• J. Peters
  DESY, Hamburg

The HERA RF-Volume Source is the only source that delivers routinely a H – current of 40 mA without Cs. It has been running for years without interruption for maintenance. The production mechanism for H – ions in this type of source is still under discussion. Laser photodetachment measurements have been done at DESY in order to measure the H – distribution in the source. The measurements were done also under extraction conditions at high voltage. The dependency of the quality of the Hminus beam on the frequency was investigated. A frequency range of 1.65 – 9 Mhz was scanned and the emittance was measured for several Hminus currents up to 40 mA. The results of our investigations make further source improvements possible. Recently currents of 60 mA were reached.

• M. Cavenago
  INFN/LNL, Legnaro, Padova
• V. Antoni, F. Sattin
  CNR/RFX, Padova
• A. Tanga
  MPI/IPP, Garching

Effects of plasma meniscus on the emittance in negative ion source proposed for spallation sources or neutral beam injectors (NBI) for tokamaks are particularly interesting to study with fluid models because: 1) at least three different charged fluid can be recognised: the thermalized and fully magnetized electrons; the slightly magnetized and roughly thermalized positive ions; the negative ions, typically formed within few cm from meniscus; 2) different implementation of the magnetic filter system need to be compared; 3) optimization of electron dump and outlet electrode strongly depends on plasma meniscus contact point. With reasonable assumption on system geometry, 2D and 3D charged fluid quation for the selfconsistent electrostatic field can be written and effect of grid aperture is investigated. Moreover, these equations are easily implemented into a multiphysics general purpose program. Preliminary results are described, and compared to existing codes.

• M. Re, F. Chines, G. Cuttone, M. Menna, E. Messina
  INFN/LNS, Catania
• J.-C. Bilheux, D.W. Stracener
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

• I.-S. Hong, Y.-S. Cho, S.-H. Han
  KAERI, Daejon

Duoplasmatron type ion source with 50keV proton beam has been constructed and stably operated as the injector for Proton Engineering Frontier Project(PEFP). In DC operation, the beam current of 50mA with 50kV extraction voltage is routinely obtained. However, the pulsed operation mode of the ion source also has been considered to reduce beam induced damage at the entrance of RFQ. A high voltage pulse switch is connected between accelerating electrode and ground electrode for this purpose. The detailed scheme on the focusing of the pulsed proton beam with space charge compensation is in progress. Beam profile and current in front of RFQ will be measured by DCCT and optical measuring tools.

• R.C. Pardo, S.I. Baker, A.A.H. Hecht, E.F. Moore, G. Savard
  ANL, Argonne, Illinois

An upgrade to the radioactive beam capability of the ATLAS facility has been proposed using 252Cf fission fragments thermalized and collected into a low-energy particle beam using a helium gas catcher. In order to reaccelerate these beams an existing ATLAS ECR ion source will be reconfigured as a charge breeder source. A 1Ci 252Cf source is expected to provide sufficient yield to deliver beams of up to ~106 far from stability ions per second on target. A facility description, the expected performance and the expected performance will be presented in this paper. This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under contract W-31-109-ENG-38.

• D. Raparia, Y.Y. Lee, J. Wei
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

• J. Qiang, D. Leitner, D.S. Todd
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

The driver linac of the proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) requires a great variety of high intensity, high charge state ion beams. In order to design and optimize the low energy beam line optics of the RIA front end, we have developed a new parallel three-dimensional model to simulate the low energy, multi-species beam transport from the ECR ion source extraction region to the focal plane of the analyzing magnet. A multi-section overlapped computational domain has been used to break the original transport system into a number of independent subsystems. Within each subsystem, macro-particle tracking is used to obtain the charge density distribution in this subdomain. The three-dimensional Poisson equation is solved within the subdomain and particle tracking is repeated until the solution converges. Two new Poisson solvers based on a combination of the spectral method and the multigrid method have been developed to solve the Poisson equation in cylindrical coordinates for the beam extraction region and in the Frenet-Serret coordinates for the bending magnet region. Some test examples and initial applications will also be presented.

