RUPAC2012 - List of Keywords (extraction)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
TUBCH02	Simulation of Beam Dynamics in the Extraction System of the JINR Phasotron	proton, simulation, vacuum, acceleration	76
	S.A. Kostromin, A. Chesnov, S.G. Shirkov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia L.M. Onischenko JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	Beam dynamics is studied in the extraction by the regenerative method from the JINR Phasotron (657 MeV, 3 mkA protons) using special complex of computer programs. Parameters of the beam at the deflector entrance are calculated. The beam extraction efficiency is found to be ~40%. The mean movement in the extraction channel is investigated. Calculated beam transverse parameters agree with the experimental ones to accuracy of~20%.
	Slides TUBCH02 [2.223 MB]

TUCCH01	New Ideas for Crystal Collimation	scattering, collimation, proton, simulation	79
	V.V. Tikhomirov, A.I. Sytov Belarussian State University, Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Problems, Minsk, Belarus
	Beam halo represents considerable threat for superconducting magnets. Crystals can increase the efficiency of collimation system being used both in channeling and volume reflection modes. We suggest to facilitate both these approaches using, respectively, the crystal cut method* to increase channeling capture efficiency and multiple volume reflection from different planes of one bent crystal(,) to increase the volume reflection angle. Efficiency of these methods drastically depends on the halo particle transverse distribution. The first approach is most efficient at smallest transverse diffusion rate while the second one in the opposite case. We also demonstrate that the miscut, i.e. the nonparallelity of lateral crystal surface and atomic planes, can considerably affect the collimation efficiency at present crystal collimation SPS experiments while will not be so important in the real LHC environment. V.V. Tikhomirov, JINST 2(2007) P08006. V.V. Tikhomirov, Phys. Lett. B. 655(2007)217. * W. Scandale, et al, Phys. Lett. B. 682(2009)274; EPL. 93(2011)56002.
	Slides TUCCH01 [2.222 MB]

WEYCH01	Accelerator Complex U70 of IHEP: Status and Upgrades	ion, feedback, bunching, proton	85
	S.V. Ivanov IHEP, Moscow Region, Russia
	The report overviews present status of the Accelerator Complex U70 of IHEP-Protvino comprising four machines (2 linear accelerators and 2 synchrotrons). Particular emphasis is put on the recent upgrades implemented since the previous conference RuPAC-2010.
	Slides WEYCH01 [2.404 MB]

WEACH01	Use of Bent-Crystal Deflectors to Steer Beam in U-70 Accelerator of IHEP - Status and Prospects	target, proton, ion, focusing	95
	A.G. Afonin, V.I. Baranov, Y.A. Chesnokov, V.A. Maisheev, V. Terekhov, I.A. Yazynin IHEP, Moscow Region, Russia
	The report presents an overview the results of IHEP activity in the field of study and using bent crystals to steer high-energy proton and ion beam obtained during 2010-2012. The hardware installed to study crystal collimation and extraction is described. A new dedicated beam transfer line was arranged to study the performance of crystals. It has been shown that the crystal deflectors developed are capable of sustaining long-term operation to deliver high-energy extracted beams for fixed-target physics. Experience with practical applications of bent crystals are outlined. First results on the extraction 24.1 GeV/nucleon carbon ions are also presented.

WEBOR02	Some Design Features of the 80 MeV H⁻ Isochronous Cyclotron at Gatchina	cyclotron, focusing, vacuum, injection	109
	G.A. Riabov, S.A. Artamonov, E.M. Ivanov, G.F. Mikheev, Yu.T. Mironov, B.B. Tokarev PNPI, Gatchina, Leningrad District, Russia V.G. Mudrolyubov NIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Russia
	To minimize the expenditures while designing the cyclotron an attempt was made to use at most the existing synchrocyclotron infrastructure, i.e. the building with the radiation shielding, the bridge crane for 30 tones, the electric power, water cooling, ventilation systems, etc. The iron yoke of the existing synchrocyclotron magnet model is used for a magnet system. The special magnetic structure with very low value of the flatter 0.025 and extremely high spiral angle about 60 degree in the radii range from 0.3 up to 0.9 m was developed to provide acceleration of H-minus ions up to energy 80 MeV in the magnet with extraction radius 0.9 m. Special attention was paid to thoroughly study effects of the highly spiraled structure: decrease of the flatter with introduction of the spiral angle, discrepancy between the magnetic and geometrical spiral angles, the spiral angle inefficiency in the cyclotron central region.
	Slides WEBOR02 [1.952 MB]

WECCH01	Advances of Light-Ion Acceleration Program in the U70	ion, proton, target, light-ion	120
	S.V. Ivanov IHEP, Moscow Region, Russia
	The paper reports on the recent progress in implementing the program of accelerating light ions in the Accelerator Complex U70 of IHEP-Protvino. The list of milestones achieved since RuPAC-2010 includes: (1) Proof-of-principle acceleration of Carbon-12 to the top available 34.1 GeV per nucleon (specific kinetic energy). (2) Circulation and slow extraction from U70 of the carbon beam at flat-bottom 455 MeV per nucleon. (3) The first ever successful extraction of Carbon nuclei at 24.1 GeV per nucleon to the existing beam transfer line #22 followed by feeding the FODS experimental facility with carbon beam for fixed-target high-energy nuclear physics start-up.
	Slides WECCH01 [1.956 MB]

THBCH02	Beam Extraction System for Industrial Electron Accelerator ILU-14	electron, vacuum, radiation, controls	161
	V.V. Bezuglov, A.A. Bryazgin, B.L. Faktorovich, E.N. Kokin, V.M. Radchenko, E.A. Shtarklev, A. YU. Vlasov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	This paper describes beam extraction system for pulse linear electron accelerator ILU-14 with energy range 7.5-10 MeV and beam power up to 100 kW. The main aim of this work was to achieve the uniform dose field in radiation zone. Admissible dose nonuniformity is of no more than ± 5% along the scanning length up to 1 m (if necessary, the scanning length may be reduced). Geometrical and electron-optical characteristics of all the beam channel elements were optimized after computer simulation of electron trajectories. To achieve the required nonuniformity of dose field additional electromagnets were installed. These magnets realize beam focusing and centering of the beam endwise of the channel, as well as correction of the scanning field. Control system of magnets power supply allows the online correction of electron beam.
	Slides THBCH02 [0.403 MB]

