CYCLOTRONS 2010 - List of Keywords (simulation)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOPCP003	Application of Cyclotrons in Brachytherapy	cyclotron, target, extraction, proton	51
	P. Saidi Bidokhti PPRC, Tehran, Iran M. Sadeghi Agricultural, Medical & Industrial Research School, Gohadasht, Iran A. Shirazi Tehran University, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
	Cyclotrons are particle accelerator machines which have many applications in industry, technology and medicine. Cyclotrons play an important role in medicine and about 50% of the all particle accelerators running in the world are used in medicine for radiation therapy, medical radioisotopes production, and biomedical research. In this short review the use of cyclotrons for a radiation therapy method, brachytherapy, is discussed. Brachytherapy is a form of radiotherapy where a radioactive source placed on or in the tissue to be irradiated. For a long period the production of radioactive isotopes for medical applications was essentially done in nuclear reactors but due to some advantages of radioisotopes production with cyclotron over a nuclear reactor, in the last two decades several types of cyclotrons have been developed to meet the specific demands of radionuclide production. This talk will briefly explain the technical design, beam transfer and beam delivery systems of cyclotron for brachytherapy radioisotope production; and also will shortly describe some detail of ¹⁰³Pd production in the following: production, targetry, radiochemical separation and seed fabrication.

MOPCP013	Magnetic Field Calculation and Magnet Shimming Simulation for the CYCHU-10 Cyclotron	cyclotron, extraction, controls, ion-source	69
	Z. Chen, D.Z. Chen, K.F. Liu, B. Qin HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
	The compact internal ion source cyclotron CYCHU-10 developed in Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) is in magnet machining, and will be assembled soon later. Difference between the ideal computation and practical measurement of the magnetic field is an important reference for magnet shimming. So in this paper, a further study on magnet field computation using FEM is implemented. By giving diverse boundaries and grid meshes, a quarter and a half models are both calculated to make sure correctness of the ideal model. Besides, the research on magnet shimming is also carried out. A new shim tool based on an improved matrix method combining the multiple linear regression is developed to simulate the practical shimming process. With the aid of 3D finite element code and beam dynamics code, an iterative shimming process has been accomplished successfully. The results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the shim tool.

MOPCP020	Beam Extraction of the Heavy Ions from the U-400M Cyclotron	extraction, ion, cyclotron, focusing	90
	O.N. Borisov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	U400M is an isochronous cyclotron with pole diameter 4.0 m and 4 spiral sectors (maximal angle is equal 40°). The parameters of the cyclotron: A/Z=2-10; W=6-100 MeV/amu. A new physical channel for heavy ions beam extraction with low energies (W=5.0-9.0 MeV/amu) is constracted. Numerical simulation results of the beam extraction by stripping from the cyclotron are presented. Calculation of the transport line parameters were carried out.

MOPCP024	Design of RF System for Compact AVF Cyclotron	cyclotron, resonance, magnet-design, proton	99
	J.H. Oh, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	RF system is one of the most important parts for producing good and efficient accelerator system. The ion beam will be derived by a K100 SSC (Separated-Sector-Cyclotron). 8 MeV SF(Sector-focused) Cyclotron which produces 8 MeV proton beam is used as injector of K100 SSC cyclotron. In this paper, we designed RF system including RF cavity. The total specification of system is on the following. The frequency of this RF system is 70 MHz coaxial type cavity. Also we applied 4th harmonic, dee voltage of 50KV. We simulated the RF system using commercially available simulator, CST Microwave studio. KEYWORDS : Cyclotron, , RF system

MOPCP033	Magnet Design of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron (KoRIA)	cyclotron, extraction, resonance, focusing	120
	Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University A k=100 separated sector cyclotron is being designed in SKKU university South Korea, this cyclotron is considered the main drive for ISOL to produce ~ 70-100 MeV proton beam and ~35-50 MeV deuteron beam for production of radioactive material as a basic nuclear research, in this paper we will describe Opera 3D (Tosca) numerical simulation for determining the basic magnet parameters, magnet material, deformation , imperfection fields and preliminary ion beam dynamics study for verifying the focusing properties of the designed magnet

MOPCP045	Towards Quantitative Predictions of High Power Cyclotrons	cyclotron, space-charge, proton, extraction	144
	Y.J. Bi, J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China A. Adelmann, R. Dölling, J.M. Humbel, W. Joho, M. Seidel PSI, Villigen, Switzerland Y.J. Bi Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China C.-X. Tang TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The large and complex structure of cyclotrons poses great challenges in the precise simulation of high power beams. However, such simulation capabilities are mandatory in the design and operation of the next generation high power proton drivers. The powerful tool OPAL enables us to do large scale simulations including 3D space charge and particle matter interactions. A large scale simulation effort is presented in the paper, which leads to a better quantitative understanding of the existing PSI high power proton cyclotron facility and predicts the beam behavior of CYCIAE-100 under construction at CIAE. The beam power of 1.3 MW delivered by the PSI 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron together with stringent requirements regarding the controlled and uncontrolled beam losses poses great challenges to predictive simulations. The comparisons with measurements show that OPAL can precisely predict the radial beam pattern at extraction with large dynamic range (3-4 orders of magnitude). The new particle matter interaction model is used to obtain necessary beam loss statistics during the acceleration. This data is indispensable in the design of an efficient collimation system in CYCIAE-100.