• G.A. Westenskow, D.P. Grote, E. F. Halaxa
  LLNL, Livermore, California
• F.M. Bieniosek, J.W. Kwan
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

To provide compact high-brightness heavy-ion beams for Heavy Ion Fusion (HIF) accelerators, we have been experimenting with merging multi-beamlets in an injector which uses an RF plasma source. In an 80-kV 20-microsecond experiment, the RF plasma source has produced up to 5 mA of Ar+ in a single beamlet. An extraction current density of 100 mA/cm2 was achieved, and the thermal temperature of the ions was below 1 eV. More than 90% of the ions were in the Ar+ state, and the energy spread from charge exchange was found to be small. We have tested at full voltage gradient the first 4 gaps of a 61-beamlet injector design. Einzel lens were used to focus the beamlets while reducing the beamlet to beamlet space charge interaction. We will report on a converging 119 multi-beamlet source. Although the source has the same optics as a full 1.6 MV injector system, the test will be carried out at 400 kV due to the test stand HV limit. We will measure the beam’s emittance after the beamlets are merged and have been transported through an electrostatic quadrupole. Our goal is to confirm the emittance growth and to demonstrate the technical feasibility of building a driver-scale HIF injector.

• E.R. Forringer, H.G. Blosser
  NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan

• Q. Zhao, A.I. Balabin, M. Doleans, F. Marti, J.W. Stetson, X. Wu
  NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan

• Y. Kawai, G. Alton, Y. Liu
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Radioactive atoms produced by the ISOL technique must diffuse from a target, effusively flow to an ion source, be ionized, be extracted, and be accelerated to research energies in a time commensurate with the lifetime of the species of interest. We have developed a fast valve system (closing time ~100 us) that can be used to accurately measure the effusion times of chemically active or inactive species through arbitrary geometry and size vapor transport systems with and without target material in the reservoir. The effusive flow times are characteristic of the system and thus serve as figures of merit for assessing the quality of a given vapor transport system as well as for assessing the permeability properties of a given target design. This article presents effusive flow data for noble gases flowing through a target reservoir and ion source system routinely used to generate radioactive species at the HRIBF with and without disks of 6 times and 10 times compressed Reticulated Vitreous Carbon Foam (RVCF) with the objective of determining the added delay time associated with each of these target matrices.

• Y. Kawai, G. Alton, J. O. Kiggans, D.W. Stracener
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

A new infiltration paint coating method has been developed for fabricating ISOL targets for radioactive ion beam applications. The technique has been shown to be inexpensive, fast, and almost universal for the uniform deposition of many refractory target materials onto the interior surfaces of complex geometry matrices, such as Reticulated-Vitreous-Carbon-Foam (RVCF). The process yields robust, highly permeable targets with fast diffusion and release properties. We demonstrate the viability of the technique for coating forms of RVCF compressed by factors of 6 and 10 with materials to form targets for use at high energy facilities such as RIA. The use of compressed RVCF, coated with an optimum thickness of target material, reduces target lengths to practical values, while preserving high permeability. We calculate thermal conductivities and diffusion for various targets on 6xRVCF and 10xRVCF.

• Y. Kawai, G. Alton, Y. Liu
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

The multiple discrete frequency technique has been used to improve the performance of conventional B-field configuration ECR ion sources. However, the practical application of this technique is very costly, requiring multiple independent single-frequency rf power supplies and complicated rf injection systems. Broadband sources of rf power offer a low-cost and more effective method for increasing the physical size of the ECR zone within these ion sources. An Additive White Gaussian Noise Generator (AWGNG) system for injecting broadband rf power into these ion sources has been developed in conjunction with a commercial firm. The noise generator, in combination with an external oscillator and a traveling wave tube amplifier, can be used to generate broadband rf power without modifying the injection system. The AWGNG and its use for enhancing the performance of conventional B-field configuration ECR ion sources will be described.

• Y. Liu, H. Z. Bilheux, Y. Kawai
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Elements with low ionization potentials can be efficiently ionized by positive surface ionization. It has been experimentally observed and theoretically shown that the ionization efficiency in a hot-cavity can be significantly higher than expected for the surface ionization mechanism. This is explained by the existence of a thermal plasma inside the cavity consisting of surface ionized ions and thermionic electrons. We have investigated the suggested ioniation mechanisms in a tubular hot-cavity surface ionization source where the area of the exit aperture is small compared with the tube inner surface. Thermal analyses of the tubular cavity and calculated mean number of wall collisions of a neutral particle in the cavity before escaping through the exit aperture are presented. Measured emittance and ionization efficiencies of various elements as a function of the cavity temperature for different cavity materials are discussed.