FRACH04	Acceleration Technique Developed at JINR for Hadron Therapy	ion, electron, cyclotron, proton	194
	E. Syresin JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	The JINR activities are aimed on the construction of accelerators for proton and carbon ion therapy. JINR-IBA have developed and constructed the proton cyclotron C235-V3. The cyclotron will be delivered in the first Russian hospital center of the proton therapy in Dimitrovgrad in 2012. The project of the medical carbon synchrotron was developed in JINR. The project goal is accumulation of the superconducting Nuclotron technology at construction of the carbon synchrotron. Accelerated 12C ion beams are effectively used for cancer treatment. The PET is the most effective way of tumor diagnostics. The intensive radioactive 11C ion beam could allow both these advantages to be combined. JINR-NIRS collaboration develops formation of a primary radioactive ion beam at intensity on the tumor target of 10⁸ pps for the scanning radiation. A superconducting cyclotron C400 has been designed by the IBA-JINR collaboration. This cyclotron will be used for radiotherapy with proton, helium and carbon ions. Its construction was started in 2010 within the framework of the Archarde project (France). The interaction between delta electrons and DNA molecules is one of the important processes in the hadron therapy. The formation of low energy electrons and DNA ions are presented for the KEK electrostatic storage ring with the electron target developed by JINR-NIRS collaboration.
	Slides FRACH04 [2.934 MB]

FRYOR01	Recent Development in ECR Ion Sources at FLNR JINR	ion, ion-source, cyclotron, injection	203
	S.L. Bogomolov, V.B. Bekhterev, A.A. Efremov, B. Gikal, G.G. Gulbekyan, Yu.K. Kostyukhov, N. Lebedev, V.N. Loginov, Yu. Yazvitsky JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	In the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (JINR) the development of ion sources based on the plasma electrons heating at the frequency of electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) is stimulated by the necessity of the accelerator complex (U-400, U-400M and CI-100 cyclotrons) upgrading as well as by creation of the new high current cyclotrons for basic and applied research. Six ECR ion sources have been operated in the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (JINR) supplying various ion species for the U400 and U400M cyclotrons correspondingly for experiments on the synthesis of heavy and exotic nuclei using ion beams of stable and radioactive isotopes, for solid state physics experiments and polymer membrane fabrication. In this paper the new development concerned with modernization of ECR4M ion source, development of the new superconducting ion source DECRIS-SC2 and creation of the DECRIS-5 ion source for the DC-110 cyclotron complex will be presented.
	Slides FRYOR01 [5.754 MB]

FRBCH01	Development of the IBA-JINR Cyclotron C235-V3 for Dimitrovgrad Hospital Center of the Proton Therapy	cyclotron, proton, beam-losses, focusing	221
	S.A. Kostromin, S. Gurskiy, G.A. Karamysheva, M.Y. Kazarinov, S.A. Korovkin, S.P. Mokrenko, N.A. Morozov, A.G. Olshevsky, V.M. Romanov, E. Samsonov, N.G. Shakun, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, E. Syresin JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia P. Cahay, Y. Jongen, Y. Paradis IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
	The Dimitrovgrad project, the first Russian hospital center of the proton therapy, was approved in 2010. The JINR-IBA collaboration developed and constructed the C235-V3 proton cyclotron for this center. The assembly and the beam tests of the machine were done in 2011-2012 in special experimental hall in JINR. This cyclotron is a substantially modified version C235-V3 of the IBA C235 serial cyclotron. C235-V3 has the improved extraction system which was constructed and tested. This system allows raise the extraction efficiency up to 77% from 50% in comparison with serial C235. Special mapping system (for Br-component) of the magnetic field was developed and constructed by JINR for the shimming of the Br-field in the middle plane of the cyclotron. Tests with accelerated and extracted beam were performed in August 2012 in JINR. Beam vertical motion in the cyclotron is in the acceptable limits (ΔZbeam≤3 mm). Transmission from r=300mm to 10³⁰ is 72% without beam cutting diaphragms. This allows reduce irradiation dose of the machine elements in comparison with serial C235. Extraction efficiency is 62%. Total efficiency of the machine is 45%. Recommendations are formulated to modify the magnetic system and reduce sensitivity of the machine to the magnetic field imperfections. Most of changes concerned with the increasing of the vertical focusing at the final radii.
	Slides FRBCH01 [6.282 MB]

FRBCH03	High Voltage ELV Accelerators for Industrial Application (Family of Accelerators and Tendency of Development)	electron, ion, vacuum, high-voltage	227
	B.S. Han, W.G. Kang, S.M. Kim EB TECH Co. Ltd., Daejeon, Republic of Korea N.K. Kuksanov, R.A. Salimov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	Due to the necessity of pilot scale test facility for continuous treatment of wastewater and gases on the spot, a mobile electron beam irradiation system mounted on a trailer has developed in EB TECH Co. Ltd. and Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. This mobile electron beam irradiation system is designed for the individual field application with self-shielded structure of steel plate and lead block which will satisfy the required safety figures of ICRP. Design parameters are limited by the allowable total weight and height of the trailer on the road which controlled by National Authorities. Therefore, the output parameter of electron beam is designed for 0.7 MeV and 20 kW through 600 mm window. Shielding of a mobile electron accelerator has been examined by Monte Carlo technique (MCNP code). Calculations using two different versions (version 4c2 and version 5) of MCNP showed agreements within statistical uncertainties, and the highest leakage is far below the tolerable radiation dose limit. This mobile unit will be used for on-site test of liquid waste and gaseous waste in Saudi Arabia by Saudi ARAMCO and U.S.A. by PELE Technology Inc. together with EB TECH Co. Ltd. This unit could treat up to 500m3 of liquid waste per day or 10,000 Nm3 of gases per day.
	Slides FRBCH03 [11.807 MB]