MOPCP053	ECR Ion Source Development at the AGOR Facility	plasma, ion, extraction, emittance	156
	V. Mironov, J.P.M. Beijers, S. Brandenburg, H.R. Kremers, J. Mulder, S. Saminathan KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM). This paper reports on recent work to improve the performance of the 14 GHz KVI-AECR ion source, which is used as an injector for the AGOR cyclotron. We have installed stainless-steel screens at the injection and extraction sides and an additional collar around the extraction aperture resulting in better plasma stability and an increase of extracted ion currents. Stability and output are also improved by the use of additional RF power at 12 GHz. Source tuning is aided by continuously observing the visible light output of the plasma through the extraction aperture with a ccd camera. We now routinely extract 700 μA of O⁶⁺ and 50 μA of Pb²⁷⁺ ions. Source optimization is supported by extensive computational modeling of the ion transport in the low-energy beam line and measuring the transverse emittance of the extracted ion beam with a pepperpot emittance meter. These efforts have shown that second-order aberrations in the analyzing magnet lead to a significant increase of the effective beam emittance. Work to compensate these aberrations is underway

MOPCP061	RF Cavity Simulations for Superconducting C400 Cyclotron	cyclotron, ion, acceleration, extraction	171
	G.A. Karamysheva, A.A. Glazov, S. Gurskiy, N.A. Morozov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia M. Abs, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, S. Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium O. Karamyshev JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	Compact superconducting isochronous cyclotron C400 has designed at IBA (Belgium) in collaboration with the JINR (Dubna). This cyclotron will be the first cyclotron in the world capable of delivering protons, carbon and helium ions for therapeutic use. ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ ions will be accelerated to 400 MeV/u energy and extracted by electrostatic deflector, H²⁺ ions will be accelerated to the energy 265 MeV/u and extracted by stripping. It is planed to use two normal conducting RF cavities for ion beam acceleration in cyclotron C400. Computer model of the double gap delta RF cavity with 4 stems was developed in is a general-purpose simulation software CST STUDIO SUITE. Necessary resonant frequency and increase of the voltage along the gaps were achieved. Optimization of the RF cavity parameters leads us to the cavity with quality factor about 14000, RF power dissipation is equal to about 50 kW per cavity.

MOPCP064	Amplifier Test Stand for the CRM Cyclotron	cyclotron, resonance, impedance, feedback	177
	Z.G. Yin, K. Fei, B. Ji, P.Z. Li, G.S. Liu, G.F. Song, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China C.J. Yu CASIC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Abstract: The final stage amplifier stability proves to be an important issue in the process of commissioning CRM cyclotron at CIAE. An air cooled 4CX15,000 tube final stage has been designed to evaluate the anode circuit and neutralization, both of which are weak points of the CRM cyclotron amplifier. Instead of strip line, the design of the new anode structure adopts coaxial form, resulting in less chance of parasitic resonance in the circuits. A tunable neutralization circuits is also included in the design, giving an opportunity to better stability in high power operations. First, the instability in CRM RF system will be analyzed in this paper followed with the new amplifier designs including the tube working line calculations, input/output circuit calculations and finite integral simulations. The mechanical design for tube socket and the anode tank have been successfully carried out using the data provided in this paper. The final stage amplifier is then fabricated, assembled and commissioned. In the power test with dummy load, more than 9.2kW RF fundamental power is provided at the frequency of 44MHz.

MOPCP067	Design and Primary Test of Full Scale Cavity of CYCIAE-100	cyclotron, impedance, coupling, resonance	183
	B. Ji, P.Z. Li, J. Lin, G.S. Liu, G.F. Pan, Z.H. Wang, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, Z.L. Zhao CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The engineering of the RF cavity for cyclotron concerns several aspects of the system including vacuum, cooling, mechanical support etc, Sometime it is even more complex than the RF design itself. With limit space in a compact cyclotron, in order to achieve a voltage distribution of 60kV in central orbit and 120kV for outer orbit, a double stem double gap λ by 2 cavities has been designed for CYCIAE-100[1]. The RF resonance of the cavity is simulated [1] by finite integral codes, while the thermal analysis and mechanical tolerance are studied using other approaches [2, 3]. The mechanical design and fabrications is then carried out under these directions, resulting in a full scale cavity model. The simulations and the mechanical design will be reported in this paper, followed with low level measurement results of quality factor, shunt impedance curve along accelerating gap etc. After surface polishing, the measurement yields an unloaded Q value of 9300, which matches well with the simulation with a neglectable difference of several hundreds. The high power test of the cavity will be carried out later, and will be given in separate paper presented at this conference. [1] Tianjue Zhang,et al, 100 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron as an RIB Driving Accelerator, CYC 2004 [2] Yuanjie Bi, et al, The Study on RF Cavity Tolerance for CYCIAE-100, CYC 2007 [3] S.M. Wei, et al, Thermal Analysis of RF Cavity for CYCIAE-100, CYC 2007

MOPCP077	Median Plane Effects and Measurement Method for Radial Component of Magnetic Field in AVF Cyclotrons	cyclotron, extraction, vacuum, alignment	206
	N.A. Morozov, G.A. Karamysheva JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia P. Shishlyannikov JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	The median plane of the magnetic field in AVF cyclotrons rather often does not coincide with the mid-plane of their magnetic system. The idea of an effective median plane formulated by J.I.M.Botman and H.L.Hagedorn [] for the central region of the cyclotron is extended to the entire working region and tolerances for the horizontal components of the magnetic field are estimated. Equipment based on the search coils is proposed and used for measurement of the radial component of the magnetic field and for correction of the magnetic field median plane. [] J.I.M.Botman, H.L.Hagedorn, 'Median Plane Effects in the Eindhoven AVF Cyclotron', IEEE Trans. On Nucl. Science, Vol. NS-28, No.3, p.2128.

