IPAC2013 - List of Keywords (proton)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOXBB101	Challenges facing High Power Proton Accelerators	linac, ion, injection, rfq	1
	M.A. Plum ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
	Funding: ORNL/SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. This presentation will provide an overview of the challenges and experiences of high power proton accelerators such as SNS, J-PARC, etc. and what we have learned from experiences and how to mitigate beam losses.
	Slides MOXBB101 [6.734 MB]

MOYAB101	The First Years of LHC Operation for Luminosity Production	luminosity, injection, emittance, feedback	6
	M. Lamont CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	A summary of the first 3 years of LHC operation is presented with a discussion on the performance ramp-up, operation efficiencies and system reliability. The main contributory factors to peak and integrated luminosity performance are outlined.
	Slides MOYAB101 [12.139 MB]

MOODB103	Results of an Experiment on Hydrodynamic Tunnelling at the SPS HiRadMat High Intensity Proton Facility	target, simulation, synchrotron, instrumentation	37
	R. Schmidt, J. Blanco, F. Burkart, D. Grenier, D. Wollmann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland E. Griesmayer CIVIDEC Instrumentation, Wien, Austria N.A. Tahir GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	To predict the damage for a catastrophic failure of the protections systems for the LHC when operating with beams storing 362 MJ, simulation studies of the impact of an LHC beam on targets were performed. Firstly, the energy deposition of the first bunches in a target with FLUKA is calculated. The effect of the energy deposition on the target is then calculated with a hydrodynamic code, BIG2. The impact of only a few bunches leads to a change of target density. The calculations are done iteratively in several steps and show that such beam can tunnel up to 30-35 m into a target. Validation experiments for these calculations at LHC are not possible, therefore experiments were suggested for the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), since simulation studies with the tools used for the LHC also predict hydrodynamic tunnelling for SPS beams. An experiment at the SPS-HiRadMat facility (High-Radiation to Materials) using the 440 GeV beam with 144 bunches was performed in July 2012. In this paper we compare the results of this experiment with our calculations of hydrodynamic tunnelling.
	Slides MOODB103 [40.426 MB]

MOZB201	Overview of the LHeC Design Study at CERN	lepton, linac, luminosity, electron	40
	O.S. Brüning CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The LHeC is a potential future lepton-hadron collider project at CERN based on the existing LHC infrastructure. The presentation highlights the main results of the recently published conceptual design report, including the findings of an international review committee that evaluated it. The presentation outlines the planed future studies and R&D activities for the next years.
	Slides MOZB201 [11.894 MB]

MOODB201	Proton-nucleus Collisions in the LHC	luminosity, injection, heavy-ion, ion	49
	J.M. Jowett, R. Alemany-Fernandez, P. Baudrenghien, D. Jacquet, M. Lamont, D. Manglunki, S. Redaelli, M. Sapinski, M. Schaumann, M. Solfaroli Camillocci, R. Tomás, J.A. Uythoven, D. Valuch, R. Versteegen, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Following the high integrated luminosity accumulated in the first two Pb-Pb collision runs in 2010 and 2011, the LHC heavy-ion physics community requested a first run with p-Pb collisions. This almost unprecedented mode of collider operation was not foreseen in the baseline design of the LHC whose two-in-one magnet design imposed equal rigidity and, hence, unequal revolution frequencies, during injection and ramp. Nevertheless, after a successful pilot physics fill in 2012, the LHC provided 31 nb^-1 of p-Pb luminosity per experiment, at an energy of 5.02 TeV per colliding nucleon pair, with several variations of the operating conditions, in early 2013. Together with a companion p-p run at 2.76 TeV, this was the last physics before the present long shutdown. We summarise the beam physics, operational adaptations and strategy that resulted in extremely rapid commissioning. Finally, we give an account of the progress of the run and provide an analysis of the performance.
	Slides MOODB201 [6.547 MB]

MOODB202	Simulations and Measurements of Cleaning with 100 MJ Beams in the LHC	simulation, collimation, beam-losses, betatron	52
	R. Bruce, R.W. Aßmann, V. Boccone, C. Bracco, M. Cauchi, F. Cerutti, D. Deboy, A. Ferrari, L. Lari, A. Marsili, A. Mereghetti, E. Quaranta, S. Redaelli, G. Robert-Demolaize, A. Rossi, B. Salvachua, E. Skordis, G. Valentino, V. Vlachoudis, Th. Weiler, D. Wollmann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland L. Lari IFIC, Valencia, Spain E. Quaranta Politecnico/Milano, Milano, Italy G. Valentino University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta
	The CERN Large Hadron Collider is routinely storing proton beam intensities of more than 100 MJ, which puts extraordinary demands on the control of beam losses to avoid quenches of the superconducting magnets. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the LHC beam cleaning is required. We present tracking and shower simulations of the LHC's multi-stage collimation system and compare with measured beam losses, which allow us to conclude on the predictive power of the simulations.
	Slides MOODB202 [6.343 MB]

MOODB203	vSTORM Facility Design and Simulation	injection, target, optics, dipole	55
	A. Liu, A.D. Bross, D.V. Neuffer Fermilab, Batavia, USA S.-Y. Lee Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
	Funding: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory A facility producing neutrinos from muons that decay in a storage ring can provide an extremely well understood neutrino beam for oscillation physics and the search for sterile neutrinos. The "neutrinos from STORed Muons"(nuSTORM) facility is based on this idea. The facility includes a target station with secondary particle collection, pion transfer line, pion injection, and a ~3.8 GeV/c muon storage ring. No muon cooling or RF sub-systems are required. The injection scenario for nuSTORM avoids the use of a separate pion decay channel and fast kickers. This paper reports a detailed description of the proposed injection scheme with full G4beamline simulations. We also present progresses on possible design options for a muon racetrack decay ring.
	Slides MOODB203 [14.079 MB]

MOPEA058	CNGS, CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso, Five Years of Running a 500 Kilowatt Neutrino Beam Facility at CERN	target, extraction, radiation, kaon	211
	E. Gschwendtner, K. Cornelis, I. Efthymiopoulos, A. Pardons, H. Vincke, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland I. Krätschmer HEPHY, Wien, Austria
	The CNGS facility (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) aims at directly detecting muon to tau neutrino oscillations where an intense muon-neutrino beam (10¹⁷ muon-neutrinos/day) is generated at CERN and directed over 732km towards the Gran Sasso National Laboratory, LNGS, in Italy, where two large and complex detectors, OPERA and ICARUS, are located. The CNGS facility (CNGS Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) started with the physics program in 2008 and delivered until the end of the physics run 2012 more than 80% of the approved protons on target (22.5·10¹⁹ pot). An overview of the performance and experience gained in operating this 500kW neutrino beam facility is described. Major events since the commissioning of the facility in 2006 are summarized. Highlights on the CNGS beam performance are given.

MOPEA073	Current Status of the LBNE Neutrino Beam	target, shielding, simulation, focusing	255
	C.D. Moore, K.R. Bourkland, C.F. Crowley, P. Hurh, J. Hylen, B.G. Lundberg, A. Marchionni, M.W. McGee, N.V. Mokhov, V. Papadimitriou, R.K. Plunkett, S.D. Reitzner, A.M. Stefanik, G. Velev, K.E. Williams, R.M. Zwaska Fermilab, Batavia, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the Fermilab Research Alliance, under contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Dept of Energy. The Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) will utilize a neutrino beamline facility located at Fermilab. The facility is designed to aim a beam of neutrinos toward a detector placed in South Dakota. The neutrinos are produced in a three-step process. First, protons from the Main Injector hit a solid target and produce mesons. Then, the charged mesons are focused by a set of focusing horns into the decay pipe, towards the far detector. Finally, the mesons that enter the decay pipe decay into neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined by an amalgam of the physics goals, the Monte Carlo modeling of the facility, and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The initial beam power is expected to be ~700 kW, however some of the parameters were chosen to be able to deal with a beam power of 2.3 MW. The LBNE Neutrino Beam has made significant changes to the initial design through consideration of numerous Value Engineering proposals and the current design is described.

MOPFI030	Study of the Beam Injection and Extraction of the Proton Irradiation Accelerator	injection, extraction, kicker, synchrotron	348
	Y.W. An, H.F. Ji, S. Wang IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The proton irradiation accelerator is widely founded for industry application, and the extracted beam is required to have large intensity as a pulse beam or uniform distribution for scanning. A multi-turn injection is adopted and the proton beam is injected into the ring with the energy of 10MeV. In order to increase injection beam intensity, local bump orbit including two-bump, three-bump and four-bump is well studied and optimized, and the septum magnet thickness and localization are also studied for an effective injection. A RF knock-out method is used for slow extraction due to the fast response character. In order to decrease the global spill, double RF kicker and the control of the aptitude modulation (AM) function of the transverse RF field are well studied.

MOPFI032	Electron Emission of the Stripping Foil and Collimation System for CSNS/RCS	electron, collimation, scattering, injection	354
	M.Y. Huang, Y.D. Liu, N. Wang, S. Wang IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	For the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS/RCS), the electron emission plays an important role in the accelerator limitation. The interactions between the proton beam and the stripping foil were studied, and the electron scattering processes were simulated by the ORBIT and FLUKA codes. Then, the electron energy distribution and the electron yielding rate can be given. Furthermore, the interactions between the proton beam and the collimation system were studied, and the electron scattering processes were simulated. Then, the energy distribution of the primary electron emission can be given and the yielding rate of the primary electron can be obtained.

MOPFI070	Spallation is not the only Fruit: Low Energy Fusion as a Source of Neutrons	neutron, target, simulation, radiation	443
	S.C.P. Albright, R. Seviour University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
	Commercially there is a growing interest in applications of neutrons. Currently the majority of neutron sources are based at research institutions from either reactors or spallation sources. Smaller portable sources contain either fissile isotope or sealed fusors are available, although they either use or produce tritium, or other long lived decay products. As an alternative to the large facilities and the radio-toxicology of current portable sources research is being performed with an aim to produce a fusion based neutron source with neither of these concerns. We show that MCNPX is able to accurately reproduce (p,n) reactions for a number of light elements. Simulations of low energy proton reactions with light nuclei simulated with MCNPX and Geant4 are compared with experiment.

MOPFI071	High Power Cyclotrons for the Neutrino Experiments DAEδALUS and IsoDAR	cyclotron, ion, ion-source, electron	446
	R.J. Barlow, A. Bungau, A.M. Kolano University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom A. Adelmann PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland J.R. Alonso LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA W.A. Barletta, A. Calanna, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA L. Calabretta INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy F. Méot BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA H.L. Owen UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom M. Shaevitz Columbia University, New York, USA
	DAEδALUS (Decay At rest Experiment for δ_cp At a Laboratory for Underground Science) has been proposed to measure the value of the CP violating phase delta through the oscillation of low energy muon anti-neutrinos to electron antineutrinos. With a single large detector, three accelerators at different distances enable the oscillation to be measured with sufficient accuracy. We have proposed the superconducting multi-megawatt DAEδALUS Supercinducting Ring Cyclotron (DSRC) as the means of producing the 800 MeV 12 mA protons required, through the acceleration of H₂⁺, ions with highly efficient stripping extraction. The DSRC comprises twin ion sources and injector cyclotrons, followed by a booster. The injector cyclotron can also be used for a separate experiment, IsoDAR (Isotope Decay At Rest) in which low energy protons produce Lithium 8, and thus a very pure electron antineutrino source which can be used to measure, or rule out, short range oscillation to a sterile neutrino. We describe recent developments in the designs of the injector and the booster, and the prospects for the two experiments.

MOPFI073	Optimisation Studies of a High Intensity Electron Antineutrino Source	target, neutron, simulation, cyclotron	449
	A. Bungau, R.J. Barlow University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom J.R. Alonso, J.M. Conrad, J. Spitz MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA M. Shaevitz Columbia University, New York, USA
	ISODAR (Isotopes-Decay-At-Rest) is a novel, high intensity source of electron antineutrinos produced by the decay of Li-8 isotopes, which aims for searches for physics beyond the standard model. The Li-8 isotopes are produced in the inelastic interactions of low energy protons or deuterons with a Beryllium target. In addition the Li-8 is produced in the surrounding materials by secondary neutrons. This paper focuses on the optimisation of the base design target, moderator and reflector.

MOPME024	Status of Beam Loss Spatial Distribution Measurements at J-PARC Linac	linac, controls, status, klystron	524
	H. Sako, T. Maruta, A. Miura JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
	Funding: This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 24510134. We have developed 8-plane (4 horizontal and 4 vertical) scintillating fiber hodoscope system to measure proton tracks due to beam loss in the ACS section at the J-PARC linac. The detector consists of upstream 4 planes (two horizontal and two vertical) and downstream 4 planes (two horizontal and 4 vertical). The time of flight measuremments between the upstream and downstream subsystems allow proton identification and energy mesurements. In summer of 2012, we have installed remote position movement system, which enables measurements of spatial distributions of proton tracks. In this presentation we show status of mesurements and data analysis.

MOPME025	Production of Extraction Kicker Magnet of the J-PARC 3-GeV RCS	kicker, vacuum, high-voltage, extraction	526
	M. Kinsho, N. Ogiwara, K. Suganuma JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan
	The J-PARC 3-GeV rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) has been provided proton beam to the Material and Life Science Facility (MLF)as well as to the 50 GeV Main Ring (MR). Proton beam is accelerated from 181 MeV to 3GeV in the RCS and immediately extracted it to the beam transport line to the MLF and the MR. Extraction kicker magnets are used for this fast extraction. To improve reliability of the RCS for user operation, production of a reserve kicker magnet has been performed. The kicker magnet mainly consists of Ni-Zn ferrite cores and Aluminum alloy plates, and these parts are installed in vacuum chamber to prevent discharge because a high voltage is applied to the magnet for a short period. Since it is important to reduce the outgassing of water vapor form these parts to prevent discharge, we has been produced the reserve magnet with low outgassing at high voltage discharge. Since assemble of the kicker magnet already finished and vacuum test has been performed, the result of vacuum test is reported.

MOPME028	A Preliminary Study of the Vibration Wire Monitor for Beam Halo Diagnostic in J-PARC L3BT	diagnostics, electron, injection, linac	535
	K. Okabe, M. Kinsho, K. Yamamoto, M. Yoshimoto JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan
	In the J-PARC 3-GeV Rapid Cycle Synchrotron (RCS), transverse beam halo diagnostic and scraping are required to increase the output beam power. Wire scanners and halo scrapers were used for measurement of projected beam distributions to determine the extent of beam halo formation at Linac-3GeV Beam Transport line (L3BT). In order to determine more detail of halo formation, Vibration Wire Monitor (VWM) was installed in L3BT for the beam halo measurement and the offline study at the test stand with low energy electron gun are started. The high sensitivity of the VWM makes it a prospective one for investigation of beam halo and weak beam scanning. In this paper, we will report a preliminary results of offline studies and beam halo measurement by VWM at L3BT.

MOPME045	Design and Test Status of Beam Position Monitors for ADS Injector II Proton LINAC	linac, cryomodule, vacuum, alignment	574
	Y. Zhang, H. Jia, X.C. Kang, M. Li, J.X. Wu, G. Zhu IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Beam Position Monitors (BPM) based on capacitive pick-ups are designed for Accelerator-Driven System (ADS) Injector II proton LINAC. This LINAC is aiming to produce a maximum design current of 15 mA at the 10 MeV energy with an operating frequency of 162.5 MHz. Non-interceptive BPM will be installed to measure the transverse beam position and beam phase in the vacuum chamber. Depending on the location, the response of the BPMs must be optimized for a beam with an energy range from 2.1 up to 10 MeV and an average current between 0.01 and 15 mA. Apart from the broadening of the electromagnetic field due to the low-beta beam, specific issues are affecting some of the BPMs: tiny space in the transport line between the RFQ and the cryomodule and the cryogenic temperature inside the cryomodule. For this reason two types of BPMs are being designed for each location (MEBT and cryomoudle). In this contribution, the present status of the design and measured results for each BPM will be presented in room and cold temperature, focusing on the electromagnetic response for low-beta beams.

MOPME056	Measurement of the Beam Position Monitor’s Electrical Performance and Electronics Sensitivity for 100 MeV Proton Linac and Beam Lines	linac, pick-up, instrumentation, monitoring	598
	J.Y. Ryu, Y.-S. Cho, J.-H. Jang, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, K.T. Seol KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Korean Government. The development of the beam position monitor (BPM) is in progress for the 100-MeV proton linac and 10 beam lines of the 1st phase of KOMAC. Those were selected the strip line type BPM for the proton linac and beam lines. 5 beam-line BPMs and 9 linac BPMs were checked their electrical performance in the RF test using by developed test stand and tested the Log-ratio BPM (Beam Position Monitor) electronics module of the Bergoz Instrumentation for direct beam position derivation signal from the pickup signal. After then, those will be installed 100-MeV proton Linac and beam lines for beam commissioning in February 2013. This presentation summarized the results of measured BPM’s electrical performance and the Log-ratio BPM electronics pickup sensitivity.

MOPME071	Characterisation of Si Detectors for use at 2 Kelvin	cryogenics, radiation, luminosity, superconducting-magnet	643
	M.R. Bartosik, C. Arregui Rementeria, B. Dehning, T. Eisel, C. Kurfuerst, M. Sapinski CERN, Geneva, Switzerland V. Eremin, E. Verbitskaya IOFFE, St. Petersburg, Russia
	Funding: This research project has been supported by a Marie Curie Early Initial Training Network Fellowship of the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under contract nr PITN-GA-2011-289485-OPAC. It is expected that the luminosity of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be bounded in the future by the beam loss limits of the superconducting magnets. To protect the superconducting magnets of the high luminosity insertions an optimal detection of the energy deposition by the shower of beam particles is necessary. Therefore beam Loss Monitors (BLM) need to be placed close to the particle impact location in the cold mass of the magnets where they should operate in superfluid helium at 1.9 Kelvin. To choose optimal detectors n-type silicon wafers have been examined at superfluid helium temperature whilst under irradiation from a high intensity proton beam. The radiation hardness and leakage current of these detectors were found to be significantly improved at 1.9 Kelvin when compared to their operation at room temperature.

MOPWA008	Power Supply of the Pulse Steering Magnet for Changing the Painting Area between the MLF and the MR at J-PARC 3 GeV RCS	power-supply, injection, superconductivity, controls	681
	T. Takayanagi, N. Hayashi, K. Horino, M. Kinsho, T. Togashi, T. Ueno, Y. Watanabe JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan Y. Irie KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	The power supply of the pulse steering magnet (PSTR) has been produced. The PSTR of the 3-GeV RCS (Rapid Cycling Synchrotron) in the J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex) aims at changing the painting area in a pulse-to-pulse mode at 25Hz between the MLF (Material and Life science Experimental Facility) and the MR (50-GeV Main Ring synchrotron) at J-PARC. The power supply has the equipment used to excite the pulse current and the direct current (DC) to correspond to two modes that the paint injection for beam users and the central injection for beam commissioning. In case of the paint injection, the power supply excites the current from 40 A to 450 A in pulse mode, which has the capability to switch from positive to negative polarity. The pulse current has been performed with good accuracy whose deviation to a setting current becomes to be less than ± 0.2 %. In case of the central injection, the power supply excites the current from 1000 A to 3000A in DC mode, which has been realized output current deviation below ± 0.01 %. This paper summarizes the design parameters and the experimental results of the power supply.

MOPWA034	Electron Tracking Simulations in the Presence of the Beam and External Fields	emittance, electron, simulation, space-charge	741
	M. Patecki, B. Dehning, G. Iadarola, M. Sapinski CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The ionisation profile monitors installed in the CERN LHC and SPS, makes use of the ionisation of small quantities of injected neon gas by the circulating beam. The electrons produced are guided towards the readout system using a combination of electric and magnetic fields. However, in the presence of the beam field their tracks are modified and the resulting profile is distorted. The Geant4 physics simulation package has been used to simulate the ionisation process, while the CERN-developed PyECLOUD code has been used for tracking the resulting ionised particles. In this paper the results of simulations are compared with observations, with conclusions presented on the accuracy of the reconstruction of high-intensity beam profiles.

MOPWA037	Commissioning of the CERN Linac4 BPM System with 50 MeV Proton Beams	linac, pick-up, simulation, optics	750
	J. Tan, M. Ludwig, L. Søby, M. Sordet, M. Wendt CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The new Linac4 at CERN will provide a 160 MeV H⁻ ion beam for charge-exchange injection into the existing CERN accelerator complex. Shorted stripline pick-ups placed in the Linac intertank regions and the transfer lines will measure beam orbit, relative beam current, beam phase, and average beam energy via the time-of-flight between two beam pickups. A prototype Beam Position Monitor (BPM) system has been installed in the transfer line between the existing Linac2 and the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) in order to study and review the complete acquisition chain. This paper presents measurements and performance of this BPM system operating with 50 MeV proton beams, and compares the results with laboratory measurements and electromagnetic simulations.

MOPWA059	Beam Emittance Measurements and Beam Transport Optimization at the Clatterbridge Cancer Centre	quadrupole, emittance, cyclotron, scattering	810
	T. Cybulski, O. Karamyshev, C.P. Welsch Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom A. Degiovanni TERA, Novara, Italy A. Kacperek, B. Marsland, I. Taylor, A. Wray The Douglas Cyclotron, The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Wirral, United Kingdom O. Karamyshev, C.P. Welsch The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
	Funding: Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom The QUASAR Group is preparing tests of the high energy physics LHCb VELO detector as a non–invasive online dose monitor at the 60 MeV proton therapy beam at the Clatterbridge Cancer Centre (CCC), UK. The proposed method relies on the cross-correlation between the beam halo signal as measured by VELO and the dose delivered to the patient, linked via the absolute intensity of the beam. In order to estimate the expected halo signal and the total beam intensity, studies into proton beam transport through the whole CCC beam line have been carried out. This required the measurement of beam emittance at several positions of the beam delivery system. Quadrupole scans have been realized using a CsI (Tl) scintillating screen in combination with an 8 bit, 13 Mpixel CCD camera. In this contribution, results from measurements are presented and include a discussion of the effects from dispersion in the beam. Experimental data are compared against earlier measurements performed in 1998 and are used as a basis for suggestions targeting an overall optimization of beam transport at CCC. * Assessing the Suitability of a Medical Cyclotron as an Injector for an Energy Upgrade, J. A. Clarke et all , CLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, UK

MOPWA062	Transverse Beam Halo Measurements at High Intensity Neutrino Source (HINS) using Vibrating Wire Monitor	ion, target, linac, ion-source	819
	M. Chung, B.M. Hanna, V.E. Scarpine, V.D. Shiltsev, J. Steimel Fermilab, Batavia, USA S. Artinian BERGOZ Instrumentation, Saint Genis Pouilly, France S.G. Arutunian ANSL, Yerevan, Armenia
	Funding: Research supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. Measurement and control of transverse beam halo will be critical for the applications of future high-intensity hadron linacs. In particular, beam profile monitors require a very high dynamic range when using for transverse beam halo measurements. In this study, the Vibrating Wire Monitor (VWM) with aperture 60 mm was installed at the High Intensity Neutrino Source (HINS) front-end to measure transverse beam halo. A vibrating wire is excited at its resonance frequency with the help of a magnetic feedback loop, and the vibrating and sensitive wires are connected through a balanced arm. The sensitive wire is moved into the beam halo region by a stepper motor controlled translational stage. We study the feasibility of the vibrating wire for transverse beam halo measurements in the low-energy front-end of the proton linac.

MOPWA064	Microwave Resonator Diagnostics of Electron Cloud Density Profile in High Intensity Proton Beam	electron, cavity, vacuum, simulation	825
	Y.-M. Shin, J. Ruan, C.-Y. Tan, J.C.T. Thangaraj, R.M. Zwaska Fermilab, Batavia, USA
	We have developed an novel technique to accurately estimate the density of dilute electron clouds emitted from high intensity proton beams. The strong phase shift enhancement from multiple reflections of standing microwaves in a resonating beam pipe cavity has been demonstrated with numerical modeling using dielectric approximation and e S-parameter measurements. The equivalent dielectric simulation showed a ~ 10 times phase shift enhancement (Pi-mode, 1.516 GHz) with the cavity beam pipe compared to the waveguide model. The position-dependence of the technique is investigated by overlapping the field distributions of harmonic resonances. The simulation with various positions of dielectric insertions confirmed that resonance peaks in phase-shift spectra corresponding to the relative distance between field-nodes and electron cloud position, which allows for one-dimensional mapping. Preliminary experimental studies based on a bench-top setup confirm the results of the simulation showing that thicker reflectors enhance the phase-shift measurement of the electron cloud density.

MOPWO029	Remote Estimate of Collimator Jaw Damages with Sound Measurements during Beam Impacts	radiation, simulation, background, extraction	951
	D. Deboy, O. Aberle, R.W. Aßmann, F. Carra, M. Cauchi, J. Lendaro, A. Masi, S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Irregular hits of high-intensity LHC beams on collimators can lead to severe damage of the collimator jaws. The identification of damaged collimator jaws by observation of beam measurements is challenging: online loss measurements at the moment of the impacts can be tricky and degradation of the overall performance from single collimator damage can be difficult to measure. Visual inspections are excluded because collimator jaws are enclosed in vacuum tanks without windows. However, the sound generated during the beam impact can be used to give an estimate of the damage level. In 2012, high-intensity beam comparable to a full nominal LHC bunch at 7 TeV was shot on a tertiary type LHC collimator at the HiRadMat test facility at CERN. The paper presents results from sound recordings of this experiment.

MOPWO031	High Energy Beam Impact Tests on a LHC Tertiary Collimator at CERN HiRadMat Facility	alignment, vacuum, collimation, simulation	954
	M. Cauchi, O. Aberle, R.W. Aßmann, A. Bertarelli, F. Carra, A. Dallocchio, D. Deboy, L. Lari, S. Redaelli, A. Rossi CERN, Geneva, Switzerland M. Cauchi, P. Mollicone UoM, Msida, Malta L. Lari IFIC, Valencia, Spain N.J. Sammut University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta
	The correct functioning of the collimation system is crucial to safely operate the LHC. The requirements to handle high intensity beams can be demanding. In this respect, investigating the consequences of LHC particle beams hitting tertiary collimators (TCTs) in the experimental regions is a fundamental issue for machine protection. An experimental test was designed to investigate the robustness and effects of beam accidents on a fully assembled collimator, based on accident scenarios in the LHC. This experiment, carried out at the CERN HiRadMat (High Irradiation to Materials) facility, involved 440 GeV beam impacts of different intensities on the jaws of a horizontal TCT. This paper presents the experimental setup and the preliminary results obtained together with some first outcomes from visual inspection.

MOPWO034	Energy Deposition Studies for the Upgrade of the LHC Injection Lines	injection, optics, quadrupole, luminosity	963
	A. Mereghetti, O. Aberle, F. Cerutti, B. Goddard, V. Kain, F.L. Maciariello, M. Meddahi CERN, Geneva, Switzerland R. Appleby UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom E. Gianfelice-Wendt Fermilab, Batavia, USA
	The LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) Project aims at upgrading the systems in the LHC injection chain, to reliably deliver the beams required by the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). Given the challenging beam intensities and emittances, a review of the existing beam-intercepting devices is on-going, in order to assess heat loads and consequent thermo-mechanical stresses. Moreover, the exposure of downstream elements to induced shower radiation is assessed. The study is intended to spot possible issues and contribute to the definition of viable design and layout solutions.

MOPWO035	Layouts for Crystal Collimation Tests at the LHC	collimation, simulation, optics, insertion	966
	D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli, W. Scandale CERN, Geneva, Switzerland D. Mirarchi The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom V. Previtali Fermilab, Batavia, USA
	Various studies have been carried out in the past years regarding crystal collimation for the LHC. A new extensive campaign of simulations was performed to determine optimum layouts for beam tests at the LHC. The layouts are determined based on semi-analytical models for the dynamics of channeled particles. Detailed SixTrack tracking with all collimators of the ring are then used to validate the different options. An overview of the ongoing studies is given. Comparative studies between the present collimation system, the crystal collimation system, and different crystal collimation layout are presented.

MOPWO038	Cleaning Inefficiency of the LHC Collimation System during the Energy Ramp: Simulations and Measurements	simulation, collimation, scattering, injection	975
	E. Quaranta, R. Bruce, L. Lari, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli, A. Rossi, B. Salvachua, G. Valentino CERN, Geneva, Switzerland L. Lari IFIC, Valencia, Spain D. Mirarchi The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom G. Valentino University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta
	The cleaning inefficiency of the LHC collimation system has already been studied in detail at injection and top energy (450 GeV and 4 TeV respectively). In this paper the results are presented for the cleaning inefficiency at intermediate energies, simulated using the SixTrack code. The first comparisons with measured provoked losses are discussed. This study helps in benchmarking the energy dependence of the simulated inefficiency and is thus important for the extrapolation to future operation at higher energies.

MOPWO041	Simulations and Measurements of Physics Debris Losses at the 4 TeV LHC	simulation, luminosity, background, dipole	984
	A. Marsili, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: The HiLumi LHC Design Study is included in the HL-LHC project and is partly funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 Capacities Specific Programme, Grant Agreement 284404. Simulations of energy deposition from the physics debris are normally done with shower simulation tools like FLUKA. Tracking tools like SixTrack allow faster simulations that open the possibility to study parametrically and optimize different layouts. In this paper, the results of FLUKA and SixTrack simulations are compared to beam measurements done for different collimator settings at 4 TeV, with p-p luminosities up to 7·10³³ cm^-2s⁻¹.