TUPPB003	Progress in NICA Booster Design	injection, booster, kicker, lattice	310
	A.S. Valkovich, O.S. Kozlov, I.N. Meshkov, V.A. Mikhaylov, A.O. Sidorin, G.V. Trubnikov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	New collider facility NICA * is envisioned to be built at The Joint Institute of Nuclear Research. The work presented explores issues of correction system of the Booster Synchrotron. The optimal arrangement of Beam Position Monitors and Orbit Correctors along the ring was investigated in order to achieve decent quality of the orbit correction. The SVD properties of the orbit correction system are presented. Optimal arrangement of the sextupole lenses for the correction of chromaticity of the ring was obtained. The reduction of the dynamical aperture due to the presence of the sextupole lenses was minimized by means of proper choice of betatron phase advances between the lenses. * Design and construction of Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA), Conceptual design report, Editors I.Meshkov, A.Sidorin, JINR, Dubna, 2008

TUPPB008	SNOP – Beam Dynamics Analysis Code for Compact Cyclotrons	cyclotron, simulation, space-charge, acceleration	325
	V.L. Smirnov JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia S.B. Vorozhtsov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	The program complex intended for particle dynamic simulations in a compact cyclotron from an injection line to the extraction system is described. The main features of the program SNOP are usage of 3D electric and magnetic field maps, beam space charge effect calculation and analysis of the beam losses on structure elements of the facility under consideration. An optimal usage of the modern computer capabilities and graphic libraries for visualization is a key issue in the program development. The beam dynamic modeling results for various cyclotrons are presented.

TUPPB015	The Parameters Extracted Beams in Recirculator SALO	dipole, electron, quadrupole, recirculation	344
	I.S. Guk, S.G. Kononenko, F.A. Peev, A.S. Tarasenko NSC/KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine
	Taking into account the nonlinearity of the dipole and quadrupole lenses are calculated beam parameters on the output channels of the recirculator SALO.

TUPPB016	Investigation of Phase Trajectories of Particles Motion in a Synchrotron Near the Nonlinear Resonance of Third Order	resonance, synchrotron, storage-ring, octupole	347
	Y.A. Bashmakov LPI, Moscow, Russia
	The nonlinear resonance of third order plays an important role in the particle dynamics in circular accelerators, colliders and storage rings and is widely used for slow extraction of particles from synchrotrons. Consideration is carried out in the canonical variables X, Y which at a given accelerator azimuth are simply related to the angle and the deviation of the circulating particles relative to the equilibrium orbit. The problem is reduced to the construction of the phase trajectories, which are the curves of the third or fourth order and determine the type of the motion near the resonance under consideration. The construction of the phase trajectories is performed by the Klein's perturbation method. The influence on the particles dynamics of oсtupole component of the magnetic fields is investigated.

TUPPB027	Some Problems of Beam Slow Extraction	feedback, controls, resonance, beam-transport	373
	S.N. Andrianov St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
	Funding: The work is supported by Federal Targeted Program "Scientific and Scientific-Pedagogical Personnel of the Innovative Russia in 2009-2013" (Governmental Contract no. p 793) In this paper we discuss some problems of modeling of beam slow extraction systems. It is known that similar type of beam extraction is used for different kind of circular accelerators. Among the most important requirements for such systems is necessary to mention the time uniformity of the extracted beam. There exist the following two key causes. The first of them is induced by time discontinuity of the corresponding steering electrical currents, and the second cause is induced by an beam inertia which usually connected with beam feedback mechanism, which is usually used for temporal smoothing of the corresponding magnetic (and electrical) fields. In the base of our approach we put the matrix formalism for Lie algebraic tools, which allows us to analyze different kind of the time discontinuity cause.

TUPPB039	The Motion of Ionic Flux in an Electron Layer	electron, ion, plasma, vacuum	403
	A.S. Chikhachev, Y.A. Kovalenko Allrussian Electrotechnical Institute, Moskow, Russia
	Processes of ion extraction from plasma are very important for experiment. This process is studied in a lot of theoretical works. In work * was shown that ions leave plasma with velocities, exceeding ion-sound velocity. In real conditions when electron temperature exceeds the ion temperature, quantity ions accelerated is exponentially small. In work was shown that transition layer in system "plasma-vacuum" are infinitely great. In * equilibrium states with nonzero flow of electrons are studied, where electrons and ions have the same drift direction. In presented work equilibrium states are studied when nonzero electron flow has drift direction perpendicular to ion drift direction. States were examined with finite thickness and in condition of electrons, occupying half of the layer. * K.-U.Riemann, J.Phys. D, 1991, 24, 493. N.Sternberg, V.Godyak, IEEE Plasma Sc., 35, 2007, 1341. * Yu.A.Kovalenko, T.V.Chernyshev, A.S.Chikhachev, Izv. RAN, "Energetika", 2011, 4, 24.

TUPPB054	High Current Ion Sources for the FAIR Accelerator Facility	ion, ion-source, injection, plasma	436
	R. Hollinger, A. Adonin, W.A. Barth, J. Pfister GSI, Darmstadt, Germany N. Chauvin CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
	Vacuum Arc Ion Sources and filament driven Multi Cusp Ion Sources are used for the production of high current ion beams of a variety of metallic and gaseous ions at the GSI accelerator facility. For the future project FAIR (Facility of Antiproton and Ion Research) it is foreseen to provide in addition a high current proton beam and an exclusive uranium beam from two new ion source injectors. The contribution gives an overview of the performance of the existing high current injector and presents the challenges for the future injectors for proton and uranium production.

WEPPC003	Beam Pulse Separation System of INR Linac	linac, target, vacuum, cavity	451
	V.L. Serov, N.I. Brusova, A. Feschenko, O.V. Grekhov, Y.Z. Kalinin, V.N. Mikhailov, A.A. Stepanov RAS/INR, Moscow, Russia B.O. Bolshakov, A.V. Pozhensky NIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Russia
	The activity for beam intensity increasing and beam use efficiency improvement is under progress in INR linac. An important stage is the development and implementation of the Beam Pulse Separation System in the accelerator intermediate extraction area (160 MeV). The system is intended for distribution the beam pulses between Isotope Production Facility (up to 160 MeV) and the Experimental Facility located downstream of the accelerator exit. The report describes the upgrade of intermediate extraction area as well as the first results of experiments with the beam.

