The lifetime of the foil is very short when stripping heavy ions and does not agree with the estimates from formulas that work quite well for light ions. We will present in this paper the studies performed to understand the limitations and improve the lifetime of the foils. A foil test chamber with an electron gun has been built as part of the R&D for the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) project. It has been used to study different ways of supporting the carbon foils and effects of high temperature operation. Different foil materials (diamond-like carbon, graphene, etc) have been tested in the cyclotron.
	Slides THM2CCO03 [4.560 MB]

FRM1CIO01	Review on Cyclotrons for Cancer Therapy	proton, cyclotron, synchrotron, hadron	398
	Y. Jongen IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	The science and technology of proton and carbon therapy was initially developed in national and university laboratories. The first hospital based proton therapy facility was built at Loma Linda University with the help from Fermilab. After this initial phase, and starting with the tender for the proton therapy system at MGH, many proton and carbon beam facilities have been ordered from industry and built. Industrially made proton and carbon therapy facilities represent today the vast majority of the installed base.
	Slides FRM1CIO01 [2.015 MB]

FRM1CIO03	IBA-JINR 400 MeV/u Superconducting Cyclotron for Hadron Therapy	cyclotron, extraction, proton, resonance	404
	N.A. Morozov, V. Aleksandrov, S. Gurskiy, G.A. Karamysheva, N.Yu. Kazarinov, S.A. Kostromin, E. Samsonov, V. Shevtsov, G. Shirkov, E. Syresin, A. Tuzikov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia M. Abs, A. Blondin, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, D. Vandeplassche, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium O. Karamyshev JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	The compact superconducting isochronous cyclotron C400 [1] has been designed by the IBA-JINR collaboration. It will be the first cyclotron in the world capable of delivering protons, carbon and helium ions for cancer treatment. The cyclotron construction is started this year within the framework of the ARCHADE project [2] (Caen, France). ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ ions will be accelerated to 400 MeV/u energy and extracted by the electrostatic deflector, H²⁺ ions will be accelerated to the energy of 265 MeV/u and extracted by stripping. The magnet yoke has a diameter of 6.6 m, the total weight of the magnet is about 700 t. The designed magnetic field corresponds to 4.5 T in the hills and 2.45 T in the valleys. Superconducting coils will be enclosed in a cryostat; all other parts of the cyclotron will be warm. Three external ion sources will be mounted on the switching magnet on the injection line located below the cyclotron. The main parameters of the cyclotron, its design, the current status of the development work on the cyclotron systems are presented. [1] Y.Jongen et al, 'IBA C400 Cyclotron Project for Hadron Therapy', The 18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications Cyclotrons 2007, Italy 2007. [2] http://archade.fr/
	Slides FRM1CIO03 [1.996 MB]

FRM1CIO04	Fast Scanning Techniques for Cancer Therapy with Hadrons - a Domain of Cyclotrons	cyclotron, proton, extraction, synchrotron	410
	J.M. Schippers PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	In protontherapy fast 3D pencil beam scanning is regarded as the most optimal dose delivery method. The two transverse directions are covered by magnetic scanning and fast depth variations are achieved by changing beam energy with a degrader in the beam line. During the transversal scan the beam intensity is varied with kHz speed. This performance has a big impact on the accelerator concept. Routinely a very stable, reproducible and accurate beam intensity is needed, which is adjustable within a ms. Quick changes of the maximum intensity from the cyclotron are also needed when changing treatment room. The eye treatment room at PSI, for example, needs a 5-7 times higher intensity as the Gantry. Dedicated tools and setup procedures are used to switch area within a few seconds. Typical energy variations must be performed within 50-80 ms. In order to compensate the energy dependent variation (factor 100) of the transmission through the degrader it is convenient to compensate this, e.g. with an adjustable beam transport transmission or with Dee voltage. It will be shown that a cyclotron offers the most advantageous possibilities to achieve this ambitious performance.
	Slides FRM1CIO04 [9.164 MB]

FRM2CIO01	Review of Cyclotrons Used in the Production of Radio-Isotopes for Biomedical Applications	cyclotron, target, proton, ion-source	419
	P. Schmor TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	Cyclotrons are the primary tool for producing the shorter-lived proton-rich radio-isotopes currently used in the biosciences. Although the primary use of the cyclo-tron produced short-lived radio-isotopes is in PET/CT and SPECT diagnostic medical procedures, cyclotrons are also producing longer-lived isotopes for therapeutic pro-cedures. Commercial suppliers are responding by provid-ing a range of cyclotrons in the energy range of 3 to 70 MeV. The cyclotrons generally have multiple beams ser-vicing multiple targets. This paper provides a comparison of some of the capabilities of the various current cyclo-trons. The use of nuclear medicine and the number of cyclotrons providing the needed isotopes is increasing. In the future it is expected that there will be a new genera-tion of small 'table top' cyclotrons providing patient doses on demand.
	Slides FRM2CIO01 [5.366 MB]

FRM2CIO02	Medical Cyclotron and Development in China	cyclotron, heavy-ion, extraction, ion-source	425
	M. Fan HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
	The first medical cyclotron CYCIAE-30 in China was designed and constructed by China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), and its construction was finished in 1994. Since then on, medical cyclotron got developed in China, several cyclotrons had been constructed, and some medical experiments and practice had been done with those cyclotrons. Now medical cyclotron develops even quickly in china, several medical cyclotrons are under design and construction. In the meantime, a compact cyclotron virtual prototyping was developed to help the cyclotron design and reduce cyclotron R & D cost.
	Slides FRM2CIO02 [4.205 MB]

Paper

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MOM1CIO02

Eighty Years of Cyclotrons

cyclotron, focusing, proton, electron

1

M.K. Craddock
UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron in 1930 not only revolutionized nuclear physics, but proved the starting point for a whole variety of recirculating accelerators, from microtrons to FFAGs to synchrotrons, that have had an enormous impact in almost every branch of science and several areas of medicine and industry. Cyclotrons (i.e. fixed-field accelerators) themselves have proved remarkably adaptable, incorporating a variety of new ideas and technologies over the years: frequency modulation, edge focusing, AG focusing, axial and azimuthal injection, ring geometries, stripping extraction, superconducting magnets and rf… Long may they flourish!

Slides MOM1CIO02 [7.108 MB]

MOM2CIO01

Review of High Power Cyclotrons for Heavy Ion Beams

cyclotron, heavy-ion, ion-source, beam-losses

9

A. Goto
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

Since heavy ion cyclotrons for use in radioactive beam sciences were built in laboratories worldwide in 1980's, a lot of efforts on the upgrade of many such cyclotrons have been made in terms of beam intensity as well as beam energy. This talk describes an overview of such cyclotrons that provide heavy ion beams with the power in kW range or higher. Some technological issues related to high-power heavy ion beams are also discussed based on the experiences of those cyclotrons.

Slides MOM2CIO01 [8.469 MB]

MOM2CIO02

Intense Beam Operation at GANIL

target, cyclotron, ion-source, acceleration

16

F. Chautard
GANIL, Caen, France

The GANIL (Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds) produces and accelerates stable ions beams since 1982. The first radioactive beam post-accelerated with the CIME cyclotron happened in 2001. In 2013, stable beams with higher intensities and new energy range will be available from the new superconducting linear accelerator SPIRAL2. In 2015, new exotic beams will be accelerated with the existing cyclotron CIME. This paper will show how GANIL manages the SPIRAL2 machine arrival by continuing the delivery of high intensity and exotic beams. But also by pursuing the developments of the machine capabilities in a project structure in order to keep equipments running with a high reliability yield and still responding to physics demands. The progress in ion source production will be exposed. Finally, it will be presented the foreseen calendar of the exploitation for the existing machine together with SPIRAL2.

Slides MOM2CIO02 [2.928 MB]

MOM2CCO03

Progress towards High Intensity Heavy Ion Beams at the AGOR-Facility

beam-losses, vacuum, cyclotron, acceleration

21

S. Brandenburg, J.P.M. Beijers, M.A. Hevinga, M.A. Hofstee, H.R. Kremers, V. Mironov, J. Mulder, S. Saminathan, A. Sen
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM).
The on-going upgrade program of the AGOR-facility aiming at intensities beyond 10¹² pps for heavy ion beams up to Pb will be discussed. The progress in the main elements of the program (further development of the ECR-source; improvement of the transmission into and through the cyclotron and protection of equipment agains excessive beam loss) will be reported. Further improvement of the ECR ion source is facilitated by the installation of a second source. Redesign of the LEBT to compensate aberrations is in progress; simulations predict a significant increase in transmission. A new, cooled electrostatic extractor is being commissioned and the beam loss control system has been completed. The main remaining issue is vacuum degradation induced by beam loss caused by charge exchange on the residual gas. Experiments at GSI[1] have shown that scrapers and surface coatings can strongly reduce this effect. Tracking calculations of the distribution of the beam losses over the vacuum chamber to determine the optimum location of scrapers and application of a gold coating to relevant parts of the vacuum chamber are underway.
[1] C. Omet, H. Kollmus, H. Reich-Sprenger, P. Spiller; Ion catcher system for the stabilisation of the dynamic pressure in SIS18; http://jacow.org/e08/papers/mopc099.pdf

Slides MOM2CCO03 [1.532 MB]

MOM2CCO04

Recent Progress on the Facility Upgrade for Accelerated Radioactive Beams at Texas A&M

cyclotron, injection, ion-source, extraction

24

D.P. May, R.E. Tribble
Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute, College Station, Texas, USA
F.P. Abegglen, G. Chubaryan, G.J. Derrig, G.J. Kim, G. Tabacaru
Texas A&M University, Cyclotron Institute, College Station, USA

Funding: Supported by U. S. Dept. of Energy Grant DE-FG02-93ER40773
The Cyclotron Institute at Texas A&M University is involved in an upgrade, one goal of which is to provide radioactive ion beams accelerated to intermediate energies by the K500 superconducting cyclotron. The old 88" cyclotron, now the K150, has been refurbished to be used as a driver and also to provide higher intensity, low-energy, primary beams for experiments. Two external ion sources, an electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (ECRIS) and a multi-cusp negative ion source, have been installed on a new axial line to inject beams into a modified K150 central region. Acceleration of negative ions of protons and deuterons with stripping for extraction will be used in order to mitigate activation of the K150. Beams from the K150 will be used to create radioactive species via a light-ion guide and a heavy-ion guide. Singly charged ions from either ion guide will be transported to an ECRIS that is configured to capture these ions and further ionize them. One charge-state from this second ECRIS will be selected for subsequent acceleration by the K500. Progress on the upgrade, including the acceleration and extraction of both negative and positive beams by the K150, is presented.