MOPCP078	Study of Magnetic Field Imperfections of Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron	cyclotron, resonance	209
	J. Pradhan, R.K. Bhandari, U. Bhunia, J. Debnath, M.K. Dey, C. Mallik, S. Paul DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India
	Analysis of the magnetic data obtained during the magnetic field mapping of Kolkata superconducting cyclotron showed imperfections in the main magnetic field. Since the main magnet of the superconducting cyclotron is three fold rotationally symmetric, any deviation from this symmetry creates imperfections in the magnetic field. Generally, 1st and 2nd harmonic components are inherently present in the field due to assembling errors in iron/coil. A major portion of these imperfections is attributed to the misplacement/tilting of the iron pole tip with respect to coil. The error in positioning of main superconducting coil with respect to surrounding iron produces another imperfection. Pole tip deformation due to rise of temperature produces field imperfection. This paper reports the various possible sources of imperfection in general and their estimation. The calculation was compared with measured data to find out the actual cause of imperfections and necessary corrections

MOPCP081	Design Study of Magnetic Channel at NIRS-AVF930	cyclotron, proton, extraction, radiation	215
	S. Hojo, T. Honma, M. Kanazawa, N. Miyahara, M. Muramatsu, K. Noda, Y. Sakamoto, A. Sugiura, K. Tashiro NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan T. Kamiya, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi AEC, Chiba, Japan
	In the NIRS (National Institute of Radiological Sciences) AVF930 cyclotron, a current magnetic channel has been used for ten years, and the flowing rate of cooling water at longest coil is gradually decreasing. Therefore, the high energy operation such as 70 MeV proton became difficult recently. As the design specification of this magnetic channel is very severe, the flow velocity of cooling water is very fast. The sectional area of the longest coil is expanded in the new design of magnetic channel. Details of the new design and results of calculated magnetic fields are discussed.

MOPCP082	Design Study of AVF Magnet for Compact Cyclotron	cyclotron, proton, extraction, vacuum	218
	H.W. Kim, J.-S. Chai, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	K=100 separated sector cyclotron and its injector cyclotron design is started on April, 2010 at Sungkyunkwan University. The main purpose of the K=100 separated sector cyclotron is producing proton and deuteron beam for ISOL which generate rare isotopes to accelerate RI beam for basic science research. In K=100 separated sector cyclotron facilities, two 8 MeV sector focused cyclotrons will be used as an injector cyclotron for the main cyclotron. In this paper, an Azimuthally Varying Field (AVF) magnet for the 8 MeV injector cyclotron is designed to produce 8 MeV proton beam and 4MeV deuteron beam. All field simulations have been performed by OPERA-3D TOSCA for 3D magnetic field simulation. The assignments of these injector cyclotrons are generating 8 MeV, 1 mA proton beam and 4MeV deuteron beam that inject to the main cyclotron.

MOPCP083	Vacuum Simulation for Heavy Ion Beams in the AGOR-Cyclotron	cyclotron, ion, vacuum, target	221
	A. Sen, S. Brandenburg, M.A. Hofstee, M.J. van Goethem KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands
	Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM). The vacuum in the AGOR cyclotron and thereby the beam transmission is beam intensity dependent for heavy ions. The onset of significant vacuum and transmission degradation is dependent on the ion species and final energy. For ²⁰Ne⁶⁺ @ 23 MeV/A no significant effects are observed for intensities up to at least 2 x 10¹² pps, while for ²⁰⁶Pb²⁷⁺ @ 8.5 MeV/A degradation sets in at around 10¹¹ pps. This process is driven by the loss of particles through charge exchange with the residual gas and subsequent desorption from the chamber walls induced by the lost particles. We are developing a model based on particle tracking simulations of beam particles after charge exchange and 3D vacuum simulation including the experimentally determined 'regular' out gassing and induced desorption. An experimental setup to measure beam induced desorption was built and tested. It will be used to evaluate the mitigation measures such as surface treatment and stimulated out gassing. Improvement of the vacuum in the injection line, which is limiting the overall transmission, is also presented.

MOPCP088	The Simulation on Beam Interaction with Background Particles	target, ion, background, ion-source	230
	C.D. Hu, L.Z. Liang, J.L. Wei ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China
	Funding: Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (10875146) and the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y05FCQ0128) A particle simulation with Monte Carlo was developed to study beam interaction with background particles in neutral beam injector. The collision processes associated with charge state change and reaction cross-section were analyzed for neutralization and re-ionization. Take the neutralization processes as a reference, for the positive arc discharge ion source, there are three different original ion species in the energetic ion beam. In evolution, a fast particle will suffer kinds of collisions decided by the collision cross-section or no impact within the target gas. Classify those collisions and their cross-sections according the change of charge state and momentum. Discretize the distribution of target gas density along the neutralizer properly. As a result, the neutralizer is divided into many extremely short segments averagely. So the gas density quantity at middle point can be regarded as that of each segment. According to the collision cross-section, select a random number to determine the evolution of particle states in each segments. With that particle simulation, the neutralization efficiency is estimated.

MOPCP092	Study on PXI and PAC-Based HIL Simulation Control System of CYCHU-10 Cyclotron	controls, cyclotron, target, ion-source	239
	X. Hu, D. Li, Y.Q. Xiong, J. Yang, T. Yu HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
	Using the technology of hardware in loop (HIL), control system simulation model of the CYCHU-10 cyclotron is developed with real-time, simulation and statechart module under the LabVIEW environment. A prototyping design method based on NI PXI operation condition virtual platform and PAC controller is presented. The result indicates that the platform is feasible and effective in completing control system test under hardware virtual environment and shortening development time.

MOPCP101	Beam Extraction System of Compact Cyclotron	extraction, cyclotron, emittance, ion	256
	H.F. Hao, K.D. Man, M.T. Song, Y.L. Su, B. Wang, Q.G. Yao, H.W. Zhao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Based on the beam orbit and dynamics simulations, the extraction system of a compact cyclotron is determined, and the beam parameters of the extracted beam are calculated.