MOPWO042	Simulations of Collimation Cleaning Performance with HL-LHC Optics	optics, simulation, collimation, luminosity	987
	A. Marsili, R. Bruce, R. De Maria, S.D. Fartoukh, S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: The HiLumi LHC Design Study is included in the HL-LHC project and is partly funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 Capacities Specific Programme, Grant Agreement 284404. The upgrade of the LHC from the current set-up to high luminosity performances will provide new challenges for the protection of the machine. The different optics considered might create new needs for collimation, and require new collimation locations. In order to evaluate the cleaning performances of the collimation system, different halo cleaning simulations were performed with the particle tracking code SixTrack. This paper presents the cleaning performance simulation results for the high luminosity Achromatic Telescopic Squeeze optics considered as baseline for the HL-LHC. The new limitations observed and possible solutions are discussed.

MOPWO043	Hollow Electron Lens Simulation for the SPS	electron, simulation, collimation, optics	990
	V. Previtali, G. Stancari, A. Valishev Fermilab, Batavia, USA S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Fermilab is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Dep. of Energy. This work was supported by the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP). The hardware of the Tevatron hollow electron lens, which has been used in the past for collimation purposes, is presently available. Possible applications of similar devices in the LHC are under evaluation, but a realistic date for installation of electron lenses in the LHC would be not earlier than the machine shutdown scheduled for 2018. We investigated the possibility of beam tests with the available hardware in the meantime in the SPS. This article aims to answer this question by presenting the results of dedicated numerical simulations.

MOPWO044	Numerical Simulations of a Hollow Electron Lens as a Scraping Device for the LHC	electron, simulation, collimation, resonance	993
	V. Previtali, G. Stancari, A. Valishev Fermilab, Batavia, USA S. Redaelli CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: Fermilab is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, Contract No.DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Dep. of Energy. This work was partially supported by US LHC Accelerator Research Program(LARP) The use of hollow electron beam lens for scraping high energy proton beams has been extensively tested at Fermilab's Tevatron collider. In order to evaluate a possible application of a similar a device in the LHC, a dedicated new routine has been implemented in the standard 6D tracking code used at CERN for the design of the LHC collimation system. The effects of a finite length cylinder of electrons encompassing the main proton beam and traveling in the opposite direction is described in the routine. Realistic electron distributions, including measured radial imperfections, have been included in the model. Various operating modes have been simulated for the 7 TeV machine operation with sextupoles and octupoles included. The loss rate caused by the electron lens has been studied through an extended simulation campaign; the obtained halo removal rates for the different electron lens operating modes are presented.

MOPWO046	Simulations and Measurements of Beam Losses on LHC Collimators during Beam Abort Failures	simulation, collimation, emittance, kicker	996
	L. Lari, C. Bracco, R. Bruce, B. Goddard, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, G. Valentino CERN, Geneva, Switzerland A. Faus-Golfe, L. Lari IFIC, Valencia, Spain G. Valentino University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta
	Funding: The HiLumi LHC Design Study is included in the HL-LHC project and is partly funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 Capacities Specific Programme, Grant Agreement 284404. One of the main purposes of tracking simulations for collimation studies is to produce loss maps along the LHC ring, in order to identify the level of local beam losses during nominal and abnormal operation scenarios. The SixTrack program is the standard tracking tool used at CERN to perform these studies. Recently, it was expanded in order to evaluate the proton load on different collimators in case of fast beam failures. Simulations are compared with beam measurements at 4 TeV. Combined failures are assumed which provide worst-case scenarios of the load on tungsten tertiary collimators.

MOPWO047	Studies of Thermal Loads on Collimators for HL-LHC Optics in case of Fast Losses	optics, luminosity, kicker, collimation	999
	L. Lari, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland L. Lari IFIC, Valencia, Spain
	Funding: The HiLumi LHC Design Study is included in the HL-LHC project and is partly funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 Capacities Specific Programme, Grant Agreement 284404. The new layouts for the HL-LHC pose new challenges in terms of proton loads on the collimators around the ring, in particular for the ones of in experimental regions that become critical with squeeze optics. New layouts are under consideration, which foresee updated collimation schemes. Simulations of halo loads for in case of fast failures have been setup with SixTrack in order to determine beam loss distributions for realistic error scenarios. The particle tracking studies might then be interfaced to tools like FLUKA to evaluate the thermal loads on collimators in case of failures. In this paper, the preliminary studies performed for the baseline HL-LHC optics layouts are presented.

MOPWO049	Lifetime Analysis at High Intensity Colliders Applied to the LHC	collider, collimation, beam-losses, luminosity	1005
	B. Salvachua, R.W. Aßmann, R. Bruce, F. Burkart, S. Redaelli, G. Valentino, D. Wollmann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland G. Valentino University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta
	The beam lifetime is one of the main parameters to define the performance of a collider. In a super-conducting machine like the LHC, the lifetime determines the intensity reach for a given collimation cleaning. The beam lifetime can be calculated from the direct measurement of beam current. However, due to the noise in the beam current signal only an average lifetime over several seconds can be calculated. We propose here an alternative method, which uses the signal of the beam loss monitors in the vicinity of the primary collimators to get the instantaneous beam lifetime at the collimators. In this paper we compare the lifetime from the two methods and investigate the minimum lifetime over the LHC cycle for all the physics fills in 2011 and 2012. These data provide a reference for estimates of performance reach from collimator cleaning.

MOPWO063	LHeC IR Optics Design Integrated into the HL-LHC Lattice	optics, quadrupole, dipole, radiation	1034
	M. Korostelev, D. Newton, A. Wolski Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom O.S. Brüning, R. Tomás CERN, Geneva, Switzerland E. Cruz Alaniz, D. Newton, A. Wolski The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
	The two main drivers for the CDR LHeC IR design were chromaticy and synchrotron radiation. Recently it has been proposed that the LHeC IR proton optics could be integrated into the ATS scheme, which benefits from higher arc beta functions for the correction of chromaticity. In this scenario the distance between the IP and the protron triplet can be increased allowing for a reduction of the IR dipole field and the synchrotron radiation. First feasibility considerations and more in depth studies of the synchrotron radiation effects are presented in this paper.

MOPWO066	GPU-accelerated Spin Dynamics and Analysis for RHIC	polarization, solenoid, quadrupole, simulation	1037
	D.T. Abell, D. Meiser Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado, USA M. Bai, V.H. Ranjbar BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA D.P. Barber DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	Funding: This work supported in part by the US DOE Office No. DE-SC0004432. Graphics processing units (GPUs) have now become powerful tools for scientific computation. Here we present our work on using GPUs (singly or in parallel) to speed the tracking of both orbital and spin degrees of freedom in particle accelerators. This work includes the development of new spin integrators that are both fast and accurate. We have also developed an integrated set of tools for analysing the results. To demonstrate the utility of these new tools, we use them to study the spin dynamics of protons in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Lab.

MOPWO068	Simulating Electron Cloud Evolution using Modulated Dielectric Models	simulation, plasma, electron, diagnostics	1043
	S.A. Veitzer, P. Stoltz Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado, USA
	Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the Department of Energy as part of the ComPASS SCiDAC-2 project (DE-FC02-07ER41499), and the SCiDAC-3 project (DE-SC0008920) Electron clouds can pose a serious threat to accelerator performance, and understanding cloud buildup and the effectiveness of different mitigation techniques can provide cost-saving improvements in accelerator design and fabrication. Microwave diagnostics of electron clouds are a non-destructive way to measure cloud buildup, but it is very difficult to measure the cloud density from spectral signals alone. Modeling travelling-wave rf diagnostics is very hard because of the large range of spatial and temporal scales that must be resolved to simulate spectra. New numerical models have been used to generate synthetic spectra for electron clouds when the cloud density is not changing, and results have been compared to theoretical results. Here we use dielectric models to generate spectra for clouds that evolve over many bunch crossings. We first perform detailed simulations of cloud buildup using kinetic particle models, and then use an equivalent plasma dielectric model corresponding to this density, at a finer time resolution, to compute spectra. The stability and accuracy of dielectric models that spectra can be accurately determined in these very long timescale simulations.

MOPWO081	The Scheme of Beam Synchronization in MEIC	ion, electron, collider, SRF	1067
	Y. Zhang, Y.S. Derbenev, A. Hutton JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 and DE-AC02-06CH11357. Synchronizing colliding beams at single or multiple collision points is a critical R&D issue in the design of a medium energy electron-ion collider (MEIC) at Jefferson Lab. The path-length variation due to changes in the ion energy, which varies over 20 to 100 GeV, could be more than several times the bunch spacing. The scheme adopted in the present MEIC baseline is centered on varying the number of bunches (i.e., harmonic number) stored in the collider ring. This could provide a set of discrete energies for proton or ions such that the beam synchronization condition is satisfied. To cover the ion energy between these synchronized values, we further propose to vary simultaneously the electron ring circumference and the frequency of the RF systems in both collider rings. We also present in this paper the requirement of frequency tunability of SRF cavities to support the scheme.

MOPWO083	LEIC - A Polarized Low Energy Electron-ion Collider at Jefferson Lab	ion, electron, collider, booster	1070
	Y. Zhang, Y.S. Derbenev, A. Hutton, G.A. Krafft, R. Li, F. Lin, V.S. Morozov, E.W. Nissen, R.A. Rimmer, H. Wang, S. Wang, B.C. Yunn, H. Zhang JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA M.K. Sullivan SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Funding: Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 and DE-AC02-06CH11357. A polarized electron-ion collider is envisioned as the future nuclear science program at JLab beyond the 12 GeV CEBAF. Presently, a medium energy collider (MEIC) is set as an immediate goal with options for a future energy upgrade. A comprehensive design report for MEIC has been released recently. The MEIC facility could also accommodate electron and proton/ion collisions in a low CM energy range, covering proton energies from 10 to 25 GeV and ion energies with a similar magnetic rigidity, for additional science reach. In this paper, we present a conceptual design of this low energy collider, LEIC, showing its luminosity can reach above 10³³ cm^-2s⁻¹. The design specifies that the large booster of the MEIC is converted to a low energy ion collider ring with an interaction region and an electron cooler integrated into it. The design provides options for either sharing the detector with the MEIC or a dedicated low energy detector in a third collision point, with advantages of either a minimum cost or extra detection parallel to the MEIC operation, respectively. The LEIC could be positioned as the first and low cost phase of a multi-stage approach to realize the full MEIC.

TUOAB101	Installation and Commissioning of the 1.1 MW Deuteron Prototype Linac for IFMIF	neutron, rfq, linac, ion	1090
	J. Knaster IFMIF/EVEDA, Rokkasho, Japan P. Cara, A. Mosnier Fusion for Energy, Garching, Germany S. Chel CEA/DSM/IRFU, France J. Molla CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain H. Suzuki Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), International Fusion Energy Research Center (IFERC), Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori, Japan
	IFMIF, the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility, will learn the degradation of the mechanical properties of purpose designed reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steels under bombardment of 14 MeV neutrons at 10¹⁸ n/m²s flux reaching values of 150 displacements per atom in the steel lattice. The understanding of the impact of Deuterium-Tritium fusion neutrons in next decade is essential to design and construct a fusion power plant; the next step after ITER. The 14 MeV neutrons are stripped from a liquid Li screen flowing at 15 m/s impacted by 2 parallel 125 mA deuteron beam at 40 MeV. IFMIF project, in its engineering validation phase, will operate in Rokkasho a 125 mA deuteron LINAC at 9 MeV that will validate the concept of IFMIF accelerator, LIPAc. The ion source will inject 140 mA deuterons at 100 KeV in a normal-conducting RFQ that will deliver the bunched beam at 5MeV to be accelerated up to 9 MeV thanks to 8 half-wave superconducting resonators. The installation and commissioning of LIPAc in Rokkasho (Japan) is sequential and the first stage is starting now; the strategy to overcome potential difficulties is detailed.
	Slides TUOAB101 [2.396 MB]

TUYB103	Status and Plans for the Polarized Hadron Collider at RHIC	polarization, resonance, acceleration, luminosity	1106
	M. Bai, L. A. Ahrens, E.C. Aschenauer, G. Atoian, J. Beebe-Wang, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, R. Connolly, T. D'Ottavio, K.A. Drees, Y. Dutheil, O. Eyser, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, J.W. Glenn, X. Gu, M. Harvey, T. Hayes, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, A.I. Kirleis, J.S. Laster, C. Liu, Y. Luo, Y. Makdisi, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, F. Méot, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, C. Montag, J. Morris, S. Nemesure, P.H. Pile, A. Poblaguev, V. Ptitsyn, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Roser, W.B. Schmidke, V. Schoefer, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, D. Smirnov, K.S. Smith, D. Steski, S. Tepikian, D. Trbojevic, N. Tsoupas, J.E. Tuozzolo, G. Wang, M. Wilinski, K. Yip, A. Zaltsman, A. Zelenski, K. Zeno, S.Y. Zhang BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. As the world’s only high energy polarized proton collider, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has been providing collisions of polarized proton beams at beam energy from 100~GeV to 255~GeV for the past decade to explore the proton spin structure as well as other spin dependent measurements. With the help of two Siberian Snakes per accelerator plus outstanding beam control, beam polarization is preserved up to 100~GeV. About 10% polarization loss has been observed during the acceleration between 100~GeV and 255~GeV due to several strong depolarizing resonances. Moderate polarization loss was also observed during a typical 8 hour physics store. This presentation will overview the achieved performance of RHIC, both polarization as well as luminosity. The plan for providing high energy polarized He-3 collisions at RHIC will also be covered. This work is on behalf of RHIC team.
	Slides TUYB103 [12.854 MB]

TUPEA018	Recent Progress of Laser Plasma Proton Accelerator at Peking University	laser, plasma, target, acceleration	1199
	X.Q. Yan, J.E. Chen, H.Z. Fu, Y.X. Geng, Z.Y. Guo, C. Lin, Y.R. Lu, Y. Shang, Z.X. Yuan, S. Zhao, K. Zhu PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.10935002, 10835003, 11025523) Recent a project called Laser plasma Proton Accelerator (LAPA) is approved by MOST in China. A prototype of laser driven proton accelerator (1~15MeV) based on the PSA mechanism and plasma lens is going to be built at Peking University in the next five years. It can be used for the applications such as cancer therapy, plasma imaging and fast ignition for inertial confine fusion. The recent progress of LAPA is reported here.

TUPEA019	Proton Acceleration driven by High Energy Density Electrons	laser, acceleration, plasma, electron	1202
	S. Zhao, C. Chao, J.E. Chen, H.Z. Fu, Y.X. Geng, C. Lin, B. Liu, H. Wang, X.Q. Yan PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Resonance Electrons Driving Ion Acceleration S. Zhao, C. Lin, X. Q. Yan Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, Peking University Proton acceleration driven by resonance electrons is proposed. Energetic electron beam generated through direct laser acceleration in the near critical dense plasma is dense and directional. When interacting with a thin foil target, resonance electrons can transmit the target and drive periodical electrostatic field at the back surface, therefore protons are more efficiently accelerated in a much longer distance in propagation direction of resonance electrons, compared to the classical target normal sheath acceleration. For a Gaussian laser pulse with pulse duration of 80fs, peak intensity I=1.38*10⁸W/cm² , the cutoff energy of the output collimated proton beam is 14MeV, enhanced by a factor of 3 or 4. The scaling law predicts hundreds MeV Proton beam can be generated in laser intensity of 10²⁰W/cm².

TUPEA048	Simulation of Self-modulating Particle Beams in Plasma Wakefield Accelerators	plasma, wakefield, simulation, electron	1238
	K.V. Lotov BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia K.V. Lotov, A. Sosedkin NSU, Novosibirsk, Russia E. Mesyats ICM&MG SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	Funding: The Ministry of education and science of Russia, project 14.B37.21.0784. Controlled self-modulation of long proton or electron beams is a new trend in plasma wakefield acceleration which sets a new goal for simulation codes. Long interaction lengths (tens of meters), long beams (up to hundred of plasma wave periods), motion of plasma ions, and violation of fluid approximation are factors that makes the problem too heavy for general purpose codes. Only specialized codes can attack this problem in real geometry. We describe recent upgrades of the code LCODE which enabled simulations of long dense proton beams and report results of numerical studies of proton beam-plasma interaction in the context of AWAKE project.

TUPEA051	Beam Transfer Line Design for a Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment (AWAKE) at the CERN SPS	plasma, laser, quadrupole, instrumentation	1247
	C. Bracco, J. Bauche, D. Brethoux, V. Clerc, B. Goddard, E. Gschwendtner, L.K. Jensen, A. Kosmicki, G. Le Godec, M. Meddahi, C. Mutin, J.A. Osborne, K.D. Papastergiou, A. Pardons, F.M. Velotti, H. Vincke CERN, Geneva, Switzerland P. Muggli MPI, Muenchen, Germany
	The world’s first proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment is presently being studied at CERN. The experiment will use a high energy proton beam extracted from the SPS as driver. Two possible locations for installing the AWAKE facility are considered: the West Area and the CNGS long baseline beam-line. The previous transfer line from the SPS to the West Area was completely dismantled in 2000 and it would need to be fully re-designed and re-built. For this option, geometric constraints for radio protection reasons would limit the maximum proton beam energy to 300 GeV. The existing CNGS line could be used by applying only minor changes to the final part of the lattice for the final focusing and the interface between the proton beam and the laser, required for plasma ionisation and bunch-modulation seeding. The beam line design studies performed for the two options are presented.

TUPEA052	Design Study for a CERN Short Base-Line Neutrino Facility	target, extraction, secondary-beams, emittance	1250
	R. Steerenberg, M. Calviani, I. Efthymiopoulos, A. Ferrari, B. Goddard, R. Losito, M. Nessi, J.A. Osborne, L. Scibile, H. Vincke CERN, Geneva, Switzerland P.R. Sala Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Milano, Italy
	A design study has been initiated at CERN for the conception and construction of a short base line neutrino facility, using a proton beam from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) that will be transferred to a new secondary beam production facility, which will provide a neutrino beam for experiments and detector R&D. This paper resumes the general layout of the facility together with the main primary and secondary beam parameters and the choices favoured for the neutrino beam production.

TUPEA053	Feasibility Study of the AWAKE Facility at CERN	plasma, electron, laser, wakefield	1253
	E. Gschwendtner, C. Bracco, B. Goddard, M. Meddahi, A. Pardons, E.N. Shaposhnikova, H. Timko, F.M. Velotti, H. Vincke CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Plasma Wakefield acceleration is a rapidly developing field which appears to be a promising candidate technology for future high-energy accelerators. The Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration has been proposed as an approach to eventually accelerate an electron beam to the TeV energy range in a single plasma section. To verify this novel technique, a proof-of-principle demonstration experiment, AWAKE, is proposed using 400 GeV proton bunches from the SPS. Detailed studies on the identification of the best site for the installation of the AWAKE facility resulted in proposing the CNGS facility as best location. Design and integration layouts covering the beam line, the experimental area and all interfaces and services will be shown. Among other issues, radiation protection, safety and civil engineering constraints will be raised.

TUPEA062	Advanced Gabor Lens Lattice for Medical Applications	laser, ion, space-charge, focusing	1277
	J.K. Pozimski, M. Aslaninejad, P.A. Posocco Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom
	The widespread introduction of Hadron therapy for cancer treatment is inhibited by the large costs for the accelerator and treatment facility and the subsequent maintenance costs which reflects into the cost per treatment. In the long term future (laser) plasma wakefield accelerated hadrons could offer compact treatment devices with significantly reduced treatment costs. In the moment the particle distributions produced by such accelerators do not fulfill the medical requirements. Beside the reliable production of a sufficient number of ions at the required energy the formation of a particle beam suitable for treatment from the burst of ions created in the acceleration process is one of the major challenges. While conventional optical systems will be operating at the technical limits which would be contradictory to the cost argument, space charge lenses of the Gabor type might be a cost effective alternative. An advanced beam line consisting of Gabor lenses, a few cavities and an dipole will be presented together with results from particle transport simulations.

TUPFI003	The Accelerator Design of Muon g-2 Experiment at J-PARC	rfq, target, acceleration, beam-transport	1334
	S. Artikova, F. Naito, M. Yoshida KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	New muon g-2 experiment at J-PARC is aimed to improve the precise measurement of the muon g-2. In this experiment, the ultra-cold muons created in the muonium target region is reaccelerated to around 300MeV/c in momentum (210 MeV kinetic energy) to then be injected into the muon g-2 storage ring to measure the decay products depending on the muon spin. The linac has advantage over circular accelerators to shorten the reacceleration time in the limited life time of muon. The muon linac consists of the initial acceleration (to 0.01 of v/c), bunching section (0.01 to 0.08 of v/c), low beta section (0.08 to 0.3 of v/c), middle beta section (0.3 to 0.7 of v/c) and high beta section (0.7 to 0.94 of v/c). As a part of the design consideration of this linac, we mainly present the simulation result of initial acceleration and further acceleration of muons with RFQ. An electric field is used to extract the ultra-cold muons from the laser ionization region and RF field is used to create some bunches and to accelerate to higher energies.

TUPFI010	The LHCb Online Luminosity Control and Monitoring	luminosity, controls, target, dipole	1346
	R. Alemany-Fernandez, F. Follin, R. Jacobsson CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The online luminosity control consists of an automatic slow real-time feedback system controlled by specific LHCb software, which communicates directly with a LHC software application. The LHC application drives a set of corrector magnets to adjust the transversal beam overlap at the LHCb interaction point in order to keep the instantaneous luminosity aligned to the target luminosity provided by the experiment. It was proposed and tested first in July 2010, and it has been in routine operation during the first two years of physics luminosity data taking, 2011 and 2012. This paper describes the operational performance of the LHCb experiment and the LHC accelerator during the luminosity control of the experiment, the accounting of the recorded luminosity and dead time of the detector, and analyses the beam stability during the adjustment of the transverse beam overlap at the interaction point.

TUPFI018	A Simplified Magnetic Field Tapering and Target Optimisation for the Neutrino Factory Capture System	target, solenoid, interaction-region, factory	1370
	I. Efthymiopoulos, S.S. Gilardoni, O.M. Hansen, G. Prior CERN, Geneva, Switzerland O.M. Hansen University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway G. Prior University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
	In the Neutrino Factory, a 4 MW proton beam with a kinetic energy between 5 and 15 GeV interacts with a liquid mercury jet target in order to produce pions that will decay to muons, which in turn decay to neutrinos. The baseline-capturing layout consists of a series of solenoids producing a tapered magnetic field from 20 T, near the target, down to 1.5 T at the entrance of the drift section where the captured pions decay into muons to produce a useful beam for the machine. In our alternative layout the magnetic field is rapidly squeezed from 20 T to 1.5T using only three solenoids. This layout showed to produce similar performance, having the advantage being simpler and could potentially be made more robust to radiation. Here we report on further optimization studies taking into account the complete path and shape fluctuations of the Hg-jet.

TUPFI019	Magnet Misalignment Studies for the Front-end of the Neutrino Factory	target, lattice, simulation, factory	1373
	G. Prior, I. Efthymiopoulos CERN, Geneva, Switzerland D.V. Neuffer, P. Snopok Fermilab, Batavia, USA C.T. Rogers STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom D. Stratakis BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	In the Neutrino Factory Front-End the muon beam coming from the interaction of a high-power (4 MW) proton beam on a mercury jet target, is transformed through a buncher, a phase rotator and an ionization cooling channel before entering the downstream acceleration system. The muon Front-End channel is densely packed with solenoid magnets, normal conducting radio-frequency cavities and absorber windows (for the cooling section). The tolerance to the misalignment of the different components has to be determined in order on one hand to set the limits beyond which the performance of the Front-End channel would be degraded; on the other hand to optimize the design and assembly of the Front-End cells such that the component alignment can be checked and corrected for where crucial for the performance of the channel. In this paper we will show the results of the simulations of the Front-End channel performance where different components such as magnets, cavities have been randomly shifted or rotated. Detailed simulations have been done in G4BeamLine. T. J. Roberts et al. G4BeamLine 2.06 (2010) http://g4beamline.muonsinc.com/

TUPFI022	Power Load from Collision Debris on the LHC Point 8 Insertion Magnets Implied by the LHCb Luminosity Increase	luminosity, dipole, quadrupole, optics	1382
	L.S. Esposito, F. Cerutti, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, A.A. Patapenka, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland A. Mereghetti UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom A.A. Patapenka JIPNR-Sosny NASB, Minsk, Belarus
	LHCb is aiming to upgrade its goal peak luminosity up to a value of 2 10³³ cm^-2 s⁻¹ after LS2. We investigate the collision debris impact on the machine elements by extensive FLUKA simulations, showing that the present machine layout is substantially compatible with such a luminosity goal. In particular the installation of a TAS (Target Absorber ofSecondaries, installed in front of the final focus Q1-Q3 quadrupole triplet in the LHC high luminosity insertions) turns out not to be necessary on the basis of the expected peak power deposition in the Q1 superconducting coils. A warm protection may be desirable to further reduce heat load and dose on the D2 recombination dipole, due to the absence of the TAN (Target Absorber of Neutrals, present in Point 1 and 5).

TUPFI026	Investigations of the LHC Emittance Blow-Up during the 2012 Proton Run	emittance, injection, luminosity, target	1394
	M. Kuhn Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany G. Arduini, P. Baudrenghien, J. Emery, A. Guerrero, W. Höfle, V. Kain, M. Lamont, T. Mastoridis, F. Roncarolo, M. Sapinski, M. Schaumann, R.J. Steinhagen, G. Trad, D. Valuch CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	About 30 % of the potential luminosity performance is lost through the different phases of the LHC cycle, mainly due to transverse emittance blow-up. Measuring the emittance growth is a difficult task with high intensity beams and changing energies. Improvements of the LHC transverse profile instrumentation helped to study various effects. A breakdown of the growth through the different phases of the LHC cycle is given as well as a comparison with the data from the LHC experiments for transverse beam size. In 2012 a number of possible sources and remedies have been studied. Among these are intra beam scattering, 50 Hz noise and the effect of the transverse damper gain. The results of the investigations are summarized in this paper. Requirements for transverse profile instrumentation for post LHC long shutdown operation to finally tackle the emittance growth are given as well.

TUPFI027	Energy Deposition Studies for Fast Losses during LHC Injection Failures	injection, kicker, quadrupole, alignment	1397
	A. Lechner, A. Alnuaimi, C. Bracco, F. Cerutti, A. Christov, L.S. Esposito, N.V. Shetty, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Several instances of injection kicker magnet (MKI) failures have occurred in the first years of LHC operation, leading to misinjections or to accidental kicks of circulating bunches. In a few cases, MKI modules imparted a partial or an increased beam deflection, resulting in grazing bunch impact on beam-intercepting devices and consequently leading to significant secondary showers to downstream accelerator elements. In this study, we investigate different failure occurrences where miskicked bunches were incident on the injection beam stopper (TDI) and on one of the auxiliary injection collimators (TCLIB), respectively. FLUKA shower calculations were performed to quantify the energy deposition in superconducting magnets. Different sections of the LHC insertion regions 2 and 8 were studied, including the separation dipole and the inner triplet downstream of the TDI as well as matching section and dispersion suppressor adjacent to the TCLIB. The obtained results are evaluated in view of quench and damage limits.

TUPFI028	Beam Losses Through the LHC Operational Cycle in 2012	beam-losses, luminosity, emittance, injection	1400
	G. Papotti, A.A. Gorzawski, M. Hostettler, R. Schmidt CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	We review the losses through the nominal LHC cycle for physics operation in 2012. The loss patterns are studied and categorized according to timescale, distribution, time in the cycle, which bunches are affected, whether coherent or incoherent. Possible causes and correlations are identified, e.g. to machine parameters or instability signatures. A comparison with losses in the previous years of operation is also shown.

TUPFI029	Luminosity Lifetime at the LHC in 2012 Proton Physics Operation	luminosity, emittance, target, optics	1403
	M. Hostettler, G. Papotti CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	In 2012, the LHC was operated at 4 TeV flat top energy with beam parameters that allowed exceeding a peak instantaneous luminosity of 7500 (ub*s)^-1 and a total of 23 fb^-1 integrated luminosity in the ATLAS and CMS experiments. This paper elaborates on the evolution of the LHC luminosity and luminosity lifetime during proton physics fills and through the year 2012. Bunch to bunch differences and the impact of different machine settings are highlighted.

TUPFI031	Effect of Collision Pattern in the LHC on the Beam Stability: Requirements from Experiments and Operational Considerations	luminosity, damping, injection, collider	1409
	W. Herr, G. Arduini, R. Giachino, E. Métral, G. Papotti, T. Pieloni CERN, Geneva, Switzerland X. Buffat, N. Mounet EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland S.M. White BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Coherent instabilities of bunches in the LHC bunch train can be observed when the tune spread from beam-beam interactions becomes insufficient to ensure Landau damping. In particular these effects are seen on bunches with a reduced number of beam-beam interactions due to their collision pattern. Furthermore, such a reduction of the necessary stability can occur during the processes when the beams are prepared for collisions or during the optimization procedure. We discuss the observations and possible countermeasures, in particular alternatives to the existing beam manipulation processes where such a situation can occur.