Slides MOM2CCO04 [1.690 MB]

MOA1CIO01

Intense Beam Operation of the NSCL/MSU Cyclotrons

cyclotron, injection, emittance, extraction

27

J.W. Stetson, G. Machicoane, F. Marti, D.R. Poe
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Supported under National Science Foundation under grant No. PHY06-06007
Intense heavy ion beam acceleration by superconducting compact cyclotrons presents significant challenges since surfaces impacted by lost beam are subject to high thermal loads and consequent damage. High transmission efficiencies allow 0.7-1.0 kW beams to be routinely delivered for experiment at the NSCL, with minimal negative impact on reliability. Net beam transmission measured from just before the K500 to extracted beam from the K1200 can be about 30% depending on the ion used (factoring out the unavoidable loss due to the charge stripping foil in the K1200). Techniques and examples are discussed.

Slides MOA1CIO01 [4.425 MB]

MOA1CIO02

High Intensity Cyclotrons for Super Heavy Elements Research of FLNR JINR

cyclotron, extraction, target, injection

33

G.G. Gulbekyan
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

Main team of FLNR JINR is super heavy elements research. From 2000 up to 2010 there was synthesized elements 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118 and more the 40 isotopes of super heavy elements in the Lab. As a target we used 243Am, 242Pu, 248Cm, 249Bk, 249Cf et al. Full flux 48Ca ion beam through the targets on the level 5×10 20 ion with 48Ca matter consumption 0.4 mg/hour, and average beam intensity 1pμA. According plan after U400 cyclotron modernization (2012) 48Ca beam intensity will be up to 3pμA on the target and 48Ca beam intensity from new cyclotron DC200 will be 10 pμA (2014).

MOA2CIO01

HIRFL-CSR Facility Status and Development

target, extraction, electron, injection

37

Y.J. Yuan, X.H. Cai, D.Q. Gao, Y. He, L.Z. Ma, X. Ma, R.S. Mao, Y.W. Su, X.L. Tu, J.W. Xia, H.S. Xu, Z. Xu, J.C. Yang, X.D. Yang, X.T. Yang, Y.P. Yang, W. Zhang, H.W. Zhao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The HIRFL-CSR facility come into operation by the end of 2007. During operation in recent years, CSR supplied beam for experiments at several terminals and inside both CSRm and CSRe rings. The experiments covers high resolution mass measurement, cancer therapy research, neutron wall, atomic physics using electron target and internal gas target, using injection beam mainly from the SFC of cyclotron injector. New methods and further developments are required to improve the performance of CSR system including multi-gradients measurement method for beam spot commissioning and beam transfer, nonlinear effect correction and stabilization of isochronous mode of CSRe. For suppling of heverier ion beam with proper ernergy, the cyclotron complex should be enhanced and new injector is proposed to replace SFC as injector of SSC.

Slides MOA2CIO01 [3.766 MB]

MOA2CCO02

Current Status of the Cyclotron Facilities and Future Projects at iThemba Labs

controls, cyclotron, vacuum, proton

42

J.L. Conradie, L.S. Anthony, A.H. Botha, M.A. Crombie, J.G. De Villiers, J.L.G. Delsink, W. Duckitt, D.T. Fourie, M.E. Hogan, I.H. Kohler, C. Lussi, R.H. McAlister, H.W. Mostert, S.S. Ntshangase, J.V. Pilcher, P.F. Rohwer, M. Sakildien, N. Stodart, R.W. Thomae, M.J. Van Niekerk, D. de Villiers, P.A. van Schalkwyk
iThemba LABS, Somerset West, South Africa
C. Böhme
UniDo/IBS, Dortmund, Germany
J. Dietrich
FZJ, Jülich, Germany
Z. Kormány
ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary

For nearly 25 years the cyclotron facilities at iThemba LABS have been utilized for radioisotope production, nuclear physics research, and proton and neutron therapy. The aging systems require continual upgrading and replacement to limit interruptions to the scheduled beam delivery. The distributed computer control system is being migrated to a system running on the EPICS platform. The analogue low-level RF control systems will be replaced with digital systems. The Minimafios ECR ion source has been replaced with an ECR source from the former Hahn Meitner Institute and a second source, based on the design of the Grenoble test source, will be commissioned later this year. To increase the production of radio-isotopes, the 66 MeV proton beam is split to deliver beam simultaneously to two production targets. The first result with the beam splitter will be reported. A beam phase measurement system comprising 21 fixed probes has been installed in the separated sector cyclotron. Progress with these projects and the status of the facilities will be presented. Proposals for new facilities for proton therapy and for acceleration of radioactive beams will also be discussed.

Slides MOA2CCO02 [4.496 MB]

MOA2CCO03

Status of the LBNL 88-Inch Cyclotron High-Voltage Injection Upgrade Project

cyclotron, injection, ion-source, vacuum

45

K. Yoshiki Franzen, P.W. Casey, A. Hodgkinson, M. Kireeff Covo, D. Leitner, C.M. Lyneis, L. Phair, P. Pipersky
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

The goal of the project includes design of a new center region that allows external beam injection at injection voltages between 20 and 30 kV for high intensity beams. This new center region will make use of a spiral inflector to eliminate the use of a gridded mirror for high intensity beams. At the same time the mechanical design of the new center region must be flexible enough to allow use of the current center region for less intense beams. The use of two or more different center regions is necessary to cover the wide range of operation parameter space utilized by the 88-Inch Cyclotron Nuclear Science and Applied research program. The project also includes HV upgrades of the external injection lines and HV insulation of the AECR and VENUS source with the goal to provide focusing for beams up to 25 kV or if feasible up to 30 kV. The current spiral inflector design is based on extensive 3D FEM simulations which results will be presented. In addition results from ongoing efforts to improve on the transport efficiency from the AECR ion source to the current mirror inflector will be discussed.

Slides MOA2CCO03 [1.359 MB]

MOPCP002

The Isochronous Magnetic Field Optimization of HITFiL Cyclotron

cyclotron, focusing, heavy-ion, extraction

48

L.Z. Ma, Q.G. Yao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

A new project named HITFiL (Heavy Ion Therapy Facility in Lanzhou) is being constructed. In this project, a 7 Mev ¹²C⁵⁺ cyclotron is selected as the initial injector providing a 10 μA carbon beam. The isochronous magnetic field optimization of the cyclotron is introduced in this paper. Optimization result shows that the deviations between calculation values and theory are smaller than 5 Gs. In the design process, the sofware OPERA has been utilized for the field calculation and optimization.

MOPCP005

Kharkov Compact Cyclotron CV-28: Present and Future Status

cyclotron, target, radiation, proton

54

Y.T. Petrusenko, D.Y. Barankov, D.O. Irzhevskyi, S.M. Shkyryda
NSC/KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine
R. Hölzle
FZJ, Jülich, Germany

Reported are the present and future statuses of the Kharkov Compact Cyclotron CV-28 donated to the National Science Center - Kharkov Institute of Physics & Technology (NSC KIPT) by the Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany). The cyclotron configuration and special features of new installation at the NSC KIPT are presented. Consideration is given to the problems of promising cyclotron-beam use for investigation and development of materials for fusion reactors and generation-IV nuclear reactors, investigation and production of medical radionuclides, possible applications of a high-energy neutron source based on a deuteron beam and a thick beryllium target.

MOPCP015

Status of the HZB# Cyclotron: Eye Tumour Therapy in Berlin

proton, cyclotron, controls, rfq

75

A. Denker, C.R. Rethfeldt, J.R. Röhrich
HZB, Berlin, Germany
D. Cordini, J. Heufelder, R. Stark, A. Weber
Charite, Berlin, Germany

The ion beam laboratory ISL at the Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin supplied light to heavy ions for solid state physics and medicine. Since 1998, eye tumours are treated with protons together with the University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Charité. In 12/2006, ISL was closed and a Charité - HMI agreement was signed to continue the tumour therapy, to this day the only facility in Germany for eye treatments. We have now experienced the first three years under the new terms; treating more than 600 patients in that time. The main challenge is to supply protons for therapy with less man-power but keeping the same high reliability as before. A new injector for protons has been installed and commissioned. The conversion process is not yet finished. In general, the operation of the machine went smoothly. Only in spring last year, we had for the first time an interruption of the therapy due to a water leak in the RF system. In spite of major structural changes we could keep a high quality standard and even increased the number of treated patients per year. In addition to the routine treatment, we established proton therapy of ocular tumours for very young children under general anaesthesia.
# The new Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie has been formed by the merger of the former Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin (HMI) and the Berlin electron synchrotron BESSY

MOPCP016

Present Status of the RCNP Cyclotron Facility

cyclotron, proton, plasma, resonance

78

K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, K. Nagayama, T. Saito, H. Tamura, T. Yorita
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

The Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) cyclotron cascade system has been operated to provide high quality beams for various experiments. In order to increase the physics research opportunities, the Azimuthally Varying Field (AVF) cyclotron facility was upgraded recently. A flat-topping system and an 18-GHz superconducting Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source were introduced to improve the beam's quality and intensity. A new beam line was installed to diagnose the characteristics of the beam to be injected into the ring cyclotron and to bypass the ring cyclotron and directly transport low energy beams from the AVF cyclotron to experimental halls. A separator is equipped to provide RI beams produced by fusion reactions at low energy and by projectile fragmentations at high energy. Developments have been continued to increase secondary beams as white neutrons, ultra cold neutrons, muons and unstable nucleri.