WEPPC015	Highly Accurate 3D Modeling of the C-80 Isochronous Cyclotron Magnetic Structure	cyclotron, ion, H-minus, simulation	475
	S.A. Artamonov, A.N. Chernov, E.M. Ivanov, G.A. Riabov PNPI, Gatchina, Leningrad District, Russia
	The very complicated magnetic structure with extremely high spiral angle and set of 17 correction shim types in each of 8 sectors is used in the H-minus ion isochronous cyclotron C-80. The 3D code MERMAID was applied to optimize geometry of the sectors and shims in the hill and value region. A precision finite-element model allows take into account the iron non-linear effects and the detailed magnet geometry. MERMAID makes use about 20.5 millions nodes and provides magnetic field calculation accuracy in 10^-20 Gs. The integral magnetic field parameters (isochronism, transversal motion frequency, H-minus ion electromagnetic dissociation) have been optimized by using the trajectory analyses. Program provides the significant reduction the time and efforts for the determination the necessary shims set in comparison with trial-and-error method.

WEPPC039	Data Processing and Quantitation in Nuclear Medicine	ion, diagnostics, radiation	526
	E.D. Kotina, V.A. Ploskikh St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
	Accelerators of charged particles, radiation detectors are widely used in nuclear therapy and nuclear diagnostics. So there is necessity for diagnostic processing of data obtained using these devices. Nuclear diagnostics is based on analysis of radiation passing through the study object emitted from radiopharmaceuticals within the object or from external radiation source. First stage of data processing is presentation of detector signals in 2D or 3D image form. Further processing is based on mathematical modeling of processes within the investigated object. Mathematical modeling of static, dynamic and periodic processes is considered for quantitative analysis of studies in nephrology, osteology, endocrinology and cardiology. The data processing and quantitation software suite is presented. Clinical applications of the developed suite are discussed. Possibilities of software deployment in clinical centers are considered.

WEPPC052	Beam Scanning System of Linear Accelerator for Radiation Processing	electron, controls, beam-losses, vacuum	547
	M.I. Demsky, V.V. Krotov, D.E. Trifonov CORAD Ltd., St. Petersburg, Russia
	The report represents a beam scanning system for irradiation of opposite sides of the boxes during one pass. This beam scanning system contains the well-known scanning system composed of scanning magnet and vacuum chamber with the beam extraction window covered by titanium foil. The bending magnet, which is located on the edge of this vacuum chamber, turns the electron beam to the metallic pipe, connected with the vacuum chamber. The metallic pipe goes sideways from the irradiated boxes and is connected with the second vacuum chamber, located inside of a 180 degrees bending magnet. Electrons are turning on 180 degrees and scanning along the opposite side of the boxes due to the hyperbolic shape of the current in a coil of the 180 degrees bending magnet. Therefore, electrons are scanning along one side of the box, then round the box sideway through the metallic pipe and scanning along the opposite side of this box after turning 180 degrees. The full cycle of the scanning can be repeated up to 6 times per second. The experimental results of this system operation with 10 MeV, 12 kW electron beam are given in this report.

WEPPC054	Updating of the "Electron-3M2" Accelerator in the Line for Radiation Curing of Polymer Coatings	radiation, electron, shielding, high-voltage	551
	V.P. Ovchinnikov, O.V. Borisov, I.V. Druzgalckiy, V.V. Koltsov, V.P. Maznev, A.I. Seleznev, M.P. Svinin NIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Russia
	In 2008-2009, NIIEFA specialists performed works on updating the "ELECTRON-3M" accelerator previously delivered to FSUE "Admiralty Shipyards" to be operated on the line for radiation curing of polymer coatings. After obtaining nominal parameters on the updated accelerator "ELECTRON-3M2", the intensity of bremsstrahlung radiation on the surface of the accelerator shielding was measured; the obtained data confirmed the machine compliance with corresponding norms and regulation documents. Measurements of parameters of the accelerator electron radiation field have demonstrated that the uniformity coefficient of the beam current linear density is 5%, and the symmetry coefficient amounts to 1%. The beam current and accelerating voltage instability during one hour of operation does not exceed 1%. After the updating, the lifetime of the accelerator will be not less than 10 years.

WEPPD041	Acceleration of Low Charge Krypton Ions in the CYTRACK Cyclotron	ion, cyclotron, acceleration, injection	632
	G.A. Karamysheva, Yu.N. Denisov, O. Karamyshev JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
	The basic results of numeric simulations of Krypton ion motion with decreased charge in cyclotron CYTRACK are presented. Cyclotron CYTRACK is the first world industrial cyclotron dedicated to produce the track membranes. Computer modeling confirms the possibility of ion acceleration in the formed magnetic field with increase of the magnetic field level by 1.6% on the 6 harmonic of the accelerating system. Beam energy will be sufficient for exposure of the film with thickness 10 um.

WEPPD059	AIRIX Measurement Chain Optimization For Electron Beam Dynamic and Dimensional Characteristics Analysis	electron, emittance, target, beam-transport	677
	F. Poulet, V. Bernigaud, H. Dzitko, J.K. Kranzmann, C. Noël, O. Pierret CEA, Pontfaverger-Moronvilliers, France C. Chollet CEA/DAM/DIF, Arpajon, France
	AIRIX is a linear accelerator dedicated to X-ray flash radiography at CEA's hydrotest facility. It has been designed to generate an intense X-ray pulse using a 2 kA, 19 MeV and 60 ns electron beam. The electron beam transport in the accelerator is insured by the knowledge of the dynamic and dimensional characteristics of the beam created downstream the injector. These characteristics are assessed from a measurement chain, established by adapted optics and an intensified camera, aiming at observing the Cerenkov radiation produced during the interaction of electrons with a mylar target placed in the beam. This paper deals with the characterization, and comparison with the previous model, of a new intensified camera which was experimentally tested on AIRIX during an injector characterization campaign. This allowed defining profile and emittance beam characteristics. The obtained results are promising and revealed very interesting properties in particular in term of dynamic, temporal resolution, linearity and signal-to-noise ratio.