TUPFI036	Observation of Beam Instabilities with Very Tight Collimation	damping, impedance, collimation, octupole	1424
	H. Burkhardt, N. Mounet, T. Pieloni CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	We report about the observation of instabilities in the LHC in special runs with high β^* and very tight collimation down to 2 σ which increases the transverse impedance significantly. The losses appeared primarily on the highest intensity, non-colliding bunches which can be interpreted as evidence for insufficient Landau damping. We describe the beam conditions, observations and possible explanations for the observed effects.

TUPFI037	Collimation Down to 2 Sigma in Special Physics Runs in the LHC	scattering, background, luminosity, emittance	1427
	H. Burkhardt, S. Jakobsen, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, G. Valentino CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	We report on observations with collimation very close to the beam. Primary collimators were moved in small steps down to 2 σ from the beam axis to allow for measurements of very forward proton scattering in special high-beta runs in the LHC. We studied the reduction in intensity as a function of collimator position which provides information about the halo shape. After scraping at 2 σ, collimators were retracted to 2.5 σ. This allowed for measurements of very forward proton-proton scattering with roman pot detectors at 3 σ from the beam axis at acceptable background levels for about an hour. Good background conditions were restored by another scraping with primary collimators at 2 σ. Beam lifetimes and halo repopulation times were found to be sufficiently long to allow for several hours of data taking between scraping in a single LHC fill.

TUPFI038	Operation of the Betatron Squeeze at the LHC	optics, betatron, luminosity, injection	1430
	S. Redaelli, X. Buffat, M. Lamont, G.J. Müller, M. Solfaroli Camillocci, R. Tomás, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland G.J. Müller TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
	The betatron squeeze is one of the most delicate operational phases at the large Hadron collider as it entails changes of optics performed at top energy, with full intensities. Appropriate software was developed to handle the squeeze, which ensured an efficient commissioning down to a β^* of 60 cm and a smooth operation. Several optics configurations could be commissioned and put in operation for physics. The operational experience of the LHC runs from 2010 until 2012 is presented and the overall performance reviewed.

TUPFI041	Operating the LHC Off-momentum for p-Pb Collisions	collimation, optics, quadrupole, alignment	1439
	R. Versteegen, R. Bruce, J.M. Jowett, A. Langner, Y.I. Levinsen, E.H. Maclean, M.J. McAteer, T. Persson, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, P.K. Skowroński, M. Solfaroli Camillocci, R. Tomás, G. Valentino, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland E.H. Maclean JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom M.J. McAteer The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA T. Persson Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Gothenburg, Sweden G. Valentino University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta S.M. White BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	The first high-luminosity p-Pb run at the LHC took place in January-February 2013 at an energy of 4 Z TeV per beam. The RF frequency difference of proton and Pb is about 60 Hz for equal magnetic rigidities, which means that beams move slightly to off-momentum, non-central, orbits during physics when frequencies are locked together. The resulting optical perturbations ("beta-beating") restrict the available aperture and required a special correction. This was also the first operation of the LHC with low beta in all four experiments and required a specific collimation set up. Predictions from offline calculations of beta-beating correction are compared with measurements during the optics commissioning and collimator set up.

TUPFI055	Stochastic Injection Scenarios and Performance for NuSTORM	injection, storage-ring, target, simulation	1469
	D.V. Neuffer Fermilab, Batavia, USA A. Liu Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
	At Fermilab, we are developing NuSTORM (Neutrinos from STORed Muons), a neutrino beam from muon decay in a long straight section of a storage ring. The baseline design for NuSTORM uses what was called “stochastic injection”. In that method, high-energy protons on a nuclear target produce pions that are directed by a chicane into a straight section of the storage ring. Pions that decay within that straight section can provide lower-energy muons that are within the circulating acceptance of the storage ring. This decay acceptance enables injection for multiple storage ring turns without kickers, and muon accumulation can be reasonably high. The design of a muon storage ring with pion injection is described and simulations of acceptance are discussed. Alternative injection approaches are also discussed.

TUPFI057	Muon Accelerators for the Next Generation of High Energy Physics Experiments	collider, factory, target, background	1475
	M.A. Palmer, S. Brice, A.D. Bross, D.S. Denisov, E. Eichten, R.J. Lipton, D.V. Neuffer Fermilab, Batavia, USA C.M. Ankenbrandt Muons. Inc., USA S.A. Bogacz JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA J.-P. Delahaye SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA P. Huber Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA D.M. Kaplan, P. Snopok Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA H.G. Kirk, R.B. Palmer BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA R.D. Ryne LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. National Science Foundation Muon accelerator technology offers a unique and very promising avenue to a facility capable of producing high intensity muon beams for neutrino factory and multi-TeV lepton collider applications. The goal of the US Muon Accelerator Program is to provide an assessment, within the next 6 years, of the physics potential and technical feasibility of such a facility. This talk will describe the physics opportunities that are envisioned, along with the R&D efforts that are being undertaken to address key accelerator physics and technology questions.

TUPFI059	Summary of Dense Hydrogen Gas Filled RF Cavity Tests for Muon Acceleration	electron, plasma, ion, photon	1481
	K. Yonehara, M. Chung, M.R. Jana, M.A. Leonova, A. Moretti, A.V. Tollestrup Fermilab, Batavia, USA B.T. Freemire, P.M. Hanlet, Y. Torun IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA R.P. Johnson Muons. Inc., USA
	Dense hydrogen gas filled RF cavity has a great potential to accelerate a large phase space muon beam in a strong magnetic field. The concept of novel RF cavity has been demonstrated by using an intense proton beam at Fermilab. The experimental result was agreed extremely well with the conventional dilute plasma physic. Based on the model, the beam-induced plasma in the gas filled RF cavity could be controlled by adding a small amount of electronegative gas in dense hydrogen gas. Overview of these experiments will be shown in this presentation.

TUPFI062	Operational Results of the LHC Luminosity Monitors until LS1	luminosity, monitoring, radiation, simulation	1490
	A. Ratti, S.C. Hedges, J. Jones, H.S. Matis, M. Placidi, W.C. Turner, V.K. Vytla LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA E. Bravin, F. Roncarolo CERN, Geneva, Switzerland R. Miyamoto ESS, Lund, Sweden
	Funding: Work funded by the US Department of Energy through the US- LARP program. The monitors for the high luminosity regions in the LHC have been operating since 2009 to optimize the LHC's luminosity. The devices are gas ionization chambers inside the neutral particle absorber 140 m from the interaction point and monitor showers produced by high energy neutral particles from the collisions. They have the ability to resolve the bunch-by-bunch luminosity as well as to survive the extreme level of radiation in the nominal LHC operation. The devices have operated on a broad range of luminosity, from the initial 10²⁸ until the levels well beyond 10³³ reached in 2012. We present operational results of the device during proton and lead ion operations until LS1, which include runs at 40 MHz bunch rate and with p-Pb collisions.

TUPFI064	Beam Induced Plasma Dynamics in a High Pressure Gas-Filled RF Test Cell for use in a Muon Cooling Channel	electron, ion, cavity, plasma	1496
	B.T. Freemire, P.M. Hanlet, Y. Torun IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA M. Chung, M.R. Jana, M.A. Leonova, A. Moretti, T.A. Schwarz, A.V. Tollestrup, K. Yonehara Fermilab, Batavia, USA M.G. Collura Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy R.P. Johnson Muons. Inc., USA
	Filling an RF cavity with a high pressure gas prevents breakdown when the cavity is place in a multi-Tesla external magnetic field. The choice of hydrogen gas provides the additional benefit of cooling a beam of muons. A beam of particles traversing the cavity, be it muons or protons, ionizes the gas, creating an electron-ion plasma which absorbs energy from the cavity. The ionization rate can be calculated from a beam intensity measurement. Energy loss measurements indicate the loading per RF cycle per electron-ion pair range from 10^-18 to 10^-16 Joules in pure hydrogen, and 10^-20 to 10^-18 Joules when hydrogen is doped with dry air. The addition of an electronegative gas (oxygen) has been observed to reduce the lifetime of ionization electrons in the cavity to below 1 nanosecond. Additionally, the recombination rate of electrons and hydrogen ions has been measured to be on the order of 10^-6 cubic centimeters per second. The recombination mechanism and hydrogen ion species, along with the three-body attachment process of electrons to oxygen, will be discussed.

TUPFI067	Energy Deposition and Shielding Study of the Front End for the Neutrino Factory	shielding, target, solenoid, factory	1505
	P. Snopok IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA D.V. Neuffer Fermilab, Batavia, USA C.T. Rogers STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
	In the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider muons are produced by firing high energy protons onto a target to produce pions. The pions decay to muons which are then accelerated. This method of pion production results in significant background from protons and electrons, which may result in heat deposition on superconducting materials and activation of the machine preventing manual handling. In this paper we discuss the design of a secondary particle handling system. The system comprises a solenoidal chicane that filters high momentum particles, followed by a proton absorber that reduces the energy of all particles, resulting in the rejection of low energy protons that pass through the solenoid chicane. We detail the design and optimization of the system, its integration with the rest of the muon front end, and energy deposition and shielding analysis in MARS15.

TUPFI069	Influence of Proton Beam Emittances on Particle Production off a Muon Collider Target	target, emittance, collider, factory	1511
	X.P. Ding, D.B. Cline UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA J.S. Berg, H.G. Kirk, H. K. Sayed BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA V.B. Graves ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA K.T. McDonald PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA N. Souchlas, R.J. Weggel Particle Beam Lasers, Inc., Northridge, California, USA
	Funding: Work supported in part by US DOE Contract NO. DE-AC02-98CHI10886. A free-mercury-jet or a free-gallium-jet is considered for the pion-production target at a Muon Collider or Neutrino Factory. Based on a simple Gaussian incident proton beams with an infinitely large Courant-Snyder β parameters, we have previously optimized the geometric parameters of the target to maximize particle production initiated by incoming protons with kinetic energies (KE) between 2 and 16 GeV by using the MARS15 code. In this paper, we extend our optimization to focused proton beams with various transverse emittances. For the special cases of proton beams with emittances of 2.5, 5 or 10 μm-rad and a kinetic energy of 8 GeV, we optimized the geometric parameters of the target: the radius of the proton beam, the radius of the liquid jet, the crossing angle between the jet and the proton beam, and the incoming proton beam angle. We also study the influence of a shift of the beam focal point relative to the intersection point of the beam and the jet.

TUPFI073	Design of Magnets for the Target and Decay Region of a Muon Collider/Neutrino Factory Target	target, factory, collider, solenoid	1514
	R.J. Weggel, N. Souchlas Particle Beam Lasers, Inc., Northridge, California, USA X.P. Ding UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA V.B. Graves ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA H.G. Kirk, H. K. Sayed BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA K.T. McDonald PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
	The target and decay region of a Muon Collider/Neutrino Factory transports pions and muons in a superconducting solenoid channel that must be protected from radiation damage secondary particles produced by the 4-MW proton beam. For this, He-gas-cooled tungsten beads will be arrayed inside the magnet coils, which leads to large coil radii and high stored magnetic energy (~3 GJ). The design of the superconducting coils, and the tungsten shielding for the ~ 50-m-long target and decay region is reviewed.

TUPFI074	Design of the Final Focus of the Proton Beam for a Neutrino Factory	target, factory, quadrupole, collider	1517
	J. Pasternak, M. Aslaninejad Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom K. E. Gollwitzer Fermilab, Batavia, USA H.G. Kirk BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA K.T. McDonald PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
	The ~ 8-GeV, 4-MW proton beam that drives a Neutrino Factory has a nominal 50-Hz macropulse structure with 2-3 micropulses ~ 100 ns apart. The nominal geometric beam emittance is 5 micron, and the desired rms beam radius at the liquid-metal-jet target is 1.2 mm. A quadrupole-triplet focusing system to deliver this beam spot is described.

TUPFI075	Optimizing Muon Capture and Transport for a Neutrino Factory/Muon Collider Front End	target, solenoid, factory, collider	1520
	H. K. Sayed, J.S. Berg, H.G. Kirk BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA X.P. Ding UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA K.T. McDonald PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
	In the baseline scheme of the Neutrino Factory/Muon Collider a muon beam from pion decay is produced by bombarding a liquid-mercury-jet target with a 4-MW pulsed proton beam. The target is embedded in a high-field solenoid magnet that is followed by a lower field Decay Channel. The adiabatic variation in solenoid field strength along the beam near the target performs an emittance exchange that affects the performance of the downstream Buncher, Phase Rotator, and Cooling Channel. An optimization was performed using MARS1510 and ICOOL codes in which the initial and final solenoid fields strengths, as well as the rate of change of the field along the beam, were varied to maximize the number of muons delivered to the Cooling Channel that fall within the acceptance cuts of the subsequent muon-acceleration systems.

TUPFI077	Commissioning Progress of the RHIC Electron Lenses	electron, solenoid, lattice, controls	1526
	W. Fischer, Z. Altinbas, M. Anerella, M. Blaskiewicz, D. Bruno, W.C. Dawson, D.M. Gassner, X. Gu, R.C. Gupta, K. Hamdi, J. Hock, L.T. Hoff, R.L. Hulsart, A.K. Jain, P.N. Joshi, R.F. Lambiase, Y. Luo, M. Mapes, A. Marone, R.J. Michnoff, T.A. Miller, M.G. Minty, C. Montag, J.F. Muratore, S. Nemesure, D. Phillips, A.I. Pikin, S.R. Plate, P.J. Rosas, L. Snydstrup, Y. Tan, C. Theisen, P. Thieberger, J.E. Tuozzolo, P. Wanderer, S.M. White, W. Zhang BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by U.S. DOE under contract No DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. In polarized proton operation, the RHIC performance is limited by the head-on beam-beam effect. To overcome these limitations two electron lenses were installed and are under commissioning. One lens uses a newly manufactured superconducting solenoid, in the other lens the spare superconducting solenoid of the BNL Electron Beam Ion Source is installed to allow for propagation of the electron beam. (This spare magnet will be replaced by the same type of superconducting magnet that is also used in the other lens during the 2013 shut-down.) We give an overview of the commissioning configuration of both lenses, and report on first results in commissioning the hardware and electron beam. We also report on lattice modifications needed to adjust the phase advance between the beam-beam interactions and the electron lenses, as well as upgrades to the proton instrumentation for the commissioning.

TUPFI083	Simulation Study of Head-on Beam-beam Compensation with Realistic RHIC Lattices	lattice, dynamic-aperture, resonance, simulation	1541
	Y. Luo, M. Bai, W. Fischer, C. Montag, V.H. Ranjbar, S. Tepikian BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. We performed numerical simulations to study the effects of head-on beam-beam compensation with the realistic RHIC lattices. To better cancel the beam-beam resonance driving terms during half beam-beam compensation operation, the betatron phase advances between the interaction point IP8 and the center of the electron lens should be multiples of pi. for this purpose two shunt power supplies were added to the main quadrupole circuit buses in the arc between them. For the realistic beam-beam compensation lattices, the integer tunes are (27, 29) for the Blue ring and (29, 30) for the Yellow ring. The betatron phase advances between IP8 and the e-lens are (8pi,11pi) in the Blue ring and (11pi, 9pi) in the Yellow ring. Recent simulation results will be presented.

TUPFI087	Alternative Muon Cooling Options based on Particle-Matter-Interaction for a Neutrino Factory	lattice, cavity, focusing, solenoid	1550
	D. Stratakis BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA A. Alekou CERN, Geneva, Switzerland D.V. Neuffer, P. Snopok Fermilab, Batavia, USA J. Pasternak STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom J. Pasternak Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom C.T. Rogers STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom P. Snopok Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This work is funded by US Dept. of Energy grant numbers DE AC02-98CH10886 An ionization cooling channel is a tightly spaced lattice containing absorbers for reducing the momentum of the muon beam, rf cavities for restoring the momentum and strong solenoids for focusing the beam. Such a lattice is an essential feature of most designs for Neutrino Factories and Muon Colliders. Here, we explore three different approaches for designing ionization cooling channels with periodic solenoidal focusing. Key parameters such as the engineering constraints that are arising from the length and separation between the solenoidal coils are systematically examined. In addition, we propose novel approaches for reducing the peak magnetic field inside the rf cavities by using either a magnetic shield system or a bucked coils configuration. Our lattice designs are numerically examined against two independent codes: The ICOOL and G4BL code. The feasibility of our proposed cooling channels to muon accelerators is examined by applying the proposed lattices to the front-end of a Neutrino Factory.

TUPME032	Update on Beam Induced RF Heating in the LHC	impedance, injection, kicker, simulation	1646
	B. Salvant, O. Aberle, G. Arduini, R.W. Aßmann, V. Baglin, M.J. Barnes, W. Bartmann, P. Baudrenghien, O.E. Berrig, A. Bertarelli, C. Bracco, E. Bravin, G. Bregliozzi, R. Bruce, F. Carra, F. Caspers, G. Cattenoz, S.D. Claudet, H.A. Day, M. Deile, J. Esteban Müller, P. Fassnacht, M. Garlaschè, L. Gentini, B. Goddard, A. Grudiev, B. Henrist, S. Jakobsen, O.R. Jones, O. Kononenko, G. Lanza, L. Lari, T. Mastoridis, V. Mertens, N. Mounet, E. Métral, A.A. Nosych, J.L. Nougaret, S. Persichelli, A.M. Piguiet, S. Redaelli, F. Roncarolo, G. Rumolo, B. Salvachua, M. Sapinski, R. Schmidt, E.N. Shaposhnikova, L.J. Tavian, M.A. Timmins, J.A. Uythoven, A. Vidal, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth CERN, Geneva, Switzerland H.A. Day UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom L. Lari IFIC, Valencia, Spain
	Since June 2011, the rapid increase of the luminosity performance of the LHC has come at the expense of increased temperature and pressure readings on specific near-beam LHC equipment. In some cases, this beam induced heating has caused delays whilie equipment cools down, beam dumps and even degradation of these devices. This contribution gathers the observations of beam induced heating attributable to beam coupling impedance, their current level of understanding and possible actions that are planned to be implemented during the long shutdown in 2013-2014.

TUPME059	Collisional Effects in Particle-in-Cell Beam-Beam Simulations	emittance, simulation, collider, luminosity	1700
	S. Paret, J. Qiang LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	Funding: This work was partially supported by the U.S. LARP and the NERSC of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Self-consistent particle tracking simulations (strong-strong) can be used to investigate the deterioration of colliding beams in a storage ring. However, the use of a small number of macroparticles copmared to the real number of particles magnifies the collisional effects and causes numerical noise. In particular, predictions of the emittance lifetime suffer from this numerical noise. In order to produce usable emittance predictions, the contribution of numerical noise to the simulated emittance growth has to be known. In this paper, we apply a diffusion model to strong-strong beam-beam simulations to study the numerical noise driven emittance growth. The scaling of emittance growth with numerical and physical parameters is discussed.

TUPWA022	Beam Dynamics Design of a 325 MHz RFQ	rfq, cavity, emittance, simulation	1772
	F.J. Jia, J.E. Chen, G. Liu, Y.R. Lu, X.Q. Yan PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China B.Q. Cui, J.H. Li, G.H. Wei CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The beam dynamic design of a 325 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) is presented in this paper. This 4-vane RFQ will accelerate pulsed proton beam from 30 keV to 3 MeV with repetition frequency of 1 MHz. A 1 MHz chopper and a 5 MHz buncher are arranged in the Low-Energy-Beam-Transport (LEBT) to produce the injected beam. The beam length at the RFQ entrance is about 3 ns, and the energy-spread is about 10%. The code of PARMTEQM is used to simulate RFQ structure. The design should realize high transmission for very high intensity beam meanwhile low emittance growth and relatively short length should be kept.

TUPWA025	DESIGN STUDIES OF THE C-ADS MAIN LINAC WITH ONLY SPOKE CAVITIES	linac, emittance, simulation, space-charge	1781
	S.H. Liu, Y. He, Z.J. Wang IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	The China ADS(C-ADS) project undertaken by the Chinese Academy of Science is based on superconducting proton linac. The design goal is to accelerate 10mA CW proton beam up to 1.5GeV. The accelerator includes an injector section and a main superconducting linac. Two injectors are under studying by IHEP and IMP respectively. In this paper, an alternative design of the main linac with full spoke cavity base on the beam characteristics from IMP injectorⅡis described. In addition, multi-particle beam dynamics simulations have been performed using TraceWin code to estimate the space charge effect.

TUPWA047	Collimator Impedance Measurements in the LHC	impedance, simulation, optics, collimation	1817
	N. Mounet, R. Bruce, E. Métral, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, B. Salvant, G. Valentino CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The collimation system of the LHC is one of the largest impedance contributors of the machine, in particular for its imaginary part. To evaluate the collimator impedance and its evolution with integrated luminosity, several measurement campaigns were performed along the year 2012, in which collimator jaws were moved back-and-forth leading to significant tune shifts for a nominal intensity bunch in the machine. These observations are compared to the results from HEADTAIL simulations with the impedance model in its current state of development.

TUPWA049	Short High-Intensity Bunches for Plasma Wakefield Experiment AWAKE in the CERN SPS	optics, emittance, impedance, plasma	1820
	H. Timko, T. Argyropoulos, H. Bartosik, T. Bohl, J. Esteban Müller, E.N. Shaposhnikova CERN, Geneva, Switzerland A.V. Petrenko BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	Obtaining the shortest possible bunch length in combination with the smallest transverse emittances and highest bunch intensity – this is the wish list of the proton-bunch driven, plasma wakefield acceleration experiment AWAKE currently under feasibility study at CERN. A few measurement sessions were conducted to determine the achievable bunch properties and their reproducibility. To obtain a short bunch length, the bunches were rotated in longitudinal phase space using the maximum available RF voltage prior to extraction. Measurements were carried out in two optics with different transition energies. The main performance limitation is longitudinal beam instability that develops during the acceleration ramp. With lower transition energy, beam stability is improved, but the bucket area is smaller for the same voltage. Based on the results obtained, we shall discuss the choice of optics, the impact of longitudinal instabilities, the importance of reproducibility, as well as options for improving the bunch parameters.

TUPWA059	End-to-end Beam Simulations for the C-ADS Injector II	linac, rfq, simulation, diagnostics	1838
	X. Wu, E. Tanke, Q. Zhao FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA Y. He, H. Jia, Z.J. Wang, H.W. Zhao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	The Injector II for the proposed Chinese Accelerator Driven System (C-ADS) is designed to accelerate proton beam to ~ 10 MeV with beam current up to ~ 10 mA. The accelerator system will include a proton ECR ion source, a Low Energy Beam Transport System (LEBT), a room-temperature radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ), a Medium Energy Beam Transport System (MEBT), a Superconducting (SC) linac and a High Energy Beam Transport System (HEBT). Both RFQ and the SC linac will have a base frequency of 162.5 MHz. The accelerating cryomodules in the SC linac uses SC half-wave cavities for acceleration and SC solenoids with dipole correctors for transverse focusing and central orbit correction. End-to-end beam simulations starting with a realistic initial input beam from the ECR ion source were performed using DYNAC and IMPACT codes to evaluate the C-ADS Injector II accelerator system performance, code benchmarking with TRACK and explore system design options for future optimizations. The results of these beam dynamics studies will be presented in the paper.

TUPWO004	Preliminary Design of a 4 MW Proton Beam Switchyard for a Neutrino Super Beam Production Facility	target, kicker, dipole, quadrupole	1880
	E. Bouquerel, M. Dracos, F.R. Osswald IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
	Funding: European Commission Framework Programme 7 Design Study: EUROnu, Project Number 212372. The feasibility of the distribution of 4 MW proton beam power onto a 4-targets horn system for neutrino super-beams production is discussed. A preliminary solution using a pair of bipolar kickers to route the beam onto the targets at a repetition rate of 50 Hz (12.5 Hz per beam line) is proposed. Compensating dipoles would apply symmetry in the system. Magnetic fields induced by these optical elements would not exceed 0.96 T. Studies of the beam envelopes with the code TRANSPORT suggest the use of three quadrupoles per beam line located after the dipoles to focus the 4 mm σ beam onto each target. The length of this switchyard system is estimated to be 29.9 m and 3 m radius.

TUPWO023	Parasitic Slow Exraction of Extremely Weak Beam From a High-intensity Proton Rapid Cycling Synchroton	scattering, extraction, synchrotron, simulation	1931
	Y. Zou, H.T. Jing, C. Meng, J.Y. Tang, Z. Yang IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	This paper proposes a new method to extract extremely weak beam from a high-intensity proton rapid cycling synchrotron in the parasitic mode, while maintaining the normal fast extraction. The usual slow extraction from a synchrotron by third-order resonance method cannot be applied in a RCS due to very short flat-top at the extraction energy. This is even more difficult when it is high-intensity synchrotron due to the strict control on beam loss. The parasitic slow extraction method to extract extremely weak beam from the RCS of CSNS has been studied in details. By moving only beam halo to a scatting foil in the arc region by a local orbit bump in about 2 ms before the fast extraction, one can extract a very small part of the scattered particles with very limited beam loss in the process. At 1.6 GeV and 62.5 A in beam power, halo particles of about 10^-4 total particles are involved in the parasitic slow extraction can result in a beam intensity of 2105 protons per cycle or lower. Detailed studies including scattering effect in the foil, orbit bumps by bump magnets and energy displacement by adjusting RF, and multi-particle simulations by ORBIT and TURTLE codes are presented.

TUPWO038	Start-to-end Simulations for Heavy-ion Accelerator of RISP	linac, rfq, emittance, simulation	1958
	E.-S. Kim, S.W. Jang KNU, Deagu, Republic of Korea J. Bahng, J.G. Hwang Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea B. Choi, D. Jeon, H.J. Kim, H.J. Kim IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
	RAON has been designed as a facility for rare isotope accelerator at Korea. The aceelerator consists of 28 GHz superconducting ion source, LEBT, RFQ, MEBT, superconducting linac and HEBT. The linac accelerates ion beams to 200 MeV/u with a beam power of 400 kW. Start-to-End simulations are performed from ECR-IS to HEBT and the detailed beam simulation results are presented. The beam dynamics issues are also discussed.

TUPWO040	Asymmetric Energy Colliding Ion Beams in the EDM Storage Ring	ion, storage-ring, dipole, controls	1961
	I. Koop BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
	A possibility to bent equally two counter rotating ion beams by the crossed electric and magnetic fields is investigated. The first beam is polarized and its spin precession is adjusted to be synchronous with the velocity vector precession (a frozen spin method). The counter rotating unpolarized ion beam travels along the same orbit but with different velocity. Sensitive SQUID-type BPMs measure the vertical orbit difference of two beams. Later on this information is used to distinguish the EDM signal from the magnetic moment precession. Application of this approach to search of the EDM for proton, deuteron and helion is discussed.

TUPWO050	Commissioning and Operation at β^* = 1000 m in the LHC	optics, scattering, quadrupole, insertion	1982
	H. Burkhardt, T. Persson, R. Tomás, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland S. Cavalier LAL, Orsay, France
	We have developed a special optics with a β^* of 1000 m for two interaction regions (IR1 and IR5) in the LHC, to produce very low divergence beams required for elastic proton-proton scattering. We describe the design, commissioning and operation of this optics in the LHC. The β^* of 1000 m was reached by de-squeezing the beams using 17 intermediate steps beyond the β^* of 90 m, which had been the previous highest β^* value reached in the LHC. The optics was measured and the beta beating globally corrected to a level of 10 per cent.

TUPWO051	Geometry and Optics of the Electrostatic ELENA Transfer Lines	optics, extraction, quadrupole, ion	1985
	G. Vanbavinckhove, W. Bartmann, F. Butin, O. Choisnet CERN, Geneva, Switzerland R.A. Baartman TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada D. Barna, H. Yamada University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
	The future ELENA ring at CERN will decelerate the AD antiproton beam further from 5.3 MeV to 100 keV kinetic energy, to increase the efficiency of antiproton trapping. At present there are four experimental areas in the AD hall which will be complemented with the installation of ELENA by additional three experiments and an additional source for commissioning. This paper describes the optimisation of the transfer line geometry, ring rotation and source position. The optics of the transfer lines and error studies to define field and alignment tolerances are shown, and the optics particularities of electrostatic elements and their optimisation highlighted.

TUPWO074	Reducing Spin Tune Spread by Matching DX Prime at Snakes in RHIC	quadrupole, simulation, power-supply, polarization	2030
	C. Liu, M. Bai, E.D. Courant, A. Marusic, M.G. Minty, V.H. Ranjbar, S. Tepikian, R.A. Thomas, D. Trbojevic BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. At the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at BNL the physics program includes collisions between beams of polarized protons at high beam energies. Maintaining the proton's polarization is vital and preserved primarily by application of a pair of Siberian snakes. Measurements from recent high-energy physics runs indicate polarization loss during acceleration between 100 and 250 GeV. Based on analytic estimations for off-momentum particles and/or beams, a nonzero difference in DX prime - the dispersion function angle - between the snakes can result in a shift in the spin tune, or equivalently, of the conditions of snake resonances in close proximity to the beam during acceleration. Requiring that DX prime at the two Siberian snakes in RHIC being equal would reduce the spin tune shift for off-energy particles so helping to maintain polarization during the energy ramp. Preservation of half-integer spin tune is also important for future operation of the spin flipper at store. In this report, the matching scheme and simulations using MAD-X will be presented together with a newly applied method based on response matrices.