MOPCP017

New High Intensity Compact Negative Hydrogen Ion Cyclotrons

cyclotron, ion-source, extraction, injection

81

V. Sabaiduc, D. Du, W. Gyles, R.R. Johnson, K. Suthanthiran
BCSI, Vancouver, BC, Canada
E.P. Conard
PAC sprl, Dion Valmont, Belgium
W.Z. Gelbart
ASD, Garden Bay, Canada

Best Cyclotron Systems Inc (BCSI) has been established in Springfield, Virginia, US, for the design and production of commercial cyclotrons. The company is a subsidiary of Best Medical International renowned in the field of medical instrumentation and radiation therapy. Cyclotrons are manufactured and tested at Best Theratronics, Ottawa. BCSI is initially focusing on three different energy cyclotrons. All have four radial sectors with two dees in opposite valleys and simultaneous beam extraction on opposite lines. The BEST14p is designed for fixed 14 MeV extraction 100 μA internal upgradable to 400 μA external ion source for PET isotopes and 99mTc production. The BEST35p is designed for variable energy extraction up to 35 MeV and combined current in excess of 1.5 mA. The BEST70p is designed for variable energy extraction up to 70 MeV with a combined current of 800 μA. It may be used as injector to a post-accelerator simultaneously with isotope production. BEST70p is most challenging given its present state of the art design. Design goals are total H⁻ vacuum or e.m. losses ≤2%; dee voltage increasing with radius from 60 kV to 81 kV; extracted beam emittance <4π mm mrad.

MOPCP018

Experience of Cyclotron Operation with Beam Sharing at TSL, Uppsala

proton, cyclotron, controls, target

84

D. van Rooyen, K.J. Gajewski, B. Gålnander, B. Lundström, M. Pettersson, A.V. Prokofiev
TSL, Uppsala, Sweden

TSL (The Svedberg Laboratory) has a long history of producing beams of accelerated particles. Originally it was conceptualized as an accelerator for radioisotope production and nuclear chemistry by The(odor) Svedberg, and later used for nuclear physics, biological radiation effects and medical therapy with protons. A major upgrade during the 1980's with the extension of new experimental areas and a storage ring, the CELSIUS-ring, enabled the facility to get involved in new areas of nuclear physics, and neutron physics. The laboratory was restructured in 2005/2006 and the focus of activities was shifted towards, mainly, proton therapy and, in addition, radiation effects testing using protons and neutrons in a beam sharing mode. Specific attention will be given to a discussion of the development of a range of software utilities, for example switching of the beam between users by the principal user instead of being controlled via a cyclotron operator, which naturally enables a much more effective use of beam time. A range of features were developed that enables the end user to easily and effectively evaluate the beam quality as well as some further specific beam characteristics.

MOPCP019

Present Status of JAEA AVF Cyclotron Facility

cyclotron, ion-source, target, acceleration

87

T. Yuyama, I. Ishibori, T. Ishizaka, H. Kashiwagi, S. Kurashima, N. Miyawaki, T. Nara, S. Okumura, W. Yokota, K. Yoshida, Y. Yuri
JAEA/TARRI, Gunma-ken, Japan

The JAEA AVF cyclotron provides various ion beams mainly for research in materials science and biotechnology such as estimation of radiation hardness of space-use devices, and plant breeding by ion beams. We have been developing ion sources, the cyclotron, and beam irradiation techniques to meet requirements from users. In order to stabilize the beam intensity, power supplies for magnets were improved by installing a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) unit with a Peltier device for coil current control. As a result, coil current stability of main magnet of ± 5 × 10^-6 has been obtained by the renewed DAC unit which guarantees temperature control within 1°C at 30°C. Initially, it took about eight hours to form a heavy-ion microbeam, so it was impractical to change the microbeam ion species in an experiment. However, the microbeam of a 520 MeV 40Ar¹⁴⁺ has been successfully changed to the one of a 260 MeV ²⁰Ne⁷⁺ within 30 minutes using a cocktail beam acceleration technique. A beam profile uniformization system using multipole magnets are being developed to enable uniform irradiation of a large sample at a constant particle fluence rate.

MOPCP020

Beam Extraction of the Heavy Ions from the U-400M Cyclotron

extraction, cyclotron, focusing, simulation

90

O.N. Borisov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

U400M is an isochronous cyclotron with pole diameter 4.0 m and 4 spiral sectors (maximal angle is equal 40°). The parameters of the cyclotron: A/Z=2-10; W=6-100 MeV/amu. A new physical channel for heavy ions beam extraction with low energies (W=5.0-9.0 MeV/amu) is constracted. Numerical simulation results of the beam extraction by stripping from the cyclotron are presented. Calculation of the transport line parameters were carried out.

MOPCP025

Construction of New Injector LINAC at RIBF

linac, rfq, impedance, vacuum

102

K. Yamada, S. Arai, M. Fujimaki, T. Fujinawa, N. Fukunishi, A. Goto, Y. Higurashi, E. Ikezawa, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, M. Komiyama, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, T. Nakagawa, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, H. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, Y. Yano, S. Yokouchi
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
H. Fujisawa
Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
Y. Sato
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

A new additional linac injector called RILAC2 has been constructed at the RIKEN Nishina Center so that RIBF experiments and synthesis of super-heavy element can be carried out independently. The RILAC2 consists of a 28-GHz superconducting ECR ion source (SC-ECRIS), a low-energy beam transport with a prebuncher, a four-rod RFQ linac, three drift-tube linac tanks (DTL1-3), a rebuncher between the RFQ and DTL1, and strong quadrupole magnets that were placed between the rf resonators for the transverse focusing. Very heavy ions with mass-to-charge ratio of 7, such as ¹³⁶Xe²⁰⁺ and ²³⁸U³⁵⁺, are accelerated up to an energy of 680 keV/u in the cw mode and injected into the RRC without charge stripping. The rf resonators excluding the pre-buncher are operated at a fixed rf frequency of 36.5 MHz, whereas the pre-buncher is operated at 18.25 MHz. The basic design of the RILAC2 was finished in 2006 and the construction has started since the budget was approved at the end of FY2008. The SC-ECRIS is installed in a new room, and other equipments are placed in the existing AVF-cyclotron vault. This contribution mainly presents the details of the construction of linac part.

MOPCP028

Facility for Modification and Analysis of Materials with Ion Beams (FAMA)

ion-source, target, light-ion, cyclotron

108

A. Dobrosavljević, P. Beličev, V. Jocić, N. Nešković, I.M. Trajić, V. Vujović, Lj. Vukosavljević
VINCA, Belgrade, Serbia

The facility for modification and analysis of materials with ion beams (FAMA) is the low energy part of the TESLA Accelerator Installation, in the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia. It presently comprises two machines: a heavy ion source (M1) and a light ion source (M2), and two experimental channels: a channel for analysis of ion beams (C1) and a channel for surface modification of materials (C2). In April 2009 the Vinča Institute signed a contract with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia, on the upgrading of FAMA. The contract comprises: (i) the refurbishment of the M1 and M2 machines and the C1 and C2 channels, (ii) the construction of a channel for ion implantation (C3) and a channel for deeper modification of materials (C4), (iii) the construction of a small isochronous cyclotron (M3), and (iv) the construction of a channel for analysis of materials in vacuum (C5) and a channel for analysis of materials in air (C6). This presentation is devoted to the upgraded FAMA and its research program.

MOPCP030

The Injection Line and Central Region Design of CYCIAE-70

injection, cyclotron, ion-source, proton

111

M. Li, X.L. Jia, Y.L. Lu, C. Wang, J.J. Yang, H.J. Yao, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

A compact cyclotron CYCIAE-70 is under design at CIAE capable of providing both 70MeV, 700μA H⁻ beam and 35MeV, 40μA D- beam. Both beams are produced by a single external multicusp ion source, injected axially with a transport line and bent onto the median plane through a spiral inflector. The injection line utilizes two solenoids and a quadruple triplet for transverse focusing and a buncher to increase the injection efficiency. The beam optics design is performed using TRANSOPTR, taking into account space charge effects and neutralization. The inflector is capable of bending both H⁻ and D- beams with a transmission efficiency of over 80%. The central particles are tracked backwards to obtain the initial reference orbit of the first several turns. The electrode structures and the shape of Dee tips are then optimized to achieve matching at the inflector exit and to maximize the acceptance of central region. The central region is capable to accept both beams without component replacement. The preliminary design results of the injection line, spiral inflector and center region are elaborated, and the beam matching from the ion source to the central region is presented.

MOPCP032

Design Study of Compact Cyclotron For Injection of K=100 SSC

cyclotron, ion-source, injection, extraction

117

B.N. Lee, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, J.H. Oh
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University
The Compact cyclotron was designed for injection of K=100 Separated Sector Cyclotron(SSC). It has four magnet sectors with pancake type and maximum magnetic fields is 1.92 T. The magnet adopting 4 harmonics has three kind of holes for beam injection, vacuum pumps and RF systems. The pole diameter was chosen about 70 cm with 50 kV dee-voltage and 40° dee-angles. The ion-source of this accelerator consists of a double gap buncher, Solenoid Qaudrupole Qaudrupole(SQQ) and a spiral inflector. It will provide a 4~8 MeV, ~1 mA of proton beams and 2~4 MeV, ~0.5mA of deuteron ion beam. In this paper we will describe the conceptual design of this machine including the Ion-source, Injection system, Magnet and RF system. etc.