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

TUBCH02

Simulation of Beam Dynamics in the Extraction System of the JINR Phasotron

proton, simulation, vacuum, acceleration

76

S.A. Kostromin, A. Chesnov, S.G. Shirkov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
L.M. Onischenko
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

Beam dynamics is studied in the extraction by the regenerative method from the JINR Phasotron (657 MeV, 3 mkA protons) using special complex of computer programs. Parameters of the beam at the deflector entrance are calculated. The beam extraction efficiency is found to be ~40%. The mean movement in the extraction channel is investigated. Calculated beam transverse parameters agree with the experimental ones to accuracy of~20%.

Slides TUBCH02 [2.223 MB]

TUCCH01

New Ideas for Crystal Collimation

scattering, collimation, proton, simulation

79

V.V. Tikhomirov, A.I. Sytov
Belarussian State University, Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Problems, Minsk, Belarus

Beam halo represents considerable threat for superconducting magnets. Crystals can increase the efficiency of collimation system being used both in channeling and volume reflection modes. We suggest to facilitate both these approaches using, respectively, the crystal cut method* to increase channeling capture efficiency and multiple volume reflection from different planes of one bent crystal(**,***) to increase the volume reflection angle. Efficiency of these methods drastically depends on the halo particle transverse distribution. The first approach is most efficient at smallest transverse diffusion rate while the second one in the opposite case. We also demonstrate that the miscut, i.e. the nonparallelity of lateral crystal surface and atomic planes, can considerably affect the collimation efficiency at present crystal collimation SPS experiments while will not be so important in the real LHC environment.
* V.V. Tikhomirov, JINST 2(2007) P08006.
** V.V. Tikhomirov, Phys. Lett. B. 655(2007)217.
*** W. Scandale, et al, Phys. Lett. B. 682(2009)274; EPL. 93(2011)56002.

Slides TUCCH01 [2.222 MB]

WEYCH01

Accelerator Complex U70 of IHEP: Status and Upgrades

ion, feedback, bunching, proton

85

S.V. Ivanov
IHEP, Moscow Region, Russia

The report overviews present status of the Accelerator Complex U70 of IHEP-Protvino comprising four machines (2 linear accelerators and 2 synchrotrons). Particular emphasis is put on the recent upgrades implemented since the previous conference RuPAC-2010.

Slides WEYCH01 [2.404 MB]

WEACH01

Use of Bent-Crystal Deflectors to Steer Beam in U-70 Accelerator of IHEP - Status and Prospects

target, proton, ion, focusing

95

A.G. Afonin, V.I. Baranov, Y.A. Chesnokov, V.A. Maisheev, V. Terekhov, I.A. Yazynin
IHEP, Moscow Region, Russia

The report presents an overview the results of IHEP activity in the field of study and using bent crystals to steer high-energy proton and ion beam obtained during 2010-2012. The hardware installed to study crystal collimation and extraction is described. A new dedicated beam transfer line was arranged to study the performance of crystals. It has been shown that the crystal deflectors developed are capable of sustaining long-term operation to deliver high-energy extracted beams for fixed-target physics. Experience with practical applications of bent crystals are outlined. First results on the extraction 24.1 GeV/nucleon carbon ions are also presented.

WEBOR02

Some Design Features of the 80 MeV H⁻ Isochronous Cyclotron at Gatchina

cyclotron, focusing, vacuum, injection

109

G.A. Riabov, S.A. Artamonov, E.M. Ivanov, G.F. Mikheev, Yu.T. Mironov, B.B. Tokarev
PNPI, Gatchina, Leningrad District, Russia
V.G. Mudrolyubov
NIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Russia

To minimize the expenditures while designing the cyclotron an attempt was made to use at most the existing synchrocyclotron infrastructure, i.e. the building with the radiation shielding, the bridge crane for 30 tones, the electric power, water cooling, ventilation systems, etc. The iron yoke of the existing synchrocyclotron magnet model is used for a magnet system. The special magnetic structure with very low value of the flatter 0.025 and extremely high spiral angle about 60 degree in the radii range from 0.3 up to 0.9 m was developed to provide acceleration of H-minus ions up to energy 80 MeV in the magnet with extraction radius 0.9 m. Special attention was paid to thoroughly study effects of the highly spiraled structure: decrease of the flatter with introduction of the spiral angle, discrepancy between the magnetic and geometrical spiral angles, the spiral angle inefficiency in the cyclotron central region.

Slides WEBOR02 [1.952 MB]

WECCH01

Advances of Light-Ion Acceleration Program in the U70

ion, proton, target, light-ion

120

S.V. Ivanov
IHEP, Moscow Region, Russia

The paper reports on the recent progress in implementing the program of accelerating light ions in the Accelerator Complex U70 of IHEP-Protvino. The list of milestones achieved since RuPAC-2010 includes: (1) Proof-of-principle acceleration of Carbon-12 to the top available 34.1 GeV per nucleon (specific kinetic energy). (2) Circulation and slow extraction from U70 of the carbon beam at flat-bottom 455 MeV per nucleon. (3) The first ever successful extraction of Carbon nuclei at 24.1 GeV per nucleon to the existing beam transfer line #22 followed by feeding the FODS experimental facility with carbon beam for fixed-target high-energy nuclear physics start-up.

Slides WECCH01 [1.956 MB]

THBCH02

Beam Extraction System for Industrial Electron Accelerator ILU-14

electron, vacuum, radiation, controls

161

V.V. Bezuglov, A.A. Bryazgin, B.L. Faktorovich, E.N. Kokin, V.M. Radchenko, E.A. Shtarklev, A. YU. Vlasov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

This paper describes beam extraction system for pulse linear electron accelerator ILU-14 with energy range 7.5-10 MeV and beam power up to 100 kW. The main aim of this work was to achieve the uniform dose field in radiation zone. Admissible dose nonuniformity is of no more than ± 5% along the scanning length up to 1 m (if necessary, the scanning length may be reduced). Geometrical and electron-optical characteristics of all the beam channel elements were optimized after computer simulation of electron trajectories. To achieve the required nonuniformity of dose field additional electromagnets were installed. These magnets realize beam focusing and centering of the beam endwise of the channel, as well as correction of the scanning field. Control system of magnets power supply allows the online correction of electron beam.