WEOBB101	The KOMAC Accelerator Facility	linac, DTL, klystron, rfq	2052
	Y.-S. Cho, J.-H. Jang, D.I. Kim, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, B.-S. Park, J.Y. Ryu, K.T. Seol, Y.-G. Song, S.P. Yun KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Korean Government. The development of the Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC) accelerator facility was finished and went into the operation period from 2013. The facility consists of an 100-MeV proton linac including a 50-keV ion source, a 3-MeV RFQ, and a 100-MeV DTL, and 20-MeV and 100-MeV beam lines. The linac and beam lines were developed by the Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP), the first phase of KOMAC from 2002 to 2012. The goal of the beam commissioning is delivering 100-MeV 1-kW proton beams to a beam bump in a 100-MeV target room. After finishing the commissioning, the user beam service will start from spring 2013. The KOMAC user facility consists of 2 beam lines in the initial operation stage and it will be increased to 10 beam lines in future. The one beam line is for 20-MeV proton beams which are extracted after 20-MeV part of the DTL tanks. A medium energy beam transport (MEBT) is installed there for the 20-MeV beam extraction and the beam matching to the next DTL tank. The other beam line is for 100-MeV proton beams. This work summarized the status of the KOMAC accelerator and beam lines.
	Slides WEOBB101 [6.038 MB]

WEOAB201	Intense Beam Ion Sources Development at IMP	ion, ion-source, ECR, heavy-ion	2082
	L.T. Sun, Y. Cao, Y.C. Feng, J.Y. Li, Z.W. Liu, W. Lu, Q. Wu, Y. Yang, W.H. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang, Z.M. Zhang, H.W. Zhao IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China D. Xie LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
	To satisfy the HIRFL (Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou) accelerators’ requirement and the needs of several other future accelerator facilities, many high beam intensity ion sources have been developed at IMP. The ion sources include intense high charge state ion beam ECR ion sources and high intensity proton beam ECR or microwave sources. This paper will review the high charge state ion sources developed at IMP, especially the recently built fully superconducting ECR ion source SECRAL, and the other classical ion sources and all permanent magnet ion sources will also be discussed. The latest performance of the recently built intense proton ion source which can operate continuously at more than 65emA beam (after LEBT) and 50kV source high voltage for more than 150 hours with very few HV spark intervals will be especially presented in this paper.
	Slides WEOAB201 [3.381 MB]

WEPWO021	ADS 650MHz β=0.82 Supercongducting Cavity Research Status	cavity, superconducting-cavity, linac, status	2361
	Z.C. Liu, J. Gao, S. Jin, Y. Liu, J.Y. Zhai, T.X. Zhao, H.J. Zheng IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China J.X. Wang, H. Yu, H. Yuan BIAM, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	IHEP is developing a 650MHz β=0.82 supercongducting cavity for the China ADS project. The cavity is for the energy range of from 367MeV to 1500Mev. We have chosen a five cell cavity and optimized the cavity with Epk/Eacc and Bpk/Eacc to reach high gradient. Two cavity parts were fabricated and the EB welding is in process. This paper will show the fabrication status and measurement results.

WEPWO025	Preliminary Design of 325 MHz Half-Wave Resonator	cavity, simulation, controls, heavy-ion	2369
	X.Y. Zhang, X. Chen, Z.Q. Li, Q. Ma, W.M. Pan, Y. Sun, G.W. Wang, Q.Y. Wang, B. Xu, G.Y. Zhao IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Funding: This work is supported by the "Strategic Priority Research Program" of CAS. The Half-Wave Resonator (HWR) has been widely used in proton and heavy ion accelerators, for it has particular advantages of accelerating low energy charged particles. Preliminary design of a 325 MHz β=0.12 superconducting HWR cavity has been proposed at Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP). The basic geometric parameters choices of the cavity are based upon theoretical model and numerical calculation, and then the RF performances are optimized by extensive electromagnetic simulations. In this paper, the detailed mechanical analysis, frequency control, and the considerations for fabrication of the 325 MHz HWR cavity are also presented.

WEPEA013	Electron Cloud Studies for the Upgrade of the CERN PS	electron, extraction, simulation, synchrotron	2522
	G. Iadarola Naples University Federico II, Science and Technology Pole, Napoli, Italy H. Damerau, S.S. Gilardoni, G. Iadarola, S. Rioja Fuentelsaz, G. Rumolo, G. Sterbini, C. Yin Vallgren CERN, Geneva, Switzerland M.T.F. Pivi SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	The observation of a significant dynamic pressure rise as well as measurements with dedicated detectors indicate that an electron cloud develops in the CERN PS during the last stages of the RF manipulations for the production of LHC type beams, especially with 25ns bunch spacing. Although presently these beams are not degraded by the interaction with the electron cloud, which develops only during few milliseconds before extraction, the question if this effect could degrade the future high intensity and high brightness beams foreseen by the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project is still open. Therefore several studies are being carried out employing both simulations and measurements with the electron cloud detectors in the machine. The aim is to develop a reliable electron cloud model of the PS vacuum chambers in order to identify possible future limitations and find suitable countermeasures.

WEPEA019	Status of the J-PARC MA Loaded RF Systems	cavity, impedance, injection, bunching	2537
	M. Yoshii, E. Ezura, K. Hara, K. Hasegawa, C. Ohmori, A. Takagi, K. Takata, M. Toda KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan M. Nomura, T. Shimada, F. Tamura, M. Yamamoto JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan A. Schnase GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	Japan proton accelerator complex operates two cascaded synchrotrons, 3GeV RCS and 50GeV MR. The high electric field gradient magnetic alloy (MA) loaded cavities are used in both synchrotrons. The RF systems have no tuning control loop and the direct digital synthesis based fully digital low level RF guarantees the stable and reproducible proton acceleration. The feed-forward systems using the circulating beam current signals works efficiently to compensate the heavy beam induced voltage. In RCS, 11 RF systems are operating in a dual harmonic mode since December 2008. The longitudinal RF control based on the particle tracking performed effectively and the equivalent beam power of 530 kW was successfully demonstrated. The 260kW operation for the neutron users started in October 2012. In MR synchrotron, the 9th RF system was newly installed and became available as a 2nd harmonic RF system in November 2012. A 30 GeV proton of 200 kW beam power has been delivered to the T2K neutrino beam experiment with 2.48 sec repetition cycle. This paper summarizes the operation details and the status and features of the J-PARC RF systems.

WEPEA040	Space Charge and Cavity Modeling for the ESS Linac Simulator	space-charge, linac, cavity, simulation	2588
	E. Laface, M. Eshraqi, R. Miyamoto ESS, Lund, Sweden
	The proton linac of the European Spallation Source will operate at unprecedented beam power of 5 MW. Such power requires a precise modeling of the beam dynamics in order to protect its components from losses. The high peak current of 62.5 mA produces a space charge force that dominates the dynamics at low energy, while the high gradient required to accelerate up to 2 GeV in the 500 m of linac length is challenging for the dynamics in the RF cavities. This paper presents modelings of the space charge force and RF cavities used in the ESS Linac Simulator. The simulator is under development as part of the XAL on-line model, and it will be adopted for the ESS linac operations.

WEPEA061	The First LHC p-Pb run: Performance of the Heavy Ion Production Complex	ion, luminosity, heavy-ion, injection	2648
	D. Manglunki, M. E. Angoletta, H. Bartosik, G. Bellodi, A. Blas, M.A. Bodendorfer, T. Bohl, C. Carli, E. Carlier, S. Cettour Cave, K. Cornelis, H. Damerau, A. Findlay, S.S. Gilardoni, S. Hancock, J.M. Jowett, D. Kuchler, M. O'Neil, Y. Papaphilippou, S. Pasinelli, R. Scrivens, G. Tranquille, B. Vandorpe, U. Wehrle, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	TThe first LHC proton-ion run took place in January-February 2013; it was the first extension to the collider programme, as this mode was not included in the design report. This paper presents the performance of the heavy ion and proton production complex, and details the issues encountered, in particular the creation of the same bunch pattern in both beams.

WEPEA070	Space Charge Effects and Limitations in the Cern Proton Synchrotron	resonance, emittance, space-charge, injection	2669
	R. Wasef, G. Arduini, H. Damerau, S.S. Gilardoni, S. Hancock, C. Hernalsteens, A. Huschauer, F. Schmidt CERN, Geneva, Switzerland G. Franchetti GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	Space charge produces a large incoherent tune-spread which, in presence of betatronic resonances, could lead to beam losses and emittance growth. In the CERN Proton Synchrotron, at the current injection kinetic energy (1.4 GeV) and even at the future kinetic energy (2 GeV), space charge is one of the main limitations for high brightness beams and especially for the future High-Luminosity LHC beams. Several detailed studies and measurements have been carried out to improve the understanding of space charge limitations to determine the maximum acceptable tune spread and identify the most important resonances causing losses and emittance growth.

WEPEA075	Large Emittance Beam Measurements for COMET Phase-I	solenoid, electron, simulation, background	2684
	A. Kurup, I. Puri, Y. Uchida, Y. Yap Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom R. Appleby, S.C. Tygier UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom R.T.P. D'Arcy, A. Edmonds, M. Lancaster, M. Wing UCL, London, United Kingdom
	The COMET experiment will search for very rare muon processes that will give us an insight into particle physics beyond the Standard Model. COMET requires an intense beam of muons with a momentum less than 70 MeV/c. This is achieved using an 8 GeV proton beam; a heavy metal target to primarily produce pions; a solenoid capture system; and a curved solenoid to perform charge and momentum selection. Understanding the pion production yield and transport properties of the beam line is an important part of the experiment. The beam line is a continuous solenoid channel, so it is only possible to place a beam diagnostic device at the end of the beam line. Building COMET in two phases provides the opportunity to investigate the pion production yield and to measure the transport properties of the beam line in Phase-I. This paper will demonstrate how this will be done using the experimental set up for COMET Phase-I.

WEPEA077	Applying the 'Simple Accelerator Modelling in Matlab' (SAMM) Code to High Luminosity LHC Upgrade	dipole, kicker, dynamic-aperture, quadrupole	2690
	K.M. Hock, A. Wolski Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom R. Appleby UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
	The "Simple Accelerator Modelling in Matlab" (SAMM) code is a set of Matlab routines for modelling beam dynamics in high energy particle accelerators. It includes a set of CUDA codes that can be run on a Graphics Processor Unit. These can be called from SAMM and can speed up tracking simulations by 100 times. To make use of this potential for the computationally intensive LHC upgrade simulations, we have developed additional Matlab and CUDA routines to simulate the full set of elements that are present in the Large Hadron Collider. We present the results of applying these codes to dynamic aperture calculations. These results are benchmarked against PTC and MADX.

WEPEA081	Local 3Qy Betatron Resonance Correction in the 2012 RHIC 250 GeV Run	sextupole, resonance, dynamic-aperture, betatron	2696
	Y. Luo, W. Fischer, T. Roser, V. Schoefer, C.M. Zimmer BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. In this article we performed numerical simulations to correct the local vertical third order betatron resonance 3Q_y in the interaction regions in the Yellow ring for the 2012 RHIC 250~GeV polarized proton run. Considering the main sources of skew sextupoles are located in the interaction regions, we used local bump methods to minimize their contributions to the global 3Q_y resonance driving term. Two kinds of correction orbit bumps are tested and the dynamic apertures with these correction strengths are calculated and compared.

WEPFI009	RF Measurement during CW Operation of an RFQ Prototype	rfq, simulation, cavity, linac	2720
	M. Vossberg, H.C. Lenz, H. Podlech, A. Schempp IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany A. Bechtold NTG Neue Technologien GmbH & Co KG, Gelnhausen, Germany
	A 17 MeV MHz proton linac is being developed as a front end of the driver accelerator for the MYRRHA facility in Mol. As a part of the MAX (MYRRHA Accelerator Experiment and Development) project a 4-rod Test-RFQ with a resonance frequency of 176 MHz has been designed and built for the MAX-Project. The RFQ has been modified to solve the cooling problem at cw-operation, the geometrical precision had to be improved as well as the rf-contacts. The developments led to a new layout and a sophisticated production procedure of the stems and the electrodes. Calculations show an improved Rp-value leading to power losses less than 30 kW/m, which is about 60 % of the power losses which could be achieved safely at cw-operation of the similar Saraf-RFQ. Thermal measurements and simulations with the single components has been completed. During cw-operation the temperature distribution will be measured and the rf-performance checked.

WEPFI042	Installation and Operation of the RF System for the 100 MeV Proton Linac	linac, klystron, controls, LLRF	2797
	K.T. Seol, Y.-S. Cho, D.I. Kim, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, Y.-G. Song KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea
	Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Korean Government. The RF system of the 100MeV proton linac for 1st phase of KOMAC has been installed at the Gyeong-ju site. Nine sets of LLRF control system and the HPRF system including 1MW klystrons, circulators and waveguide components have been installed at the klystron gallery, and four high voltage converter modulators has been installed at the modulator room. A RF reference system distributing 300MHz LO signal to each RF control system has also been installed with a temperature control system. The requirement of RF field control is within ± 1% in RF amplitude and ± 1 degree in RF phase, and the operation of RF system will start at the end of this year after installation. The installation and operation of the RF system for the 100MeV proton linac are presented in this paper.

WEPFI063	Progress on the ISIS Synchrotron Low Power RF System Upgrade	controls, cavity, synchrotron, acceleration	2839
	A. Seville, D.B. Allen, D. Bayley, N.E. Farthing, I.S.K. Gardner, R.J. Mathieson STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom W.L. Huang IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The ISIS synchrotron at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK now routinely uses a dual harmonic RF system to accelerate beam currents in excess of 230 uA to operate two target stations simultaneously. To give more stable control of the RF voltage at each of the fundamental (1RF) and second harmonic (2RF) cavities, changes have been made to the low power RF (LPRF) control systems. A new FPGA based master oscillator has been implemented using a National Instruments FlexRIO module. The replacement master oscillator has been tested with beam for the first time. This paper reports on the tests of the FlexRIO master oscillator and describes plans for the gradual replacement of the remaining parts of the LPRF system.

WEPME005	Pulsed RF Control for the P-Linac Test Stand at FAIR	controls, linac, cavity, antiproton	2929
	P. Nonn, U. Bonnes, C. Burandt, F. Hug, M. Konrad, N. Pietralla TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany R. Eichhorn Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA H. Klingbeil, G. Schreiber, W. Vinzenz GSI, Darmstadt, Germany H. Klingbeil TEMF, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
	Funding: Supported through BMBF contract no. 06DA9024I The p-linac will be a dedicated proton injector for antiproton production at FAIR (GSI Darmstadt). It will provide a 70 MeV/70 mA pulsed proton beam with a duty cycle of about 10^-4. Therefore the RF of the normal conducting, coupled CH cavities* will be pulsed, too. In order to test the operation of those cavities, a test stand is under construction at GSI. The RF control hard- and software for the test stand is developed at TU Darmstadt. It is based on the digital low level RF control system, which is operational at the S-DALINAC*. Hardware as well as software had to be customized, in order to achieve pulsed operation within the given limits. These customizations as well as measurements from pulsed operation will be presented. R. Brodhage et al. Development and Measurements on a Coupled CH Proton Linac for FAIR, IPAC'10 **M. Konrad et al. Digital base band rf control system for the… , PRL ST Accel. & Beams 15

WEPME044	Generation of Controlled Losses in Milisecond Timescale with Transverse Damper in LHC	beam-losses, simulation, emittance, injection	3025
	M. Sapinski, T. Baer, V. Chetvertkova, B. Dehning, W. Höfle, A. Priebe, R. Schmidt, D. Valuch CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	A controlled way of generating of beam losses is required in order to investigate the quench limits of the superconducting magnets in the LHC. This is especially difficult to achieve for losses with millisecond duration. A series of experiments using the transverse damper system has proven that such a fast loss can be obtained even in the case of rigid 4 TeV beams. This paper describes the optimisation of beam parameters and transverse damper waveform required to mimic fast loss scenarios and reports on extensive tracking simulations undertaken to fully understand the time and spatial structure of these losses. The application of this method to the final quench tests is also presented.

THXB101	High Power Operation and Beam Instrumentations in J-PARC Synchrotrons	extraction, beam-losses, quadrupole, synchrotron	3085
	T. Toyama J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
	Beam monitors developed and utilized at MR and RCS of J-PARC will be presented with emphasis on special characteristics for high intensity proton accelerator. Achieved beam characteristics and approach to improve beam intensity will be described in connection with the beam monitors. Usage of a transverse RF field to improve a duty factor of the slow extracted beam will be presented.
	Slides THXB101 [16.387 MB]

THXB201	Novel Techniques and Challenges in Hadron Therapy	ion, synchrotron, cyclotron, extraction	3112
	Th. Haberer, E. Feldmeier, M. Galonska, A. Peters, C. Schömers HIT, Heidelberg, Germany
	This talk should review novel techniques and challenges for beam delivery systems with various beam scanning methods (such as 3D scanning, 4D scanning and so on) to conform the beam dose to the tumor shape in proton and carbon ion therapy, as developed by PSI, GSI, HIMAC, IMP etc. Besides traditional accelerators such as cyclotrons and synchrotrons, the talk should review the technical challenges and prospects for future compact hadron therapy accelerators such as DWA, laser accelerators and so on.
	Slides THXB201 [4.934 MB]

THOAB201	Development of the Dielectric Wall Accelerator	dipole, simulation, radiation, shielding	3115
	A. Zografos, T. Brown, C. Cohen-Jonathan, C. Hettler, F. Huang, V. Joshkin, K. Leung, M. Moyers, Y.K. Parker, D. Pearson, M. Rougieri CPAC, Livermore, CA, USA R.W. Hamm R&M Technical Enterprises, Pleasanton, California, USA
	The Compact Particle Accelerator Corporation has developed an architecture to produce pulsed proton bunches that will be suitable for proton beam therapy. The Dielectric Wall Accelerator engineering prototype includes a RFQ injection system with a pulsed kicker to select the desired proton bunches and a linear accelerator incorporating a High Gradient Insulator with stacked transmission to produce the required voltage. The transmission lines are switched with solid state laser driven optical switches. A computational model has been developed that is in very good agreement with the experimental results. The system is presently achieving accelerating gradients of approximately 15 MeV/m. The computational model has been used to design the next generation system that will achieve 25 MeV/m by early 2013. This paper will discuss the status of the apparatus, the basic elements of the computational model, experimental results and comparison to the model predictions. In addition, the paper will present concepts for proton therapy systems that incorporate the Dielectric Wall Accelerator and fully leverage its features to achieve clinical requirements.
	Slides THOAB201 [1.650 MB]

THOAB202	Secondary Neutron Production from Patients during Hadron Therapy and their Radiation Risks: the Other Side of Hadron Therapy	neutron, ion, target, hadron	3118
	M.A. Chaudhri University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
	We were the first to calculate and measure the neutron produced from patients during therapy with bremsstrahlung, and estimated their radiation doses . This neutron output would be lot higher with hadrons due to their larger cross sections. There is no reliable/ useful data on this subject. Using the experimental neutron production data from different body elements, we have estimated the fluence and energies of these neutrons from tissue under irradiation with different hadrons. Our results indicate that at least 4.2 neutrons , with energies greater than 5 MeV, are produced for every C-ion of 400 MeV/u energy incident on tissue. This number reduces to 3, 1.4 and 0.3 respectively at C-energies of 300, 200 and 100 MeV /u. For protons these numbers are estimated to be 0.05, 0.2 and 0.4 per proton of energies 100, 200 and 300 MeV respectively. There would be even more neutrons with energies lesser than 5 MeV. The doses to some organs have been estimated, which are not negligible. A “Compromise optimum energy” concept is suggested. But extreme caution is highly recommend before treating patients with hadrons, especially children and younger people who still have many years to live. P.Allen and M.A Chaudhri, Phys. Med. Biol. 33 (1988) 1017
	Slides THOAB202 [3.644 MB]

THYB201	Where Next with SRF?	SRF, linac, cavity, cryomodule	3124
	G. Ciovati JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: This manuscript has been authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177. RF superconductivity (SRF) has become, over the last ~20 years, the technology of choice to produce RF cavities for particle accelerators. This occurred because of improvements in material and processing techniques as well as the understanding and remediation of practical limitations in SRF cavities. This development effort span ~40 years and Nb has been the material of choice for SRF cavity production. As the performances of SRF Nb cavities are approaching what are considered to be theoretical limits of the material, it is legitimate to ask what will be the future of SRF. In this article we will attempt to answer such question on the basis of near-future demands for SRF-based accelerators and the basic SRF properties of the available materials. Clearly, Nb will continue to play a major role in SRF cavities in the coming years but the use of superconductors with higher critical temperature than Nb is also likely to occur.
	Slides THYB201 [1.549 MB]

THPPA03	The Development of China’s Accelerators I Have Experienced	synchrotron, luminosity, linac, radiation	3144
	S.X. Fang IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The development of China’s high energy accelerator for half a century falls into two stages, namely the first 20 hovering years (1958-1978) and the later 30 years of rapid development (from 1978 till now). I was lucky enough to have experienced the whole process, witnessed, and to some extent, joined in the decision-making, the projects approval, the designing, the development and construction of China's five large scientific facilities undertaken by the Institute of High Energy Physics in Beijing. A brief review is given of the previous stage of history regarding the consideration of China’s high energy accelerators in the first 20 years. A short presentation is also given of the later 30 years concerning the rapid development of the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider (BEPC and BEPCII), the completed BEPC-based Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) under construction, the high-intensity proton accelerator (ADS) used for nuclear waste transmutation and the proton therapy machine in the R&D stage.
	Slides THPPA03 [6.015 MB]

THPEA027	Radiation Calculations for Advanced Proton Therapy Facility	shielding, radiation, simulation, target	3201
	J.Q. Xu, J.J. Lu, G. Wang, X. Xia SINAP, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
	The shielding calculations for Advanced Proton Therapy Facility (APTRON), which is under design in Shanghai, were carried out. The thickness of radiation shielding walls for the accelerator and treatment rooms of APTRON were determined by Monte Carlo simulation and empirical formula. Beam loss scenarios and workloads of different energy at LINAC, synchrotron, beam transport line and treatment are given for the calculations. The calculations were carried out for the proton energy of 150MeV, 220MeV and 250MeV, and the targets of iron and equivalent tissue material. Source terms and attenuation length were calculated with different angles by the simulation using FLUKA code. Based on the source terms and the attenuation length, the thickness of the bulk walls were determined. Local shielding and maze design were also concerned.

THPEA041	Performance Improvements of the SPS Internal Beam Dump for the HL-LHC Beam	kicker, vacuum, dumping, synchrotron	3231
	F.M. Velotti, O. Aberle, C. Bracco, E. Carlier, P. Chiggiato, J.A. Ferreira Somoza, B. Goddard, M. Meddahi, V. Senaj, J.A. Uythoven CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The SPS internal beam dump has been designed for beam specifications well below the HL-LHC ones, and for modes of operation which may not be adequate for the HL-LHC era. The present system suffers from several limitations in the allowed intensity and energy range, and its vacuum performance affects nearby high-voltage kicker systems. In this report the limitations of the internal beam dump system are reviewed, and the possible improvements compared. Preliminary upgrade proposals are presented, taking into consideration the expected operational HL-LHC parameters.

THPEA044	Radiation Tolerance of Cryogenic Beam Loss Monitor Detectors	radiation, cryogenics, beam-losses, monitoring	3240
	C. Kurfuerst, C. Arregui Rementeria, M.R. Bartosik, B. Dehning, T. Eisel, M. Sapinski CERN, Geneva, Switzerland V. Eremin, E. Verbitskaya IOFFE, St. Petersburg, Russia C. Fabjan HEPHY, Wien, Austria E. Griesmayer CIVIDEC Instrumentation, Wien, Austria
	At the triplet magnets, close to the interaction regions of the LHC, the current Beam Loss Monitoring system is sensitive to the particle showers resulting from the collision of the two beams. For the future, with beams of higher energy and intensity resulting in higher luminosity, distinguishing between these interaction products and possible quench-provoking beam losses from the primary proton beams will be challenging. Investigations are therefore underway to optimise the system by locating the beam loss detectors as close as possible to the superconducting coils of the triplet magnets. This means putting detectors inside the cold mass in superfluid helium at 1.9 K. Previous tests have shown that solid state diamond and silicon detectors as well as liquid helium ionisation chambers are promising candidates. This paper will address the final open question of their radiation resistance for 20 years of nominal LHC operation, by reporting on the results from high irradiation beam tests carried out at CERN in a liquid helium environment.

THPEA047	Diamond Particle Detector Properties during High Fluence Material Damage Tests and their Future Applications for Machine Protection in the LHC	simulation, target, beam-losses, radiation	3249
	F. Burkart, J. Blanco, J. Borburgh, B. Dehning, M. Di Castro, E. Griesmayer, A. Lechner, J. Lendaro, F. Loprete, R. Losito, S. Montesano, R. Schmidt, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth CERN, Geneva, Switzerland E. Griesmayer CIVIDEC Instrumentation, Wien, Austria
	Experience with LHC machine protection (MP) during the last three years of operation shows that the MP systems sufficiently protect the LHC against damage in case of failures leading to beam losses with a time constant exceeding 1ms. An unexpected fast beam loss mechanism, called UFOs, was observed, which could potentially quench superconducting magnets. For such fast losses, but also for better understanding of slower losses, an improved understanding of the loss distribution within a bunch train is required. Diamond particle detectors with bunch-by-bunch resolution and high dynamic range have been developed and successfully tested in the LHC and in experiments to quantify the damage limits of LHC components. This paper will focus on experience gained in use of diamond detectors. The properties of these detectors were measured during high-fluence material damage tests in CERN's HiRadMat facility. The results will be discussed and compared to the cross-calibration with FLUKA simulations. Future applications of these detectors in the LHC to understand beam losses and to improve the protection against fast particle losses will be discussed.

THPFI011	Thermal Simulations of Charge-exchange Stripper Foils for High-melting-point Materials	stripper, simulation, injection, radiation	3312
	Y. Takeda KEK, Ibaraki, Japan M.A. Plum ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
	Charge-exchange stripper foils can be very quickly broken by high-current beams. Hence, a long-lived foil that can withstand prolonged beam irradiation is eagerly awaited. It is well known that the maximum temperature of the foil plays an important role in the foil lifetime. Therefore, the temperature distribution map and the maximum temperature of the foils were investigated in detail by using simulation software of the finite element method and applications with ANSYS. Moreover, the heating properties of several kinds of high-melting-point materials were researched. According to the results, stripper foils of the same effective thickness showed drastically different maximum temperatures, differing by up to about 200 K. From these results, we show that the emissivity and specific heat of the foil considerably influences its maximum temperature.

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MOXBB101

Challenges facing High Power Proton Accelerators

linac, ion, injection, rfq

1

M.A. Plum
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Funding: ORNL/SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.
This presentation will provide an overview of the challenges and experiences of high power proton accelerators such as SNS, J-PARC, etc. and what we have learned from experiences and how to mitigate beam losses.

Slides MOXBB101 [6.734 MB]

MOYAB101

The First Years of LHC Operation for Luminosity Production

luminosity, injection, emittance, feedback

6

M. Lamont
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

A summary of the first 3 years of LHC operation is presented with a discussion on the performance ramp-up, operation efficiencies and system reliability. The main contributory factors to peak and integrated luminosity performance are outlined.

Slides MOYAB101 [12.139 MB]

MOODB103

Results of an Experiment on Hydrodynamic Tunnelling at the SPS HiRadMat High Intensity Proton Facility

target, simulation, synchrotron, instrumentation

37

R. Schmidt, J. Blanco, F. Burkart, D. Grenier, D. Wollmann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
E. Griesmayer
CIVIDEC Instrumentation, Wien, Austria
N.A. Tahir
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

To predict the damage for a catastrophic failure of the protections systems for the LHC when operating with beams storing 362 MJ, simulation studies of the impact of an LHC beam on targets were performed. Firstly, the energy deposition of the first bunches in a target with FLUKA is calculated. The effect of the energy deposition on the target is then calculated with a hydrodynamic code, BIG2. The impact of only a few bunches leads to a change of target density. The calculations are done iteratively in several steps and show that such beam can tunnel up to 30-35 m into a target. Validation experiments for these calculations at LHC are not possible, therefore experiments were suggested for the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), since simulation studies with the tools used for the LHC also predict hydrodynamic tunnelling for SPS beams. An experiment at the SPS-HiRadMat facility (High-Radiation to Materials) using the 440 GeV beam with 144 bunches was performed in July 2012. In this paper we compare the results of this experiment with our calculations of hydrodynamic tunnelling.

Slides MOODB103 [40.426 MB]

MOZB201

Overview of the LHeC Design Study at CERN

lepton, linac, luminosity, electron

40

O.S. Brüning
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The LHeC is a potential future lepton-hadron collider project at CERN based on the existing LHC infrastructure. The presentation highlights the main results of the recently published conceptual design report, including the findings of an international review committee that evaluated it. The presentation outlines the planed future studies and R&D activities for the next years.

Slides MOZB201 [11.894 MB]

MOODB201

Proton-nucleus Collisions in the LHC

luminosity, injection, heavy-ion, ion

49

J.M. Jowett, R. Alemany-Fernandez, P. Baudrenghien, D. Jacquet, M. Lamont, D. Manglunki, S. Redaelli, M. Sapinski, M. Schaumann, M. Solfaroli Camillocci, R. Tomás, J.A. Uythoven, D. Valuch, R. Versteegen, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Following the high integrated luminosity accumulated in the first two Pb-Pb collision runs in 2010 and 2011, the LHC heavy-ion physics community requested a first run with p-Pb collisions. This almost unprecedented mode of collider operation was not foreseen in the baseline design of the LHC whose two-in-one magnet design imposed equal rigidity and, hence, unequal revolution frequencies, during injection and ramp. Nevertheless, after a successful pilot physics fill in 2012, the LHC provided 31 nb^-1 of p-Pb luminosity per experiment, at an energy of 5.02 TeV per colliding nucleon pair, with several variations of the operating conditions, in early 2013. Together with a companion p-p run at 2.76 TeV, this was the last physics before the present long shutdown. We summarise the beam physics, operational adaptations and strategy that resulted in extremely rapid commissioning. Finally, we give an account of the progress of the run and provide an analysis of the performance.