MOPCP034

Beam Optics Study of a Fragment Separator for the Planned Rare Isotope Beam Facility in Korea

dipole, shielding, quadrupole, optics

123

W. Wan
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
J.-W. Kim
NCC, Korea, Kyonggi, Republic of Korea
Y.-H. Park
NCC, Goyang, Kyeonggi, Republic of Korea

A heavy-ion accelerator facility based on linear accelerator is planned in Korea. The facility is designed to provide high-current radioisotope beams with various users. The primary beam energy is in the range of a few hundreds of MeV/u. The major mechanism to produce isotope beams is in-flight fragment separation. The rare isotope beams are to be utilized in the fields of nuclear, material and biomedical sciences. The separator system should have high mass resolution to identify and separate rare isotopes of interest, and also large momentum and angular acceptances for maximal utilization of produced isotopes. We are considering improved beam optics design to realize such a system, where all second order aberrations are corrected. The study has been performed mainly using COSY Infinity, and the results will be presented.

MOPCP037

Central Region Design of a Baby Cyclotron

cyclotron, ion-source, isotope-production, extraction

126

X. He
TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
K. Zhang
CAEP/IFP, Mainyang, Sichuan, People's Republic of China

Baby cyclotrons are widely used in short lived beta+ radioactive isotope production for PET. Central region design is one of the most important part of the design work of the cyclotron. Central region design, including design process and design results is presentd in this paper.

MOPCP038

Design Optimization of the Spiral Inflector for a High Current Compact Cyclotron

cyclotron, space-charge, coupling, emittance

129

A. Goswami, V.S. Pandit, P. Sing Babu
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

VECC is developing a 10 MeV, 5 mA compact proton cyclotron. 80 keV protons from a 2.45 GHz microwave ion source will be injected axially in the central region by a spiral inflector. Because of the high injection energy, the inflector will be comparatively large in size. In order to avoid the beam blow up due to space charge effect and to accommodate the inflector in the small available space in the central region, the design and optimization of the inflector parameters require special attention. This paper describes the design of the spiral inflector and studies its optical properties in the presence of space charge. The beam trajectory calculation from the entrance of the spiral inflector to the central region of the cyclotron have been carried out using the magnetic field data obtained from a 3D code and the electric field data from RELAX3D. We have also checked the orbit centering of the injected beam using a central region code. We have evaluated the effect of linear space charge and carried out optimization of the input beam parameters to minimize the coupling effects between two transverse planes at the inflector exit and to match the acceptance of the central region.

MOPCP041

Beam Tuning in Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron

cyclotron, extraction, injection, acceleration

132

M.K. Dey, R.K. Bhandari, U. Bhunia, J. Debnath, A. Dutta, C. Mallik, Z.A. Naser, S. Paul, J. Pradhan, M.H. Rashid
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

The Superconducting cyclotron at VECC, Kolkata, has accelerated ion beams up to extraction radius successfully confirmed by the neutrons produced by the nuclear reactions. The internal beam tuning process started with beam parameters calculated using the measured magnetic field data. Due to some mechanical and electrical problems we were forced to tune the beam with three major trim coils off. Accurate positioning of central region Dee-extensions ensuring the proper acceleration gaps in the first turn was required for successful acceleration of beam through the compact central region clearing the posts in the median plane. Here we present different aspects and results of initial beam tuning.

MOPCP042

Determination of Isochronous Field Using Magnetic Field Map

cyclotron, closed-orbit, heavy-ion, extraction

135

N.Yu. Kazarinov, O.N. Borisov, V.I. Kazacha
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

In this work a new scheme for calculation of a cyclotron isochronous field using the previously calculated or measured map of the cyclotron magnetic field in its median plane is adduced. The calculating map of the cyclotron magnetic field was set by the matrix having the dimensions 201x181. The flutter part of the magnetic field obtained by subtraction of the zero azimuth harmonic from the magnetic field values were calculated in all net nodes. The magnetic rigidity value in the equation for the particle radius versus the angle was replaced by product of the mean radius and mean along the closed orbit magnetic field. The flutter function was interpolated with the help of the third order Lagrange's polynomials using 16 nodes of the net. At every given radius with the help of the nonlinear simplex method of optimization one can find such value of the isochronous field when the particle path is enclosed with accuracy of 10^-9. The results of the fulfilled calculations for the cyclotron DC-110 and their comparison with results of other calculations are given.

MOPCP043

Modification of the Central Region in the RIKEN AVF Cyclotron for Acceleration at the H=1 RF Harmonic

acceleration, proton, cyclotron, emittance

138

S.B. Vorozhtsov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
A. Goto
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
V.L. Smirnov
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

Funding: JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Russia, and RIKEN, Wako, Japan
A highly advanced upgrade plan of the RIKEN AVF cyclotron is under way. The study is focused on the formulation of the new acceleration regimes in the AVF cyclotron by detailed orbit simulations. The extension of the acceleration energy region of light ions towards higher energies in the existing RF harmonic equal to 2 and the modification of the central geometry for the RF harmonic equal to 1 to allow an acceleration of protons at several tens of MeV are considered. The substantial redesign of the central electrode structure is needed to accelerate protons with reasonable values of the dee voltage. The new inflector geometry and the optimized central electrode structure have been formulated for the upgrade.

MOPCP044

New Magnetic Einzel Lens and Its Beam Optical Features

focusing, optics, electron, controls

141

M.H. Rashid, R.K. Bhandari, C. Mallik
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

Magnetic cylindrical lens is used mostly in beam lines to focus and transport low energy beam. It is well known that focusing power of a magnetic solenoid lens depends on the ratio of particle momentum and electric charge. A solenoid rotates also an ion beam while focusing it and the phase space areas of the beam in x- and y-plane get entangled and increased. The paper reported here describes an effort to design a new magnetic Einzel lens using a pair of Glaser lens in anti-solenoid mode for the first time to get zero rotation of the exit beam. Analytical formulae have been generated to deduce the scalar magnetic potential and field along the central axis of the lens. Thereafter, beam optics and particle tracking is done using the combined field of a pair of Glaser Lenses constituting the magnetic Einzel lens. The required focusing power of the designed lens is achieved for a beam of given rigidity.

MOPCP047

Analysis of Beam Quality Optimization of Bucket Ion Source

ion-source, proton, plasma, electron

147

Y.H. Xie, C.D. Hu, C.C. Jiang, L.Z. Liang, S. Liu, Y.L. Xie
ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China

Funding: The National Nature Science Foundation of China (contract number: 10875146)
The bucket ion source is widely used as the high energy beam source on the high power neutral beam injector system. A hot cathode bucket ion source is studied for the diagnostic neutral beam injector. The main parameters which influence the performance of bucket ion source are arc voltage, filament voltage, gas inlet rate and extracted voltage. In the experiment, only one parameter setting is varied when other parameter settings are fixed. The characteristics of ion source are got and the parameters setting valve are as follows: four filaments current from 500 A to 550 A, arc voltage from 120 V to 200 V, and ion source pressure during discharge is from 2.0 mTorr to 4.5 mTorr, extracted voltage from 40kV to 50kV. The arc current is higher than 100 A, and extracted beam current can reaches 6 A. Based on this, the arc efficiency, beam power deposition and beam proton ratio of ion source are analyzed and optimized. The proton ratio of extracted beam increased from 28 % to 40 %. It is very useful for the experimental operation and study about the bucket ion source.

MOPCP049

Ion Source Related Research Work at JYFL

ion-source, electron, plasma, resonance

150

H. A. Koivisto, V.P. Aho, J. Ärje, T. Kalvas, J.A. Kauppinen, J.P. Kommpula, T. Ropponen, O.A. Tarvainen, V.A. Toivanen
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland

In this article the work of the JYFL ion source group will be presented. New bremsstrahlung measurements were carried out in order to compare the results with different electron heating models, especially defining the endpoint energy of the bremsstrahlung spectra. A project to obtain new information about the ion temperatures and their time evolution has been initiated. The study will be performed using spectroscopic techniques measuring the ion temperature through the Doppler broadening of emission lines. The objective is to reveal accurate information about the time evolution of highly charged ions in the ECRIS plasma. The work also includes frequency tuning experiments, beam quality experiments and tests with a so-called collar structure. The beneficial effect of collar was first tested and noticed with the ECR ion sources by the KVI ion source group and has been shortly confirmed at JYFL in collaboration with the KVI research group. The JYFL ion source group is also developing a low energy electron gun for the spacecraft applications. The results of the development work can possibly be applied also with the ion sources in order to increase the density of cold electrons.

MOPCP050

Studies of ECRIS Ion Beam Formation and Quality at the Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä

space-charge, ion-source, emittance, plasma

153

V.A. Toivanen, V.P. Aho, J. Ärje, J.A. Kauppinen, H. A. Koivisto, O.A. Tarvainen
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland
L. Celona, G. Ciavola, S. Gammino, D. Mascali
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
A. Galatà
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
T. Ropponen
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

During the last couple of years a lot of effort has been put into studies concerning the ion beam formation and beam quality of electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRISs) at the Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä (JYFL). The effects of microwave frequency fine tuning on the performance of JYFL 14 GHz ECRIS have been studied with multiple experiments in collaboration with INFN-LNS (Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud). Also, a number of measurements have been carried out to study the effects of space charge compensation of ion beams on the beam quality. In order to proceed further with these studies, a modified version of the beam potential measurement device developed at LBNL (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) is under development. Simulations are used to study the possibility to improve the beam quality by biasing the beginning of the beam line upstream from m/q separation. With high voltage biasing the beam energy could be increased temporarily over the limit of the injection system of the accelerator. Latest results and current status of these projects will be presented and discussed.