Slides THBCH02 [0.403 MB]

FRACH04

Acceleration Technique Developed at JINR for Hadron Therapy

ion, electron, cyclotron, proton

194

E. Syresin
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

The JINR activities are aimed on the construction of accelerators for proton and carbon ion therapy. JINR-IBA have developed and constructed the proton cyclotron C235-V3. The cyclotron will be delivered in the first Russian hospital center of the proton therapy in Dimitrovgrad in 2012. The project of the medical carbon synchrotron was developed in JINR. The project goal is accumulation of the superconducting Nuclotron technology at construction of the carbon synchrotron. Accelerated 12C ion beams are effectively used for cancer treatment. The PET is the most effective way of tumor diagnostics. The intensive radioactive 11C ion beam could allow both these advantages to be combined. JINR-NIRS collaboration develops formation of a primary radioactive ion beam at intensity on the tumor target of 10⁸ pps for the scanning radiation. A superconducting cyclotron C400 has been designed by the IBA-JINR collaboration. This cyclotron will be used for radiotherapy with proton, helium and carbon ions. Its construction was started in 2010 within the framework of the Archarde project (France). The interaction between delta electrons and DNA molecules is one of the important processes in the hadron therapy. The formation of low energy electrons and DNA ions are presented for the KEK electrostatic storage ring with the electron target developed by JINR-NIRS collaboration.

Slides FRACH04 [2.934 MB]

FRYOR01

Recent Development in ECR Ion Sources at FLNR JINR

ion, ion-source, cyclotron, injection

203

S.L. Bogomolov, V.B. Bekhterev, A.A. Efremov, B. Gikal, G.G. Gulbekyan, Yu.K. Kostyukhov, N. Lebedev, V.N. Loginov, Yu. Yazvitsky
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

In the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (JINR) the development of ion sources based on the plasma electrons heating at the frequency of electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) is stimulated by the necessity of the accelerator complex (U-400, U-400M and CI-100 cyclotrons) upgrading as well as by creation of the new high current cyclotrons for basic and applied research. Six ECR ion sources have been operated in the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (JINR) supplying various ion species for the U400 and U400M cyclotrons correspondingly for experiments on the synthesis of heavy and exotic nuclei using ion beams of stable and radioactive isotopes, for solid state physics experiments and polymer membrane fabrication. In this paper the new development concerned with modernization of ECR4M ion source, development of the new superconducting ion source DECRIS-SC2 and creation of the DECRIS-5 ion source for the DC-110 cyclotron complex will be presented.

Slides FRYOR01 [5.754 MB]

FRBCH01

Development of the IBA-JINR Cyclotron C235-V3 for Dimitrovgrad Hospital Center of the Proton Therapy

cyclotron, proton, beam-losses, focusing

221

S.A. Kostromin, S. Gurskiy, G.A. Karamysheva, M.Y. Kazarinov, S.A. Korovkin, S.P. Mokrenko, N.A. Morozov, A.G. Olshevsky, V.M. Romanov, E. Samsonov, N.G. Shakun, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, E. Syresin
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
P. Cahay, Y. Jongen, Y. Paradis
IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

The Dimitrovgrad project, the first Russian hospital center of the proton therapy, was approved in 2010. The JINR-IBA collaboration developed and constructed the C235-V3 proton cyclotron for this center. The assembly and the beam tests of the machine were done in 2011-2012 in special experimental hall in JINR. This cyclotron is a substantially modified version C235-V3 of the IBA C235 serial cyclotron. C235-V3 has the improved extraction system which was constructed and tested. This system allows raise the extraction efficiency up to 77% from 50% in comparison with serial C235. Special mapping system (for Br-component) of the magnetic field was developed and constructed by JINR for the shimming of the Br-field in the middle plane of the cyclotron. Tests with accelerated and extracted beam were performed in August 2012 in JINR. Beam vertical motion in the cyclotron is in the acceptable limits (ΔZbeam≤3 mm). Transmission from r=300mm to 10³⁰ is 72% without beam cutting diaphragms. This allows reduce irradiation dose of the machine elements in comparison with serial C235. Extraction efficiency is 62%. Total efficiency of the machine is 45%. Recommendations are formulated to modify the magnetic system and reduce sensitivity of the machine to the magnetic field imperfections. Most of changes concerned with the increasing of the vertical focusing at the final radii.

Slides FRBCH01 [6.282 MB]

FRBCH03

High Voltage ELV Accelerators for Industrial Application (Family of Accelerators and Tendency of Development)

electron, ion, vacuum, high-voltage

227

B.S. Han, W.G. Kang, S.M. Kim
EB TECH Co. Ltd., Daejeon, Republic of Korea
N.K. Kuksanov, R.A. Salimov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

Due to the necessity of pilot scale test facility for continuous treatment of wastewater and gases on the spot, a mobile electron beam irradiation system mounted on a trailer has developed in EB TECH Co. Ltd. and Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. This mobile electron beam irradiation system is designed for the individual field application with self-shielded structure of steel plate and lead block which will satisfy the required safety figures of ICRP. Design parameters are limited by the allowable total weight and height of the trailer on the road which controlled by National Authorities. Therefore, the output parameter of electron beam is designed for 0.7 MeV and 20 kW through 600 mm window. Shielding of a mobile electron accelerator has been examined by Monte Carlo technique (MCNP code). Calculations using two different versions (version 4c2 and version 5) of MCNP showed agreements within statistical uncertainties, and the highest leakage is far below the tolerable radiation dose limit. This mobile unit will be used for on-site test of liquid waste and gaseous waste in Saudi Arabia by Saudi ARAMCO and U.S.A. by PELE Technology Inc. together with EB TECH Co. Ltd. This unit could treat up to 500m3 of liquid waste per day or 10,000 Nm3 of gases per day.

