DESY, Hamburg
The European XFEL project is entering the construction phase, based on the very successful experience of the TESLA linac technology and the SASE FEL concept, now serving the FLASH user facility at DESY. The EU-XFEL will be realized by a widespread international collaboration and it is also relevant for the ILC planning. A description of the overall layout of the facility, of the technical developments and industrialization efforts for the accelerator components, and of the international collaboration will be given.
NSC/KIPT, Kharkov
Experiments with heavy ion beams accelerated to an energy of 8.5 MeV/u as well as the work at developing new methods of acceleration and upgrading of accelerating structures are carried on at the Kharkov heavy-ion linear accelerator MILAC. The accelerating H-type structure with drift tubes of interdigital type (IH-structure) has been introduced in the main section and two pre-stripping sections of the MILAC accelerator. New original methods of tuning developed at MILAC have enabled the formation of uniform distribution of the accelerating field along the whole length of the accelerating structure. The introduction of IH accelerating structures of various modifications at the MILAC accelerator substantially extends the scientific and applied ranges of research. It involves experimental studies with heavy ions beams for production of track-etched membranes, generation of unique radionuclides, developments of proton and ion therapy, studies of radiation characteristics of constructional materials for nuclear engineering, investigations into the processes of fusion-fission of superheavy nuclei, and many other problems of nuclear physics.
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
Funding: This work supported by the US National Nuclear Security Agency and the US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396
The mission of the Dual Axis Radiograph Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) Facility is to conduct experiments on dynamic events of extremely dense materials. The PSS control system is designed specifically to prevent personnel from becoming exposed to radiation and explosive hazards during machine operations and/or the firing site operation. This paper will outline the Radiation Safety System (RSS) and the High Explosive Safety System (HESS) which are computer-controlled sets of positive interlocks, warning devices, and other exclusion mechanisms that together form the PSS.
CERN, Geneva
The CERN CLIC test facility (CTF3) aims at assessing the feasibility of the future multi-TeV Compact Linear Collider (CLIC). The CTF3 Tail Clipper Collimator (TCC) will serve to adjust the bunch train length of the beam extracted from the combiner ring, in combination with a fast kicker magnet. In addition, the TCC will operate, when required, as an internal beam dump. The challenge of the TCC design is to meet the requirements of both collimator and dump operational modes for a low energy e- beam (100-300 MeV) of 35 A peak intensity. The TCC collimator will be installed at the end of 2008 in the TL2 transfer line of CTF3. This paper describes the final design of the TCC and the main issues related to its integration in the line.
ANL, Argonne
Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
An Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) is one possibility for an upgrade to the Advanced Photon Source (APS). In addition to the linac itself, our concept involves a large turn-around arc (TAA) at 7 GeV that would eventually accommodate many new beamlines. Previously, we based the TAA design on isochronous triple-bend archromat (TBA) cells, since these are expected to provide some immunity to the effects of coherent synchrotron radiation. In the present work, we compare the previous TBA-based design to a new design based on double-bend achromat cells, in terms of emittance growth, energy spread growth, and energy recovery. We also explore the trade-off between optimization of the beta functions in the straight sections and minimization of emittance growth.
ANL, Argonne
Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
One of the possible options for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) upgrade is an energy-recovery linac (ERL). In its main operating mode, the ERL bunch length would be two picoseconds. Even though this bunch length is already a factor of 20 shorter than the present APS bunch length, some experiments might require shorter X-ray pulses. For the APS storage ring, we plan to use an rf deflection technique* to generate one-picosecond X-ray pulses. In this approach, an rf cavity is used to deliver longitudinally dependent vertical kick to the electron beam and then a pair of slits is used to slice vertically streaked X-ray beam. We investigate the possibility and benefits of utilizing this technique to generate shorter X-ray pulses at the ERL.
*A. Zholents, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 425 (1999) 385.
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai
The coherent synchrotron and transition radiation from electron bunches of a linear accelerator (linac) has continuous spectra in a submillimeter to millimeter wavelength range at relatively high peak-intensities. This light source has been applied to absorption spectroscopy by the authors for various kinds of matters with relatively strong light absorbance such as water and aqueous solutions. The other important characteristics of the coherent radiation are picosecond pulsed light and the high peak intensity of the electric field which can be introduced into matters. In our new project the light source using the pulsed coherent synchrotron and transition radiation will be developed by using the electron beams of a 18 MeV S-band electron linac at Osaka Prefecture University (OPU). The pulse shape of the radiation has been evaluated from the shape of the electron bunch. The system of the light source has been optimized and is under construction. The light source will be applied to the pulsed excitation of matters and to the pump-probe experiment using the electron beam and the coherent radiation.