• Y. Liu, C. Baktash, J.R. Beene, H. Z. Bilheux, C.C. Havener, H.F. Krause, D.R. Schultz, D.W. Stracener, C.R. Vane
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• K. Brueck, Ch. Geppert, T. Kessler, K. Wendt
  Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz

The isobaric purity of radioactive ion beams (RIBs) is of crucial importance to many experiments. Laser ion sources based on resonant photoionization have already proved to be of great value at existing ISOL RIB facilities. In these ion sources, ions of a selected isotope are produced by laser radiation via stepwise atomic resonant excitations followed by ionization in the last transition. Because each element has its own unique atomic energy levels, the resonant photoionization process can provide elemental selectivity of nearly 100%. We have initiated a research effort to develop a prototype laser ion source with the potential to achieve the high selectivity and high efficiency required for research with ISOL-generated RIBs at the Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA). A pilot experiment has been conducted to demonstrate resonant photoionization of three atomic species using all-solid-state tunable Ti:Sapphire lasers. Three Ti:Sapphire lasers were provided by the University of Mainz and used in the experiment for three-photon resonant ionization of the elements. Laser generated Sn, Ni, and Ge ions have been successfully obtained in a hot-cavity laser ion source with overall efficiencies of 22%, 2.7%, and 3.3%, respectively.

• D.W. Stracener, G. Alton, J.R. Beene, H. Z. Bilheux, J.-C. Bilheux, J.C. Blackmon, D. Dowling, R.C. Juras, Y. Kawai, Y. Liu, M.J. Meigs, P.E. Mueller, B. A. T. Tatum
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• H.K. Carter, A. Kronenberg, E.H. Spejewski
  Center of Excellence for RIB Studies for Stewardship Science, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Radioactive beams are produced at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory using the Isotope Separator On-Line (ISOL) technique. Radioactive nuclei are produced in a thick target via irradiation with energetic light ions (protons, deuterons, helium isotopes) and then post-accelerated to a few MeV/nucleon for use in nuclear physics experiments. An overview of radioactive beam development at the HRIBF will be presented, including ion source development, improvements in the ISOL production targets, and a description of techniques to improve the quality (intensity and purity) of the beams. Facilities for radioactive ion beam development include two ion source test facilities, a target/ion source preparation and quality assurance facility, and an in-beam test facility where low intensity production beams are used. A new test facility, the High Power Target Laboratory, will be available later this year. At this facility, high intensity production beams will be available to measure the power-handling capabilities of ISOL production targets. This information will be used to optimize target materials and geometries for high power densities.

• Y. Zhang, G. Alton, Y. Kawai
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Delay times associated with diffusion release from targets and effusive-flow transport of radioactive isotopes to ion sources are principal intensity limiters at ISOL-based radioactive ion beam facilities, and simulation studies with computer models are cost effective methods for designing targets and vapor transport systems with minimum delay times to avoid excessive decay losses of short lived ion species. A finite difference code, Diffuse II, was recently developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to study diffusion-release of short-lived species from three principal target geometries. Simulation results are in close agreement with analytical solutions to Fick’s second equation. Complementary to the development of Diffuse II, the Monte-Carlo code, Effusion, was developed to address issues related to the design of fast vapor transport systems. Results, derived by using Effusion, are also found to closely agree with experimental measurements. In this presentation, the codes will be used in concert to make realistic estimations of intensities of a number of short-lived isotopes that are candidates for use in future nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics experiments at the HRIBF.

• R. Keller, P.A. Luft, M. T. Monroy, A. Ratti, M.J. Regis, D. L. Syversrud, J.G. Wallig
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• D.E. Anderson, R.F. Welton
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

A novel concept for creating intense beams of negative hydrogen ion beams is presented. In this approach, an ECR ion source operating at 2.45 GHz frequency is utilized as a primary plasma generator and coupled to an SNS-type multi-cusp H^- ion source. The secondary source is driven by chopped dc power avoiding the use of filaments or of an internal rf antenna. The development of the new ion source is aimed at the future beam-power goal of 3 MW for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) that will be pursued after the start of SNS operations, but application to other proton driver accelerators that include an accumulator ring is feasible as well. The first two phases of this development effort have been successfully completed: assembly of a test stand and verification of the performance of an rf-driven SNS ion-source prototype; and extraction of electrons with more than 350 mA current from a 2.45-GHz ECR ion source obtained on loan from Argonne National Laboratory. The next goal is the demonstration of actual H^- ion production by this novel, hybrid ion source. This paper describes the source principle and design in detail and reports on the current status of the development work.