Slides MOODB201 [6.547 MB]

MOODB202

Simulations and Measurements of Cleaning with 100 MJ Beams in the LHC

simulation, collimation, beam-losses, betatron

52

R. Bruce, R.W. Aßmann, V. Boccone, C. Bracco, M. Cauchi, F. Cerutti, D. Deboy, A. Ferrari, L. Lari, A. Marsili, A. Mereghetti, E. Quaranta, S. Redaelli, G. Robert-Demolaize, A. Rossi, B. Salvachua, E. Skordis, G. Valentino, V. Vlachoudis, Th. Weiler, D. Wollmann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
L. Lari
IFIC, Valencia, Spain
E. Quaranta
Politecnico/Milano, Milano, Italy
G. Valentino
University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta

The CERN Large Hadron Collider is routinely storing proton beam intensities of more than 100 MJ, which puts extraordinary demands on the control of beam losses to avoid quenches of the superconducting magnets. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the LHC beam cleaning is required. We present tracking and shower simulations of the LHC's multi-stage collimation system and compare with measured beam losses, which allow us to conclude on the predictive power of the simulations.

Slides MOODB202 [6.343 MB]

MOODB203

vSTORM Facility Design and Simulation

injection, target, optics, dipole

55

A. Liu, A.D. Bross, D.V. Neuffer
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
S.-Y. Lee
Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA

Funding: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
A facility producing neutrinos from muons that decay in a storage ring can provide an extremely well understood neutrino beam for oscillation physics and the search for sterile neutrinos. The "neutrinos from STORed Muons"(nuSTORM) facility is based on this idea. The facility includes a target station with secondary particle collection, pion transfer line, pion injection, and a ~3.8 GeV/c muon storage ring. No muon cooling or RF sub-systems are required. The injection scenario for nuSTORM avoids the use of a separate pion decay channel and fast kickers. This paper reports a detailed description of the proposed injection scheme with full G4beamline simulations. We also present progresses on possible design options for a muon racetrack decay ring.

Slides MOODB203 [14.079 MB]

MOPEA058

CNGS, CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso, Five Years of Running a 500 Kilowatt Neutrino Beam Facility at CERN

target, extraction, radiation, kaon

211

E. Gschwendtner, K. Cornelis, I. Efthymiopoulos, A. Pardons, H. Vincke, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
I. Krätschmer
HEPHY, Wien, Austria

The CNGS facility (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) aims at directly detecting muon to tau neutrino oscillations where an intense muon-neutrino beam (10¹⁷ muon-neutrinos/day) is generated at CERN and directed over 732km towards the Gran Sasso National Laboratory, LNGS, in Italy, where two large and complex detectors, OPERA and ICARUS, are located. The CNGS facility (CNGS Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) started with the physics program in 2008 and delivered until the end of the physics run 2012 more than 80% of the approved protons on target (22.5·10¹⁹ pot). An overview of the performance and experience gained in operating this 500kW neutrino beam facility is described. Major events since the commissioning of the facility in 2006 are summarized. Highlights on the CNGS beam performance are given.

MOPEA073

Current Status of the LBNE Neutrino Beam

target, shielding, simulation, focusing

255

C.D. Moore, K.R. Bourkland, C.F. Crowley, P. Hurh, J. Hylen, B.G. Lundberg, A. Marchionni, M.W. McGee, N.V. Mokhov, V. Papadimitriou, R.K. Plunkett, S.D. Reitzner, A.M. Stefanik, G. Velev, K.E. Williams, R.M. Zwaska
Fermilab, Batavia, USA

Funding: Work supported by the Fermilab Research Alliance, under contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Dept of Energy.
The Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) will utilize a neutrino beamline facility located at Fermilab. The facility is designed to aim a beam of neutrinos toward a detector placed in South Dakota. The neutrinos are produced in a three-step process. First, protons from the Main Injector hit a solid target and produce mesons. Then, the charged mesons are focused by a set of focusing horns into the decay pipe, towards the far detector. Finally, the mesons that enter the decay pipe decay into neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined by an amalgam of the physics goals, the Monte Carlo modeling of the facility, and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The initial beam power is expected to be ~700 kW, however some of the parameters were chosen to be able to deal with a beam power of 2.3 MW. The LBNE Neutrino Beam has made significant changes to the initial design through consideration of numerous Value Engineering proposals and the current design is described.

MOPFI030

Study of the Beam Injection and Extraction of the Proton Irradiation Accelerator

injection, extraction, kicker, synchrotron

348

Y.W. An, H.F. Ji, S. Wang
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The proton irradiation accelerator is widely founded for industry application, and the extracted beam is required to have large intensity as a pulse beam or uniform distribution for scanning. A multi-turn injection is adopted and the proton beam is injected into the ring with the energy of 10MeV. In order to increase injection beam intensity, local bump orbit including two-bump, three-bump and four-bump is well studied and optimized, and the septum magnet thickness and localization are also studied for an effective injection. A RF knock-out method is used for slow extraction due to the fast response character. In order to decrease the global spill, double RF kicker and the control of the aptitude modulation (AM) function of the transverse RF field are well studied.

MOPFI032

Electron Emission of the Stripping Foil and Collimation System for CSNS/RCS

electron, collimation, scattering, injection

354

M.Y. Huang, Y.D. Liu, N. Wang, S. Wang
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

For the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS/RCS), the electron emission plays an important role in the accelerator limitation. The interactions between the proton beam and the stripping foil were studied, and the electron scattering processes were simulated by the ORBIT and FLUKA codes. Then, the electron energy distribution and the electron yielding rate can be given. Furthermore, the interactions between the proton beam and the collimation system were studied, and the electron scattering processes were simulated. Then, the energy distribution of the primary electron emission can be given and the yielding rate of the primary electron can be obtained.

MOPFI070

Spallation is not the only Fruit: Low Energy Fusion as a Source of Neutrons

neutron, target, simulation, radiation

443

S.C.P. Albright, R. Seviour
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom

Commercially there is a growing interest in applications of neutrons. Currently the majority of neutron sources are based at research institutions from either reactors or spallation sources. Smaller portable sources contain either fissile isotope or sealed fusors are available, although they either use or produce tritium, or other long lived decay products. As an alternative to the large facilities and the radio-toxicology of current portable sources research is being performed with an aim to produce a fusion based neutron source with neither of these concerns. We show that MCNPX is able to accurately reproduce (p,n) reactions for a number of light elements. Simulations of low energy proton reactions with light nuclei simulated with MCNPX and Geant4 are compared with experiment.

MOPFI071

High Power Cyclotrons for the Neutrino Experiments DAEδALUS and IsoDAR

cyclotron, ion, ion-source, electron

446

R.J. Barlow, A. Bungau, A.M. Kolano
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
A. Adelmann
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
J.R. Alonso
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
W.A. Barletta, A. Calanna, D. Campo, J.M. Conrad
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
L. Calabretta
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
F. Méot
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
H.L. Owen
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
M. Shaevitz
Columbia University, New York, USA

DAEδALUS (Decay At rest Experiment for δ_cp At a Laboratory for Underground Science) has been proposed to measure the value of the CP violating phase delta through the oscillation of low energy muon anti-neutrinos to electron antineutrinos. With a single large detector, three accelerators at different distances enable the oscillation to be measured with sufficient accuracy. We have proposed the superconducting multi-megawatt DAEδALUS Supercinducting Ring Cyclotron (DSRC) as the means of producing the 800 MeV 12 mA protons required, through the acceleration of H₂⁺, ions with highly efficient stripping extraction. The DSRC comprises twin ion sources and injector cyclotrons, followed by a booster. The injector cyclotron can also be used for a separate experiment, IsoDAR (Isotope Decay At Rest) in which low energy protons produce Lithium 8, and thus a very pure electron antineutrino source which can be used to measure, or rule out, short range oscillation to a sterile neutrino. We describe recent developments in the designs of the injector and the booster, and the prospects for the two experiments.

MOPFI073

Optimisation Studies of a High Intensity Electron Antineutrino Source

target, neutron, simulation, cyclotron

449

A. Bungau, R.J. Barlow
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
J.R. Alonso, J.M. Conrad, J. Spitz
MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
M. Shaevitz
Columbia University, New York, USA

ISODAR (Isotopes-Decay-At-Rest) is a novel, high intensity source of electron antineutrinos produced by the decay of Li-8 isotopes, which aims for searches for physics beyond the standard model. The Li-8 isotopes are produced in the inelastic interactions of low energy protons or deuterons with a Beryllium target. In addition the Li-8 is produced in the surrounding materials by secondary neutrons. This paper focuses on the optimisation of the base design target, moderator and reflector.

MOPME024

Status of Beam Loss Spatial Distribution Measurements at J-PARC Linac

linac, controls, status, klystron

524

H. Sako, T. Maruta, A. Miura
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan

Funding: This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 24510134.
We have developed 8-plane (4 horizontal and 4 vertical) scintillating fiber hodoscope system to measure proton tracks due to beam loss in the ACS section at the J-PARC linac. The detector consists of upstream 4 planes (two horizontal and two vertical) and downstream 4 planes (two horizontal and 4 vertical). The time of flight measuremments between the upstream and downstream subsystems allow proton identification and energy mesurements. In summer of 2012, we have installed remote position movement system, which enables measurements of spatial distributions of proton tracks. In this presentation we show status of mesurements and data analysis.

MOPME025

Production of Extraction Kicker Magnet of the J-PARC 3-GeV RCS

kicker, vacuum, high-voltage, extraction

526

M. Kinsho, N. Ogiwara, K. Suganuma
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan

The J-PARC 3-GeV rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) has been provided proton beam to the Material and Life Science Facility (MLF)as well as to the 50 GeV Main Ring (MR). Proton beam is accelerated from 181 MeV to 3GeV in the RCS and immediately extracted it to the beam transport line to the MLF and the MR. Extraction kicker magnets are used for this fast extraction. To improve reliability of the RCS for user operation, production of a reserve kicker magnet has been performed. The kicker magnet mainly consists of Ni-Zn ferrite cores and Aluminum alloy plates, and these parts are installed in vacuum chamber to prevent discharge because a high voltage is applied to the magnet for a short period. Since it is important to reduce the outgassing of water vapor form these parts to prevent discharge, we has been produced the reserve magnet with low outgassing at high voltage discharge. Since assemble of the kicker magnet already finished and vacuum test has been performed, the result of vacuum test is reported.

MOPME028

A Preliminary Study of the Vibration Wire Monitor for Beam Halo Diagnostic in J-PARC L3BT

diagnostics, electron, injection, linac

535

K. Okabe, M. Kinsho, K. Yamamoto, M. Yoshimoto
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan

In the J-PARC 3-GeV Rapid Cycle Synchrotron (RCS), transverse beam halo diagnostic and scraping are required to increase the output beam power. Wire scanners and halo scrapers were used for measurement of projected beam distributions to determine the extent of beam halo formation at Linac-3GeV Beam Transport line (L3BT). In order to determine more detail of halo formation, Vibration Wire Monitor (VWM) was installed in L3BT for the beam halo measurement and the offline study at the test stand with low energy electron gun are started. The high sensitivity of the VWM makes it a prospective one for investigation of beam halo and weak beam scanning. In this paper, we will report a preliminary results of offline studies and beam halo measurement by VWM at L3BT.

MOPME045

Design and Test Status of Beam Position Monitors for ADS Injector II Proton LINAC

linac, cryomodule, vacuum, alignment

574

Y. Zhang, H. Jia, X.C. Kang, M. Li, J.X. Wu, G. Zhu
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Beam Position Monitors (BPM) based on capacitive pick-ups are designed for Accelerator-Driven System (ADS) Injector II proton LINAC. This LINAC is aiming to produce a maximum design current of 15 mA at the 10 MeV energy with an operating frequency of 162.5 MHz. Non-interceptive BPM will be installed to measure the transverse beam position and beam phase in the vacuum chamber. Depending on the location, the response of the BPMs must be optimized for a beam with an energy range from 2.1 up to 10 MeV and an average current between 0.01 and 15 mA. Apart from the broadening of the electromagnetic field due to the low-beta beam, specific issues are affecting some of the BPMs: tiny space in the transport line between the RFQ and the cryomodule and the cryogenic temperature inside the cryomodule. For this reason two types of BPMs are being designed for each location (MEBT and cryomoudle). In this contribution, the present status of the design and measured results for each BPM will be presented in room and cold temperature, focusing on the electromagnetic response for low-beta beams.

MOPME056

Measurement of the Beam Position Monitor’s Electrical Performance and Electronics Sensitivity for 100 MeV Proton Linac and Beam Lines

linac, pick-up, instrumentation, monitoring

598

J.Y. Ryu, Y.-S. Cho, J.-H. Jang, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, K.T. Seol
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Korean Government.
The development of the beam position monitor (BPM) is in progress for the 100-MeV proton linac and 10 beam lines of the 1st phase of KOMAC. Those were selected the strip line type BPM for the proton linac and beam lines. 5 beam-line BPMs and 9 linac BPMs were checked their electrical performance in the RF test using by developed test stand and tested the Log-ratio BPM (Beam Position Monitor) electronics module of the Bergoz Instrumentation for direct beam position derivation signal from the pickup signal. After then, those will be installed 100-MeV proton Linac and beam lines for beam commissioning in February 2013. This presentation summarized the results of measured BPM’s electrical performance and the Log-ratio BPM electronics pickup sensitivity.

MOPME071

Characterisation of Si Detectors for use at 2 Kelvin

cryogenics, radiation, luminosity, superconducting-magnet

643

M.R. Bartosik, C. Arregui Rementeria, B. Dehning, T. Eisel, C. Kurfuerst, M. Sapinski
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
V. Eremin, E. Verbitskaya
IOFFE, St. Petersburg, Russia

Funding: This research project has been supported by a Marie Curie Early Initial Training Network Fellowship of the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under contract nr PITN-GA-2011-289485-OPAC.
It is expected that the luminosity of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be bounded in the future by the beam loss limits of the superconducting magnets. To protect the superconducting magnets of the high luminosity insertions an optimal detection of the energy deposition by the shower of beam particles is necessary. Therefore beam Loss Monitors (BLM) need to be placed close to the particle impact location in the cold mass of the magnets where they should operate in superfluid helium at 1.9 Kelvin. To choose optimal detectors n-type silicon wafers have been examined at superfluid helium temperature whilst under irradiation from a high intensity proton beam. The radiation hardness and leakage current of these detectors were found to be significantly improved at 1.9 Kelvin when compared to their operation at room temperature.

MOPWA008

Power Supply of the Pulse Steering Magnet for Changing the Painting Area between the MLF and the MR at J-PARC 3 GeV RCS

power-supply, injection, superconductivity, controls

681

T. Takayanagi, N. Hayashi, K. Horino, M. Kinsho, T. Togashi, T. Ueno, Y. Watanabe
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
Y. Irie
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

The power supply of the pulse steering magnet (PSTR) has been produced. The PSTR of the 3-GeV RCS (Rapid Cycling Synchrotron) in the J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex) aims at changing the painting area in a pulse-to-pulse mode at 25Hz between the MLF (Material and Life science Experimental Facility) and the MR (50-GeV Main Ring synchrotron) at J-PARC. The power supply has the equipment used to excite the pulse current and the direct current (DC) to correspond to two modes that the paint injection for beam users and the central injection for beam commissioning. In case of the paint injection, the power supply excites the current from 40 A to 450 A in pulse mode, which has the capability to switch from positive to negative polarity. The pulse current has been performed with good accuracy whose deviation to a setting current becomes to be less than ± 0.2 %. In case of the central injection, the power supply excites the current from 1000 A to 3000A in DC mode, which has been realized output current deviation below ± 0.01 %. This paper summarizes the design parameters and the experimental results of the power supply.

MOPWA034

Electron Tracking Simulations in the Presence of the Beam and External Fields

emittance, electron, simulation, space-charge

741

M. Patecki, B. Dehning, G. Iadarola, M. Sapinski
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The ionisation profile monitors installed in the CERN LHC and SPS, makes use of the ionisation of small quantities of injected neon gas by the circulating beam. The electrons produced are guided towards the readout system using a combination of electric and magnetic fields. However, in the presence of the beam field their tracks are modified and the resulting profile is distorted. The Geant4 physics simulation package has been used to simulate the ionisation process, while the CERN-developed PyECLOUD code has been used for tracking the resulting ionised particles. In this paper the results of simulations are compared with observations, with conclusions presented on the accuracy of the reconstruction of high-intensity beam profiles.

MOPWA037

Commissioning of the CERN Linac4 BPM System with 50 MeV Proton Beams

linac, pick-up, simulation, optics

750

J. Tan, M. Ludwig, L. Søby, M. Sordet, M. Wendt
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The new Linac4 at CERN will provide a 160 MeV H⁻ ion beam for charge-exchange injection into the existing CERN accelerator complex. Shorted stripline pick-ups placed in the Linac intertank regions and the transfer lines will measure beam orbit, relative beam current, beam phase, and average beam energy via the time-of-flight between two beam pickups. A prototype Beam Position Monitor (BPM) system has been installed in the transfer line between the existing Linac2 and the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) in order to study and review the complete acquisition chain. This paper presents measurements and performance of this BPM system operating with 50 MeV proton beams, and compares the results with laboratory measurements and electromagnetic simulations.

MOPWA059

Beam Emittance Measurements and Beam Transport Optimization at the Clatterbridge Cancer Centre

quadrupole, emittance, cyclotron, scattering

810

T. Cybulski, O. Karamyshev, C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
A. Degiovanni
TERA, Novara, Italy
A. Kacperek, B. Marsland, I. Taylor, A. Wray
The Douglas Cyclotron, The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Wirral, United Kingdom
O. Karamyshev, C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Funding: Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
The QUASAR Group is preparing tests of the high energy physics LHCb VELO detector as a non–invasive online dose monitor at the 60 MeV proton therapy beam at the Clatterbridge Cancer Centre (CCC), UK. The proposed method relies on the cross-correlation between the beam halo signal as measured by VELO and the dose delivered to the patient, linked via the absolute intensity of the beam. In order to estimate the expected halo signal and the total beam intensity, studies into proton beam transport through the whole CCC beam line have been carried out. This required the measurement of beam emittance at several positions of the beam delivery system. Quadrupole scans have been realized using a CsI (Tl) scintillating screen in combination with an 8 bit, 13 Mpixel CCD camera. In this contribution, results from measurements are presented and include a discussion of the effects from dispersion in the beam. Experimental data are compared against earlier measurements performed in 1998 and are used as a basis for suggestions targeting an overall optimization of beam transport at CCC.
* Assessing the Suitability of a Medical Cyclotron as an Injector for an Energy Upgrade, J. A. Clarke et all , CLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, UK

MOPWA062

Transverse Beam Halo Measurements at High Intensity Neutrino Source (HINS) using Vibrating Wire Monitor

ion, target, linac, ion-source

819

M. Chung, B.M. Hanna, V.E. Scarpine, V.D. Shiltsev, J. Steimel
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
S. Artinian
BERGOZ Instrumentation, Saint Genis Pouilly, France
S.G. Arutunian
ANSL, Yerevan, Armenia

Funding: Research supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.
Measurement and control of transverse beam halo will be critical for the applications of future high-intensity hadron linacs. In particular, beam profile monitors require a very high dynamic range when using for transverse beam halo measurements. In this study, the Vibrating Wire Monitor (VWM) with aperture 60 mm was installed at the High Intensity Neutrino Source (HINS) front-end to measure transverse beam halo. A vibrating wire is excited at its resonance frequency with the help of a magnetic feedback loop, and the vibrating and sensitive wires are connected through a balanced arm. The sensitive wire is moved into the beam halo region by a stepper motor controlled translational stage. We study the feasibility of the vibrating wire for transverse beam halo measurements in the low-energy front-end of the proton linac.

MOPWA064

Microwave Resonator Diagnostics of Electron Cloud Density Profile in High Intensity Proton Beam

electron, cavity, vacuum, simulation

825

Y.-M. Shin, J. Ruan, C.-Y. Tan, J.C.T. Thangaraj, R.M. Zwaska
Fermilab, Batavia, USA

We have developed an novel technique to accurately estimate the density of dilute electron clouds emitted from high intensity proton beams. The strong phase shift enhancement from multiple reflections of standing microwaves in a resonating beam pipe cavity has been demonstrated with numerical modeling using dielectric approximation and e S-parameter measurements. The equivalent dielectric simulation showed a ~ 10 times phase shift enhancement (Pi-mode, 1.516 GHz) with the cavity beam pipe compared to the waveguide model. The position-dependence of the technique is investigated by overlapping the field distributions of harmonic resonances. The simulation with various positions of dielectric insertions confirmed that resonance peaks in phase-shift spectra corresponding to the relative distance between field-nodes and electron cloud position, which allows for one-dimensional mapping. Preliminary experimental studies based on a bench-top setup confirm the results of the simulation showing that thicker reflectors enhance the phase-shift measurement of the electron cloud density.

MOPWO029

Remote Estimate of Collimator Jaw Damages with Sound Measurements during Beam Impacts

radiation, simulation, background, extraction

951

D. Deboy, O. Aberle, R.W. Aßmann, F. Carra, M. Cauchi, J. Lendaro, A. Masi, S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Irregular hits of high-intensity LHC beams on collimators can lead to severe damage of the collimator jaws. The identification of damaged collimator jaws by observation of beam measurements is challenging: online loss measurements at the moment of the impacts can be tricky and degradation of the overall performance from single collimator damage can be difficult to measure. Visual inspections are excluded because collimator jaws are enclosed in vacuum tanks without windows. However, the sound generated during the beam impact can be used to give an estimate of the damage level. In 2012, high-intensity beam comparable to a full nominal LHC bunch at 7 TeV was shot on a tertiary type LHC collimator at the HiRadMat test facility at CERN. The paper presents results from sound recordings of this experiment.

MOPWO031

High Energy Beam Impact Tests on a LHC Tertiary Collimator at CERN HiRadMat Facility

alignment, vacuum, collimation, simulation

954

M. Cauchi, O. Aberle, R.W. Aßmann, A. Bertarelli, F. Carra, A. Dallocchio, D. Deboy, L. Lari, S. Redaelli, A. Rossi
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
M. Cauchi, P. Mollicone
UoM, Msida, Malta
L. Lari
IFIC, Valencia, Spain
N.J. Sammut
University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta

The correct functioning of the collimation system is crucial to safely operate the LHC. The requirements to handle high intensity beams can be demanding. In this respect, investigating the consequences of LHC particle beams hitting tertiary collimators (TCTs) in the experimental regions is a fundamental issue for machine protection. An experimental test was designed to investigate the robustness and effects of beam accidents on a fully assembled collimator, based on accident scenarios in the LHC. This experiment, carried out at the CERN HiRadMat (High Irradiation to Materials) facility, involved 440 GeV beam impacts of different intensities on the jaws of a horizontal TCT. This paper presents the experimental setup and the preliminary results obtained together with some first outcomes from visual inspection.

MOPWO034

Energy Deposition Studies for the Upgrade of the LHC Injection Lines

injection, optics, quadrupole, luminosity

963

A. Mereghetti, O. Aberle, F. Cerutti, B. Goddard, V. Kain, F.L. Maciariello, M. Meddahi
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
R. Appleby
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
E. Gianfelice-Wendt
Fermilab, Batavia, USA

The LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) Project aims at upgrading the systems in the LHC injection chain, to reliably deliver the beams required by the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). Given the challenging beam intensities and emittances, a review of the existing beam-intercepting devices is on-going, in order to assess heat loads and consequent thermo-mechanical stresses. Moreover, the exposure of downstream elements to induced shower radiation is assessed. The study is intended to spot possible issues and contribute to the definition of viable design and layout solutions.

MOPWO035

Layouts for Crystal Collimation Tests at the LHC

collimation, simulation, optics, insertion

966

D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli, W. Scandale
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
D. Mirarchi
The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
V. Previtali
Fermilab, Batavia, USA

Various studies have been carried out in the past years regarding crystal collimation for the LHC. A new extensive campaign of simulations was performed to determine optimum layouts for beam tests at the LHC. The layouts are determined based on semi-analytical models for the dynamics of channeled particles. Detailed SixTrack tracking with all collimators of the ring are then used to validate the different options. An overview of the ongoing studies is given. Comparative studies between the present collimation system, the crystal collimation system, and different crystal collimation layout are presented.

MOPWO038

Cleaning Inefficiency of the LHC Collimation System during the Energy Ramp: Simulations and Measurements

simulation, collimation, scattering, injection

975

E. Quaranta, R. Bruce, L. Lari, D. Mirarchi, S. Redaelli, A. Rossi, B. Salvachua, G. Valentino
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
L. Lari
IFIC, Valencia, Spain
D. Mirarchi
The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
G. Valentino
University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta

The cleaning inefficiency of the LHC collimation system has already been studied in detail at injection and top energy (450 GeV and 4 TeV respectively). In this paper the results are presented for the cleaning inefficiency at intermediate energies, simulated using the SixTrack code. The first comparisons with measured provoked losses are discussed. This study helps in benchmarking the energy dependence of the simulated inefficiency and is thus important for the extrapolation to future operation at higher energies.

MOPWO041

Simulations and Measurements of Physics Debris Losses at the 4 TeV LHC

simulation, luminosity, background, dipole

984

A. Marsili, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti, S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: The HiLumi LHC Design Study is included in the HL-LHC project and is partly funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 Capacities Specific Programme, Grant Agreement 284404.
Simulations of energy deposition from the physics debris are normally done with shower simulation tools like FLUKA. Tracking tools like SixTrack allow faster simulations that open the possibility to study parametrically and optimize different layouts. In this paper, the results of FLUKA and SixTrack simulations are compared to beam measurements done for different collimator settings at 4 TeV, with p-p luminosities up to 7·10³³ cm^-2s⁻¹.

MOPWO042

Simulations of Collimation Cleaning Performance with HL-LHC Optics

optics, simulation, collimation, luminosity

987

A. Marsili, R. Bruce, R. De Maria, S.D. Fartoukh, S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: The HiLumi LHC Design Study is included in the HL-LHC project and is partly funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 Capacities Specific Programme, Grant Agreement 284404.
The upgrade of the LHC from the current set-up to high luminosity performances will provide new challenges for the protection of the machine. The different optics considered might create new needs for collimation, and require new collimation locations. In order to evaluate the cleaning performances of the collimation system, different halo cleaning simulations were performed with the particle tracking code SixTrack. This paper presents the cleaning performance simulation results for the high luminosity Achromatic Telescopic Squeeze optics considered as baseline for the HL-LHC. The new limitations observed and possible solutions are discussed.

MOPWO043

Hollow Electron Lens Simulation for the SPS

electron, simulation, collimation, optics

990

V. Previtali, G. Stancari, A. Valishev
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Fermilab is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Dep. of Energy. This work was supported by the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP).
The hardware of the Tevatron hollow electron lens, which has been used in the past for collimation purposes, is presently available. Possible applications of similar devices in the LHC are under evaluation, but a realistic date for installation of electron lenses in the LHC would be not earlier than the machine shutdown scheduled for 2018. We investigated the possibility of beam tests with the available hardware in the meantime in the SPS. This article aims to answer this question by presenting the results of dedicated numerical simulations.

MOPWO044

Numerical Simulations of a Hollow Electron Lens as a Scraping Device for the LHC

electron, simulation, collimation, resonance

993

V. Previtali, G. Stancari, A. Valishev
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
S. Redaelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: Fermilab is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, Contract No.DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Dep. of Energy. This work was partially supported by US LHC Accelerator Research Program(LARP)
The use of hollow electron beam lens for scraping high energy proton beams has been extensively tested at Fermilab's Tevatron collider. In order to evaluate a possible application of a similar a device in the LHC, a dedicated new routine has been implemented in the standard 6D tracking code used at CERN for the design of the LHC collimation system. The effects of a finite length cylinder of electrons encompassing the main proton beam and traveling in the opposite direction is described in the routine. Realistic electron distributions, including measured radial imperfections, have been included in the model. Various operating modes have been simulated for the 7 TeV machine operation with sextupoles and octupoles included. The loss rate caused by the electron lens has been studied through an extended simulation campaign; the obtained halo removal rates for the different electron lens operating modes are presented.

MOPWO046

Simulations and Measurements of Beam Losses on LHC Collimators during Beam Abort Failures

simulation, collimation, emittance, kicker

996

L. Lari, C. Bracco, R. Bruce, B. Goddard, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, G. Valentino
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
A. Faus-Golfe, L. Lari
IFIC, Valencia, Spain
G. Valentino
University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta

Funding: The HiLumi LHC Design Study is included in the HL-LHC project and is partly funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 Capacities Specific Programme, Grant Agreement 284404.
One of the main purposes of tracking simulations for collimation studies is to produce loss maps along the LHC ring, in order to identify the level of local beam losses during nominal and abnormal operation scenarios. The SixTrack program is the standard tracking tool used at CERN to perform these studies. Recently, it was expanded in order to evaluate the proton load on different collimators in case of fast beam failures. Simulations are compared with beam measurements at 4 TeV. Combined failures are assumed which provide worst-case scenarios of the load on tungsten tertiary collimators.