MOPCP053

ECR Ion Source Development at the AGOR Facility

plasma, extraction, emittance, simulation

156

V. Mironov, J.P.M. Beijers, S. Brandenburg, H.R. Kremers, J. Mulder, S. Saminathan
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM).
This paper reports on recent work to improve the performance of the 14 GHz KVI-AECR ion source, which is used as an injector for the AGOR cyclotron. We have installed stainless-steel screens at the injection and extraction sides and an additional collar around the extraction aperture resulting in better plasma stability and an increase of extracted ion currents. Stability and output are also improved by the use of additional RF power at 12 GHz. Source tuning is aided by continuously observing the visible light output of the plasma through the extraction aperture with a ccd camera. We now routinely extract 700 μA of O⁶⁺ and 50 μA of Pb²⁷⁺ ions. Source optimization is supported by extensive computational modeling of the ion transport in the low-energy beam line and measuring the transverse emittance of the extracted ion beam with a pepperpot emittance meter. These efforts have shown that second-order aberrations in the analyzing magnet lead to a significant increase of the effective beam emittance. Work to compensate these aberrations is underway

MOPCP061

RF Cavity Simulations for Superconducting C400 Cyclotron

simulation, cyclotron, acceleration, extraction

171

G.A. Karamysheva, A.A. Glazov, S. Gurskiy, N.A. Morozov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
M. Abs, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
O. Karamyshev
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

Compact superconducting isochronous cyclotron C400 has designed at IBA (Belgium) in collaboration with the JINR (Dubna). This cyclotron will be the first cyclotron in the world capable of delivering protons, carbon and helium ions for therapeutic use. ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ ions will be accelerated to 400 MeV/u energy and extracted by electrostatic deflector, H²⁺ ions will be accelerated to the energy 265 MeV/u and extracted by stripping. It is planed to use two normal conducting RF cavities for ion beam acceleration in cyclotron C400. Computer model of the double gap delta RF cavity with 4 stems was developed in is a general-purpose simulation software CST STUDIO SUITE. Necessary resonant frequency and increase of the voltage along the gaps were achieved. Optimization of the RF cavity parameters leads us to the cavity with quality factor about 14000, RF power dissipation is equal to about 50 kW per cavity.

MOPCP072

Design of IBA Cyclone 11 Cyclotron Magnet

cyclotron, extraction, betatron, proton

192

V. Nuttens, M. Abs, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, T. Servais, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

To extend customer choice in the low energy range, IBA is developing the Cyclone 11. It is a fixed energy 11 MeV H⁻ cyclotron for the production of PET isotopes. The cyclotron magnet is based on the well known Cyclone 10/5, with the same yoke dimensions, which is compatible with the IBA self-shielding design. The higher proton energy compared to the 10 MeV machine takes the benefit of the higher PET isotope production yield. This poster presents the Cyclone 10 magnet modifications required to reach 11 MeV. At first, the magnetic field has been raised by a small reduction of the valley depth. Additionally, the main coil current has been increased. The pole edge milling has been used to obtain the isochronous magnetic field shape. Beam optics in the magnet is excellent. Extraction is ensured by means of stripper foils mounted on carousels located at different azimuths allowing for up to eight targets.

MOPCP073

The Vacuum System of HIRFL Cyclotrons

vacuum, cyclotron, heavy-ion, extraction

195

X.T. Yang, J. Meng, J.H. Zhang
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

HIRFL has 2 cyclotrons: a sector focus cyclotron (SFC) and a separate sector cyclotron (SSC). SFC was built in 1957. In the past 50 years, the vacuum system of SFC has been upgraded for three times. The vacuum chamber was redesigned to double-deck at the third upgrade. The working pressure in beam chamber was improved from 10^-6 mbar to 10^-8 mbar. SFC has delivered Pb, Bi and U beams in the past few years since the last upgrading of its vacuum chamber. SSC began to operate in 1987. The vacuum chamber of SSC has a volume of 100m³. 8 cryopumps keep the pressure from 4×10^-7 mbar to 8×10^-8 mbar depending on the used pump numbers (2~8). In the past 20 years, because of the contamination of oil vapour and leaks occurred in some components inside the SSC vacuum chamber, the vacuum condition has worsened than the beginning. It is a big problem to accelerate the heavier ions. The upgrade for the SSC vacuum system will be an urgent task for us. The rough pumping system of both SFC and SSC will be rebuilt recently. The oil pump units will be changed by large dry mechanical pumps. As a result, the oil vapour in two cyclotrons will be eliminated and the vacuum condition of them will be improved.

MOPCP074

Upgrade of the IBA Cyclone 3D Cyclotron

cyclotron, extraction, betatron, target

197

W.J.G.M. Kleeven, M. Abs, E. Forton, B. Nactergal, D. Neuvéglise, T. Servais, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

There is a need for 15O generator producing a continuous flow of PET tracer without disrupting the schedule of the hospital main cyclotron (usually used for ¹⁸F and ¹¹C production) and to promote new emergency room evaluation of brain stroke and ischemic heart attack in PET centers without access to cyclotron short-lived isotopes. To answer, IBA improves the Cyclone 3D, originally developed for this purpose and accelerating D⁺ ions to more than 3 MeV. In the previous magnet design, vertical focusing is obtained by four straight pole-sectors. The new design has three spiralled pole-sectors. This improves the vertical focusing properties of the machine. Also the main coil and the return yoke are slightly modified. This will increase the extraction energy by about 10% from 3.3 MeV to 3.6 MeV. This new design will improve the transmission in the cyclotron and the extraction efficiency above 80%, using an electrostatic deflector. The goal is to obtain an extracted current of 50 μA with the prototype, then 70 μA for subsequent machines. This represents a doubling of the previous model performance. Results of magnetic field optimization and extraction calculations are presented.

MOPCP075

Cyclotron Vacuum Model and H⁻ Gas Stripping Losses

cyclotron, vacuum, extraction, target

200

V. Nuttens, M. Abs, J.L. Delvaux, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, L. Medeiros-Romao, M. Mehaudens, T. Servais, T. Vanderlinden, P. Verbruggen
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Many proton cyclotrons take the advantage of stripping for the extraction, by accelerating H⁻ ions. However, before extraction, the negative ion beam can suffer losses from stripping by the residual gas. The higher is the pressure, the higher the losses. Moreover, the stripped beam will be stopped on the inner wall of the cyclotron, inducing an additional degassing and increasing the pressure and hence losses in the cyclotron. For high beam current, degassing can be too large compared to the pumping capacity and the beam transmission can drop down to zero. The pressure inside the cyclotron has therefore a large impact on the current that can be extracted from the cyclotron. A simple model has been set up at IBA to determine the vacuum pressure in the hills and in the valleys of the Cyclone 70 cyclotron. The transmission is then computed by integration of the gas stripping cross-section along the ion orbits in the cyclotron. Pressure and transmission provided by the model are in good agreement with experimental data in the ARRONAX Cyclone 70 cyclotron installed in Nantes.

MOPCP083

Vacuum Simulation for Heavy Ion Beams in the AGOR-Cyclotron

cyclotron, simulation, vacuum, target

221

A. Sen, S. Brandenburg, M.A. Hofstee, M.J. van Goethem
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM).
The vacuum in the AGOR cyclotron and thereby the beam transmission is beam intensity dependent for heavy ions. The onset of significant vacuum and transmission degradation is dependent on the ion species and final energy. For ²⁰Ne⁶⁺ @ 23 MeV/A no significant effects are observed for intensities up to at least 2 x 10¹² pps, while for ²⁰⁶Pb²⁷⁺ @ 8.5 MeV/A degradation sets in at around 10¹¹ pps. This process is driven by the loss of particles through charge exchange with the residual gas and subsequent desorption from the chamber walls induced by the lost particles. We are developing a model based on particle tracking simulations of beam particles after charge exchange and 3D vacuum simulation including the experimentally determined 'regular' out gassing and induced desorption. An experimental setup to measure beam induced desorption was built and tested. It will be used to evaluate the mitigation measures such as surface treatment and stimulated out gassing. Improvement of the vacuum in the injection line, which is limiting the overall transmission, is also presented.

MOPCP088

The Simulation on Beam Interaction with Background Particles

target, simulation, background, ion-source

230

C.D. Hu, L.Z. Liang, J.L. Wei
ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China

Funding: Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (10875146) and the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y05FCQ0128)
A particle simulation with Monte Carlo was developed to study beam interaction with background particles in neutral beam injector. The collision processes associated with charge state change and reaction cross-section were analyzed for neutralization and re-ionization. Take the neutralization processes as a reference, for the positive arc discharge ion source, there are three different original ion species in the energetic ion beam. In evolution, a fast particle will suffer kinds of collisions decided by the collision cross-section or no impact within the target gas. Classify those collisions and their cross-sections according the change of charge state and momentum. Discretize the distribution of target gas density along the neutralizer properly. As a result, the neutralizer is divided into many extremely short segments averagely. So the gas density quantity at middle point can be regarded as that of each segment. According to the collision cross-section, select a random number to determine the evolution of particle states in each segments. With that particle simulation, the neutralization efficiency is estimated.

MOPCP090

Progress in Formation of Single-Pulse Beams by a Chopping System at the JAEA/TIARA facility

cyclotron, extraction, acceleration, controls

233

S. Kurashima, I. Ishibori, T. Nara, W. Yokota
JAEA/TARRI, Gunma-ken, Japan
M. Taguchi
JAEA/QuBS, Takasaki, Japan

The intervals of beam pulses from a cyclotron is generally tens of ns and they are too short for pulse radiolysis experiments which require beam pulses at intervals ranging from 1 μs to 1 ms (single-pulse beam). A chopping system, consisting of two types of high voltage kickers, is used at the JAEA AVF cyclotron to form single-pulse beam. The first kicker installed in the injection line generates beam pulses with repetition period of 1 μs to 1 ms. The pulse width is about a cycle length of the acceleration frequency. The other kicker in the transport line thins out needless beam pulses caused by multi-turn extraction. We could not provide single-pulse beam stably over 30 min since the magnetic field of the cyclotron gradually decreased by 0.01 % and the number of multi-turn extraction increased. The magnetic field was stabilized within 0.001 % by keeping temperature of the cyclotron magnet constant. In addition, a new technique to measure and control an acceleration phase has enabled us to reduce the number of multi-turn extraction easier than before. We have succeeded to provide single-pulse beam of a 320 MeV carbon without retuning of the cyclotron over 4 h, as a result.