• K. Dunkel, F. Kremer, C. Piel, J. Plitzko
  ACCEL, Bergisch Gladbach

• D.C. Faircloth, R. Sidlow, M. Whitehead, T.W. Wood
  CCLRC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon

The development of H^- ion sources with performances exceeding those achieved today is a key requirement for the next generation of high power proton accelerators. The Penning surface plasma source development program at ISIS is now well established. To allow different ion source designs to be fully tested, the ability to vary the Penning field is required. Until now the Penning field has been generated by the same magnetic circuit that creates the analyzing field, giving no practical way of altering the Penning field alone. This paper describes the infrastructure changes required to allow the Penning field to be independently varied. The effect the Penning field has on beam current, emittance and discharge stability are discussed.

• K. Sakakibara, T. Hattori, N. Hayashizaki, T. Ito
  RLNR, Tokyo
• H. Kashiwagi
  JAERI/ARTC, Gunma-ken
• M. Okamura
  RIKEN, Saitama

• F.W. Meyer, Y. Liu
  ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
• H.J. You
  Hanyang University, Seoul

In this paper, real-time, in-situ, plasma potential measurements are reported for an ECR ion source and correlated with extracted beam characteristics. The local real-time plasma potential of the ORNL CAPRICE ECR ion source was measured using an emissive probe, which was inserted perpendicularly from the plasma chamber wall at the mid-plane of the ECR zone between one of the six radial loss cones of the magnetic field structure, where perturbation of the main ECR plasma is expected to be small. Slots machined through the plasma- and puller-electrodes at the plasma chamber wall radius permitted insertion of the probe from the extraction side of the ECR source without perturbation of the coaxial microwave injection. The emissive probe technique permits plasma potential determination independent of plasma conditions and avoids problems related to probe geometry. The probe loop tip was pointed toward the chamber center in a radial plane and was located about 5 mm outside of the ECR zone. Details of the measurements, and a comparison with an external-beam-deceleration-based plasma potential determination will be presented.

• V. Variale, A. Boggia, T. Clauser, A. Rainò, V. Valentino
  INFN-Bari, Bari
• P.A. Bak, M. A. Batazova, G.I. Kuznetsov, S. Shiyankov, B.A. Skarbo
  BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk
• G. Verrone
  Università e Politecnico di Bari, Bari

The "charge state breeder" BRIC (BReeding Ion Charge) is based on an EBIS source and it is designed to accept Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) with charge +1, in a slow injection mode, to increase their charge state up to +n. BRIC has been developed at the INFN section of Bari (Italy) during these last 3 years with very limited funds. Now, it has been assembled at the LNL (Italy) where are in progress the first tests as stand alone source. The new feature of BRIC, with respect to the classical EBIS, is given by the insertion, in the ion drift chamber, of a Radio Frequency (RF) Quadrupole aiming to filtering the unwanted elements and then making a more efficient containment of the wanted ions. In this contribution, the measurements of the selective effect on the ion charge state containement of the RF quadrupole field, applied on the ion chamber, will be reported and discussed. The ion charge state analisys of the ions trapped in BRIC seem confirm, as foreseen by simulation results carried out previously, that the selective containment can be obtained. A modification of the collector part to improve the ion extraction of BRIC will be also presented and shortly discussed.

• A. Lehrach, S. Martin, F. Rathmann
  FZJ, Jülich
• P. Lenisa
  INFN-Ferrara, Ferrara
• I.N. Meshkov, A.O. Sidorin, A.V. Smirnov
  JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region
• C. Montag
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• E. Steffens
  University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut II, Erlangen
• C.-A. Wiedner
  UGS, Langenbernsdorf

hep-ph/0411046

• M. Okamura, R.A. Jameson, K. Sakakibara, J. Takano
  RIKEN, Saitama
• T. Fujimoto, S. Shibuya, T. Takeuchi
  AEC, Chiba
• Y. Iwata, K. Yamamoto
  NIRS, Chiba-shi
• H. Kashiwagi
  JAERI/ARTC, Gunma-ken
• A. Schempp
  IAP, Frankfurt-am-Main

• D.S. Todd, D. Leitner, C.M. Lyneis, J. Qiang
  LBNL, Berkeley, California
• D.P. Grote
  LLNL, Livermore, California

The next-generation superconducting ECR ion source VENUS serves as the prototype injector ion source for the linac driver of the proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA). The high-intensity heavy ion beams required by the RIA driver linac present significant challenges for the design and simulation of an ECR extraction and low energy ion beam transport system. Extraction and beam formation take place in a strong (up to 3T) axial magnetic field, which leads to significantly different focusing properties for the different ion masses and charge states of the extracted beam. Typically, beam simulations must take into account the contributions of up to 30 different charge states and ion masses. Two three-dimensional, particle-in-cell codes developed for other purposes, IMPACT and WARP, have been adapted in order to model intense, multi-species DC beams. A discussion of the differences of these codes and the advantages of each in the simulation of the low energy beam transport system of an ECR ion source is given. Direct comparisons of results from these two codes as well as with experimental results from VENUS are presented.