Slides FRBCH03 [11.807 MB]

TUPPB003

Progress in NICA Booster Design

injection, booster, kicker, lattice

310

A.S. Valkovich, O.S. Kozlov, I.N. Meshkov, V.A. Mikhaylov, A.O. Sidorin, G.V. Trubnikov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

New collider facility NICA * is envisioned to be built at The Joint Institute of Nuclear Research. The work presented explores issues of correction system of the Booster Synchrotron. The optimal arrangement of Beam Position Monitors and Orbit Correctors along the ring was investigated in order to achieve decent quality of the orbit correction. The SVD properties of the orbit correction system are presented. Optimal arrangement of the sextupole lenses for the correction of chromaticity of the ring was obtained. The reduction of the dynamical aperture due to the presence of the sextupole lenses was minimized by means of proper choice of betatron phase advances between the lenses.
* Design and construction of Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA), Conceptual design report, Editors I.Meshkov, A.Sidorin, JINR, Dubna, 2008

TUPPB008

SNOP – Beam Dynamics Analysis Code for Compact Cyclotrons

cyclotron, simulation, space-charge, acceleration

325

V.L. Smirnov
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
S.B. Vorozhtsov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

The program complex intended for particle dynamic simulations in a compact cyclotron from an injection line to the extraction system is described. The main features of the program SNOP are usage of 3D electric and magnetic field maps, beam space charge effect calculation and analysis of the beam losses on structure elements of the facility under consideration. An optimal usage of the modern computer capabilities and graphic libraries for visualization is a key issue in the program development. The beam dynamic modeling results for various cyclotrons are presented.

TUPPB015

The Parameters Extracted Beams in Recirculator SALO

dipole, electron, quadrupole, recirculation

344

I.S. Guk, S.G. Kononenko, F.A. Peev, A.S. Tarasenko
NSC/KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine

Taking into account the nonlinearity of the dipole and quadrupole lenses are calculated beam parameters on the output channels of the recirculator SALO.

TUPPB016

Investigation of Phase Trajectories of Particles Motion in a Synchrotron Near the Nonlinear Resonance of Third Order

resonance, synchrotron, storage-ring, octupole

347

Y.A. Bashmakov
LPI, Moscow, Russia

The nonlinear resonance of third order plays an important role in the particle dynamics in circular accelerators, colliders and storage rings and is widely used for slow extraction of particles from synchrotrons. Consideration is carried out in the canonical variables X, Y which at a given accelerator azimuth are simply related to the angle and the deviation of the circulating particles relative to the equilibrium orbit. The problem is reduced to the construction of the phase trajectories, which are the curves of the third or fourth order and determine the type of the motion near the resonance under consideration. The construction of the phase trajectories is performed by the Klein's perturbation method. The influence on the particles dynamics of oсtupole component of the magnetic fields is investigated.

TUPPB027

Some Problems of Beam Slow Extraction

feedback, controls, resonance, beam-transport

373

S.N. Andrianov
St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

Funding: The work is supported by Federal Targeted Program "Scientific and Scientific-Pedagogical Personnel of the Innovative Russia in 2009-2013" (Governmental Contract no. p 793)
In this paper we discuss some problems of modeling of beam slow extraction systems. It is known that similar type of beam extraction is used for different kind of circular accelerators. Among the most important requirements for such systems is necessary to mention the time uniformity of the extracted beam. There exist the following two key causes. The first of them is induced by time discontinuity of the corresponding steering electrical currents, and the second cause is induced by an beam inertia which usually connected with beam feedback mechanism, which is usually used for temporal smoothing of the corresponding magnetic (and electrical) fields. In the base of our approach we put the matrix formalism for Lie algebraic tools, which allows us to analyze different kind of the time discontinuity cause.

TUPPB039

The Motion of Ionic Flux in an Electron Layer

electron, ion, plasma, vacuum

403

A.S. Chikhachev, Y.A. Kovalenko
Allrussian Electrotechnical Institute, Moskow, Russia

Processes of ion extraction from plasma are very important for experiment. This process is studied in a lot of theoretical works. In work * was shown that ions leave plasma with velocities, exceeding ion-sound velocity. In real conditions when electron temperature exceeds the ion temperature, quantity ions accelerated is exponentially small. In work ** was shown that transition layer in system "plasma-vacuum" are infinitely great. In *** equilibrium states with nonzero flow of electrons are studied, where electrons and ions have the same drift direction. In presented work equilibrium states are studied when nonzero electron flow has drift direction perpendicular to ion drift direction. States were examined with finite thickness and in condition of electrons, occupying half of the layer.
* K.-U.Riemann, J.Phys. D, 1991, 24, 493.
** N.Sternberg, V.Godyak, IEEE Plasma Sc., 35, 2007, 1341.
*** Yu.A.Kovalenko, T.V.Chernyshev, A.S.Chikhachev, Izv. RAN, "Energetika", 2011, 4, 24.

TUPPB054

High Current Ion Sources for the FAIR Accelerator Facility

ion, ion-source, injection, plasma

436

R. Hollinger, A. Adonin, W.A. Barth, J. Pfister
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
N. Chauvin
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France

Vacuum Arc Ion Sources and filament driven Multi Cusp Ion Sources are used for the production of high current ion beams of a variety of metallic and gaseous ions at the GSI accelerator facility. For the future project FAIR (Facility of Antiproton and Ion Research) it is foreseen to provide in addition a high current proton beam and an exclusive uranium beam from two new ion source injectors. The contribution gives an overview of the performance of the existing high current injector and presents the challenges for the future injectors for proton and uranium production.

WEPPC003

Beam Pulse Separation System of INR Linac

linac, target, vacuum, cavity

451

V.L. Serov, N.I. Brusova, A. Feschenko, O.V. Grekhov, Y.Z. Kalinin, V.N. Mikhailov, A.A. Stepanov
RAS/INR, Moscow, Russia
B.O. Bolshakov, A.V. Pozhensky
NIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Russia

The activity for beam intensity increasing and beam use efficiency improvement is under progress in INR linac. An important stage is the development and implementation of the Beam Pulse Separation System in the accelerator intermediate extraction area (160 MeV). The system is intended for distribution the beam pulses between Isotope Production Facility (up to 160 MeV) and the Experimental Facility located downstream of the accelerator exit. The report describes the upgrade of intermediate extraction area as well as the first results of experiments with the beam.