MOPWO047

Studies of Thermal Loads on Collimators for HL-LHC Optics in case of Fast Losses

optics, luminosity, kicker, collimation

999

L. Lari, R. Bruce, F. Cerutti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
L. Lari
IFIC, Valencia, Spain

Funding: The HiLumi LHC Design Study is included in the HL-LHC project and is partly funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 Capacities Specific Programme, Grant Agreement 284404.
The new layouts for the HL-LHC pose new challenges in terms of proton loads on the collimators around the ring, in particular for the ones of in experimental regions that become critical with squeeze optics. New layouts are under consideration, which foresee updated collimation schemes. Simulations of halo loads for in case of fast failures have been setup with SixTrack in order to determine beam loss distributions for realistic error scenarios. The particle tracking studies might then be interfaced to tools like FLUKA to evaluate the thermal loads on collimators in case of failures. In this paper, the preliminary studies performed for the baseline HL-LHC optics layouts are presented.

MOPWO049

Lifetime Analysis at High Intensity Colliders Applied to the LHC

collider, collimation, beam-losses, luminosity

1005

B. Salvachua, R.W. Aßmann, R. Bruce, F. Burkart, S. Redaelli, G. Valentino, D. Wollmann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
G. Valentino
University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta

The beam lifetime is one of the main parameters to define the performance of a collider. In a super-conducting machine like the LHC, the lifetime determines the intensity reach for a given collimation cleaning. The beam lifetime can be calculated from the direct measurement of beam current. However, due to the noise in the beam current signal only an average lifetime over several seconds can be calculated. We propose here an alternative method, which uses the signal of the beam loss monitors in the vicinity of the primary collimators to get the instantaneous beam lifetime at the collimators. In this paper we compare the lifetime from the two methods and investigate the minimum lifetime over the LHC cycle for all the physics fills in 2011 and 2012. These data provide a reference for estimates of performance reach from collimator cleaning.

MOPWO063

LHeC IR Optics Design Integrated into the HL-LHC Lattice

optics, quadrupole, dipole, radiation

1034

M. Korostelev, D. Newton, A. Wolski
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
O.S. Brüning, R. Tomás
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
E. Cruz Alaniz, D. Newton, A. Wolski
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

The two main drivers for the CDR LHeC IR design were chromaticy and synchrotron radiation. Recently it has been proposed that the LHeC IR proton optics could be integrated into the ATS scheme, which benefits from higher arc beta functions for the correction of chromaticity. In this scenario the distance between the IP and the protron triplet can be increased allowing for a reduction of the IR dipole field and the synchrotron radiation. First feasibility considerations and more in depth studies of the synchrotron radiation effects are presented in this paper.

MOPWO066

GPU-accelerated Spin Dynamics and Analysis for RHIC

polarization, solenoid, quadrupole, simulation

1037

D.T. Abell, D. Meiser
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado, USA
M. Bai, V.H. Ranjbar
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
D.P. Barber
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Funding: This work supported in part by the US DOE Office No. DE-SC0004432.
Graphics processing units (GPUs) have now become powerful tools for scientific computation. Here we present our work on using GPUs (singly or in parallel) to speed the tracking of both orbital and spin degrees of freedom in particle accelerators. This work includes the development of new spin integrators that are both fast and accurate. We have also developed an integrated set of tools for analysing the results. To demonstrate the utility of these new tools, we use them to study the spin dynamics of protons in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Lab.

MOPWO068

Simulating Electron Cloud Evolution using Modulated Dielectric Models

simulation, plasma, electron, diagnostics

1043

S.A. Veitzer, P. Stoltz
Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the Department of Energy as part of the ComPASS SCiDAC-2 project (DE-FC02-07ER41499), and the SCiDAC-3 project (DE-SC0008920)
Electron clouds can pose a serious threat to accelerator performance, and understanding cloud buildup and the effectiveness of different mitigation techniques can provide cost-saving improvements in accelerator design and fabrication. Microwave diagnostics of electron clouds are a non-destructive way to measure cloud buildup, but it is very difficult to measure the cloud density from spectral signals alone. Modeling travelling-wave rf diagnostics is very hard because of the large range of spatial and temporal scales that must be resolved to simulate spectra. New numerical models have been used to generate synthetic spectra for electron clouds when the cloud density is not changing, and results have been compared to theoretical results. Here we use dielectric models to generate spectra for clouds that evolve over many bunch crossings. We first perform detailed simulations of cloud buildup using kinetic particle models, and then use an equivalent plasma dielectric model corresponding to this density, at a finer time resolution, to compute spectra. The stability and accuracy of dielectric models that spectra can be accurately determined in these very long timescale simulations.

MOPWO081

The Scheme of Beam Synchronization in MEIC

ion, electron, collider, SRF

1067

Y. Zhang, Y.S. Derbenev, A. Hutton
JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 and DE-AC02-06CH11357.
Synchronizing colliding beams at single or multiple collision points is a critical R&D issue in the design of a medium energy electron-ion collider (MEIC) at Jefferson Lab. The path-length variation due to changes in the ion energy, which varies over 20 to 100 GeV, could be more than several times the bunch spacing. The scheme adopted in the present MEIC baseline is centered on varying the number of bunches (i.e., harmonic number) stored in the collider ring. This could provide a set of discrete energies for proton or ions such that the beam synchronization condition is satisfied. To cover the ion energy between these synchronized values, we further propose to vary simultaneously the electron ring circumference and the frequency of the RF systems in both collider rings. We also present in this paper the requirement of frequency tunability of SRF cavities to support the scheme.

MOPWO083

LEIC - A Polarized Low Energy Electron-ion Collider at Jefferson Lab

ion, electron, collider, booster

1070

Y. Zhang, Y.S. Derbenev, A. Hutton, G.A. Krafft, R. Li, F. Lin, V.S. Morozov, E.W. Nissen, R.A. Rimmer, H. Wang, S. Wang, B.C. Yunn, H. Zhang
JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA
M.K. Sullivan
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 and DE-AC02-06CH11357.
A polarized electron-ion collider is envisioned as the future nuclear science program at JLab beyond the 12 GeV CEBAF. Presently, a medium energy collider (MEIC) is set as an immediate goal with options for a future energy upgrade. A comprehensive design report for MEIC has been released recently. The MEIC facility could also accommodate electron and proton/ion collisions in a low CM energy range, covering proton energies from 10 to 25 GeV and ion energies with a similar magnetic rigidity, for additional science reach. In this paper, we present a conceptual design of this low energy collider, LEIC, showing its luminosity can reach above 10³³ cm^-2s⁻¹. The design specifies that the large booster of the MEIC is converted to a low energy ion collider ring with an interaction region and an electron cooler integrated into it. The design provides options for either sharing the detector with the MEIC or a dedicated low energy detector in a third collision point, with advantages of either a minimum cost or extra detection parallel to the MEIC operation, respectively. The LEIC could be positioned as the first and low cost phase of a multi-stage approach to realize the full MEIC.

TUOAB101

Installation and Commissioning of the 1.1 MW Deuteron Prototype Linac for IFMIF

neutron, rfq, linac, ion

1090

J. Knaster
IFMIF/EVEDA, Rokkasho, Japan
P. Cara, A. Mosnier
Fusion for Energy, Garching, Germany
S. Chel
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
J. Molla
CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
H. Suzuki
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), International Fusion Energy Research Center (IFERC), Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori, Japan

IFMIF, the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility, will learn the degradation of the mechanical properties of purpose designed reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steels under bombardment of 14 MeV neutrons at 10¹⁸ n/m²s flux reaching values of 150 displacements per atom in the steel lattice. The understanding of the impact of Deuterium-Tritium fusion neutrons in next decade is essential to design and construct a fusion power plant; the next step after ITER. The 14 MeV neutrons are stripped from a liquid Li screen flowing at 15 m/s impacted by 2 parallel 125 mA deuteron beam at 40 MeV. IFMIF project, in its engineering validation phase, will operate in Rokkasho a 125 mA deuteron LINAC at 9 MeV that will validate the concept of IFMIF accelerator, LIPAc. The ion source will inject 140 mA deuterons at 100 KeV in a normal-conducting RFQ that will deliver the bunched beam at 5MeV to be accelerated up to 9 MeV thanks to 8 half-wave superconducting resonators. The installation and commissioning of LIPAc in Rokkasho (Japan) is sequential and the first stage is starting now; the strategy to overcome potential difficulties is detailed.

Slides TUOAB101 [2.396 MB]

TUYB103

Status and Plans for the Polarized Hadron Collider at RHIC

polarization, resonance, acceleration, luminosity

1106

M. Bai, L. A. Ahrens, E.C. Aschenauer, G. Atoian, J. Beebe-Wang, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, K.A. Brown, D. Bruno, R. Connolly, T. D'Ottavio, K.A. Drees, Y. Dutheil, O. Eyser, W. Fischer, C.J. Gardner, J.W. Glenn, X. Gu, M. Harvey, T. Hayes, H. Huang, R.L. Hulsart, A.I. Kirleis, J.S. Laster, C. Liu, Y. Luo, Y. Makdisi, G.J. Marr, A. Marusic, F. Méot, K. Mernick, R.J. Michnoff, M.G. Minty, C. Montag, J. Morris, S. Nemesure, P.H. Pile, A. Poblaguev, V. Ptitsyn, V.H. Ranjbar, G. Robert-Demolaize, T. Roser, W.B. Schmidke, V. Schoefer, F. Severino, T.C. Shrey, D. Smirnov, K.S. Smith, D. Steski, S. Tepikian, D. Trbojevic, N. Tsoupas, J.E. Tuozzolo, G. Wang, M. Wilinski, K. Yip, A. Zaltsman, A. Zelenski, K. Zeno, S.Y. Zhang
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
As the world’s only high energy polarized proton collider, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has been providing collisions of polarized proton beams at beam energy from 100~GeV to 255~GeV for the past decade to explore the proton spin structure as well as other spin dependent measurements. With the help of two Siberian Snakes per accelerator plus outstanding beam control, beam polarization is preserved up to 100~GeV. About 10% polarization loss has been observed during the acceleration between 100~GeV and 255~GeV due to several strong depolarizing resonances. Moderate polarization loss was also observed during a typical 8 hour physics store. This presentation will overview the achieved performance of RHIC, both polarization as well as luminosity. The plan for providing high energy polarized He-3 collisions at RHIC will also be covered.
This work is on behalf of RHIC team.

Slides TUYB103 [12.854 MB]

TUPEA018

Recent Progress of Laser Plasma Proton Accelerator at Peking University

laser, plasma, target, acceleration

1199

X.Q. Yan, J.E. Chen, H.Z. Fu, Y.X. Geng, Z.Y. Guo, C. Lin, Y.R. Lu, Y. Shang, Z.X. Yuan, S. Zhao, K. Zhu
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.10935002, 10835003, 11025523)
Recent a project called Laser plasma Proton Accelerator (LAPA) is approved by MOST in China. A prototype of laser driven proton accelerator (1~15MeV) based on the PSA mechanism and plasma lens is going to be built at Peking University in the next five years. It can be used for the applications such as cancer therapy, plasma imaging and fast ignition for inertial confine fusion. The recent progress of LAPA is reported here.

TUPEA019

Proton Acceleration driven by High Energy Density Electrons

laser, acceleration, plasma, electron

1202

S. Zhao, C. Chao, J.E. Chen, H.Z. Fu, Y.X. Geng, C. Lin, B. Liu, H. Wang, X.Q. Yan
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Resonance Electrons Driving Ion Acceleration S. Zhao, C. Lin, X. Q. Yan Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, Peking University Proton acceleration driven by resonance electrons is proposed. Energetic electron beam generated through direct laser acceleration in the near critical dense plasma is dense and directional. When interacting with a thin foil target, resonance electrons can transmit the target and drive periodical electrostatic field at the back surface, therefore protons are more efficiently accelerated in a much longer distance in propagation direction of resonance electrons, compared to the classical target normal sheath acceleration. For a Gaussian laser pulse with pulse duration of 80fs, peak intensity I=1.38*10⁸W/cm² , the cutoff energy of the output collimated proton beam is 14MeV, enhanced by a factor of 3 or 4. The scaling law predicts hundreds MeV Proton beam can be generated in laser intensity of 10²⁰W/cm².

TUPEA048

Simulation of Self-modulating Particle Beams in Plasma Wakefield Accelerators

plasma, wakefield, simulation, electron

1238

K.V. Lotov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
K.V. Lotov, A. Sosedkin
NSU, Novosibirsk, Russia
E. Mesyats
ICM&MG SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

Funding: The Ministry of education and science of Russia, project 14.B37.21.0784.
Controlled self-modulation of long proton or electron beams is a new trend in plasma wakefield acceleration which sets a new goal for simulation codes. Long interaction lengths (tens of meters), long beams (up to hundred of plasma wave periods), motion of plasma ions, and violation of fluid approximation are factors that makes the problem too heavy for general purpose codes. Only specialized codes can attack this problem in real geometry. We describe recent upgrades of the code LCODE which enabled simulations of long dense proton beams and report results of numerical studies of proton beam-plasma interaction in the context of AWAKE project.

TUPEA051

Beam Transfer Line Design for a Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment (AWAKE) at the CERN SPS

plasma, laser, quadrupole, instrumentation

1247

C. Bracco, J. Bauche, D. Brethoux, V. Clerc, B. Goddard, E. Gschwendtner, L.K. Jensen, A. Kosmicki, G. Le Godec, M. Meddahi, C. Mutin, J.A. Osborne, K.D. Papastergiou, A. Pardons, F.M. Velotti, H. Vincke
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
P. Muggli
MPI, Muenchen, Germany

The world’s first proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment is presently being studied at CERN. The experiment will use a high energy proton beam extracted from the SPS as driver. Two possible locations for installing the AWAKE facility are considered: the West Area and the CNGS long baseline beam-line. The previous transfer line from the SPS to the West Area was completely dismantled in 2000 and it would need to be fully re-designed and re-built. For this option, geometric constraints for radio protection reasons would limit the maximum proton beam energy to 300 GeV. The existing CNGS line could be used by applying only minor changes to the final part of the lattice for the final focusing and the interface between the proton beam and the laser, required for plasma ionisation and bunch-modulation seeding. The beam line design studies performed for the two options are presented.

TUPEA052

Design Study for a CERN Short Base-Line Neutrino Facility

target, extraction, secondary-beams, emittance

1250

R. Steerenberg, M. Calviani, I. Efthymiopoulos, A. Ferrari, B. Goddard, R. Losito, M. Nessi, J.A. Osborne, L. Scibile, H. Vincke
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
P.R. Sala
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Milano, Italy

A design study has been initiated at CERN for the conception and construction of a short base line neutrino facility, using a proton beam from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) that will be transferred to a new secondary beam production facility, which will provide a neutrino beam for experiments and detector R&D. This paper resumes the general layout of the facility together with the main primary and secondary beam parameters and the choices favoured for the neutrino beam production.

TUPEA053

Feasibility Study of the AWAKE Facility at CERN

plasma, electron, laser, wakefield

1253

E. Gschwendtner, C. Bracco, B. Goddard, M. Meddahi, A. Pardons, E.N. Shaposhnikova, H. Timko, F.M. Velotti, H. Vincke
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Plasma Wakefield acceleration is a rapidly developing field which appears to be a promising candidate technology for future high-energy accelerators. The Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration has been proposed as an approach to eventually accelerate an electron beam to the TeV energy range in a single plasma section. To verify this novel technique, a proof-of-principle demonstration experiment, AWAKE, is proposed using 400 GeV proton bunches from the SPS. Detailed studies on the identification of the best site for the installation of the AWAKE facility resulted in proposing the CNGS facility as best location. Design and integration layouts covering the beam line, the experimental area and all interfaces and services will be shown. Among other issues, radiation protection, safety and civil engineering constraints will be raised.

TUPEA062

Advanced Gabor Lens Lattice for Medical Applications

laser, ion, space-charge, focusing

1277

J.K. Pozimski, M. Aslaninejad, P.A. Posocco
Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom

The widespread introduction of Hadron therapy for cancer treatment is inhibited by the large costs for the accelerator and treatment facility and the subsequent maintenance costs which reflects into the cost per treatment. In the long term future (laser) plasma wakefield accelerated hadrons could offer compact treatment devices with significantly reduced treatment costs. In the moment the particle distributions produced by such accelerators do not fulfill the medical requirements. Beside the reliable production of a sufficient number of ions at the required energy the formation of a particle beam suitable for treatment from the burst of ions created in the acceleration process is one of the major challenges. While conventional optical systems will be operating at the technical limits which would be contradictory to the cost argument, space charge lenses of the Gabor type might be a cost effective alternative. An advanced beam line consisting of Gabor lenses, a few cavities and an dipole will be presented together with results from particle transport simulations.

TUPFI003

The Accelerator Design of Muon g-2 Experiment at J-PARC

rfq, target, acceleration, beam-transport

1334

S. Artikova, F. Naito, M. Yoshida
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

New muon g-2 experiment at J-PARC is aimed to improve the precise measurement of the muon g-2. In this experiment, the ultra-cold muons created in the muonium target region is reaccelerated to around 300MeV/c in momentum (210 MeV kinetic energy) to then be injected into the muon g-2 storage ring to measure the decay products depending on the muon spin. The linac has advantage over circular accelerators to shorten the reacceleration time in the limited life time of muon. The muon linac consists of the initial acceleration (to 0.01 of v/c), bunching section (0.01 to 0.08 of v/c), low beta section (0.08 to 0.3 of v/c), middle beta section (0.3 to 0.7 of v/c) and high beta section (0.7 to 0.94 of v/c). As a part of the design consideration of this linac, we mainly present the simulation result of initial acceleration and further acceleration of muons with RFQ. An electric field is used to extract the ultra-cold muons from the laser ionization region and RF field is used to create some bunches and to accelerate to higher energies.

TUPFI010

The LHCb Online Luminosity Control and Monitoring

luminosity, controls, target, dipole

1346

R. Alemany-Fernandez, F. Follin, R. Jacobsson
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The online luminosity control consists of an automatic slow real-time feedback system controlled by specific LHCb software, which communicates directly with a LHC software application. The LHC application drives a set of corrector magnets to adjust the transversal beam overlap at the LHCb interaction point in order to keep the instantaneous luminosity aligned to the target luminosity provided by the experiment. It was proposed and tested first in July 2010, and it has been in routine operation during the first two years of physics luminosity data taking, 2011 and 2012. This paper describes the operational performance of the LHCb experiment and the LHC accelerator during the luminosity control of the experiment, the accounting of the recorded luminosity and dead time of the detector, and analyses the beam stability during the adjustment of the transverse beam overlap at the interaction point.

TUPFI018

A Simplified Magnetic Field Tapering and Target Optimisation for the Neutrino Factory Capture System

target, solenoid, interaction-region, factory

1370

I. Efthymiopoulos, S.S. Gilardoni, O.M. Hansen, G. Prior
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
O.M. Hansen
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
G. Prior
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

In the Neutrino Factory, a 4 MW proton beam with a kinetic energy between 5 and 15 GeV interacts with a liquid mercury jet target in order to produce pions that will decay to muons, which in turn decay to neutrinos. The baseline-capturing layout consists of a series of solenoids producing a tapered magnetic field from 20 T, near the target, down to 1.5 T at the entrance of the drift section where the captured pions decay into muons to produce a useful beam for the machine. In our alternative layout the magnetic field is rapidly squeezed from 20 T to 1.5T using only three solenoids. This layout showed to produce similar performance, having the advantage being simpler and could potentially be made more robust to radiation. Here we report on further optimization studies taking into account the complete path and shape fluctuations of the Hg-jet.

TUPFI019

Magnet Misalignment Studies for the Front-end of the Neutrino Factory

target, lattice, simulation, factory

1373

G. Prior, I. Efthymiopoulos
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
D.V. Neuffer, P. Snopok
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
C.T. Rogers
STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
D. Stratakis
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

In the Neutrino Factory Front-End the muon beam coming from the interaction of a high-power (4 MW) proton beam on a mercury jet target, is transformed through a buncher, a phase rotator and an ionization cooling channel before entering the downstream acceleration system. The muon Front-End channel is densely packed with solenoid magnets, normal conducting radio-frequency cavities and absorber windows (for the cooling section). The tolerance to the misalignment of the different components has to be determined in order on one hand to set the limits beyond which the performance of the Front-End channel would be degraded; on the other hand to optimize the design and assembly of the Front-End cells such that the component alignment can be checked and corrected for where crucial for the performance of the channel. In this paper we will show the results of the simulations of the Front-End channel performance where different components such as magnets, cavities have been randomly shifted or rotated. Detailed simulations have been done in G4BeamLine*. * T. J. Roberts et al. G4BeamLine 2.06 (2010) http://g4beamline.muonsinc.com/

TUPFI022

Power Load from Collision Debris on the LHC Point 8 Insertion Magnets Implied by the LHCb Luminosity Increase

luminosity, dipole, quadrupole, optics

1382

L.S. Esposito, F. Cerutti, A. Lechner, A. Mereghetti, A.A. Patapenka, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
A. Mereghetti
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
A.A. Patapenka
JIPNR-Sosny NASB, Minsk, Belarus

LHCb is aiming to upgrade its goal peak luminosity up to a value of 2 10³³ cm^-2 s⁻¹ after LS2. We investigate the collision debris impact on the machine elements by extensive FLUKA simulations, showing that the present machine layout is substantially compatible with such a luminosity goal. In particular the installation of a TAS (Target Absorber ofSecondaries, installed in front of the final focus Q1-Q3 quadrupole triplet in the LHC high luminosity insertions) turns out not to be necessary on the basis of the expected peak power deposition in the Q1 superconducting coils. A warm protection may be desirable to further reduce heat load and dose on the D2 recombination dipole, due to the absence of the TAN (Target Absorber of Neutrals, present in Point 1 and 5).

TUPFI026

Investigations of the LHC Emittance Blow-Up during the 2012 Proton Run

emittance, injection, luminosity, target

1394

M. Kuhn
Uni HH, Hamburg, Germany
G. Arduini, P. Baudrenghien, J. Emery, A. Guerrero, W. Höfle, V. Kain, M. Lamont, T. Mastoridis, F. Roncarolo, M. Sapinski, M. Schaumann, R.J. Steinhagen, G. Trad, D. Valuch
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

About 30 % of the potential luminosity performance is lost through the different phases of the LHC cycle, mainly due to transverse emittance blow-up. Measuring the emittance growth is a difficult task with high intensity beams and changing energies. Improvements of the LHC transverse profile instrumentation helped to study various effects. A breakdown of the growth through the different phases of the LHC cycle is given as well as a comparison with the data from the LHC experiments for transverse beam size. In 2012 a number of possible sources and remedies have been studied. Among these are intra beam scattering, 50 Hz noise and the effect of the transverse damper gain. The results of the investigations are summarized in this paper. Requirements for transverse profile instrumentation for post LHC long shutdown operation to finally tackle the emittance growth are given as well.

TUPFI027

Energy Deposition Studies for Fast Losses during LHC Injection Failures

injection, kicker, quadrupole, alignment

1397

A. Lechner, A. Alnuaimi, C. Bracco, F. Cerutti, A. Christov, L.S. Esposito, N.V. Shetty, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Several instances of injection kicker magnet (MKI) failures have occurred in the first years of LHC operation, leading to misinjections or to accidental kicks of circulating bunches. In a few cases, MKI modules imparted a partial or an increased beam deflection, resulting in grazing bunch impact on beam-intercepting devices and consequently leading to significant secondary showers to downstream accelerator elements. In this study, we investigate different failure occurrences where miskicked bunches were incident on the injection beam stopper (TDI) and on one of the auxiliary injection collimators (TCLIB), respectively. FLUKA shower calculations were performed to quantify the energy deposition in superconducting magnets. Different sections of the LHC insertion regions 2 and 8 were studied, including the separation dipole and the inner triplet downstream of the TDI as well as matching section and dispersion suppressor adjacent to the TCLIB. The obtained results are evaluated in view of quench and damage limits.

TUPFI028

Beam Losses Through the LHC Operational Cycle in 2012

beam-losses, luminosity, emittance, injection

1400

G. Papotti, A.A. Gorzawski, M. Hostettler, R. Schmidt
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

We review the losses through the nominal LHC cycle for physics operation in 2012. The loss patterns are studied and categorized according to timescale, distribution, time in the cycle, which bunches are affected, whether coherent or incoherent. Possible causes and correlations are identified, e.g. to machine parameters or instability signatures. A comparison with losses in the previous years of operation is also shown.

TUPFI029

Luminosity Lifetime at the LHC in 2012 Proton Physics Operation

luminosity, emittance, target, optics

1403

M. Hostettler, G. Papotti
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In 2012, the LHC was operated at 4 TeV flat top energy with beam parameters that allowed exceeding a peak instantaneous luminosity of 7500 (ub*s)^-1 and a total of 23 fb^-1 integrated luminosity in the ATLAS and CMS experiments. This paper elaborates on the evolution of the LHC luminosity and luminosity lifetime during proton physics fills and through the year 2012. Bunch to bunch differences and the impact of different machine settings are highlighted.

TUPFI031

Effect of Collision Pattern in the LHC on the Beam Stability: Requirements from Experiments and Operational Considerations

luminosity, damping, injection, collider

1409

W. Herr, G. Arduini, R. Giachino, E. Métral, G. Papotti, T. Pieloni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
X. Buffat, N. Mounet
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
S.M. White
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Coherent instabilities of bunches in the LHC bunch train can be observed when the tune spread from beam-beam interactions becomes insufficient to ensure Landau damping. In particular these effects are seen on bunches with a reduced number of beam-beam interactions due to their collision pattern. Furthermore, such a reduction of the necessary stability can occur during the processes when the beams are prepared for collisions or during the optimization procedure. We discuss the observations and possible countermeasures, in particular alternatives to the existing beam manipulation processes where such a situation can occur.

TUPFI036

Observation of Beam Instabilities with Very Tight Collimation

damping, impedance, collimation, octupole

1424

H. Burkhardt, N. Mounet, T. Pieloni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

We report about the observation of instabilities in the LHC in special runs with high β^* and very tight collimation down to 2 σ which increases the transverse impedance significantly. The losses appeared primarily on the highest intensity, non-colliding bunches which can be interpreted as evidence for insufficient Landau damping. We describe the beam conditions, observations and possible explanations for the observed effects.

TUPFI037

Collimation Down to 2 Sigma in Special Physics Runs in the LHC

scattering, background, luminosity, emittance

1427

H. Burkhardt, S. Jakobsen, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, G. Valentino
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

We report on observations with collimation very close to the beam. Primary collimators were moved in small steps down to 2 σ from the beam axis to allow for measurements of very forward proton scattering in special high-beta runs in the LHC. We studied the reduction in intensity as a function of collimator position which provides information about the halo shape. After scraping at 2 σ, collimators were retracted to 2.5 σ. This allowed for measurements of very forward proton-proton scattering with roman pot detectors at 3 σ from the beam axis at acceptable background levels for about an hour. Good background conditions were restored by another scraping with primary collimators at 2 σ. Beam lifetimes and halo repopulation times were found to be sufficiently long to allow for several hours of data taking between scraping in a single LHC fill.

TUPFI038

Operation of the Betatron Squeeze at the LHC

optics, betatron, luminosity, injection

1430

S. Redaelli, X. Buffat, M. Lamont, G.J. Müller, M. Solfaroli Camillocci, R. Tomás, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
G.J. Müller
TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany

The betatron squeeze is one of the most delicate operational phases at the large Hadron collider as it entails changes of optics performed at top energy, with full intensities. Appropriate software was developed to handle the squeeze, which ensured an efficient commissioning down to a β^* of 60 cm and a smooth operation. Several optics configurations could be commissioned and put in operation for physics. The operational experience of the LHC runs from 2010 until 2012 is presented and the overall performance reviewed.

TUPFI041

Operating the LHC Off-momentum for p-Pb Collisions

collimation, optics, quadrupole, alignment

1439

R. Versteegen, R. Bruce, J.M. Jowett, A. Langner, Y.I. Levinsen, E.H. Maclean, M.J. McAteer, T. Persson, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, P.K. Skowroński, M. Solfaroli Camillocci, R. Tomás, G. Valentino, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
E.H. Maclean
JAI, Oxford, United Kingdom
M.J. McAteer
The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
T. Persson
Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Gothenburg, Sweden
G. Valentino
University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta
S.M. White
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

The first high-luminosity p-Pb run at the LHC took place in January-February 2013 at an energy of 4 Z TeV per beam. The RF frequency difference of proton and Pb is about 60 Hz for equal magnetic rigidities, which means that beams move slightly to off-momentum, non-central, orbits during physics when frequencies are locked together. The resulting optical perturbations ("beta-beating") restrict the available aperture and required a special correction. This was also the first operation of the LHC with low beta in all four experiments and required a specific collimation set up. Predictions from offline calculations of beta-beating correction are compared with measurements during the optics commissioning and collimator set up.

TUPFI055

Stochastic Injection Scenarios and Performance for NuSTORM

injection, storage-ring, target, simulation

1469

D.V. Neuffer
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
A. Liu
Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA

At Fermilab, we are developing NuSTORM (Neutrinos from STORed Muons), a neutrino beam from muon decay in a long straight section of a storage ring. The baseline design for NuSTORM uses what was called “stochastic injection”. In that method, high-energy protons on a nuclear target produce pions that are directed by a chicane into a straight section of the storage ring. Pions that decay within that straight section can provide lower-energy muons that are within the circulating acceptance of the storage ring. This decay acceptance enables injection for multiple storage ring turns without kickers, and muon accumulation can be reasonably high. The design of a muon storage ring with pion injection is described and simulations of acceptance are discussed. Alternative injection approaches are also discussed.