• J.W. Stetson, G. Machicoane, F. Marti, P. Miller, M. Steiner, P.A. Zavodszky
  NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan
• Yu. Kazarinov
  JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region

Experience at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory has shown the first focusing element after the electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS), before the beam is analyzed by a magnetic dipole, to be critical to subsequent beam transport and matching. Until 2004, both ion sources at the NSCL used a solenoid as this first focusing element. Observation of hollow beam formation led to further analysis and the decision to replace the solenoid with an electrostatic quadrupole triplet on a test basis [1]. Substantial increases in net cyclotron output were achieved, leading us to adopt electrostatic quadrupole focusing as the permanent configuration. In addition, a sextupole magnet was installed in this beam line. Motivations for these changes and results of operating experience are discussed.

• Yu. Kazarinov
  JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region
• J.W. Stetson, P.A. Zavodszky
  NSCL, East Lansing, Michigan

The ion beam produced with an ECR ion source (ECRIS) with an extraction voltage of 30 kV may be additionally accelerated using a negative voltage of -30 kV applied to the last electrode of the extraction system, connected to the beamline biased to the same -30 kV potential. In this way the kinetic energy of the beam is increased to 60 keV/q, decreasing to half the space charge effect on the beam emittance. Using a large gap analyzing magnet placed right after the ECRIS and no focusing element, the transmission is still close to 100%. The voltage on the beamline must be kept constant from the ECRIS till the image focal plane of the analyzing magnet where the full separation of the beam charge states is achieved. An insulator break separates the biased beamline from the downstream section, which is at zero potential. Passing through this section of the beamline, the ion beam is decelerated to 30 keV/q, the energy necessary for the injection in the cyclotron. In order to prevent the increase of the beam divergence, a focusing solenoid is installed behind the break point. This work will present the results of a simulation of the transport of an argon beam in the proposed beamline.

• L.R. Prost, A.V. Shemyakin
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois

The newly installed high-energy Recycler Electron Cooling system (REC) at Fermilab will work at an electron energy of 4.34 MeV and a DC beam current of 0.5 A in an energy recovery scheme. For reliable operation of the system, the relative beam current loss must be maintained to levels < 3.e-5. Experiments have shown that the loss is determined by the performance of the electron beam collector, which must retain secondary electrons generated by the primary beam hitting its walls. As a part of the Electron cooling project, the efficiency of the collector for the REC was optimized, both with dedicated test bench experiments and on two versions of the cooler prototype. We find that to achieve the required relative current loss, an axially-symmetric collector must be immersed in a transverse magnetic field with certain strength and gradient prescriptions. Collector efficiencies in various magnetic field configurations, including without a transverse field on the collector, are presented and discussed

• G. Pei
  IHEP Beijing, Beijing

• V.G. Dudnikov
  BTG, New York

• D. Yu, A. Baxter, P. Chen, M. Lundquist, Y. Luo
  DULY Research Inc., Rancho Palos Verdes, California

Microwave power losses on the surfaces of accelerating structures will transform to heat which will deform the structures if it is not removed in time. Thermal hydraulic design of the disk and cooling rods of a Plane Wave Transformer (PWT) structure is presented. Experiments to measure the hydraulic (pressure vs flow rate) and cooling (heat removed vs flow rate) properties of the PWT disk are performed, and results compared with simulations using Mathcad models and the COSMOSM code. Both experimental and simulation results showed that the heat deposited on the structure could be removed effectively using specially designed water-cooling circuits and the temperature of the structure could be controlled within the range required.

• D.A. Dimitrov, D.L. Bruhwiler, J.R. Cary, P. Messmer, P. Stoltz
  Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado
• D.W. Feldman, P.G. O'Shea
  IREAP, College Park, Maryland
• K. Jensen
  NRL, Washington, DC

Codes for simulating photocathode electron guns invariably assume the emission of an idealized electron distribution from the cathode, regardless of the particular particle emission model that is implemented. The output of such simulations, a relatively clean and smooth distribution with very little variation as a function of the azimuthal angle, is inconsistent with the highly irregular and asymmetric electron bunches seen in experimental diagnostics. To address this problem, we have implemented a recently proposed theoretical model* that takes into account detailed solid-state physics of photocathode materials in the VORPAL particle-in-cell code.** Initial results from 3D simulations with this model and future research directions will be presented and discussed.