ANL, Argonne
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Funding: Work Argonne supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract number DE-AC02-06CH11357.
A Beam-Loss Monitor (BLM) system based on the detection of Cerenkov radiation is in development at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) for the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) free-electron laser. The electron beam will vary in energy nominally from 4 to 14 GeV with a beam charge of 0.2 to 1.0 nC and a maximum repetition rate of 120 Hz. To limit radiation-induced demagnetization of the undulator permanent magnets, the BLM will provide beam-loss threshold detection as part of the Machine Protection System (MPS). The detector incorporates a large volume (30 cc) fused silica Cerenkov radiator coupled to a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The output of the PMT is conditioned locally by a charge amplifier circuit and then digitized at the front end of the MPS rack electronics. During commissioning, the device will be calibrated by inserting a 1-micron aluminum foil into the beam, upstream of the undulator magnets. The present design calls for five BLM detector units to be distributed throughout the 33 undulator magnets. Beam-based testing is to begin at the APS storage ring during the summer of 2008. Details and status of the detector hardware, electronics, and simulations will be discussed.
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
Particle beams have exhibited a two-stream instability for many decades; this undesirable trait has been well-understood for many years. We propose creating a scheme that uses a beam of electrons with two distinct energies that will develop the two-stream instability as a bunching mechanism. By controlling the beam parameters and seeding them with a low-level rf signal, a gain as high as 2.5 dB per centimeter is predicted. We show the theory behind this concept and recent progress in a developing experiment.
SLAC, Menlo Park, California
Static magnetic field undulators are capable of producing quasi-monochromatic synchrotron radiation of very high brightness. However, it is not possible to quickly change the properties such as polarization of the radiation in a static undulator. It is possible to construct an undulator using microwaves instead of static magnets where the electron beam is undulated by both electric and magnetic fields of an rf wave. A major advantage with a microwave undulator is that the radiation properties can be changed very quickly. The biggest challenge in developing a microwave undulator is in keeping the rf losses low. We are designing a microwave undulator with the aim of achieving at least a tenth of the flux obtained by the BL13 static magnetic field Elliptical Polarized Undulator in the SPEAR ring. We have considered circular waveguide modes and hybrid HE11 mode in a corrugated waveguide as possible candidates for the microwave undulator. It is found that a corrugated waveguide has the lowest rf losses with a very desirable field profile. It is also possible to use this device for a linac driven FEL. Our analysis of the corrugated waveguide cavity for the rf undulator will be presented.
KEK, Ibaraki
A new type of rotating anticathode X-ray generator has been developed, in which the electron beam irradiates the inner surface of a U-shaped anticathode. A high-flux electron beam is focused on the inner surface by optimizing the shape of the bending magnet. In order to minimize the sizes of the X-ray source, the electron beam is focused strongly in a short distance by the bending magnet which is small and is close to the rotating anticathode. The power of the electron beam can be increased to the point at which the irradiated part of the inner surface is melted, because a strong centrifugal force fixes the melted part on the inner surface. We have achieved emission of X-rays 10 times more brilliant than can be attained by a conventional rotating anticathode. The development is still in progress. New results will be reported in detail.
Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai
Energetic electron beams higher than several MeV occasionally induce direct nuclear reactions with the target nuclei. These processes are attributed to the quasi-elastic scattering of electrons (e,e') with the target nuclei and similar to the photo-nuclear reactions. These reactions are considered to be useful for the non-destructive analysis of heavy elements such as U and Th. In addition, a two-dimensional analysis is realized only by scanning of electron beam. On the other hand, the huge X-ray burst caused by the bremsstrahlung with the electron pulse bombardment is the most harmful phenomenon for the radiation measurement system. In this study, an ultra low intensity electron beam was used for relieving the problem, which has been developed by modifying an electron linear accelerator. The minimum beam charge about several aC/pulse has been achieved at the present. Consequently, the neutron emitted by Pb(e,e'n)Pb reaction was measured successfully by the use of the low intensity beams. The linearity between the neutron count and the concentration of Pb in the target was verified experimentally.
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
ANL, Argonne
Funding: Work supported by the Department of Education under contract P116Z010035 with Northern Illinois University.