MOPCP098

Influence of RF Magnetic Field on Ion Dynamics in IBA C400 Cyclotron

cyclotron, acceleration, radio-frequency, resonance

251

E. Samsonov, G.A. Karamysheva, S.A. Kostromin
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
Y. Jongen
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Magnetic components of RF field in C400 cyclotron being under development by IBA makes noticeable influence on ion dynamics. In particular, increase in the dees voltage along radius leads to corresponding phase compression of a bunch. Influence of the RF magnetic field on the bunch center phase deviation during acceleration and on radial ion axial motions have been also estimated numerically. RF magnetic field changes a central ion phase by only 2° RF. Calculations have also shown that RF magnetic field makes visible but pretty small influence on the radial motion of the ions ensuring some decrease in the radial amplitudes. No visible impact of the RF magnetic field on the axial motion has been detected. The results are compared for the two RF magnetic field maps: (i) obtained by Microwave Studio and, (ii) computed from RF electric field map by means of Maxwell' equations.

MOPCP100

Axial Injection Beam Line of a Compact Cyclotron

cyclotron, injection, vacuum, ion-source

254

J.Q. Zhang, Y. Cao, L.Z. Ma, A. Shi, M.T. Song, L.P. Sun, X.T. Yang, Q.G. Yao, Z.M. You, X.Q. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang, H.W. Zhao, J.H. Zheng
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Axial injection beam line of the therapy cyclotron is presented. It is intended for transportation of the C⁵⁺ ion beam obtained in the permanent magnet ion source. The beam line is only 3.486 m from the ion source to the entrance of spiral inflector, it consists of two sets glasser lens, one set double 90° bend magnet, one quadrupole lens and two solenoid lens. A big vacuum chamber is installed in the vertical part of the beam line, the sinusoidal buncher, the Faraday cap, the slit collimator and chopper are located in the vacuum chamber. The sinusoidal buncher is used for increasing of the seizing efficiency. The Faraday cap is used for the beam diagnostics. The bend magnet with the slit collimator is used for choice of C⁵⁺ ion beam. The chopper is used for choice of the beam utilizing time.

MOPCP101

Beam Extraction System of Compact Cyclotron

extraction, cyclotron, emittance, simulation

256

H.F. Hao, K.D. Man, M.T. Song, Y.L. Su, B. Wang, Q.G. Yao, H.W. Zhao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Based on the beam orbit and dynamics simulations, the extraction system of a compact cyclotron is determined, and the beam parameters of the extracted beam are calculated.

MOPCP102

Transmission Efficiency Study of SSC

injection, extraction, simulation, heavy-ion

258

H.F. Hao, J.F. Gao, Q.X. Guo, G.H. Han, A.P. Li, X.M. Su, A.J. Wang, S.X. Wang, C.L. Xie, J.J. Yang, W.Q. Yang, Y.P. Yang, H.W. Zhao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The transmission efficiency of HIFIL-SSC had been studied. We found the main reasons of the lower transmission efficiency, and some advices was put forward to improve the transmission efficiency.

MOPCP105

Research on Acceptance of SSC

simulation, injection, cyclotron, linac

260

X.N. Li, Y. He, Y.J. Yuan
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The injection, acceleration and extraction of SSC (Separate Sector Cyclotron) is analyzed and simulated to get the transverse and longitudinal acceptance, using two typical ions ²³⁸U³⁶⁺ and ⁷⁰Zn¹⁰⁺ with energy 9.7 MeV/u and 5.62 MeV/u respectively. In order to study the actual acceptance of SSC, the isochronous magnetic field model in coincidence with the real one is established by Kr-Kb and Lagrange methods based on the actual measurement. The transverse and longitudinal acceptance is calculated under the above isochronous magnetic field model. From the simulation results, one of the major reason of low efficiency and acceptance of SSC is the defaults in the design of MSI3. The simulation results show that the actual efficiency and acceptance of SSC can be improved by redesign the curvature of MSI3 or shim in MSI3 to change the distribution of inner magnetic field.

MOPCP106

Beam-Phase Measurement System for HIRFL

cyclotron, controls, shielding, extraction

263

J.H. Zheng, W. Liu, W. Ma, R.S. Mao, Y. Wang, J.X. Wu, Y. Yin
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The beam phase measurement system in HIRFL is introduced. The system had been improved using RF-signal mixing and filtering techniques and noise cancellation method. Therefore,the influence of strongly RF field disturbing signal was eliminated and the signal to noise rate was increased, and a stable and sensitive phase measurement system was developed. The phase history of the ion beam was detected by using 15 set of capacitive pick-up probes installed in the SSC cyclotron. The phase information of the measurement was necessary for tuning purposes to obtain an optimized isochronous magnetic field, where the beam intensity was increased and the beam quality was optimized . The measuremnet results before and after isochronous magnetic field for ion and ion in SSC was given . The phase measurement system was reliable by optimizing isochronous magnetic field test,and the precision reached ±0.5°,the sensitivity of the beam signal measurement was about 10nA as well.

MOPCP108

Design of High Energy Hadron FFAGs for ADSR and other Applications

proton, extraction, injection, lattice

269

B. Qin, Y. Mori, T. Planche
KURRI, Osaka, Japan
K. Okabe
University of Fukui, Faculty of Engineering, Fukui, Japan

Design study of high energy proton FFAG accelerator has been carried out at Kyoto University Research Reactor for the next generation ADSR experiment where the proton beam energy covers up to 700 MeV. The scaling type of FFAG with spiral sectors was employed. Details of the design, especially on the operational working points and dynamic apertures are described in this paper. Also, some possibility to apply this design to hadron therapy accelerators is presented.

MOPCP109

The Design of Transverse Emittance Measurement at HIRFL-CSR

emittance, controls, heavy-ion, storage-ring

272

P. Li, J.X. Wu, Y.Q. Yang, Y.J. Yuan
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Funding: *Work supported by HIRFL-CSR project #lipeng@impcas.ac.cn
HIRFL-CSR is a multi-purpose heavy ion storage ring in Lanzhou. In order to measure the transverse emittance of the injected beam on the transfer channel to the HIRFL-CSR, two kinds of emittance measurement devices which included pepper-pot and slit-grid were proposed. The pepper-pot is unique in providing an instantaneous measurement of the two-dimensional emittance of a beam. The data acquired by this method is only an image. The slit-grid is a one dimensional emittance measurement device. During the measurement, the slit, driven by the stepper motor is moved stepwise across the beam, and then the signal induced on the grid will be stored in the computer for further analysis. Because slit-grid is one dimensional device, two sets of this device are needed for transverse measurement. In this paper, we introduce the design, parameters, data acquisition and analysis of these two methods. Especially the software integration is given in this paper. Main interest is directed on the software development for emittance front-end control and data analysis such as evaluation algorithms.

TUM1CCO03

Reliable Production of Multiple High Intensity Beams with the 500 MeV TRIUMF Cyclotron

cyclotron, extraction, injection, emittance

280

R.A. Baartman, F.W. Bach, I.V. Bylinskii, J.F. Cessford, G. Dutto, D.T. Gray, A. Hurst, K. Jayamanna, M. Mouat, Y.-N. Rao, W.R. Rawnsley, L.W. Root, R. Ruegg, V.A. Verzilov
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

In 2001, after 25 years of smooth cyclotron operation with up to ~200 μA H¯ acceleration, developments towards higher intensities became compelling because of the ISAC expansion. Recently average current of 300 μA, within a nominal ~90% duty cycle, was routinely achieved. Beam availability was 90-94% over the last five years. Development highlights are discussed in the paper. These include: ion source and beam transport re-optimized for this cyclotron acceptance; the 12 m long vertical injection line section was redesigned to accommodate higher space charge. In the centre region, a water cooled beam scraper was installed to absorb unwanted phases; other electrodes were realigned. Other activities were aimed at beam stability enhancement for ISAC. This included: reducing ν_r = 3/2 resonance effects at 420 MeV, stabilizing the intensity of the primary beam through pulser feedback regulation and improving beam quality at the target through beam optics optimization and target position stability feedback, etc. Extraction was also improved, using special stripping foils.

Slides TUM1CCO03 [1.882 MB]

TUM2CIO01

Status of RIBF Accelerators at RIKEN

cyclotron, ion-source, rfq, acceleration

286

O. Kamigaito, S. Arai, T. Dantsuka, M. Fujimaki, T. Fujinawa, H. Fujisawa, N. Fukunishi, A. Goto, H. Hasebe, Y. Higurashi, K. Ikegami, E. Ikezawa, H. Imao, T. Kageyama, M. Kase, M. Kidera, M. Komiyama, H. Kuboki, K. Kumagai, T. Maie, M. Nagase, T. Nakagawa, M. Nakamura, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, H. Watanabe, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada, Y. Yano, S. Yokouchi
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

Recent developments and upgrade program in the near future at RIKEN RI-Beam Factory (RIBF) are presented. The beam intensity and available ion species are increasing at RIBF, owing to the continuous efforts that have been paid since the first beam in 2006. So far, we accelerated deuteron, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, aluminum, calcium, krypton, and uranium beams with the superconducting ring cyclotron, SRC. The extracted beam intensities reached 1,000 pnA for helium and oxygen beams. From the operational point of view, however, the intensity of the uranium beam should be much increased. We are, therefore, constructing a new injector linac for the RIBF, consisting of a superconducting ECR ion source, RFQ, and DTL, which will be commissioned in this fiscal year. By using this injector, we also aim at independent operation of the RIBF and GARIS facility for super-heavy element synthesis.