*K.L. Jensen, D.W. Feldman, M. Virgo, and P.G. O'Shea, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams, 6:083501, 2003. **C. Nieter and J.R. Cary, J. Comp. Phys. 196 (2004), p. 448.

• J.B. Rosenzweig, A.M. Cook, M.P. Dunning, P. Frigola, G. Travish
  UCLA, Los Angeles, California
• D.T. Palmer
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• C. Sanelli, F. Tazzioli
  INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)

The rf photocathode gun and the solenoid for the SPARC project at INFN-LNF (Frascati) have been fabricated and undergone initial testing at UCLA. The advanced aspects of the design of these devices are detailed. Final diagnosis of the tuning of the RF gun performance, including operating mode frequency and field balance, is described. The emittance compensating solenoid magnet, which is designed to be tuned in longitudinal position by differential excitation of the coils, has been measured using Hall probe scans for field profiling, and pulsed wire methods to determine the field center.

• A. Burrill, I. Ben-Zvi, D. Pate, T. Rao, Z. Segalov
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• D. Dowell
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

• X.Y. Chang, I. Ben-Zvi, A. Burrill, P.D.J. Johnson, J. Kewisch, T. Rao, Z. Segalov, Y. Zhao
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

• J. Kewisch, I. Ben-Zvi, X.Y. Chang
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York

An electron cooler, based on an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) is under development for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. This will be the first electron cooler operating at high energy with bunched beams. A better understanding of the cooling process and more accurate measurements of Intra Beam Scattering in RHIC have imposed increased requirements on the electron accelerator: Besides a doubling of the bunch charge to 20 nC, the strength of the cooling solenoid was increased five-fold to 5 Tesla. The magnetic field on the cathode should be increased to 500 Gauss to match the magnetization required in the cooling solenoid. This paper reports the measures taken to minimize the electron beam emittance in the cooling section. The front-to-end simulation using different tracking codes is presented.

• P. Piot, H. Edwards
  Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois
• M. Huening
  DESY, Hamburg
• T. W. Koeth
  Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
• J.L. Li, R. Tikhoplav
  Rochester University, Rochester, New York

The Femilab/NICADD photoinjector laboratory (FNPL) is a 16 MeV electron accelerator dedicated to beam dynamics and advanced accelerator studies. FNPL will soon be capable of operating at 50 MeV, after the installation of a high gradient TESLA cavity. In this paper we present the foreseen design for the upgraded facility along with its performance. We discuss the possible application of 50 MeV beam including the possible use of FNPL as an injector for the superconducting module and test facility (SM&TF).

• S.S. Kurennoy, D.C. Nguyen, D.L. Schrage, R.L. Wood
  LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
• V. Christina, J. Rathke, T. Schultheiss
  AES, Medford, NY
• L.M. Young
  TechSource, Santa Fe, New Mexico

• I. Haber, S. Bernal, R.A. Kishek, P.G. O'Shea, Y. Zou
  IREAP, College Park, Maryland
• A. Friedman, D.P. Grote
  LLNL, Livermore, California
• M. Reiser
  University Maryland, College Park, Maryland
• J.-L. Vay
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

The electron source in the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER) injector employs a grid 0.15 mm from the cathode to control the current waveform. Under nominal operating conditions, the grid voltage during the current pulse is sufficiently positive relative to the cathode potential to form a virtual cathode downstream of the grid. Three-dimensional computer simulations have been performed that use the mesh refinement capability of the WARP particle-in-cell code to examine a small region near the beam center in order to illustrate some of the complexity that can result from such a gridded structure. These simulations have been found to reproduce the hollowed velocity space that is observed experimentally. The simulations also predict a complicated time-dependent response to the waveform applied to the grid during the current turn-on. This complex temporal behavior appears to result directly from the dynamics of the virtual cathode formation and may therefore be representative of the expected behavior in other sources, such as some photoinjectors, that are characterized by a rapid turn-on of the beam current.

• N.A. Moody, D.W. Feldman, P.G. O'Shea
  IREAP, College Park, Maryland
• K. Jensen
  NRL, Washington, DC

Photoinjector performance is a limiting factor in the continued development of high powered FELs and electron beam-based accelerators. Presently available photocathodes are plagued with limited efficiency and short lifetime in an RF-gun environment, due to contamination or evaporation of a photosensitive surface layer. An ideal photocathode should have high efficiency at long wavelengths, long lifetime in practical vacuum environments, and prompt emission. Cathodes with high efficiency typically have limited lifetime, and vice versa, and the needs of the photocathode are generally at odds with those of the drive laser. A potential solution is the low work function dispenser cathode, where lifetime issues are overcome by periodic in situ regeneration that restores the photosensitive surface layer, analogous to those used in the microwave power tube industry. This work reports on the fabrication techniques and performance of cesiated metal photocathodes and cesiated dispenser cathodes, with a focus on understanding and improving quantum efficiency and lifetime, and analyzing issues of emission uniformity. The efficiency versus coverage behavior of cesiated metals is discussed and closely matches that predicted by recent theory.*

*K. L. Jensen, et al., "Photoemission from Low Work Function Coated Metal Surfaces: A Comparison of Theory to Experiment" (this conference).