A simple, inexpensive, and compact low-energy (~20 KeV) photoemission electron source was designed, built and recently commissioned. It uses a commercial ultraviolet photocathode drive laser producing 3 ns RMS pulse. The source will eventually be used to drive a table-top THz radiation source, based on the Smith-Purcell free-electron laser scheme, and could also have potential application to time-resolved electron microcopy. We present experimental measurements of the photoemitted electron beam and numerical simulations of the anticipated parameters. We also discuss the generation of flat beams required to efficiently drive the THz radiation source.
MPI-K, Heidelberg
CERN, Geneva
Thermo, Liverpool, New York
A thorough understanding of halo formation and its possible control is highly desirable for essentially all particle accelerators. Limiting the number of particles in the halo region of a beam would allow for minimizing beam losses and maximizing beam transmission, i.e. the experimental output. Measurements based on either optical transition radiation (OTR) or synchrotron radiation (SR) provide an interesting opportunity for high dynamic range measurements of the transverse beam profile, since the signal is linear with the beam charge over a wide range and is routinely used in many diagnostic applications. In this contribution, first results on beam halo measurements obtained from a flexible core masking technique and an innovative CID camera system are summarized.
KEK, Ibaraki
A new beam-charge interlock system has been developed for radiation safety and machine protection at the KEKB injector linac. Although the previous software-based interlock system was working, it was replaced by the new hardware-based one. The new interlock system restricts the integrated amount of beam charges delivered to four different storage rings (KEKB e+, KEKB e-, PF, PF-AR) at six locations along the linac. When the integrated amount of beam charges exceeds a certain threshold level prescribed at each location, the beam-abort requests are directly sent through a twisted hardwire cable to the safety control system of the linac. The new interlock system boosted its reliability in comparison with the previous system. The full-scale operation of the new interlock system has been started since the end of March 2008. In this report we describe the operational performance of the new beam-charge interlock system.
KEK, Ibaraki
A new nondestructive bunch-length monitor has been numerically investigated. The monitor detects electromagnetic fields generated through a ceramic gap of a vacuum pipe when a charged particle beam passes through the pipe gap. The frequency spectrum of the electromagnetic fields detected in wave zone spreads over a millimeter-wave length from a microwave length region for a short pulse beam with a bunch length of pico-second region. The frequency spectrum strongly depends on the bunch length of the relativistic charged beam if the geometrical structure of the pipe gap is fixed. The detection principle of the bunch-length monitor and some numerical analysis results applied to a single-bunch electron beam of the KEKB injector linac are described in this report.
CERN, Geneva
In the CLIC Test Facility 3 (CTF3), the strong coupling between the beam and the accelerating cavities (full beam loading) induces transient effects such that the head of the pulse is accelerated almost twice as much as the steady-state part of the pulse. The beam optics in the machine is tailored for the steady-state and not for the higher energy electrons, which are gradually lost. This can lead to inefficiency and contributes to the activation of the machine. A beam loading compensation scheme has been proposed to minimize this effect. By delaying appropriately the arrival time of rf pulse in accelerating cavities with respect to the beam, the transient energy can be brought close (to within a few percent) of the steady-state one. This paper presents the measurements done on CTF3 using time resolved energy measurements.
CERN, Geneva
NU, Evanston
The CLIC Test Facility CTF3, being built at CERN by an international collaboration, should demonstrate the feasibility of the CLIC two-beam technology by 2010. One of the issues addressed is the control of the electron bunch length in the whole complex. A bunch length measurement system with good resolution is therefore paramount. Two different systems are presently used in CTF3, based on microwave spectroscopy and on transverse rf deflectors, respectively. In the paper we describe the two systems, we discuss the different experimental methods used and present the results of the latest measurement campaigns.
Fermilab, Batavia
ANL, Argonne
Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357
Strong enhancements of the optical transition radiation (OTR) signal sampled after bunch compression in the Advanced Photon Source (APS) linac chicane have been observed as has been reported in LCLS injector commissioning. A FIR CTR detector and interferometer were used to monitor the bunch compression process of the PC gun beam down to sub-0.5 ps (FWHM) and correlate the appearance of spatially localized spikes of OTR signal (5 to 10 times brighter than adjacent areas) within the beam image footprint. We also observed that a beam from a thermionic cathode gun with much lower charge per micropulse (but a similar total macropulse charge to the PC gun) showed no enhancement of the OTR signal after compression. Reconstructions of the temporal profiles from the autocorrelations of both beams were performed and will be presented. Spectral-dependence measurements of the enhanced OTR were done initially at the 375-MeV station using a series of bandpass filters inserted before the CCD camera. Tests with an Oriel spectrometer with ICCD readout are now being planned to extend those studies. Discussions of the possible mechanisms for the OTR enhancements will be presented.