MOPCP102	Transmission Efficiency Study of SSC	injection, extraction, ion, heavy-ion	258
	H.F. Hao, J.F. Gao, Q.X. Guo, G.H. Han, A.P. Li, X.M. Su, A.J. Wang, S.X. Wang, C.L. Xie, J.J. Yang, W.Q. Yang, Y.P. Yang, H.W. Zhao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	The transmission efficiency of HIFIL-SSC had been studied. We found the main reasons of the lower transmission efficiency, and some advices was put forward to improve the transmission efficiency.

MOPCP105	Research on Acceptance of SSC	ion, injection, cyclotron, linac	260
	X.N. Li, Y. He, Y.J. Yuan IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	The injection, acceleration and extraction of SSC (Separate Sector Cyclotron) is analyzed and simulated to get the transverse and longitudinal acceptance, using two typical ions ²³⁸U³⁶⁺ and ⁷⁰Zn¹⁰⁺ with energy 9.7 MeV/u and 5.62 MeV/u respectively. In order to study the actual acceptance of SSC, the isochronous magnetic field model in coincidence with the real one is established by Kr-Kb and Lagrange methods based on the actual measurement. The transverse and longitudinal acceptance is calculated under the above isochronous magnetic field model. From the simulation results, one of the major reason of low efficiency and acceptance of SSC is the defaults in the design of MSI3. The simulation results show that the actual efficiency and acceptance of SSC can be improved by redesign the curvature of MSI3 or shim in MSI3 to change the distribution of inner magnetic field.

MOPCP107	A Design of Switch Magnet Power Supply	power-supply, controls, pulsed-power, induction	266
	H.H. Yan, Y.X. Chen, X.M. Feng, D.Q. Gao, Y.L. Gao, J.B. Shangguan, Y. Tang, J.Y. Xin, H.B. Yan, Z.D. Yuan, X.L. Zhang, Z.Z. Zhou IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	The paper introduces a design of power supply for switch magnet in HIRFL. The main circuit topology used Buck chopper regulator, full-bridge inverter output and power units in parallel in the power supply is introduced. The operation principle and control strategy is analyzed in this article. The power supply can be operated in DC and pulse mode, has the very good output current long-term stability, high reliability and dynamic response characteristics. Finally, some experimental data and waveforms of the power supply are shown to demonstrate the performance of the design.

TUA1CCO04	Design study of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron for KoRIA project	cyclotron, proton, injection, ion	304
	Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University Starting from April 2010, KoRIA was launched in the republic of Korea; the main objects of this project are fundamental and applied researches, e.g. production of radioisotope beam for the basic science research, nuclear structure, material and life sciences and medical isotope production, A K=100 separated sector cyclotron will be used as a driving accelerator for ISOL. It will provide a 70-100 MeV, ~1 mA of proton beam and 35-50 MeV, ~1 mA of deuteron ion beam, the SSC cyclotron will be injected by 8 MeV proton beam from 2 sector focused cyclotrons. In this paper we will describe briefly the conceptual design of the cyclotron including the design of separated sector magnet, beam dynamics and RF system, etc.

WEM1CIO03	New Tools for the Improvement of Beam Brightness in ECR Ion Sources	plasma, electron, ion, resonance	327
	S. Gammino, L. Celona, G. Ciavola, D. Mascali INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
	According to the model that has driven the development of ECRIS in the last years, a large variation of the pumping microwave frequency (order of GHz) along with the proportional increase of the magnetic field boosts the extracted current for each charge state because of a larger plasma density. Recent experiments have demonstrated that even slight frequency's changes (of the order of MHz) considerably influence the output current, and what's more important, even the extracted beam properties (beam shape, brightness and emittance) are affected. A number of tests have been carried out in the last few years and they will be reviewed along with the results of numerical simulations which are able to explain the observed phenomena. The frequency has been systematically changed and the beam output has been recorded either in terms of charge state distributions and beam emittance. The detected bremsstrahlung X-rays are additionally analysed: they give insights about the electron energy distribution function (EEDF). An overview about the possible future improvements of ECR ion source will be given.

WEM2CIO01	High Power RF Systems and Resonators for Sector Cyclotrons	cyclotron, proton, pick-up, extraction	332
	L. Stingelin, M. Bopp, M. Broennimann, J. Cherix, H. Fitze, M. Schneider, W. Tron PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	In the framework of the high intensity upgrade of the PSI proton accelerator facility, it is planned to replace two existing 150 MHz resonators of the injector II cyclotron by two new 50 MHz resonators. The first prototype resonator has been manufactured by SDMS and first vacuum- and LLRF-tests were carried out. Tuners, coupler and pickups were mounted and high power RF tests are in progress at the teststand. A new building for the RF installation has been built and is ready to house the power amplifiers and LLRF-systems.
	Slides WEM2CIO01 [3.497 MB]

WEM2CIO04	Beam Diagnostics for Cyclotrons	cyclotron, diagnostics, beam-losses, ion	344
	R. Dölling PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
	An overview is given on beam diagnostics used at cyclotrons. The focus is set to devices installed inside the cyclotron with its special "environmental" conditions and limitations and on techniques which cover specific needs of the commissioning and operation of cyclotrons.
	Slides WEM2CIO04 [4.247 MB]

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOPCP003

Application of Cyclotrons in Brachytherapy

cyclotron, target, extraction, proton

51

P. Saidi Bidokhti
PPRC, Tehran, Iran
M. Sadeghi
Agricultural, Medical & Industrial Research School, Gohadasht, Iran
A. Shirazi
Tehran University, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran

Cyclotrons are particle accelerator machines which have many applications in industry, technology and medicine. Cyclotrons play an important role in medicine and about 50% of the all particle accelerators running in the world are used in medicine for radiation therapy, medical radioisotopes production, and biomedical research. In this short review the use of cyclotrons for a radiation therapy method, brachytherapy, is discussed. Brachytherapy is a form of radiotherapy where a radioactive source placed on or in the tissue to be irradiated. For a long period the production of radioactive isotopes for medical applications was essentially done in nuclear reactors but due to some advantages of radioisotopes production with cyclotron over a nuclear reactor, in the last two decades several types of cyclotrons have been developed to meet the specific demands of radionuclide production. This talk will briefly explain the technical design, beam transfer and beam delivery systems of cyclotron for brachytherapy radioisotope production; and also will shortly describe some detail of ¹⁰³Pd production in the following: production, targetry, radiochemical separation and seed fabrication.

MOPCP013

Magnetic Field Calculation and Magnet Shimming Simulation for the CYCHU-10 Cyclotron

cyclotron, extraction, controls, ion-source

69

Z. Chen, D.Z. Chen, K.F. Liu, B. Qin
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China

The compact internal ion source cyclotron CYCHU-10 developed in Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) is in magnet machining, and will be assembled soon later. Difference between the ideal computation and practical measurement of the magnetic field is an important reference for magnet shimming. So in this paper, a further study on magnet field computation using FEM is implemented. By giving diverse boundaries and grid meshes, a quarter and a half models are both calculated to make sure correctness of the ideal model. Besides, the research on magnet shimming is also carried out. A new shim tool based on an improved matrix method combining the multiple linear regression is developed to simulate the practical shimming process. With the aid of 3D finite element code and beam dynamics code, an iterative shimming process has been accomplished successfully. The results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the shim tool.

MOPCP020

Beam Extraction of the Heavy Ions from the U-400M Cyclotron

extraction, ion, cyclotron, focusing

90

O.N. Borisov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

U400M is an isochronous cyclotron with pole diameter 4.0 m and 4 spiral sectors (maximal angle is equal 40°). The parameters of the cyclotron: A/Z=2-10; W=6-100 MeV/amu. A new physical channel for heavy ions beam extraction with low energies (W=5.0-9.0 MeV/amu) is constracted. Numerical simulation results of the beam extraction by stripping from the cyclotron are presented. Calculation of the transport line parameters were carried out.

MOPCP024

Design of RF System for Compact AVF Cyclotron

cyclotron, resonance, magnet-design, proton

99

J.H. Oh, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

RF system is one of the most important parts for producing good and efficient accelerator system. The ion beam will be derived by a K100 SSC (Separated-Sector-Cyclotron). 8 MeV SF(Sector-focused) Cyclotron which produces 8 MeV proton beam is used as injector of K100 SSC cyclotron. In this paper, we designed RF system including RF cavity. The total specification of system is on the following. The frequency of this RF system is 70 MHz coaxial type cavity. Also we applied 4th harmonic, dee voltage of 50KV. We simulated the RF system using commercially available simulator, CST Microwave studio.
KEYWORDS : Cyclotron, , RF system

MOPCP033

Magnet Design of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron (KoRIA)

cyclotron, extraction, resonance, focusing

120

Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University
A k=100 separated sector cyclotron is being designed in SKKU university South Korea, this cyclotron is considered the main drive for ISOL to produce ~ 70-100 MeV proton beam and ~35-50 MeV deuteron beam for production of radioactive material as a basic nuclear research, in this paper we will describe Opera 3D (Tosca) numerical simulation for determining the basic magnet parameters, magnet material, deformation , imperfection fields and preliminary ion beam dynamics study for verifying the focusing properties of the designed magnet

MOPCP045

Towards Quantitative Predictions of High Power Cyclotrons

cyclotron, space-charge, proton, extraction

144

Y.J. Bi, J.J. Yang, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
A. Adelmann, R. Dölling, J.M. Humbel, W. Joho, M. Seidel
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
Y.J. Bi
Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
C.-X. Tang
TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The large and complex structure of cyclotrons poses great challenges in the precise simulation of high power beams. However, such simulation capabilities are mandatory in the design and operation of the next generation high power proton drivers. The powerful tool OPAL enables us to do large scale simulations including 3D space charge and particle matter interactions. A large scale simulation effort is presented in the paper, which leads to a better quantitative understanding of the existing PSI high power proton cyclotron facility and predicts the beam behavior of CYCIAE-100 under construction at CIAE. The beam power of 1.3 MW delivered by the PSI 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron together with stringent requirements regarding the controlled and uncontrolled beam losses poses great challenges to predictive simulations. The comparisons with measurements show that OPAL can precisely predict the radial beam pattern at extraction with large dynamic range (3-4 orders of magnitude). The new particle matter interaction model is used to obtain necessary beam loss statistics during the acceleration. This data is indispensable in the design of an efficient collimation system in CYCIAE-100.