• Y. Iwasaki, S. Koda, T. Okajima, Y. Takabayashi, T. Tomimasu, K. Yoshida
  Saga Synchrotron Light Source, Industry Promotion Division, Saga City
• H. Ohgaki
  Kyoto IAE, Kyoto

• A. Sakumi, A. Fukasawa, Y. Muroya, T. Ueda, M. Uesaka, K. Yoshii
  UTNL, Ibaraki
• K. Dobashi
  NIRS, Chiba-shi
• N. Kumagai, H. Tomizawa
  JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo
• J.U. Urakawa
  KEK, Ibaraki

• I.S. Guk, A. Dovbnya, S.G. Kononenko, F.A. Peev, A.S. Tarasenko
  NSC/KIPT, Kharkov
• J.I.M. Botman, M.J. Van der Wiel
  TUE, Eindhoven

*I.S. Guk, A.N. Dovbnya, S.G. Kononenko, A.S. Tarasenko, M. van der Wiel, J.I.M. Botman, NSC KIPT accelerator on nuclear and high energy physics, Proceedings of EPAC 2004, Lucerne, Switzerland, p. 761-764.

• S.A. Perezhogin, M.I. Ayzatskiy, K. Kramarenko, V.A. Kushnir, V.V. Mytrochenko, Z.V. Zhiglo
  NSC/KIPT, Kharkov

• N.G. Reshetnyak, N. Aizatsky, A. Dovbnya, N.A. Dovbnya, V.V. Mytrochenko, V. Zakutin
  NSC/KIPT, Kharkov

• V. Bharadwaj, Y.K. Batygin, R. Pitthan, D.C. Schultz, J. Sheppard, H. Vincke, J.W. Wang
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• J.G. Gronberg, W. Stein
  LLNL, Livermore, California

A positron source for the ILC can be designed using either a multi-GeV electron beam or a multi-MeV photon beam impinging on a metal target. The major issues are: the drive beam, choice of target material, the design of the target station, the capture section, the target vault, and beam transport to the damping ring. In this paper, positron source parameters for the various schemes are outlined and the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme are discussed.

• S.P. Møller, H. Bach, F. Bødker, T.G. Christiansen, A. Elkjaer, S. Friis-Nielsen, N. Hauge, J. Kristensen, L.K. Kruse, S.P. Møller, B.R. Nielsen
  Danfysik A/S, Jyllinge

• R. Xiang, Y.T. Ding, J. Hao, S.L. Huang, X.Y. Lu, S.W. Quan, B.C. Zhang, K. Zhao
  PKU/IHIP, Beijing

• A. Mizuno, H. Dewa, H. Hanaki, T. Taniuchi, H. Tomizawa
  JASRI/SPring-8, Hyogo
• M. Uesaka
  UTNL, Ibaraki

• D.T. Palmer, F. King, R.E. Kirby
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

• L. Xiao, R.F. Boyce, D. Dowell, Z. Li, C. Limborg-Deprey, J.F. Schmerge
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California

In order to remove the dipole field introduced by the coupler in existing S-band BNL/SLAC/UCLA 1.6 cell rf gun, a dual feed design for the LCLS RF gun is proposed together with several significant changes. The improvements include adopting Z-coupling instead of ?-coupling for easier machining and reducing heating, increasing the 0-and ?-mode separation from 3.4 to 15 MHz to reduce the amplitude of the 0 mode, incorporating race-track cavity shape to minimize the quadruple fields, increased cooling for operation at 120Hz and other small changes to improve performance and diagnostic capabilities. The new design has been modeled with the parallel finite element eigenmode solver Omega3P to provide the desired RF parameters and to generate the gun cavity dimensions needed for fabrication.