TUPFI057

Muon Accelerators for the Next Generation of High Energy Physics Experiments

collider, factory, target, background

1475

M.A. Palmer, S. Brice, A.D. Bross, D.S. Denisov, E. Eichten, R.J. Lipton, D.V. Neuffer
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
C.M. Ankenbrandt
Muons. Inc., USA
S.A. Bogacz
JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA
J.-P. Delahaye
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
P. Huber
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
D.M. Kaplan, P. Snopok
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
H.G. Kirk, R.B. Palmer
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
R.D. Ryne
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. National Science Foundation
Muon accelerator technology offers a unique and very promising avenue to a facility capable of producing high intensity muon beams for neutrino factory and multi-TeV lepton collider applications. The goal of the US Muon Accelerator Program is to provide an assessment, within the next 6 years, of the physics potential and technical feasibility of such a facility. This talk will describe the physics opportunities that are envisioned, along with the R&D efforts that are being undertaken to address key accelerator physics and technology questions.

TUPFI059

Summary of Dense Hydrogen Gas Filled RF Cavity Tests for Muon Acceleration

electron, plasma, ion, photon

1481

K. Yonehara, M. Chung, M.R. Jana, M.A. Leonova, A. Moretti, A.V. Tollestrup
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
B.T. Freemire, P.M. Hanlet, Y. Torun
IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA
R.P. Johnson
Muons. Inc., USA

Dense hydrogen gas filled RF cavity has a great potential to accelerate a large phase space muon beam in a strong magnetic field. The concept of novel RF cavity has been demonstrated by using an intense proton beam at Fermilab. The experimental result was agreed extremely well with the conventional dilute plasma physic. Based on the model, the beam-induced plasma in the gas filled RF cavity could be controlled by adding a small amount of electronegative gas in dense hydrogen gas. Overview of these experiments will be shown in this presentation.

TUPFI062

Operational Results of the LHC Luminosity Monitors until LS1

luminosity, monitoring, radiation, simulation

1490

A. Ratti, S.C. Hedges, J. Jones, H.S. Matis, M. Placidi, W.C. Turner, V.K. Vytla
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
E. Bravin, F. Roncarolo
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
R. Miyamoto
ESS, Lund, Sweden

Funding: Work funded by the US Department of Energy through the US- LARP program.
The monitors for the high luminosity regions in the LHC have been operating since 2009 to optimize the LHC's luminosity. The devices are gas ionization chambers inside the neutral particle absorber 140 m from the interaction point and monitor showers produced by high energy neutral particles from the collisions. They have the ability to resolve the bunch-by-bunch luminosity as well as to survive the extreme level of radiation in the nominal LHC operation. The devices have operated on a broad range of luminosity, from the initial 10²⁸ until the levels well beyond 10³³ reached in 2012. We present operational results of the device during proton and lead ion operations until LS1, which include runs at 40 MHz bunch rate and with p-Pb collisions.

TUPFI064

Beam Induced Plasma Dynamics in a High Pressure Gas-Filled RF Test Cell for use in a Muon Cooling Channel

electron, ion, cavity, plasma

1496

B.T. Freemire, P.M. Hanlet, Y. Torun
IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA
M. Chung, M.R. Jana, M.A. Leonova, A. Moretti, T.A. Schwarz, A.V. Tollestrup, K. Yonehara
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
M.G. Collura
Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
R.P. Johnson
Muons. Inc., USA

Filling an RF cavity with a high pressure gas prevents breakdown when the cavity is place in a multi-Tesla external magnetic field. The choice of hydrogen gas provides the additional benefit of cooling a beam of muons. A beam of particles traversing the cavity, be it muons or protons, ionizes the gas, creating an electron-ion plasma which absorbs energy from the cavity. The ionization rate can be calculated from a beam intensity measurement. Energy loss measurements indicate the loading per RF cycle per electron-ion pair range from 10^-18 to 10^-16 Joules in pure hydrogen, and 10^-20 to 10^-18 Joules when hydrogen is doped with dry air. The addition of an electronegative gas (oxygen) has been observed to reduce the lifetime of ionization electrons in the cavity to below 1 nanosecond. Additionally, the recombination rate of electrons and hydrogen ions has been measured to be on the order of 10^-6 cubic centimeters per second. The recombination mechanism and hydrogen ion species, along with the three-body attachment process of electrons to oxygen, will be discussed.

TUPFI067

Energy Deposition and Shielding Study of the Front End for the Neutrino Factory

shielding, target, solenoid, factory

1505

P. Snopok
IIT, Chicago, Illinois, USA
D.V. Neuffer
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
C.T. Rogers
STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

In the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider muons are produced by firing high energy protons onto a target to produce pions. The pions decay to muons which are then accelerated. This method of pion production results in significant background from protons and electrons, which may result in heat deposition on superconducting materials and activation of the machine preventing manual handling. In this paper we discuss the design of a secondary particle handling system. The system comprises a solenoidal chicane that filters high momentum particles, followed by a proton absorber that reduces the energy of all particles, resulting in the rejection of low energy protons that pass through the solenoid chicane. We detail the design and optimization of the system, its integration with the rest of the muon front end, and energy deposition and shielding analysis in MARS15.

TUPFI069

Influence of Proton Beam Emittances on Particle Production off a Muon Collider Target

target, emittance, collider, factory

1511

X.P. Ding, D.B. Cline
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
J.S. Berg, H.G. Kirk, H. K. Sayed
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
V.B. Graves
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
K.T. McDonald
PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
N. Souchlas, R.J. Weggel
Particle Beam Lasers, Inc., Northridge, California, USA

Funding: Work supported in part by US DOE Contract NO. DE-AC02-98CHI10886.
A free-mercury-jet or a free-gallium-jet is considered for the pion-production target at a Muon Collider or Neutrino Factory. Based on a simple Gaussian incident proton beams with an infinitely large Courant-Snyder β parameters, we have previously optimized the geometric parameters of the target to maximize particle production initiated by incoming protons with kinetic energies (KE) between 2 and 16 GeV by using the MARS15 code. In this paper, we extend our optimization to focused proton beams with various transverse emittances. For the special cases of proton beams with emittances of 2.5, 5 or 10 μm-rad and a kinetic energy of 8 GeV, we optimized the geometric parameters of the target: the radius of the proton beam, the radius of the liquid jet, the crossing angle between the jet and the proton beam, and the incoming proton beam angle. We also study the influence of a shift of the beam focal point relative to the intersection point of the beam and the jet.

TUPFI073

Design of Magnets for the Target and Decay Region of a Muon Collider/Neutrino Factory Target

target, factory, collider, solenoid

1514

R.J. Weggel, N. Souchlas
Particle Beam Lasers, Inc., Northridge, California, USA
X.P. Ding
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
V.B. Graves
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
H.G. Kirk, H. K. Sayed
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
K.T. McDonald
PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

The target and decay region of a Muon Collider/Neutrino Factory transports pions and muons in a superconducting solenoid channel that must be protected from radiation damage secondary particles produced by the 4-MW proton beam. For this, He-gas-cooled tungsten beads will be arrayed inside the magnet coils, which leads to large coil radii and high stored magnetic energy (~3 GJ). The design of the superconducting coils, and the tungsten shielding for the ~ 50-m-long target and decay region is reviewed.

TUPFI074

Design of the Final Focus of the Proton Beam for a Neutrino Factory

target, factory, quadrupole, collider

1517

J. Pasternak, M. Aslaninejad
Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom
K. E. Gollwitzer
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
H.G. Kirk
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
K.T. McDonald
PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

The ~ 8-GeV, 4-MW proton beam that drives a Neutrino Factory has a nominal 50-Hz macropulse structure with 2-3 micropulses ~ 100 ns apart. The nominal geometric beam emittance is 5 micron, and the desired rms beam radius at the liquid-metal-jet target is 1.2 mm. A quadrupole-triplet focusing system to deliver this beam spot is described.

TUPFI075

Optimizing Muon Capture and Transport for a Neutrino Factory/Muon Collider Front End

target, solenoid, factory, collider

1520

H. K. Sayed, J.S. Berg, H.G. Kirk
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
X.P. Ding
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
K.T. McDonald
PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

In the baseline scheme of the Neutrino Factory/Muon Collider a muon beam from pion decay is produced by bombarding a liquid-mercury-jet target with a 4-MW pulsed proton beam. The target is embedded in a high-field solenoid magnet that is followed by a lower field Decay Channel. The adiabatic variation in solenoid field strength along the beam near the target performs an emittance exchange that affects the performance of the downstream Buncher, Phase Rotator, and Cooling Channel. An optimization was performed using MARS1510 and ICOOL codes in which the initial and final solenoid fields strengths, as well as the rate of change of the field along the beam, were varied to maximize the number of muons delivered to the Cooling Channel that fall within the acceptance cuts of the subsequent muon-acceleration systems.

TUPFI077

Commissioning Progress of the RHIC Electron Lenses

electron, solenoid, lattice, controls

1526

W. Fischer, Z. Altinbas, M. Anerella, M. Blaskiewicz, D. Bruno, W.C. Dawson, D.M. Gassner, X. Gu, R.C. Gupta, K. Hamdi, J. Hock, L.T. Hoff, R.L. Hulsart, A.K. Jain, P.N. Joshi, R.F. Lambiase, Y. Luo, M. Mapes, A. Marone, R.J. Michnoff, T.A. Miller, M.G. Minty, C. Montag, J.F. Muratore, S. Nemesure, D. Phillips, A.I. Pikin, S.R. Plate, P.J. Rosas, L. Snydstrup, Y. Tan, C. Theisen, P. Thieberger, J.E. Tuozzolo, P. Wanderer, S.M. White, W. Zhang
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by U.S. DOE under contract No DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
In polarized proton operation, the RHIC performance is limited by the head-on beam-beam effect. To overcome these limitations two electron lenses were installed and are under commissioning. One lens uses a newly manufactured superconducting solenoid, in the other lens the spare superconducting solenoid of the BNL Electron Beam Ion Source is installed to allow for propagation of the electron beam. (This spare magnet will be replaced by the same type of superconducting magnet that is also used in the other lens during the 2013 shut-down.) We give an overview of the commissioning configuration of both lenses, and report on first results in commissioning the hardware and electron beam. We also report on lattice modifications needed to adjust the phase advance between the beam-beam interactions and the electron lenses, as well as upgrades to the proton instrumentation for the commissioning.

TUPFI083

Simulation Study of Head-on Beam-beam Compensation with Realistic RHIC Lattices

lattice, dynamic-aperture, resonance, simulation

1541

Y. Luo, M. Bai, W. Fischer, C. Montag, V.H. Ranjbar, S. Tepikian
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
We performed numerical simulations to study the effects of head-on beam-beam compensation with the realistic RHIC lattices. To better cancel the beam-beam resonance driving terms during half beam-beam compensation operation, the betatron phase advances between the interaction point IP8 and the center of the electron lens should be multiples of pi. for this purpose two shunt power supplies were added to the main quadrupole circuit buses in the arc between them. For the realistic beam-beam compensation lattices, the integer tunes are (27, 29) for the Blue ring and (29, 30) for the Yellow ring. The betatron phase advances between IP8 and the e-lens are (8pi,11pi) in the Blue ring and (11pi, 9pi) in the Yellow ring. Recent simulation results will be presented.

TUPFI087

Alternative Muon Cooling Options based on Particle-Matter-Interaction for a Neutrino Factory

lattice, cavity, focusing, solenoid

1550

D. Stratakis
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
A. Alekou
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
D.V. Neuffer, P. Snopok
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
J. Pasternak
STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
J. Pasternak
Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom
C.T. Rogers
STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
P. Snopok
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA

Funding: This work is funded by US Dept. of Energy grant numbers DE AC02-98CH10886
An ionization cooling channel is a tightly spaced lattice containing absorbers for reducing the momentum of the muon beam, rf cavities for restoring the momentum and strong solenoids for focusing the beam. Such a lattice is an essential feature of most designs for Neutrino Factories and Muon Colliders. Here, we explore three different approaches for designing ionization cooling channels with periodic solenoidal focusing. Key parameters such as the engineering constraints that are arising from the length and separation between the solenoidal coils are systematically examined. In addition, we propose novel approaches for reducing the peak magnetic field inside the rf cavities by using either a magnetic shield system or a bucked coils configuration. Our lattice designs are numerically examined against two independent codes: The ICOOL and G4BL code. The feasibility of our proposed cooling channels to muon accelerators is examined by applying the proposed lattices to the front-end of a Neutrino Factory.

TUPME032

Update on Beam Induced RF Heating in the LHC

impedance, injection, kicker, simulation

1646

B. Salvant, O. Aberle, G. Arduini, R.W. Aßmann, V. Baglin, M.J. Barnes, W. Bartmann, P. Baudrenghien, O.E. Berrig, A. Bertarelli, C. Bracco, E. Bravin, G. Bregliozzi, R. Bruce, F. Carra, F. Caspers, G. Cattenoz, S.D. Claudet, H.A. Day, M. Deile, J. Esteban Müller, P. Fassnacht, M. Garlaschè, L. Gentini, B. Goddard, A. Grudiev, B. Henrist, S. Jakobsen, O.R. Jones, O. Kononenko, G. Lanza, L. Lari, T. Mastoridis, V. Mertens, N. Mounet, E. Métral, A.A. Nosych, J.L. Nougaret, S. Persichelli, A.M. Piguiet, S. Redaelli, F. Roncarolo, G. Rumolo, B. Salvachua, M. Sapinski, R. Schmidt, E.N. Shaposhnikova, L.J. Tavian, M.A. Timmins, J.A. Uythoven, A. Vidal, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
H.A. Day
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
L. Lari
IFIC, Valencia, Spain

Since June 2011, the rapid increase of the luminosity performance of the LHC has come at the expense of increased temperature and pressure readings on specific near-beam LHC equipment. In some cases, this beam induced heating has caused delays whilie equipment cools down, beam dumps and even degradation of these devices. This contribution gathers the observations of beam induced heating attributable to beam coupling impedance, their current level of understanding and possible actions that are planned to be implemented during the long shutdown in 2013-2014.

TUPME059

Collisional Effects in Particle-in-Cell Beam-Beam Simulations

emittance, simulation, collider, luminosity

1700

S. Paret, J. Qiang
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

Funding: This work was partially supported by the U.S. LARP and the NERSC of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
Self-consistent particle tracking simulations (strong-strong) can be used to investigate the deterioration of colliding beams in a storage ring. However, the use of a small number of macroparticles copmared to the real number of particles magnifies the collisional effects and causes numerical noise. In particular, predictions of the emittance lifetime suffer from this numerical noise. In order to produce usable emittance predictions, the contribution of numerical noise to the simulated emittance growth has to be known. In this paper, we apply a diffusion model to strong-strong beam-beam simulations to study the numerical noise driven emittance growth. The scaling of emittance growth with numerical and physical parameters is discussed.

TUPWA022

Beam Dynamics Design of a 325 MHz RFQ

rfq, cavity, emittance, simulation

1772

F.J. Jia, J.E. Chen, G. Liu, Y.R. Lu, X.Q. Yan
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
B.Q. Cui, J.H. Li, G.H. Wei
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The beam dynamic design of a 325 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) is presented in this paper. This 4-vane RFQ will accelerate pulsed proton beam from 30 keV to 3 MeV with repetition frequency of 1 MHz. A 1 MHz chopper and a 5 MHz buncher are arranged in the Low-Energy-Beam-Transport (LEBT) to produce the injected beam. The beam length at the RFQ entrance is about 3 ns, and the energy-spread is about 10%. The code of PARMTEQM is used to simulate RFQ structure. The design should realize high transmission for very high intensity beam meanwhile low emittance growth and relatively short length should be kept.

TUPWA025

DESIGN STUDIES OF THE C-ADS MAIN LINAC WITH ONLY SPOKE CAVITIES

linac, emittance, simulation, space-charge

1781

S.H. Liu, Y. He, Z.J. Wang
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The China ADS(C-ADS) project undertaken by the Chinese Academy of Science is based on superconducting proton linac. The design goal is to accelerate 10mA CW proton beam up to 1.5GeV. The accelerator includes an injector section and a main superconducting linac. Two injectors are under studying by IHEP and IMP respectively. In this paper, an alternative design of the main linac with full spoke cavity base on the beam characteristics from IMP injectorⅡis described. In addition, multi-particle beam dynamics simulations have been performed using TraceWin code to estimate the space charge effect.

TUPWA047

Collimator Impedance Measurements in the LHC

impedance, simulation, optics, collimation

1817

N. Mounet, R. Bruce, E. Métral, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, B. Salvant, G. Valentino
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The collimation system of the LHC is one of the largest impedance contributors of the machine, in particular for its imaginary part. To evaluate the collimator impedance and its evolution with integrated luminosity, several measurement campaigns were performed along the year 2012, in which collimator jaws were moved back-and-forth leading to significant tune shifts for a nominal intensity bunch in the machine. These observations are compared to the results from HEADTAIL simulations with the impedance model in its current state of development.

TUPWA049

Short High-Intensity Bunches for Plasma Wakefield Experiment AWAKE in the CERN SPS

optics, emittance, impedance, plasma

1820

H. Timko, T. Argyropoulos, H. Bartosik, T. Bohl, J. Esteban Müller, E.N. Shaposhnikova
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
A.V. Petrenko
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

Obtaining the shortest possible bunch length in combination with the smallest transverse emittances and highest bunch intensity – this is the wish list of the proton-bunch driven, plasma wakefield acceleration experiment AWAKE currently under feasibility study at CERN. A few measurement sessions were conducted to determine the achievable bunch properties and their reproducibility. To obtain a short bunch length, the bunches were rotated in longitudinal phase space using the maximum available RF voltage prior to extraction. Measurements were carried out in two optics with different transition energies. The main performance limitation is longitudinal beam instability that develops during the acceleration ramp. With lower transition energy, beam stability is improved, but the bucket area is smaller for the same voltage. Based on the results obtained, we shall discuss the choice of optics, the impact of longitudinal instabilities, the importance of reproducibility, as well as options for improving the bunch parameters.

TUPWA059

End-to-end Beam Simulations for the C-ADS Injector II

linac, rfq, simulation, diagnostics

1838

X. Wu, E. Tanke, Q. Zhao
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
Y. He, H. Jia, Z.J. Wang, H.W. Zhao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

The Injector II for the proposed Chinese Accelerator Driven System (C-ADS) is designed to accelerate proton beam to ~ 10 MeV with beam current up to ~ 10 mA. The accelerator system will include a proton ECR ion source, a Low Energy Beam Transport System (LEBT), a room-temperature radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ), a Medium Energy Beam Transport System (MEBT), a Superconducting (SC) linac and a High Energy Beam Transport System (HEBT). Both RFQ and the SC linac will have a base frequency of 162.5 MHz. The accelerating cryomodules in the SC linac uses SC half-wave cavities for acceleration and SC solenoids with dipole correctors for transverse focusing and central orbit correction. End-to-end beam simulations starting with a realistic initial input beam from the ECR ion source were performed using DYNAC and IMPACT codes to evaluate the C-ADS Injector II accelerator system performance, code benchmarking with TRACK and explore system design options for future optimizations. The results of these beam dynamics studies will be presented in the paper.

TUPWO004

Preliminary Design of a 4 MW Proton Beam Switchyard for a Neutrino Super Beam Production Facility

target, kicker, dipole, quadrupole

1880

E. Bouquerel, M. Dracos, F.R. Osswald
IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France

Funding: European Commission Framework Programme 7 Design Study: EUROnu, Project Number 212372.
The feasibility of the distribution of 4 MW proton beam power onto a 4-targets horn system for neutrino super-beams production is discussed. A preliminary solution using a pair of bipolar kickers to route the beam onto the targets at a repetition rate of 50 Hz (12.5 Hz per beam line) is proposed. Compensating dipoles would apply symmetry in the system. Magnetic fields induced by these optical elements would not exceed 0.96 T. Studies of the beam envelopes with the code TRANSPORT suggest the use of three quadrupoles per beam line located after the dipoles to focus the 4 mm σ beam onto each target. The length of this switchyard system is estimated to be 29.9 m and 3 m radius.

TUPWO023

Parasitic Slow Exraction of Extremely Weak Beam From a High-intensity Proton Rapid Cycling Synchroton

scattering, extraction, synchrotron, simulation

1931

Y. Zou, H.T. Jing, C. Meng, J.Y. Tang, Z. Yang
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

This paper proposes a new method to extract extremely weak beam from a high-intensity proton rapid cycling synchrotron in the parasitic mode, while maintaining the normal fast extraction. The usual slow extraction from a synchrotron by third-order resonance method cannot be applied in a RCS due to very short flat-top at the extraction energy. This is even more difficult when it is high-intensity synchrotron due to the strict control on beam loss. The parasitic slow extraction method to extract extremely weak beam from the RCS of CSNS has been studied in details. By moving only beam halo to a scatting foil in the arc region by a local orbit bump in about 2 ms before the fast extraction, one can extract a very small part of the scattered particles with very limited beam loss in the process. At 1.6 GeV and 62.5 A in beam power, halo particles of about 10^-4 total particles are involved in the parasitic slow extraction can result in a beam intensity of 2105 protons per cycle or lower. Detailed studies including scattering effect in the foil, orbit bumps by bump magnets and energy displacement by adjusting RF, and multi-particle simulations by ORBIT and TURTLE codes are presented.

TUPWO038

Start-to-end Simulations for Heavy-ion Accelerator of RISP

linac, rfq, emittance, simulation

1958

E.-S. Kim, S.W. Jang
KNU, Deagu, Republic of Korea
J. Bahng, J.G. Hwang
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
B. Choi, D. Jeon, H.J. Kim, H.J. Kim
IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

RAON has been designed as a facility for rare isotope accelerator at Korea. The aceelerator consists of 28 GHz superconducting ion source, LEBT, RFQ, MEBT, superconducting linac and HEBT. The linac accelerates ion beams to 200 MeV/u with a beam power of 400 kW. Start-to-End simulations are performed from ECR-IS to HEBT and the detailed beam simulation results are presented. The beam dynamics issues are also discussed.

TUPWO040

Asymmetric Energy Colliding Ion Beams in the EDM Storage Ring

ion, storage-ring, dipole, controls

1961

I. Koop
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

A possibility to bent equally two counter rotating ion beams by the crossed electric and magnetic fields is investigated. The first beam is polarized and its spin precession is adjusted to be synchronous with the velocity vector precession (a frozen spin method). The counter rotating unpolarized ion beam travels along the same orbit but with different velocity. Sensitive SQUID-type BPMs measure the vertical orbit difference of two beams. Later on this information is used to distinguish the EDM signal from the magnetic moment precession. Application of this approach to search of the EDM for proton, deuteron and helion is discussed.

TUPWO050

Commissioning and Operation at β^* = 1000 m in the LHC

optics, scattering, quadrupole, insertion

1982

H. Burkhardt, T. Persson, R. Tomás, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
S. Cavalier
LAL, Orsay, France

We have developed a special optics with a β^* of 1000 m for two interaction regions (IR1 and IR5) in the LHC, to produce very low divergence beams required for elastic proton-proton scattering. We describe the design, commissioning and operation of this optics in the LHC. The β^* of 1000 m was reached by de-squeezing the beams using 17 intermediate steps beyond the β^* of 90 m, which had been the previous highest β^* value reached in the LHC. The optics was measured and the beta beating globally corrected to a level of 10 per cent.

TUPWO051

Geometry and Optics of the Electrostatic ELENA Transfer Lines

optics, extraction, quadrupole, ion

1985

G. Vanbavinckhove, W. Bartmann, F. Butin, O. Choisnet
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
R.A. Baartman
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
D. Barna, H. Yamada
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

The future ELENA ring at CERN will decelerate the AD antiproton beam further from 5.3 MeV to 100 keV kinetic energy, to increase the efficiency of antiproton trapping. At present there are four experimental areas in the AD hall which will be complemented with the installation of ELENA by additional three experiments and an additional source for commissioning. This paper describes the optimisation of the transfer line geometry, ring rotation and source position. The optics of the transfer lines and error studies to define field and alignment tolerances are shown, and the optics particularities of electrostatic elements and their optimisation highlighted.

TUPWO074

Reducing Spin Tune Spread by Matching DX Prime at Snakes in RHIC

quadrupole, simulation, power-supply, polarization

2030

C. Liu, M. Bai, E.D. Courant, A. Marusic, M.G. Minty, V.H. Ranjbar, S. Tepikian, R.A. Thomas, D. Trbojevic
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
At the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at BNL the physics program includes collisions between beams of polarized protons at high beam energies. Maintaining the proton's polarization is vital and preserved primarily by application of a pair of Siberian snakes. Measurements from recent high-energy physics runs indicate polarization loss during acceleration between 100 and 250 GeV. Based on analytic estimations for off-momentum particles and/or beams, a nonzero difference in DX prime - the dispersion function angle - between the snakes can result in a shift in the spin tune, or equivalently, of the conditions of snake resonances in close proximity to the beam during acceleration. Requiring that DX prime at the two Siberian snakes in RHIC being equal would reduce the spin tune shift for off-energy particles so helping to maintain polarization during the energy ramp. Preservation of half-integer spin tune is also important for future operation of the spin flipper at store. In this report, the matching scheme and simulations using MAD-X will be presented together with a newly applied method based on response matrices.

WEOBB101

The KOMAC Accelerator Facility

linac, DTL, klystron, rfq

2052

Y.-S. Cho, J.-H. Jang, D.I. Kim, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, B.-S. Park, J.Y. Ryu, K.T. Seol, Y.-G. Song, S.P. Yun
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Korean Government.
The development of the Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC) accelerator facility was finished and went into the operation period from 2013. The facility consists of an 100-MeV proton linac including a 50-keV ion source, a 3-MeV RFQ, and a 100-MeV DTL, and 20-MeV and 100-MeV beam lines. The linac and beam lines were developed by the Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP), the first phase of KOMAC from 2002 to 2012. The goal of the beam commissioning is delivering 100-MeV 1-kW proton beams to a beam bump in a 100-MeV target room. After finishing the commissioning, the user beam service will start from spring 2013. The KOMAC user facility consists of 2 beam lines in the initial operation stage and it will be increased to 10 beam lines in future. The one beam line is for 20-MeV proton beams which are extracted after 20-MeV part of the DTL tanks. A medium energy beam transport (MEBT) is installed there for the 20-MeV beam extraction and the beam matching to the next DTL tank. The other beam line is for 100-MeV proton beams. This work summarized the status of the KOMAC accelerator and beam lines.

Slides WEOBB101 [6.038 MB]

WEOAB201

Intense Beam Ion Sources Development at IMP

ion, ion-source, ECR, heavy-ion

2082

L.T. Sun, Y. Cao, Y.C. Feng, J.Y. Li, Z.W. Liu, W. Lu, Q. Wu, Y. Yang, W.H. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang, Z.M. Zhang, H.W. Zhao
IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
D. Xie
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

To satisfy the HIRFL (Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou) accelerators’ requirement and the needs of several other future accelerator facilities, many high beam intensity ion sources have been developed at IMP. The ion sources include intense high charge state ion beam ECR ion sources and high intensity proton beam ECR or microwave sources. This paper will review the high charge state ion sources developed at IMP, especially the recently built fully superconducting ECR ion source SECRAL, and the other classical ion sources and all permanent magnet ion sources will also be discussed. The latest performance of the recently built intense proton ion source which can operate continuously at more than 65emA beam (after LEBT) and 50kV source high voltage for more than 150 hours with very few HV spark intervals will be especially presented in this paper.

Slides WEOAB201 [3.381 MB]

WEPWO021

ADS 650MHz β=0.82 Supercongducting Cavity Research Status

cavity, superconducting-cavity, linac, status

2361

Z.C. Liu, J. Gao, S. Jin, Y. Liu, J.Y. Zhai, T.X. Zhao, H.J. Zheng
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
J.X. Wang, H. Yu, H. Yuan
BIAM, Beijing, People's Republic of China

IHEP is developing a 650MHz β=0.82 supercongducting cavity for the China ADS project. The cavity is for the energy range of from 367MeV to 1500Mev. We have chosen a five cell cavity and optimized the cavity with Epk/Eacc and Bpk/Eacc to reach high gradient. Two cavity parts were fabricated and the EB welding is in process. This paper will show the fabrication status and measurement results.

WEPWO025

Preliminary Design of 325 MHz Half-Wave Resonator

cavity, simulation, controls, heavy-ion

2369

X.Y. Zhang, X. Chen, Z.Q. Li, Q. Ma, W.M. Pan, Y. Sun, G.W. Wang, Q.Y. Wang, B. Xu, G.Y. Zhao
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: This work is supported by the "Strategic Priority Research Program" of CAS.
The Half-Wave Resonator (HWR) has been widely used in proton and heavy ion accelerators, for it has particular advantages of accelerating low energy charged particles. Preliminary design of a 325 MHz β=0.12 superconducting HWR cavity has been proposed at Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP). The basic geometric parameters choices of the cavity are based upon theoretical model and numerical calculation, and then the RF performances are optimized by extensive electromagnetic simulations. In this paper, the detailed mechanical analysis, frequency control, and the considerations for fabrication of the 325 MHz HWR cavity are also presented.