JLAB, Newport News, Virginia
CASA, newport news
Fermilab, Batavia
Optical diffraction radiation (ODR) is a promising technique, which could be used for non interceptive beam size measurements at future light sources. An ODR diagnostic station was designed and installed on a CEBAF transfer beam line. The purpose of the setup is to evaluate experimentally the applicability range for an ODR based non interceptive beam size monitor and to collect data to benchmark numerical modeling of the ODR. An extensive set of measurements were made at the electron beam energy of 4.5 GeV. The ODR measurements were made for both pulsed and CW electron beam of up to 80 uA. The wavelength dependence and polarization components of the ODR were studied using a set of insertable bandpass filters and polarizers. The typical transverse beam size during the measurements was ~150 microns. Complete ODR data, wavelength and polarization, were recorded for different beam sizes and intensities. The beam size was also measured with an optical transition radiation (OTR) as well as wire scanner located next to the ODR station. In this contribution we describe the experimental setup and present first results of the measurements with the comparison to the numerical simulations.
INFN/LNF, Frascati (Roma)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Milano
CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette
INFN-Roma II, Roma
ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma)
SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette
INFN-Roma, Roma
UCLA, Los Angeles, California
DESY, Hamburg
Funding: Work partially supported by the EU Commission in the sixth framework program. Contract No. 011935 EUROFEL and MIUR(Research Department of Italian Government).
An intense activity on high brilliance photo-injectors for SASE-FEL experiments and facilities, is being carried out, since 2003, in the research site of the INFN Frascati Laboratory, Rome, in collaboration with CNR and ENEA. The SPARC project, a 150 MeV photo-injector, is currently in advanced phase of commissioning. The electron beam, which drives a 530 nm FEL experiment, is being characterized in terms of emittance, energy spread, peak current. The matching with the linac confirmed the theoretical prediction of emittance compensation based on the invariant-envelope matching. The demonstration of the velocity-bunching technique is in progress too. The SPARC photo-injector is the test facility for the soft-X FEL project named SPARX, that is based on the generation of ultra high peak brightness electron beams at the energies of 1.2 and 2.4 GeV generating radiation in the 1.5-13 nm range. SPARX will be realized in the Tor-Vergata University campus. In this paper we report the experimental results obtained so far with SPARC and the design status of the SPARX project.
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
Fermilab, Batavia
LBNL, Berkeley, California
Funding: Work supported by Fermi Research Alliance LLC. Under DE-AC02- 07CH11359 with the U.S. DOE and by the Department of Education under contract P116Z010035 with Northern Illinois University
Fermilab is currently constructing a GeV-scale electron accelerator test facility. The accelerator will serve as a backbone for several Fermilab R&D programs, e.g., to test subsystem associated to project-X, ILC and the muon collider program. It is also anticipated that this facility will support beam physics and accelerator R&D programs such as testing of novel acceleration techniques, beam diagnostics and radiation sources concepts. In this paper we describe a possible option for the electron injector based on a photoemission rf gun. Optimization and performance studies of this ~50 MeV photoinjector are performed with various tracking programs (Astra, GPT, Impact-T, Impact-Z). We explore the performances of the magnetic bunch compressor which is extremely challenging at 50 MeV due to strong phase space dilution via collective effects (space charge and coherent synchrotron radiation). We also investigate the generation of flat beams with very high transverse emittance ratio using a round-to-flat beam transformer.
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Funding: SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 for the U.S. Department of Energy
Superconducting rf cavity facilities are currently being developed at SNS aimed at addressing the limitations and availability of installed cavities and the direct support of the future power upgrade plans. Efforts are directed towards development of in situ repairs and processing techniques to increase available linac gradients. Procedures have been developed and implemented and the results will be presented for the repair of four cryomodules in the last year. Cryomodule testing facilities are being developed to further understand the collective limitations of installed cavities and spare cryomodule production is underway to develop and fabricate two high beta and one medium beta cryomodules. The direction and status of SRF facilities will be presented.
DESY, Hamburg
FLASH, the FEL user facility at DESY, is operated with an electron beam energy up to 1 GeV corresponding to a photon wavelength down to 6.5 nm. The full year 2008 is dedicated to beam operation: about half of the time is scheduled for FEL users, and the rest for accelerator and FEL physics studies. Operational experience gathered at FLASH is very important not only for further improvements of the FLASH facility itself, but also for the European XFEL and for the ILC R&D effort. This talk reports our experience operating FLASH as a user facility. Failure statistics are included as well.