MOPCP053

ECR Ion Source Development at the AGOR Facility

plasma, ion, extraction, emittance

156

V. Mironov, J.P.M. Beijers, S. Brandenburg, H.R. Kremers, J. Mulder, S. Saminathan
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM).
This paper reports on recent work to improve the performance of the 14 GHz KVI-AECR ion source, which is used as an injector for the AGOR cyclotron. We have installed stainless-steel screens at the injection and extraction sides and an additional collar around the extraction aperture resulting in better plasma stability and an increase of extracted ion currents. Stability and output are also improved by the use of additional RF power at 12 GHz. Source tuning is aided by continuously observing the visible light output of the plasma through the extraction aperture with a ccd camera. We now routinely extract 700 μA of O⁶⁺ and 50 μA of Pb²⁷⁺ ions. Source optimization is supported by extensive computational modeling of the ion transport in the low-energy beam line and measuring the transverse emittance of the extracted ion beam with a pepperpot emittance meter. These efforts have shown that second-order aberrations in the analyzing magnet lead to a significant increase of the effective beam emittance. Work to compensate these aberrations is underway

MOPCP061

RF Cavity Simulations for Superconducting C400 Cyclotron

cyclotron, ion, acceleration, extraction

171

G.A. Karamysheva, A.A. Glazov, S. Gurskiy, N.A. Morozov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
M. Abs, Y. Jongen, W.J.G.M. Kleeven, S. Zaremba
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
O. Karamyshev
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

Compact superconducting isochronous cyclotron C400 has designed at IBA (Belgium) in collaboration with the JINR (Dubna). This cyclotron will be the first cyclotron in the world capable of delivering protons, carbon and helium ions for therapeutic use. ¹²C⁶⁺ and ⁴He²⁺ ions will be accelerated to 400 MeV/u energy and extracted by electrostatic deflector, H²⁺ ions will be accelerated to the energy 265 MeV/u and extracted by stripping. It is planed to use two normal conducting RF cavities for ion beam acceleration in cyclotron C400. Computer model of the double gap delta RF cavity with 4 stems was developed in is a general-purpose simulation software CST STUDIO SUITE. Necessary resonant frequency and increase of the voltage along the gaps were achieved. Optimization of the RF cavity parameters leads us to the cavity with quality factor about 14000, RF power dissipation is equal to about 50 kW per cavity.

MOPCP064

Amplifier Test Stand for the CRM Cyclotron

cyclotron, resonance, impedance, feedback

177

Z.G. Yin, K. Fei, B. Ji, P.Z. Li, G.S. Liu, G.F. Song, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
C.J. Yu
CASIC, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Abstract: The final stage amplifier stability proves to be an important issue in the process of commissioning CRM cyclotron at CIAE. An air cooled 4CX15,000 tube final stage has been designed to evaluate the anode circuit and neutralization, both of which are weak points of the CRM cyclotron amplifier. Instead of strip line, the design of the new anode structure adopts coaxial form, resulting in less chance of parasitic resonance in the circuits. A tunable neutralization circuits is also included in the design, giving an opportunity to better stability in high power operations. First, the instability in CRM RF system will be analyzed in this paper followed with the new amplifier designs including the tube working line calculations, input/output circuit calculations and finite integral simulations. The mechanical design for tube socket and the anode tank have been successfully carried out using the data provided in this paper. The final stage amplifier is then fabricated, assembled and commissioned. In the power test with dummy load, more than 9.2kW RF fundamental power is provided at the frequency of 44MHz.

MOPCP067

Design and Primary Test of Full Scale Cavity of CYCIAE-100

cyclotron, impedance, coupling, resonance

183

B. Ji, P.Z. Li, J. Lin, G.S. Liu, G.F. Pan, Z.H. Wang, J.S. Xing, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, Z.L. Zhao
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The engineering of the RF cavity for cyclotron concerns several aspects of the system including vacuum, cooling, mechanical support etc, Sometime it is even more complex than the RF design itself. With limit space in a compact cyclotron, in order to achieve a voltage distribution of 60kV in central orbit and 120kV for outer orbit, a double stem double gap λ by 2 cavities has been designed for CYCIAE-100[1]. The RF resonance of the cavity is simulated [1] by finite integral codes, while the thermal analysis and mechanical tolerance are studied using other approaches [2, 3]. The mechanical design and fabrications is then carried out under these directions, resulting in a full scale cavity model. The simulations and the mechanical design will be reported in this paper, followed with low level measurement results of quality factor, shunt impedance curve along accelerating gap etc. After surface polishing, the measurement yields an unloaded Q value of 9300, which matches well with the simulation with a neglectable difference of several hundreds. The high power test of the cavity will be carried out later, and will be given in separate paper presented at this conference.
[1] Tianjue Zhang,et al, 100 MeV H⁻ Cyclotron as an RIB Driving Accelerator, CYC 2004
[2] Yuanjie Bi, et al, The Study on RF Cavity Tolerance for CYCIAE-100, CYC 2007
[3] S.M. Wei, et al, Thermal Analysis of RF Cavity for CYCIAE-100, CYC 2007

MOPCP077

Median Plane Effects and Measurement Method for Radial Component of Magnetic Field in AVF Cyclotrons

cyclotron, extraction, vacuum, alignment

206

N.A. Morozov, G.A. Karamysheva
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
P. Shishlyannikov
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

The median plane of the magnetic field in AVF cyclotrons rather often does not coincide with the mid-plane of their magnetic system. The idea of an effective median plane formulated by J.I.M.Botman and H.L.Hagedorn [*] for the central region of the cyclotron is extended to the entire working region and tolerances for the horizontal components of the magnetic field are estimated. Equipment based on the search coils is proposed and used for measurement of the radial component of the magnetic field and for correction of the magnetic field median plane.
[*] J.I.M.Botman, H.L.Hagedorn, 'Median Plane Effects in the Eindhoven AVF Cyclotron', IEEE Trans. On Nucl. Science, Vol. NS-28, No.3, p.2128.