• B. Liu, Y.L. Chi, M. Gu, C. Zhang
  IHEP Beijing, Beijing

• T. Tanaka, H. Hama, F. Hinode, M. Kawai
  LNS, Sendai
• A. Miyamoto
  HSRC, Higashi-Hiroshima
• K. Shinto
  Tohoku University, Sendai

• M.D. Cole
  AES, Medford, NY
• I. Ben-Zvi, A. Burrill, H. Hahn, T. Rao, Y. Zhao
  BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York
• P. Kneisel
  Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

*Photoemission studies on BNL/AES all niobium, Superconducting RF injector, T. Rao, these proceedings.

• K. Jensen
  NRL, Washington, DC
• D.W. Feldman, N.A. Moody, P.G. O'Shea
  IREAP, College Park, Maryland

The development of rugged and/or self rejuvenating photocathodes with high quantum efficiency (QE) using the longest wavelength drive laser is of paramount importance for RF photo-injectors for high power FELs and accelerators. We report on our program to develop advanced photocathodes and to develop and validate models of photoemission from coated metals to analyze experimental data,* provide emission models usable by beam simulation codes,** and project performance. The model accounts for the effects of laser heating, thermal evolution, surface conditions, laser parameters, and material characteristics, and predicts current distribution and QE. The photoemission and QE from metals and dispenser photocathodes is evaluated: the later introduces complications such as coverage non-uniformity and field enhancement. The performance of the models is compared to our experimental results for dispenser photocathodes and cesiated surfaces (e.g., tungsten, silver, etc.) in which the time-dependent models are shown to agree very well with experimental findings, but also to results in the literature. Extrapolations to performance regimes of interest shall be given.

*N. Moody et al., "Fabrication and Measurement of Low Workfunction Cesiated Dispenser Photocathodes" (this conference). **D.A. Dimitrov et al., "Development of Advanced Models for 3D Photocathode PIC Simulations" (this conference).

• G.A. Mulhollan, J.C.B. Bierman
  Saxet, Austin, Texas
• A. Brachmann, J.E. Clendenin, E.G. Garwin, R.E. Kirby, D.-A.L. Luh, T.V.M. Maruyama
  SLAC, Menlo Park, California
• R.X.P. Prepost
  UW-Madison/PD, Madison, Wisconsin

Spin-polarized electrons are commonly used in high energy physics. Future work will benefit from greater polarization. Polarizations approaching 90% have been achieved at the expense of yield. The primary paths to higher polarization are material design and electron transport. Our work addresses the latter. Photoexcited electrons may be preferentially emitted or suppressed by an electric field applied across the active region. We are tuning this forward bias for maximum polarization and yield, together with other parameters, e.g., doping profile Preliminary measurements have been carried out on bulk GaAs. As expected, the yield change far from the bandgap is quite large. The bias is applied to the bottom (non-activated) side of the cathode so that the accelerating potential as measured with respect to the ground potential chamber walls is unchanged for different front-to-back cathode bias values. For a bias which enhances emission, the yield nearly doubles. For a bias which diminishes emission, the yield is approximately one half of the zero bias case. The size of the bias to cause an appreciable effect is rather small reflecting the low drift kinetic energy in the zero bias case.

• V. Gorgadze
  UCB, Berkeley, California
• J.S. Wurtele
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

RF photocathode guns are excellent sources of high brightness electron bunches. In the limit of high-current short bunches the electron are complicated space-charge fields. To mitigate space charge effect downstream of the gun it is often desirable to produce electorn bunches with uniform distribution. Our goal is to understand to what extent the non-uniformity of the laser pulse intensity is responsible for a non-uniform electron distribution and to what extent this is due to the electron beam dynamics near to the cathode. We investigate these effects with particle-in-cell simulations and simple theory. These studies are focused on the regime where the peak current as well as the temporal current profile are influenced by the self-fields of the bunch. The simulation code XOOPIC has been employed. The critical current limitation for virtual cathode formation and current density profile at the exit of the injector have been found.

• X. Bian, H. Chen, S. Zheng
  TUB, Beijing
• D. Li
  LBNL, Berkeley, California

• P. Chen, R. Yi, D. Yu
  DULY Research Inc., Rancho Palos Verdes, California

Pre-acceleration of photoelectrons in a pulsed, high voltage, short, dc gap and its subsequent injection into an rf gun is a promising method to improve electron beam emittance in rf accelerators. Simulation work has been performed in order to optimize the geometric shapes of a dc/rf gun and improve electron beam properties. Variations were made on cathode and anode shapes, dc gap distance, and inlet shape of the rf cavity. Simulations showed that significant improvement on the normalized emittance (< 1 mm-mrad), compared to a dc gun with flat cathode, could be obtained after the geometric shapes of the gun were optimized.