Slides TUM2CIO01 [4.914 MB]

TUM2CCO02

First Beam Acceleration in Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron and Its Present Status

cyclotron, extraction, vacuum, ion-source

292

C. Mallik, R.K. Bhandari
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

Major systems of the superconducting cyclotron at Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata were functional and integrated by May 2009. After achieving the required acceleration condition internal beam trials were started in July 2009. First internal beam was observed on borescope viewer on August 14th. Ne³⁺ beam at 14 MHz was accelerated to full extraction radius and nuclear reaction observed on August 25th. The trials were not without difficulty and several problems did crop up during the initial phase. Major problems encountered were related to obtaining sufficient dee voltages primarily due to ceramic insulator degradation leading to vacuum breakdown. Earlier the 14 GHz ECR ion source was connected with injection line without much difficulty. The cyclotron magnet with the cryostat has been running smoothly and quite a valuable experience has been gained over the years. An analogue beam was also accelerated before taking a shutdown for installation of extraction system and augmentation of cryogenic plant. Very soon beam extraction and transportation to the experimental area will be started.

Slides TUM2CCO02 [5.726 MB]

TUM2CCO03

Commissioning of the JYFL MCC30/15 Cyclotron

cyclotron, proton, controls, ion-source

295

P. M.T. Heikkinen
JYFL, Jyväskylä, Finland

The new MCC30/15 cyclotron from NIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Russia, arrived at Jyväskylä on 10th of August 2009, as a partial compensation of the Former Soviet Union debt to Finland. The cyclotron required an extension for the old experimental hall. The building of the extension started in late August, 2008. Both the cyclotron and the building projects took a little more time than planned. However, the delay of both projects was less than two months, and so the building was ready to host the cyclotron by the beginning of August, 2009. The installation of the cyclotron was done by the manufacturer's (NIIEFA) specialists. Before the end of November 2009 the maximum extracted proton intensity (in pulses) was twice the guaranteed value and 24 % over the guaranteed value for deuterons. The final acceptance protocol was signed on 30th of April, 2010. In addition to the scientific work (IGISOL), the new MCC30/15 cyclotron is planned to be used for medical radioisotope production, mainly ¹²³I and ¹⁸F. Negotiations on the isotope production are underway.

Slides TUM2CCO03 [4.824 MB]

TUA1CCO04

Design study of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron for KoRIA project

cyclotron, proton, injection, simulation

304

Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University
Starting from April 2010, KoRIA was launched in the republic of Korea; the main objects of this project are fundamental and applied researches, e.g. production of radioisotope beam for the basic science research, nuclear structure, material and life sciences and medical isotope production, A K=100 separated sector cyclotron will be used as a driving accelerator for ISOL. It will provide a 70-100 MeV, ~1 mA of proton beam and 35-50 MeV, ~1 mA of deuteron ion beam, the SSC cyclotron will be injected by 8 MeV proton beam from 2 sector focused cyclotrons. In this paper we will describe briefly the conceptual design of the cyclotron including the design of separated sector magnet, beam dynamics and RF system, etc.

TUA2CIO01

Progress on Construction of CYCIAE-100

vacuum, controls, extraction, site

308

T.J. Zhang, Z.G. Li, Y.L. Lu
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

As a driving accelerator for RIB production, CYCIAE-100 will provide proton beam of 75MeV~100MeV with an intensity of 200 μA~500 μA. The design for each system has been accomplished and about 50% of fabricating work has been finished. The main magnet manufacture has entered the fine machining stage. Two main magnet coils have been completed, two 100 kW RF power supplies and transmission lines are tested with full output power, and the main vacuum chamber and main magnet elevating system will be completed soon. The construction designs and market surveys for other systems are finished and ready for purchase. Some key design and technology experiments are in process and significant results have been achieved in verifications. The Comprehensive Test Stand (CRM) has successfully passed the authoritative certification, and an important progress has been made for a full scale experimental RF cavity and its frequency and Q value measured agree well with the numerical data. The certification test of vacuum cryo-panel structure has been finished with valuable information to cryo-panel design. Key technical problems related to CYCIAE-100 are being solved along with the progress.

Slides TUA2CIO01 [11.584 MB]

TUA2CCO02

Induction Sector Cyclotron for Cluster Ions

acceleration, induction, cyclotron, focusing

314

K. Takayama, T. Adachi
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
W. Jiang
Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
Y. Oguri
TIT, Tokyo, Japan
H. Tsutsui
SHI, Tokyo, Japan

Funding: supported by Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research (KAKENHI 22265403)
A novel scheme of a sector cyclotron to accelerate extremely heavy cluster ions, called 'Induction Sector Cyclotron (ISC)', is described [1]. Its key feature is fast induction acceleration, which has been already demonstrated using the KEK 12 GeV proton synchrotron [2]. An ion bunch is accelerated and captured with pulse voltages generated by transformers. The acceleration and confinement in the longitudinal direction can be independently handled. The transformers are energized by the corresponding switching power supply, in which power solid-state devices are employed as switching elements and their turning on/off is maneuvered by gate signals digitally manipulated from the circulating beam signal of an ion bunch. Consequently the acceleration synchronizing with the revolution of any ion beam is always guaranteed. A cluster ion beam such as C-60, which so far there has been no way to repeatedly accelerate, can be accelerated from an extremely low velocity to a nearly light velocity. Its fundamental concept, beam dynamics, required key devices, and life time of a cluster ion beam will be discussed. A typical example of ISC is proposed at the conference.
[1] K.Takayama et al., submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2010).
[2] K.Takayama et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 054801 (2007),
K.Takayama and R.Briggs (Eds.), 'Induction Accelerators' (Springer, 2010).

Slides TUA2CCO02 [1.781 MB]

TUA2CCO03

Design and Construction Progress of a 7 MeV/u Cyclotron

cyclotron, injection, ion-source, extraction

317

B. Wang, D.Q. Gao, H.F. Hao, L.Z. Ma, K.D. Man, M.T. Song, X.W. Wang, X.T. Yang, Q.G. Yao, Z.M. You, J.Q. Zhang, S.H. Zhang, X.Q. Zhang, H.W. Zhao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The 7MeV/u cyclotron accelerates carbon ions with mass number 12, 5+ charges, the extraction energy of carbon ions is 7 MeV/u, and the beam current density is designed to be 10 eμA. It designed as injector for the HITFiL (Heavy Ions Therapy Facility in LanZhou) synchrotron, which accelerates carbon ions to the energy 300 MeV/u for tumors treatment. Computer modeling results on the axial injection, magnetic, accelerating and extraction systems of the cyclotron are given. Design of the main systems of the cyclotron and the results of beam dynamic simulations are introduced. The construction progress including the ECR ion source, the axial injection beam line, the magnet, the RF system, the vacuum system etc. will be described respectively.

Slides TUA2CCO03 [1.679 MB]

WEM1CIO02

28 GHz SC-ECRIS at RIBF

ion-source, plasma, heavy-ion, extraction

321

T. Nakagawa
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

The next generation heavy ion accelerator facility (RIBF) for production of intense RI beam requires great variety of high charged heavy ions with higher beam intensity than currently available. In the last decade, performance of the ECR ion sources has been dramatically improved with increasing the magnetic field and RF frequency to enhance the density, confinement time of plasma and electron temperature. Furthermore, the effects of the key components (magnetic field configuration, gas pressure etc) of the ion source on the ECR plasma have been revealed. Such basic studies give us how to optimize the ion source structure. Based on these studies and superconducting technology, several SC-ECRISs with higher microwave frequency (>20 GHz) were constructed. In this contribution, I present status of SC-ECRIS for RIBF, how to increase the beam intensity to meet the requirements, and the technology of the SC-ECRIS with 28GHz microwave.

Slides WEM1CIO02 [4.179 MB]

WEM1CIO03

New Tools for the Improvement of Beam Brightness in ECR Ion Sources

plasma, electron, resonance, simulation

327

S. Gammino, L. Celona, G. Ciavola, D. Mascali
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

According to the model that has driven the development of ECRIS in the last years, a large variation of the pumping microwave frequency (order of GHz) along with the proportional increase of the magnetic field boosts the extracted current for each charge state because of a larger plasma density. Recent experiments have demonstrated that even slight frequency's changes (of the order of MHz) considerably influence the output current, and what's more important, even the extracted beam properties (beam shape, brightness and emittance) are affected. A number of tests have been carried out in the last few years and they will be reviewed along with the results of numerical simulations which are able to explain the observed phenomena. The frequency has been systematically changed and the beam output has been recorded either in terms of charge state distributions and beam emittance. The detected bremsstrahlung X-rays are additionally analysed: they give insights about the electron energy distribution function (EEDF). An overview about the possible future improvements of ECR ion source will be given.

WEM2CIO04

Beam Diagnostics for Cyclotrons

cyclotron, diagnostics, beam-losses, simulation

344

R. Dölling
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

An overview is given on beam diagnostics used at cyclotrons. The focus is set to devices installed inside the cyclotron with its special "environmental" conditions and limitations and on techniques which cover specific needs of the commissioning and operation of cyclotrons.