MOPCP078

Study of Magnetic Field Imperfections of Kolkata Superconducting Cyclotron

cyclotron, resonance

209

J. Pradhan, R.K. Bhandari, U. Bhunia, J. Debnath, M.K. Dey, C. Mallik, S. Paul
DAE/VECC, Calcutta, India

Analysis of the magnetic data obtained during the magnetic field mapping of Kolkata superconducting cyclotron showed imperfections in the main magnetic field. Since the main magnet of the superconducting cyclotron is three fold rotationally symmetric, any deviation from this symmetry creates imperfections in the magnetic field. Generally, 1st and 2nd harmonic components are inherently present in the field due to assembling errors in iron/coil. A major portion of these imperfections is attributed to the misplacement/tilting of the iron pole tip with respect to coil. The error in positioning of main superconducting coil with respect to surrounding iron produces another imperfection. Pole tip deformation due to rise of temperature produces field imperfection. This paper reports the various possible sources of imperfection in general and their estimation. The calculation was compared with measured data to find out the actual cause of imperfections and necessary corrections

MOPCP081

Design Study of Magnetic Channel at NIRS-AVF930

cyclotron, proton, extraction, radiation

215

S. Hojo, T. Honma, M. Kanazawa, N. Miyahara, M. Muramatsu, K. Noda, Y. Sakamoto, A. Sugiura, K. Tashiro
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
T. Kamiya, T. Okada, Y. Takahashi
AEC, Chiba, Japan

In the NIRS (National Institute of Radiological Sciences) AVF930 cyclotron, a current magnetic channel has been used for ten years, and the flowing rate of cooling water at longest coil is gradually decreasing. Therefore, the high energy operation such as 70 MeV proton became difficult recently. As the design specification of this magnetic channel is very severe, the flow velocity of cooling water is very fast. The sectional area of the longest coil is expanded in the new design of magnetic channel. Details of the new design and results of calculated magnetic fields are discussed.

MOPCP082

Design Study of AVF Magnet for Compact Cyclotron

cyclotron, proton, extraction, vacuum

218

H.W. Kim, J.-S. Chai, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

K=100 separated sector cyclotron and its injector cyclotron design is started on April, 2010 at Sungkyunkwan University. The main purpose of the K=100 separated sector cyclotron is producing proton and deuteron beam for ISOL which generate rare isotopes to accelerate RI beam for basic science research. In K=100 separated sector cyclotron facilities, two 8 MeV sector focused cyclotrons will be used as an injector cyclotron for the main cyclotron. In this paper, an Azimuthally Varying Field (AVF) magnet for the 8 MeV injector cyclotron is designed to produce 8 MeV proton beam and 4MeV deuteron beam. All field simulations have been performed by OPERA-3D TOSCA for 3D magnetic field simulation. The assignments of these injector cyclotrons are generating 8 MeV, 1 mA proton beam and 4MeV deuteron beam that inject to the main cyclotron.

MOPCP083

Vacuum Simulation for Heavy Ion Beams in the AGOR-Cyclotron

cyclotron, ion, vacuum, target

221

A. Sen, S. Brandenburg, M.A. Hofstee, M.J. van Goethem
KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands

Funding: This work is supported by the European Union through EURONS, contract 506065 and the "Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (FOM).
The vacuum in the AGOR cyclotron and thereby the beam transmission is beam intensity dependent for heavy ions. The onset of significant vacuum and transmission degradation is dependent on the ion species and final energy. For ²⁰Ne⁶⁺ @ 23 MeV/A no significant effects are observed for intensities up to at least 2 x 10¹² pps, while for ²⁰⁶Pb²⁷⁺ @ 8.5 MeV/A degradation sets in at around 10¹¹ pps. This process is driven by the loss of particles through charge exchange with the residual gas and subsequent desorption from the chamber walls induced by the lost particles. We are developing a model based on particle tracking simulations of beam particles after charge exchange and 3D vacuum simulation including the experimentally determined 'regular' out gassing and induced desorption. An experimental setup to measure beam induced desorption was built and tested. It will be used to evaluate the mitigation measures such as surface treatment and stimulated out gassing. Improvement of the vacuum in the injection line, which is limiting the overall transmission, is also presented.

MOPCP088

The Simulation on Beam Interaction with Background Particles

target, ion, background, ion-source

230

C.D. Hu, L.Z. Liang, J.L. Wei
ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China

Funding: Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (10875146) and the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y05FCQ0128)
A particle simulation with Monte Carlo was developed to study beam interaction with background particles in neutral beam injector. The collision processes associated with charge state change and reaction cross-section were analyzed for neutralization and re-ionization. Take the neutralization processes as a reference, for the positive arc discharge ion source, there are three different original ion species in the energetic ion beam. In evolution, a fast particle will suffer kinds of collisions decided by the collision cross-section or no impact within the target gas. Classify those collisions and their cross-sections according the change of charge state and momentum. Discretize the distribution of target gas density along the neutralizer properly. As a result, the neutralizer is divided into many extremely short segments averagely. So the gas density quantity at middle point can be regarded as that of each segment. According to the collision cross-section, select a random number to determine the evolution of particle states in each segments. With that particle simulation, the neutralization efficiency is estimated.

MOPCP092

Study on PXI and PAC-Based HIL Simulation Control System of CYCHU-10 Cyclotron

controls, cyclotron, target, ion-source

239

X. Hu, D. Li, Y.Q. Xiong, J. Yang, T. Yu
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China

Using the technology of hardware in loop (HIL), control system simulation model of the CYCHU-10 cyclotron is developed with real-time, simulation and statechart module under the LabVIEW environment. A prototyping design method based on NI PXI operation condition virtual platform and PAC controller is presented. The result indicates that the platform is feasible and effective in completing control system test under hardware virtual environment and shortening development time.

MOPCP101

Beam Extraction System of Compact Cyclotron

extraction, cyclotron, emittance, ion

256

H.F. Hao, K.D. Man, M.T. Song, Y.L. Su, B. Wang, Q.G. Yao, H.W. Zhao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Based on the beam orbit and dynamics simulations, the extraction system of a compact cyclotron is determined, and the beam parameters of the extracted beam are calculated.