WEPPC015

Highly Accurate 3D Modeling of the C-80 Isochronous Cyclotron Magnetic Structure

cyclotron, ion, H-minus, simulation

475

S.A. Artamonov, A.N. Chernov, E.M. Ivanov, G.A. Riabov
PNPI, Gatchina, Leningrad District, Russia

The very complicated magnetic structure with extremely high spiral angle and set of 17 correction shim types in each of 8 sectors is used in the H-minus ion isochronous cyclotron C-80. The 3D code MERMAID was applied to optimize geometry of the sectors and shims in the hill and value region. A precision finite-element model allows take into account the iron non-linear effects and the detailed magnet geometry. MERMAID makes use about 20.5 millions nodes and provides magnetic field calculation accuracy in 10^-20 Gs. The integral magnetic field parameters (isochronism, transversal motion frequency, H-minus ion electromagnetic dissociation) have been optimized by using the trajectory analyses. Program provides the significant reduction the time and efforts for the determination the necessary shims set in comparison with trial-and-error method.

WEPPC039

Data Processing and Quantitation in Nuclear Medicine

ion, diagnostics, radiation

526

E.D. Kotina, V.A. Ploskikh
St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

Accelerators of charged particles, radiation detectors are widely used in nuclear therapy and nuclear diagnostics. So there is necessity for diagnostic processing of data obtained using these devices. Nuclear diagnostics is based on analysis of radiation passing through the study object emitted from radiopharmaceuticals within the object or from external radiation source. First stage of data processing is presentation of detector signals in 2D or 3D image form. Further processing is based on mathematical modeling of processes within the investigated object. Mathematical modeling of static, dynamic and periodic processes is considered for quantitative analysis of studies in nephrology, osteology, endocrinology and cardiology. The data processing and quantitation software suite is presented. Clinical applications of the developed suite are discussed. Possibilities of software deployment in clinical centers are considered.

WEPPC052

Beam Scanning System of Linear Accelerator for Radiation Processing

electron, controls, beam-losses, vacuum

547

M.I. Demsky, V.V. Krotov, D.E. Trifonov
CORAD Ltd., St. Petersburg, Russia

The report represents a beam scanning system for irradiation of opposite sides of the boxes during one pass. This beam scanning system contains the well-known scanning system composed of scanning magnet and vacuum chamber with the beam extraction window covered by titanium foil. The bending magnet, which is located on the edge of this vacuum chamber, turns the electron beam to the metallic pipe, connected with the vacuum chamber. The metallic pipe goes sideways from the irradiated boxes and is connected with the second vacuum chamber, located inside of a 180 degrees bending magnet. Electrons are turning on 180 degrees and scanning along the opposite side of the boxes due to the hyperbolic shape of the current in a coil of the 180 degrees bending magnet. Therefore, electrons are scanning along one side of the box, then round the box sideway through the metallic pipe and scanning along the opposite side of this box after turning 180 degrees. The full cycle of the scanning can be repeated up to 6 times per second. The experimental results of this system operation with 10 MeV, 12 kW electron beam are given in this report.

WEPPC054

Updating of the "Electron-3M2" Accelerator in the Line for Radiation Curing of Polymer Coatings

radiation, electron, shielding, high-voltage

551

V.P. Ovchinnikov, O.V. Borisov, I.V. Druzgalckiy, V.V. Koltsov, V.P. Maznev, A.I. Seleznev, M.P. Svinin
NIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Russia

In 2008-2009, NIIEFA specialists performed works on updating the "ELECTRON-3M" accelerator previously delivered to FSUE "Admiralty Shipyards" to be operated on the line for radiation curing of polymer coatings. After obtaining nominal parameters on the updated accelerator "ELECTRON-3M2", the intensity of bremsstrahlung radiation on the surface of the accelerator shielding was measured; the obtained data confirmed the machine compliance with corresponding norms and regulation documents. Measurements of parameters of the accelerator electron radiation field have demonstrated that the uniformity coefficient of the beam current linear density is 5%, and the symmetry coefficient amounts to 1%. The beam current and accelerating voltage instability during one hour of operation does not exceed 1%. After the updating, the lifetime of the accelerator will be not less than 10 years.

WEPPD041

Acceleration of Low Charge Krypton Ions in the CYTRACK Cyclotron

ion, cyclotron, acceleration, injection

632

G.A. Karamysheva, Yu.N. Denisov, O. Karamyshev
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

The basic results of numeric simulations of Krypton ion motion with decreased charge in cyclotron CYTRACK are presented. Cyclotron CYTRACK is the first world industrial cyclotron dedicated to produce the track membranes. Computer modeling confirms the possibility of ion acceleration in the formed magnetic field with increase of the magnetic field level by 1.6% on the 6 harmonic of the accelerating system. Beam energy will be sufficient for exposure of the film with thickness 10 um.

WEPPD059

AIRIX Measurement Chain Optimization For Electron Beam Dynamic and Dimensional Characteristics Analysis

electron, emittance, target, beam-transport

677

F. Poulet, V. Bernigaud, H. Dzitko, J.K. Kranzmann, C. Noël, O. Pierret
CEA, Pontfaverger-Moronvilliers, France
C. Chollet
CEA/DAM/DIF, Arpajon, France

AIRIX is a linear accelerator dedicated to X-ray flash radiography at CEA's hydrotest facility. It has been designed to generate an intense X-ray pulse using a 2 kA, 19 MeV and 60 ns electron beam. The electron beam transport in the accelerator is insured by the knowledge of the dynamic and dimensional characteristics of the beam created downstream the injector. These characteristics are assessed from a measurement chain, established by adapted optics and an intensified camera, aiming at observing the Cerenkov radiation produced during the interaction of electrons with a mylar target placed in the beam. This paper deals with the characterization, and comparison with the previous model, of a new intensified camera which was experimentally tested on AIRIX during an injector characterization campaign. This allowed defining profile and emittance beam characteristics. The obtained results are promising and revealed very interesting properties in particular in term of dynamic, temporal resolution, linearity and signal-to-noise ratio.