Slides WEM2CIO04 [4.247 MB]

WEM2CCO05

Beam Diagnostics for RIBF in RIKEN

cyclotron, pick-up, monitoring, emittance

351

T. Watanabe, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, M. Komiyama, R. Koyama, H. Watanabe
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

In the present work, many varieties of beam diagnostics have been played a tremendous role for the RIBF (RI Beam Factory) in RIKEN. During beam user's experiments, it is essential to keep the beam transmission efficiency as high as possible, because the production of RI beams requires an intense primary beam, and the activation of the beam transport chambers induced by beam loss should be avoided. This presentation will include the overview of the Faraday cups, the transverse beam profile monitors, radial probes and phase probes to tune the accelerators and the beam transport line. To realize the stable operation of the accelerator complex, the nondestructive monitoring system of RF fields and beam-phase by using lock-in amplifies are used. Plastic scintillation monitors have been fabricated to evaluate the energy and longitudinal profiles of heavy-ion beams. Furthermore, a highly sensitive beam current (position) monitor with a high Tc (Critical Temperature) SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) monitor, has been developed. We will report the present status of the facility, the details of the beam diagnostics and the results of the beam measurement.

Slides WEM2CCO05 [6.855 MB]

THM1CIO01

Post-acceleration of High Intensity RIB through the CIME Cyclotron in the Frame of the SPIRAL2 Project at GANIL

cyclotron, acceleration, linac, ion-source

354

P. Bertrand, A. Savalle
GANIL, Caen, France

The cyclotron CIME is presently used at GANIL for the acceleration of SPIRAL1 radioactive beams. One of the goals of the SPIRAL2 project is to produce, post-accelerate and use in the existing experimental areas much higher intensity secondary beams induced by uranium fission like neutron-rich krypton, xenon, tin isotopes, and many others. Intensity may reach 10¹⁰ pps. Specific developments are needed for secondary beam diagnostics. Improvement of mass separation is also necessary, and the Vertical Mass Separator (VMS) is specially developed for this purpose. However, the main concern is related to the high radioactivity linked to RIB high intensity. Safety and radioprotection issues will require modifications of the installation with special care for the maintenance of the cyclotron. The experience of the SPIRAL1 beams, in terms of beam losses and equipment contamination, is especially useful to define the necessary modifications.

Slides THM1CIO01 [6.133 MB]

THM1CIO02

Acceleration above the Coulomb Barrier - Completion of the ISAC-II Project at TRIUMF

linac, acceleration, vacuum, cyclotron

359

R.E. Laxdal
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

The ISAC-II project at TRIUMF was proposed to boost the final energy of the radioactive ion beams of the TRIUMF ISAC facility above the Coulomb barrier. The nominal goal of 6.5 MeV/u for ions with A/q=6 was recently achieved. The ISAC-II post-accelerator consists of 40 MV of installed heavy ion superconducting linac to broaden the energy reach and a charge state booster to broaden the mass reach. Details of the project and the ISAC-II commissioning and operation will be presented.

Slides THM1CIO02 [3.619 MB]

THM1CIO04

Progress towards New RI and Higher RIB Intensities at TRIUMF

target, ion-source, proton, electron

365

P.G. Bricault, F. Ames, M. Dombsky, V. Hanemaayer, P. Kunz, J. Lassen
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Funding: TRIUMF is owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian Universities via a contribution through the National Research Council of Canada.
Over the past five years TRIUMF has operated routinely the ISAC facility at proton beam intensity around and above 70 μA. Contrary to other ISOL facilities ISAC utilizes a modular assembly for the target station. This is mainly to provide enough radiation shielding for operation at high proton beam intensity. So far ISAC was licensed to operate target material Z < 82. Two actinide target (UO2) tests have been performed during the past two years to assess the ISAC systems (vacuum, nuclear ventilation, personnel safety) for actinide operation. The uranium oxide target is limited to 2 μA only because of the low operating temperature. We are now developing a uranium carbide target using similar techniques as for our other carbide targets (SiC, TiC, ZrC) operating up to 70 μA. Among the recent upgrade, the mass range, which was so far limited to mass lower than 30 has been increased to 150 with the installation of a charge state booster.

Slides THM1CIO04 [5.623 MB]

THM2CCO03

Stripper Foil Developments at NSCL/MSU

cyclotron, electron, light-ion, gun

373

F. Marti, S. Hitchcock, P.S. Miller, J.W. Stetson, J. Yurkon
NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Work supported by DOE Cooperative Agreement DE-SC0000661 and National Science Foundation under grant No. PHY06-06007
The Coupled Cyclotrons Facility (CCF) at NSCL/MSU includes an injector cyclotron (K500) and a booster cyclotron (K1200). The beam from the K500 is injected radially into the K1200 and stripped at approximately one third of the radius at energies of approximately 10 MeV/u. Stripping is done with a carbon foil. The lifetime of the foil is very short when stripping heavy ions and does not agree with the estimates from formulas that work quite well for light ions. We will present in this paper the studies performed to understand the limitations and improve the lifetime of the foils. A foil test chamber with an electron gun has been built as part of the R&D for the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) project. It has been used to study different ways of supporting the carbon foils and effects of high temperature operation. Different foil materials (diamond-like carbon, graphene, etc) have been tested in the cyclotron.

Slides THM2CCO03 [4.560 MB]

FRM1CIO01

Review on Cyclotrons for Cancer Therapy

proton, cyclotron, synchrotron, hadron

398

Y. Jongen
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

The science and technology of proton and carbon therapy was initially developed in national and university laboratories. The first hospital based proton therapy facility was built at Loma Linda University with the help from Fermilab. After this initial phase, and starting with the tender for the proton therapy system at MGH, many proton and carbon beam facilities have been ordered from industry and built. Industrially made proton and carbon therapy facilities represent today the vast majority of the installed base.

Slides FRM1CIO01 [2.015 MB]

FRM1CIO03

IBA-JINR 400 MeV/u Superconducting Cyclotron for Hadron Therapy

cyclotron, extraction, proton, resonance

404

N.A. Morozov, V. Aleksandrov, S. Gurskiy, G.A. Karamysheva, N.Yu. Kazarinov, S.A. Kostromin, E. Samsonov, V. Shevtsov, G. Shirkov, E. Syresin, A. Tuzikov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
M. Abs, A. Blondin, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, D. Vandeplassche, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
O. Karamyshev
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

The compact superconducting isochronous cyclotron C400 [1] has been designed by the IBA-JINR collaboration. It will be the first cyclotron in the world capable of delivering protons, carbon and helium ions for cancer treatment. The cyclotron construction is started this year within the framework of the ARCHADE project [2] (Caen, France). ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ ions will be accelerated to 400 MeV/u energy and extracted by the electrostatic deflector, H²⁺ ions will be accelerated to the energy of 265 MeV/u and extracted by stripping. The magnet yoke has a diameter of 6.6 m, the total weight of the magnet is about 700 t. The designed magnetic field corresponds to 4.5 T in the hills and 2.45 T in the valleys. Superconducting coils will be enclosed in a cryostat; all other parts of the cyclotron will be warm. Three external ion sources will be mounted on the switching magnet on the injection line located below the cyclotron. The main parameters of the cyclotron, its design, the current status of the development work on the cyclotron systems are presented.
[1] Y.Jongen et al, 'IBA C400 Cyclotron Project for Hadron Therapy', The 18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications Cyclotrons 2007, Italy 2007.
[2] http://archade.fr/

Slides FRM1CIO03 [1.996 MB]

FRM1CIO04

Fast Scanning Techniques for Cancer Therapy with Hadrons - a Domain of Cyclotrons

cyclotron, proton, extraction, synchrotron

410

J.M. Schippers
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

In protontherapy fast 3D pencil beam scanning is regarded as the most optimal dose delivery method. The two transverse directions are covered by magnetic scanning and fast depth variations are achieved by changing beam energy with a degrader in the beam line. During the transversal scan the beam intensity is varied with kHz speed. This performance has a big impact on the accelerator concept. Routinely a very stable, reproducible and accurate beam intensity is needed, which is adjustable within a ms. Quick changes of the maximum intensity from the cyclotron are also needed when changing treatment room. The eye treatment room at PSI, for example, needs a 5-7 times higher intensity as the Gantry. Dedicated tools and setup procedures are used to switch area within a few seconds. Typical energy variations must be performed within 50-80 ms. In order to compensate the energy dependent variation (factor 100) of the transmission through the degrader it is convenient to compensate this, e.g. with an adjustable beam transport transmission or with Dee voltage. It will be shown that a cyclotron offers the most advantageous possibilities to achieve this ambitious performance.

Slides FRM1CIO04 [9.164 MB]

FRM2CIO01

Review of Cyclotrons Used in the Production of Radio-Isotopes for Biomedical Applications

cyclotron, target, proton, ion-source

419

P. Schmor
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

Cyclotrons are the primary tool for producing the shorter-lived proton-rich radio-isotopes currently used in the biosciences. Although the primary use of the cyclo-tron produced short-lived radio-isotopes is in PET/CT and SPECT diagnostic medical procedures, cyclotrons are also producing longer-lived isotopes for therapeutic pro-cedures. Commercial suppliers are responding by provid-ing a range of cyclotrons in the energy range of 3 to 70 MeV. The cyclotrons generally have multiple beams ser-vicing multiple targets. This paper provides a comparison of some of the capabilities of the various current cyclo-trons. The use of nuclear medicine and the number of cyclotrons providing the needed isotopes is increasing. In the future it is expected that there will be a new genera-tion of small 'table top' cyclotrons providing patient doses on demand.

Slides FRM2CIO01 [5.366 MB]

FRM2CIO02

Medical Cyclotron and Development in China

cyclotron, heavy-ion, extraction, ion-source

425

M. Fan
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China

The first medical cyclotron CYCIAE-30 in China was designed and constructed by China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), and its construction was finished in 1994. Since then on, medical cyclotron got developed in China, several cyclotrons had been constructed, and some medical experiments and practice had been done with those cyclotrons. Now medical cyclotron develops even quickly in china, several medical cyclotrons are under design and construction. In the meantime, a compact cyclotron virtual prototyping was developed to help the cyclotron design and reduce cyclotron R & D cost.

Slides FRM2CIO02 [4.205 MB]