MOPCP102

Transmission Efficiency Study of SSC

injection, extraction, ion, heavy-ion

258

H.F. Hao, J.F. Gao, Q.X. Guo, G.H. Han, A.P. Li, X.M. Su, A.J. Wang, S.X. Wang, C.L. Xie, J.J. Yang, W.Q. Yang, Y.P. Yang, H.W. Zhao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The transmission efficiency of HIFIL-SSC had been studied. We found the main reasons of the lower transmission efficiency, and some advices was put forward to improve the transmission efficiency.

MOPCP105

Research on Acceptance of SSC

ion, injection, cyclotron, linac

260

X.N. Li, Y. He, Y.J. Yuan
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The injection, acceleration and extraction of SSC (Separate Sector Cyclotron) is analyzed and simulated to get the transverse and longitudinal acceptance, using two typical ions ²³⁸U³⁶⁺ and ⁷⁰Zn¹⁰⁺ with energy 9.7 MeV/u and 5.62 MeV/u respectively. In order to study the actual acceptance of SSC, the isochronous magnetic field model in coincidence with the real one is established by Kr-Kb and Lagrange methods based on the actual measurement. The transverse and longitudinal acceptance is calculated under the above isochronous magnetic field model. From the simulation results, one of the major reason of low efficiency and acceptance of SSC is the defaults in the design of MSI3. The simulation results show that the actual efficiency and acceptance of SSC can be improved by redesign the curvature of MSI3 or shim in MSI3 to change the distribution of inner magnetic field.

MOPCP107

A Design of Switch Magnet Power Supply

power-supply, controls, pulsed-power, induction

266

H.H. Yan, Y.X. Chen, X.M. Feng, D.Q. Gao, Y.L. Gao, J.B. Shangguan, Y. Tang, J.Y. Xin, H.B. Yan, Z.D. Yuan, X.L. Zhang, Z.Z. Zhou
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The paper introduces a design of power supply for switch magnet in HIRFL. The main circuit topology used Buck chopper regulator, full-bridge inverter output and power units in parallel in the power supply is introduced. The operation principle and control strategy is analyzed in this article. The power supply can be operated in DC and pulse mode, has the very good output current long-term stability, high reliability and dynamic response characteristics. Finally, some experimental data and waveforms of the power supply are shown to demonstrate the performance of the design.

TUA1CCO04

Design study of 70 MeV Separate Sector Cyclotron for KoRIA project

cyclotron, proton, injection, ion

304

Kh.M. Gad, J.-S. Chai, H.W. Kim, B.N. Lee, J.H. Oh, J.A. Park, H.S. Song
SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Funding: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Department of Energy Science and School of Information and Communication Engineering of SungKyunKwan University
Starting from April 2010, KoRIA was launched in the republic of Korea; the main objects of this project are fundamental and applied researches, e.g. production of radioisotope beam for the basic science research, nuclear structure, material and life sciences and medical isotope production, A K=100 separated sector cyclotron will be used as a driving accelerator for ISOL. It will provide a 70-100 MeV, ~1 mA of proton beam and 35-50 MeV, ~1 mA of deuteron ion beam, the SSC cyclotron will be injected by 8 MeV proton beam from 2 sector focused cyclotrons. In this paper we will describe briefly the conceptual design of the cyclotron including the design of separated sector magnet, beam dynamics and RF system, etc.

WEM1CIO03

New Tools for the Improvement of Beam Brightness in ECR Ion Sources

plasma, electron, ion, resonance

327

S. Gammino, L. Celona, G. Ciavola, D. Mascali
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy

According to the model that has driven the development of ECRIS in the last years, a large variation of the pumping microwave frequency (order of GHz) along with the proportional increase of the magnetic field boosts the extracted current for each charge state because of a larger plasma density. Recent experiments have demonstrated that even slight frequency's changes (of the order of MHz) considerably influence the output current, and what's more important, even the extracted beam properties (beam shape, brightness and emittance) are affected. A number of tests have been carried out in the last few years and they will be reviewed along with the results of numerical simulations which are able to explain the observed phenomena. The frequency has been systematically changed and the beam output has been recorded either in terms of charge state distributions and beam emittance. The detected bremsstrahlung X-rays are additionally analysed: they give insights about the electron energy distribution function (EEDF). An overview about the possible future improvements of ECR ion source will be given.

WEM2CIO01

High Power RF Systems and Resonators for Sector Cyclotrons

cyclotron, proton, pick-up, extraction

332

L. Stingelin, M. Bopp, M. Broennimann, J. Cherix, H. Fitze, M. Schneider, W. Tron
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

In the framework of the high intensity upgrade of the PSI proton accelerator facility, it is planned to replace two existing 150 MHz resonators of the injector II cyclotron by two new 50 MHz resonators. The first prototype resonator has been manufactured by SDMS and first vacuum- and LLRF-tests were carried out. Tuners, coupler and pickups were mounted and high power RF tests are in progress at the teststand. A new building for the RF installation has been built and is ready to house the power amplifiers and LLRF-systems.

Slides WEM2CIO01 [3.497 MB]

WEM2CIO04

Beam Diagnostics for Cyclotrons

cyclotron, diagnostics, beam-losses, ion

344

R. Dölling
PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

An overview is given on beam diagnostics used at cyclotrons. The focus is set to devices installed inside the cyclotron with its special "environmental" conditions and limitations and on techniques which cover specific needs of the commissioning and operation of cyclotrons.

Slides WEM2CIO04 [4.247 MB]