WEPEA013

Electron Cloud Studies for the Upgrade of the CERN PS

electron, extraction, simulation, synchrotron

2522

G. Iadarola
Naples University Federico II, Science and Technology Pole, Napoli, Italy
H. Damerau, S.S. Gilardoni, G. Iadarola, S. Rioja Fuentelsaz, G. Rumolo, G. Sterbini, C. Yin Vallgren
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
M.T.F. Pivi
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

The observation of a significant dynamic pressure rise as well as measurements with dedicated detectors indicate that an electron cloud develops in the CERN PS during the last stages of the RF manipulations for the production of LHC type beams, especially with 25ns bunch spacing. Although presently these beams are not degraded by the interaction with the electron cloud, which develops only during few milliseconds before extraction, the question if this effect could degrade the future high intensity and high brightness beams foreseen by the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project is still open. Therefore several studies are being carried out employing both simulations and measurements with the electron cloud detectors in the machine. The aim is to develop a reliable electron cloud model of the PS vacuum chambers in order to identify possible future limitations and find suitable countermeasures.

WEPEA019

Status of the J-PARC MA Loaded RF Systems

cavity, impedance, injection, bunching

2537

M. Yoshii, E. Ezura, K. Hara, K. Hasegawa, C. Ohmori, A. Takagi, K. Takata, M. Toda
KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
M. Nomura, T. Shimada, F. Tamura, M. Yamamoto
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan
A. Schnase
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

Japan proton accelerator complex operates two cascaded synchrotrons, 3GeV RCS and 50GeV MR. The high electric field gradient magnetic alloy (MA) loaded cavities are used in both synchrotrons. The RF systems have no tuning control loop and the direct digital synthesis based fully digital low level RF guarantees the stable and reproducible proton acceleration. The feed-forward systems using the circulating beam current signals works efficiently to compensate the heavy beam induced voltage. In RCS, 11 RF systems are operating in a dual harmonic mode since December 2008. The longitudinal RF control based on the particle tracking performed effectively and the equivalent beam power of 530 kW was successfully demonstrated. The 260kW operation for the neutron users started in October 2012. In MR synchrotron, the 9th RF system was newly installed and became available as a 2nd harmonic RF system in November 2012. A 30 GeV proton of 200 kW beam power has been delivered to the T2K neutrino beam experiment with 2.48 sec repetition cycle. This paper summarizes the operation details and the status and features of the J-PARC RF systems.

WEPEA040

Space Charge and Cavity Modeling for the ESS Linac Simulator

space-charge, linac, cavity, simulation

2588

E. Laface, M. Eshraqi, R. Miyamoto
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The proton linac of the European Spallation Source will operate at unprecedented beam power of 5 MW. Such power requires a precise modeling of the beam dynamics in order to protect its components from losses. The high peak current of 62.5 mA produces a space charge force that dominates the dynamics at low energy, while the high gradient required to accelerate up to 2 GeV in the 500 m of linac length is challenging for the dynamics in the RF cavities. This paper presents modelings of the space charge force and RF cavities used in the ESS Linac Simulator. The simulator is under development as part of the XAL on-line model, and it will be adopted for the ESS linac operations.

WEPEA061

The First LHC p-Pb run: Performance of the Heavy Ion Production Complex

ion, luminosity, heavy-ion, injection

2648

D. Manglunki, M. E. Angoletta, H. Bartosik, G. Bellodi, A. Blas, M.A. Bodendorfer, T. Bohl, C. Carli, E. Carlier, S. Cettour Cave, K. Cornelis, H. Damerau, A. Findlay, S.S. Gilardoni, S. Hancock, J.M. Jowett, D. Kuchler, M. O'Neil, Y. Papaphilippou, S. Pasinelli, R. Scrivens, G. Tranquille, B. Vandorpe, U. Wehrle, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

TThe first LHC proton-ion run took place in January-February 2013; it was the first extension to the collider programme, as this mode was not included in the design report. This paper presents the performance of the heavy ion and proton production complex, and details the issues encountered, in particular the creation of the same bunch pattern in both beams.

WEPEA070

Space Charge Effects and Limitations in the Cern Proton Synchrotron

resonance, emittance, space-charge, injection

2669

R. Wasef, G. Arduini, H. Damerau, S.S. Gilardoni, S. Hancock, C. Hernalsteens, A. Huschauer, F. Schmidt
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
G. Franchetti
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

Space charge produces a large incoherent tune-spread which, in presence of betatronic resonances, could lead to beam losses and emittance growth. In the CERN Proton Synchrotron, at the current injection kinetic energy (1.4 GeV) and even at the future kinetic energy (2 GeV), space charge is one of the main limitations for high brightness beams and especially for the future High-Luminosity LHC beams. Several detailed studies and measurements have been carried out to improve the understanding of space charge limitations to determine the maximum acceptable tune spread and identify the most important resonances causing losses and emittance growth.

WEPEA075

Large Emittance Beam Measurements for COMET Phase-I

solenoid, electron, simulation, background

2684

A. Kurup, I. Puri, Y. Uchida, Y. Yap
Imperial College of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom
R. Appleby, S.C. Tygier
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
R.T.P. D'Arcy, A. Edmonds, M. Lancaster, M. Wing
UCL, London, United Kingdom

The COMET experiment will search for very rare muon processes that will give us an insight into particle physics beyond the Standard Model. COMET requires an intense beam of muons with a momentum less than 70 MeV/c. This is achieved using an 8 GeV proton beam; a heavy metal target to primarily produce pions; a solenoid capture system; and a curved solenoid to perform charge and momentum selection. Understanding the pion production yield and transport properties of the beam line is an important part of the experiment. The beam line is a continuous solenoid channel, so it is only possible to place a beam diagnostic device at the end of the beam line. Building COMET in two phases provides the opportunity to investigate the pion production yield and to measure the transport properties of the beam line in Phase-I. This paper will demonstrate how this will be done using the experimental set up for COMET Phase-I.

WEPEA077

Applying the 'Simple Accelerator Modelling in Matlab' (SAMM) Code to High Luminosity LHC Upgrade

dipole, kicker, dynamic-aperture, quadrupole

2690

K.M. Hock, A. Wolski
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
R. Appleby
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

The "Simple Accelerator Modelling in Matlab" (SAMM) code is a set of Matlab routines for modelling beam dynamics in high energy particle accelerators. It includes a set of CUDA codes that can be run on a Graphics Processor Unit. These can be called from SAMM and can speed up tracking simulations by 100 times. To make use of this potential for the computationally intensive LHC upgrade simulations, we have developed additional Matlab and CUDA routines to simulate the full set of elements that are present in the Large Hadron Collider. We present the results of applying these codes to dynamic aperture calculations. These results are benchmarked against PTC and MADX.

WEPEA081

Local 3Qy Betatron Resonance Correction in the 2012 RHIC 250 GeV Run

sextupole, resonance, dynamic-aperture, betatron

2696

Y. Luo, W. Fischer, T. Roser, V. Schoefer, C.M. Zimmer
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
In this article we performed numerical simulations to correct the local vertical third order betatron resonance 3Q_y in the interaction regions in the Yellow ring for the 2012 RHIC 250~GeV polarized proton run. Considering the main sources of skew sextupoles are located in the interaction regions, we used local bump methods to minimize their contributions to the global 3Q_y resonance driving term. Two kinds of correction orbit bumps are tested and the dynamic apertures with these correction strengths are calculated and compared.

WEPFI009

RF Measurement during CW Operation of an RFQ Prototype

rfq, simulation, cavity, linac

2720

M. Vossberg, H.C. Lenz, H. Podlech, A. Schempp
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
A. Bechtold
NTG Neue Technologien GmbH & Co KG, Gelnhausen, Germany

A 17 MeV MHz proton linac is being developed as a front end of the driver accelerator for the MYRRHA facility in Mol. As a part of the MAX (MYRRHA Accelerator Experiment and Development) project a 4-rod Test-RFQ with a resonance frequency of 176 MHz has been designed and built for the MAX-Project. The RFQ has been modified to solve the cooling problem at cw-operation, the geometrical precision had to be improved as well as the rf-contacts. The developments led to a new layout and a sophisticated production procedure of the stems and the electrodes. Calculations show an improved Rp-value leading to power losses less than 30 kW/m, which is about 60 % of the power losses which could be achieved safely at cw-operation of the similar Saraf-RFQ. Thermal measurements and simulations with the single components has been completed. During cw-operation the temperature distribution will be measured and the rf-performance checked.

WEPFI042

Installation and Operation of the RF System for the 100 MeV Proton Linac

linac, klystron, controls, LLRF

2797

K.T. Seol, Y.-S. Cho, D.I. Kim, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, Y.-G. Song
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Korean Government.
The RF system of the 100MeV proton linac for 1st phase of KOMAC has been installed at the Gyeong-ju site. Nine sets of LLRF control system and the HPRF system including 1MW klystrons, circulators and waveguide components have been installed at the klystron gallery, and four high voltage converter modulators has been installed at the modulator room. A RF reference system distributing 300MHz LO signal to each RF control system has also been installed with a temperature control system. The requirement of RF field control is within ± 1% in RF amplitude and ± 1 degree in RF phase, and the operation of RF system will start at the end of this year after installation. The installation and operation of the RF system for the 100MeV proton linac are presented in this paper.

WEPFI063

Progress on the ISIS Synchrotron Low Power RF System Upgrade

controls, cavity, synchrotron, acceleration

2839

A. Seville, D.B. Allen, D. Bayley, N.E. Farthing, I.S.K. Gardner, R.J. Mathieson
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
W.L. Huang
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The ISIS synchrotron at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK now routinely uses a dual harmonic RF system to accelerate beam currents in excess of 230 uA to operate two target stations simultaneously. To give more stable control of the RF voltage at each of the fundamental (1RF) and second harmonic (2RF) cavities, changes have been made to the low power RF (LPRF) control systems. A new FPGA based master oscillator has been implemented using a National Instruments FlexRIO module. The replacement master oscillator has been tested with beam for the first time. This paper reports on the tests of the FlexRIO master oscillator and describes plans for the gradual replacement of the remaining parts of the LPRF system.

WEPME005

Pulsed RF Control for the P-Linac Test Stand at FAIR

controls, linac, cavity, antiproton

2929

P. Nonn, U. Bonnes, C. Burandt, F. Hug, M. Konrad, N. Pietralla
TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
R. Eichhorn
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
H. Klingbeil, G. Schreiber, W. Vinzenz
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
H. Klingbeil
TEMF, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

Funding: Supported through BMBF contract no. 06DA9024I
The p-linac will be a dedicated proton injector for antiproton production at FAIR (GSI Darmstadt). It will provide a 70 MeV/70 mA pulsed proton beam with a duty cycle of about 10^-4. Therefore the RF of the normal conducting, coupled CH cavities* will be pulsed, too. In order to test the operation of those cavities, a test stand is under construction at GSI. The RF control hard- and software for the test stand is developed at TU Darmstadt. It is based on the digital low level RF control system, which is operational at the S-DALINAC**. Hardware as well as software had to be customized, in order to achieve pulsed operation within the given limits. These customizations as well as measurements from pulsed operation will be presented.
*R. Brodhage et al. Development and Measurements on a Coupled CH Proton Linac for FAIR, IPAC'10
**M. Konrad et al. Digital base band rf control system for the… , PRL ST Accel. & Beams 15

WEPME044

Generation of Controlled Losses in Milisecond Timescale with Transverse Damper in LHC

beam-losses, simulation, emittance, injection

3025

M. Sapinski, T. Baer, V. Chetvertkova, B. Dehning, W. Höfle, A. Priebe, R. Schmidt, D. Valuch
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

A controlled way of generating of beam losses is required in order to investigate the quench limits of the superconducting magnets in the LHC. This is especially difficult to achieve for losses with millisecond duration. A series of experiments using the transverse damper system has proven that such a fast loss can be obtained even in the case of rigid 4 TeV beams. This paper describes the optimisation of beam parameters and transverse damper waveform required to mimic fast loss scenarios and reports on extensive tracking simulations undertaken to fully understand the time and spatial structure of these losses. The application of this method to the final quench tests is also presented.

THXB101

High Power Operation and Beam Instrumentations in J-PARC Synchrotrons

extraction, beam-losses, quadrupole, synchrotron

3085

T. Toyama
J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan

Beam monitors developed and utilized at MR and RCS of J-PARC will be presented with emphasis on special characteristics for high intensity proton accelerator. Achieved beam characteristics and approach to improve beam intensity will be described in connection with the beam monitors. Usage of a transverse RF field to improve a duty factor of the slow extracted beam will be presented.

Slides THXB101 [16.387 MB]

THXB201

Novel Techniques and Challenges in Hadron Therapy

ion, synchrotron, cyclotron, extraction

3112

Th. Haberer, E. Feldmeier, M. Galonska, A. Peters, C. Schömers
HIT, Heidelberg, Germany

This talk should review novel techniques and challenges for beam delivery systems with various beam scanning methods (such as 3D scanning, 4D scanning and so on) to conform the beam dose to the tumor shape in proton and carbon ion therapy, as developed by PSI, GSI, HIMAC, IMP etc. Besides traditional accelerators such as cyclotrons and synchrotrons, the talk should review the technical challenges and prospects for future compact hadron therapy accelerators such as DWA, laser accelerators and so on.

Slides THXB201 [4.934 MB]

THOAB201

Development of the Dielectric Wall Accelerator

dipole, simulation, radiation, shielding

3115

A. Zografos, T. Brown, C. Cohen-Jonathan, C. Hettler, F. Huang, V. Joshkin, K. Leung, M. Moyers, Y.K. Parker, D. Pearson, M. Rougieri
CPAC, Livermore, CA, USA
R.W. Hamm
R&M Technical Enterprises, Pleasanton, California, USA

The Compact Particle Accelerator Corporation has developed an architecture to produce pulsed proton bunches that will be suitable for proton beam therapy. The Dielectric Wall Accelerator engineering prototype includes a RFQ injection system with a pulsed kicker to select the desired proton bunches and a linear accelerator incorporating a High Gradient Insulator with stacked transmission to produce the required voltage. The transmission lines are switched with solid state laser driven optical switches. A computational model has been developed that is in very good agreement with the experimental results. The system is presently achieving accelerating gradients of approximately 15 MeV/m. The computational model has been used to design the next generation system that will achieve 25 MeV/m by early 2013. This paper will discuss the status of the apparatus, the basic elements of the computational model, experimental results and comparison to the model predictions. In addition, the paper will present concepts for proton therapy systems that incorporate the Dielectric Wall Accelerator and fully leverage its features to achieve clinical requirements.

Slides THOAB201 [1.650 MB]

THOAB202

Secondary Neutron Production from Patients during Hadron Therapy and their Radiation Risks: the Other Side of Hadron Therapy

neutron, ion, target, hadron

3118

M.A. Chaudhri
University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany

We were the first to calculate and measure the neutron produced from patients during therapy with bremsstrahlung, and estimated their radiation doses *. This neutron output would be lot higher with hadrons due to their larger cross sections. There is no reliable/ useful data on this subject. Using the experimental neutron production data from different body elements, we have estimated the fluence and energies of these neutrons from tissue under irradiation with different hadrons. Our results indicate that at least 4.2 neutrons , with energies greater than 5 MeV, are produced for every C-ion of 400 MeV/u energy incident on tissue. This number reduces to 3, 1.4 and 0.3 respectively at C-energies of 300, 200 and 100 MeV /u. For protons these numbers are estimated to be 0.05, 0.2 and 0.4 per proton of energies 100, 200 and 300 MeV respectively. There would be even more neutrons with energies lesser than 5 MeV. The doses to some organs have been estimated, which are not negligible. A “Compromise optimum energy” concept is suggested. But extreme caution is highly recommend before treating patients with hadrons, especially children and younger people who still have many years to live.
* P.Allen and M.A Chaudhri, Phys. Med. Biol. 33 (1988) 1017

Slides THOAB202 [3.644 MB]

THYB201

Where Next with SRF?

SRF, linac, cavity, cryomodule

3124

G. Ciovati
JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: This manuscript has been authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177.
RF superconductivity (SRF) has become, over the last ~20 years, the technology of choice to produce RF cavities for particle accelerators. This occurred because of improvements in material and processing techniques as well as the understanding and remediation of practical limitations in SRF cavities. This development effort span ~40 years and Nb has been the material of choice for SRF cavity production. As the performances of SRF Nb cavities are approaching what are considered to be theoretical limits of the material, it is legitimate to ask what will be the future of SRF. In this article we will attempt to answer such question on the basis of near-future demands for SRF-based accelerators and the basic SRF properties of the available materials. Clearly, Nb will continue to play a major role in SRF cavities in the coming years but the use of superconductors with higher critical temperature than Nb is also likely to occur.

Slides THYB201 [1.549 MB]

THPPA03

The Development of China’s Accelerators I Have Experienced

synchrotron, luminosity, linac, radiation

3144

S.X. Fang
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The development of China’s high energy accelerator for half a century falls into two stages, namely the first 20 hovering years (1958-1978) and the later 30 years of rapid development (from 1978 till now). I was lucky enough to have experienced the whole process, witnessed, and to some extent, joined in the decision-making, the projects approval, the designing, the development and construction of China's five large scientific facilities undertaken by the Institute of High Energy Physics in Beijing. A brief review is given of the previous stage of history regarding the consideration of China’s high energy accelerators in the first 20 years. A short presentation is also given of the later 30 years concerning the rapid development of the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider (BEPC and BEPCII), the completed BEPC-based Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) under construction, the high-intensity proton accelerator (ADS) used for nuclear waste transmutation and the proton therapy machine in the R&D stage.

Slides THPPA03 [6.015 MB]

THPEA027

Radiation Calculations for Advanced Proton Therapy Facility

shielding, radiation, simulation, target

3201

J.Q. Xu, J.J. Lu, G. Wang, X. Xia
SINAP, Shanghai, People's Republic of China

The shielding calculations for Advanced Proton Therapy Facility (APTRON), which is under design in Shanghai, were carried out. The thickness of radiation shielding walls for the accelerator and treatment rooms of APTRON were determined by Monte Carlo simulation and empirical formula. Beam loss scenarios and workloads of different energy at LINAC, synchrotron, beam transport line and treatment are given for the calculations. The calculations were carried out for the proton energy of 150MeV, 220MeV and 250MeV, and the targets of iron and equivalent tissue material. Source terms and attenuation length were calculated with different angles by the simulation using FLUKA code. Based on the source terms and the attenuation length, the thickness of the bulk walls were determined. Local shielding and maze design were also concerned.

THPEA041

Performance Improvements of the SPS Internal Beam Dump for the HL-LHC Beam

kicker, vacuum, dumping, synchrotron

3231

F.M. Velotti, O. Aberle, C. Bracco, E. Carlier, P. Chiggiato, J.A. Ferreira Somoza, B. Goddard, M. Meddahi, V. Senaj, J.A. Uythoven
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The SPS internal beam dump has been designed for beam specifications well below the HL-LHC ones, and for modes of operation which may not be adequate for the HL-LHC era. The present system suffers from several limitations in the allowed intensity and energy range, and its vacuum performance affects nearby high-voltage kicker systems. In this report the limitations of the internal beam dump system are reviewed, and the possible improvements compared. Preliminary upgrade proposals are presented, taking into consideration the expected operational HL-LHC parameters.

THPEA044

Radiation Tolerance of Cryogenic Beam Loss Monitor Detectors

radiation, cryogenics, beam-losses, monitoring

3240

C. Kurfuerst, C. Arregui Rementeria, M.R. Bartosik, B. Dehning, T. Eisel, M. Sapinski
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
V. Eremin, E. Verbitskaya
IOFFE, St. Petersburg, Russia
C. Fabjan
HEPHY, Wien, Austria
E. Griesmayer
CIVIDEC Instrumentation, Wien, Austria

At the triplet magnets, close to the interaction regions of the LHC, the current Beam Loss Monitoring system is sensitive to the particle showers resulting from the collision of the two beams. For the future, with beams of higher energy and intensity resulting in higher luminosity, distinguishing between these interaction products and possible quench-provoking beam losses from the primary proton beams will be challenging. Investigations are therefore underway to optimise the system by locating the beam loss detectors as close as possible to the superconducting coils of the triplet magnets. This means putting detectors inside the cold mass in superfluid helium at 1.9 K. Previous tests have shown that solid state diamond and silicon detectors as well as liquid helium ionisation chambers are promising candidates. This paper will address the final open question of their radiation resistance for 20 years of nominal LHC operation, by reporting on the results from high irradiation beam tests carried out at CERN in a liquid helium environment.

THPEA047

Diamond Particle Detector Properties during High Fluence Material Damage Tests and their Future Applications for Machine Protection in the LHC

simulation, target, beam-losses, radiation

3249

F. Burkart, J. Blanco, J. Borburgh, B. Dehning, M. Di Castro, E. Griesmayer, A. Lechner, J. Lendaro, F. Loprete, R. Losito, S. Montesano, R. Schmidt, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
E. Griesmayer
CIVIDEC Instrumentation, Wien, Austria

Experience with LHC machine protection (MP) during the last three years of operation shows that the MP systems sufficiently protect the LHC against damage in case of failures leading to beam losses with a time constant exceeding 1ms. An unexpected fast beam loss mechanism, called UFOs, was observed, which could potentially quench superconducting magnets. For such fast losses, but also for better understanding of slower losses, an improved understanding of the loss distribution within a bunch train is required. Diamond particle detectors with bunch-by-bunch resolution and high dynamic range have been developed and successfully tested in the LHC and in experiments to quantify the damage limits of LHC components. This paper will focus on experience gained in use of diamond detectors. The properties of these detectors were measured during high-fluence material damage tests in CERN's HiRadMat facility. The results will be discussed and compared to the cross-calibration with FLUKA simulations. Future applications of these detectors in the LHC to understand beam losses and to improve the protection against fast particle losses will be discussed.

THPFI011

Thermal Simulations of Charge-exchange Stripper Foils for High-melting-point Materials

stripper, simulation, injection, radiation

3312

Y. Takeda
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
M.A. Plum
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Charge-exchange stripper foils can be very quickly broken by high-current beams. Hence, a long-lived foil that can withstand prolonged beam irradiation is eagerly awaited. It is well known that the maximum temperature of the foil plays an important role in the foil lifetime. Therefore, the temperature distribution map and the maximum temperature of the foils were investigated in detail by using simulation software of the finite element method and applications with ANSYS. Moreover, the heating properties of several kinds of high-melting-point materials were researched. According to the results, stripper foils of the same effective thickness showed drastically different maximum temperatures, differing by up to about 200 K. From these results, we show that the emissivity and specific heat of the foil considerably influences its maximum temperature.

THPFI018

The Design and Construction of Stripping Probe System for CYCIAE-100

controls, extraction, vacuum, cyclotron

3333

Shizhong. An, F.P. Guan, P.Z. Li, L.P. Wen, H.D. Xie, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

A 100 MeV H⁻ compact cyclotron is being constructed in China Institute of Atomic Energy (CYCIAE-100). 75 MeV - 100 MeV proton beams with 200 μA beam intensity will be extracted in dual opposite directions by charge exchange stripping devices. Two stripping probes with carbon foils are inserted radially in the opposite direction from the main magnet pole and the obtained two proton beams after stripping foil are transported into the crossing point in a combination magnet center separately under the fixed main magnetic field. Because of the large energy range of the extracted beam, the stripping probe system is the most critical and complicated device in the dual extraction. In order to save the foil changing time, the structure of the foil changing system in the vacuum is adopted. The foil automatic changing machine is outside the magnetism yoke and 12 pieces foil can be changed in one time. The design and fabrication of the probe system has been finished and it is going to the progress of installation and adjusting. The experimental verification on probe rod driving and foil changing system has been finished in 2010. The whole stripping extraction system will be installed in 2013.

THPFI020

Radiation Shielding Design for Medical Cyclotrons

shielding, cyclotron, target, radiation

3339

F. Wang, T. Cui, X.L. Jia, Z.G. Li, T.J. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People's Republic of China

With the increasing applications of cyclotrons in health care, a number of cyclotrons ranging from several MeVs to hundreds MeVs have used for radio diagnostic and radiation therapy. A 14 MeV PET cyclotron, CYCIAE-14, has been installed in a shielding building for tests at CIAE that can be used for FDG production and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). In the mean time, the development of a 235MeV cyclotron, CYCIAE-235, which can be used for proton therapy, is in progress at the same laboratory. In terms of the cyclotron application in factories and hospitals, an appropriate radiation shielding design is of critical importance. In the case of CYCIAE-14 and CYCIAE-235, the neutron source of different cyclotrons has been estimated to define the thickness of the total shielding, and the concrete is selected as the main shielding material. For CYCIAE-14 specifically, local shielding has been implemented. This paper will give an introduction to the radiation shielding design for CYCIAE-14 and CYCIAE-235 respectively. The typical layout for the application of the two machines is presented in this paper which can be applied in factories and hospitals as well.

THPFI024

Application of Electropolishing in CSNS/RCS Primary Collimator Scrapers

cathode, collimation, synchrotron, scattering

3348

L. Kang, Z.X. He, H. Qu, J.B. Yu, Y.Q. Zou
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

According to the requirements for the beam collimation system physical design of the rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) of China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) , the primary collimator scrapers are made of 0.17±0.005mm thickness tungsten sheets. The machining of the tungsten sheet is very difficult because of high hardness and characteristics of the intrinsic brittleness of tungsten. In this paper, electropolishing processing methods is used for tungsten sheets processing. A special electropolishing device is designed according to the principle and process of electropolishing. The processing of tungsten sheets are finally completed after a series of experiments. And the rules of electropolishing for tungsten sheet processing are obtained according to the experimental results.

THPFI026

DESIGN OF CSNS R DUMP WINDOW

vacuum, neutron, target, extraction

3354

L. Liu, L. Kang, X.J. Nie, H. Qu
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) accelerator systems will provide a 1.6 Gev proton beam to a target for neutron production. The extraction dump is used to incept the waste beam in the Ring-Target transport line. At the end of the beam pipe, we adopt a thin window to ensure the accelerator vacuum. When beam gets across the window, temperature of the window will be elevator because of the energy deposit. So, the study on structure and thermal stress analysis is necessary. This article expatiates the way on calculating the energy deposit and thermal stress analyses.

THPFI027

STUDY ON STRUCTURE AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CSNS R BEAM DUMP

shielding, controls, neutron, target

3356

L. Liu, L. Kang, X.J. Nie, H. Qu
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) accelerator systems will provide a 1.6 Gev proton beam to a target for neutron production. Beam dump system is an important part of CSNS, and it is used to incept the waste beam. The beam dump system is composed with vacuum part and shielding part. For the design of shielding part, the material is steel at the centre and concrete outside, we must control the temperature of steel and concrete not too high, and it will be a serious problem that the concrete crazes because of the high temperature. So the thermal analyses must be done to ensure safety. Taking CSNS R dump for example, we use software to make model and analyze the thermal, then optimizing the result. According to the result, we control the work time and dimension of the beam to control the temperature of the iron and concrete. This article expatiate the study on the structure design and thermal analyses.

THPFI029

The Structure Design and Analysis of Proton Beam Window for CSNS

radiation, target, scattering, neutron

3361

H.J. Wang, L. Kang, R.H. Liu, H. Qu, D.H. Zhu
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The proton beam window (PBW) is one of the key devices of China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). In this paper, a new designed PBW structure called single-double layer structure is discussed. The new structure will be used in CSNS, and it is designed based on the beam characteristic of CSNS, which power is 100 kW. The structure design and thermal-analysis are presented, and the convective coefficient of cooling water is calculated. Besides, the radiation damage is discussed to assure there is no danger of radiation lifetime of PBW.

THPFI032

The Design and Analysis of Proton Beam Window for CSNSIII

scattering, radiation, target, neutron

3367

H.J. Wang, L. Kang, R.H. Liu, H. Qu, D.H. Zhu
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The proton beam window (PBW) is one of the key devices of China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). When the beam power of CSNS upgrades from 100kw to 500kw (CSNSIII), the present single-double layer structure of PBW cannot meet the demands. The PBW will be changed to other structure. This paper discusses sandwiched structure and multiple pipe structure, and the later one is chosen as the PBW of CSNSIII. An appropriate convective coefficient of cooling water is chosen, based on which the detailed thermal-stress analysis is presented. Besides, the lifetime is estimated. All these analyses show the designed PBW can work well in CSNSIII.

THPFI041

Installation and Operation of the Beamlines for the 100-MeV Proton Linac

linac, DTL, alignment, site

3376

B.-S. Park, Y.-S. Cho, J.-H. Jang, D.I. Kim, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, J.Y. Ryu, K.T. Seol, Y.-G. Song, S.P. Yun
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Korean Government.
Beamlines and 100-MeV proton linac have been developed for 1st phase of KOMAC(Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex) at the Gyeong-ju site. The linac supply either 20-MeV or 100-MeV proton beams for beam applications. Each proton beam can be transported to 2 beamlines for industrial purpose and 3 beamlines for various researches. At the first phase, 2 beamlines were installed and under test. A detailed description of the installation and the preliminary test results will be presented in this paper.

THPFI045

Reliability Approach for Machine Protection Design in Particle Accelerators

linac, controls, beam-losses, booster

3388

A. Apollonio, J.-B. Lallement, B. Mikulec, B. Puccio, J.L. Sanchez Alvarez, R. Schmidt, S. Wagner
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Particle accelerators require Machine Protection Systems (MPS) to prevent beam induced damage of equipment in case of failures. This becomes increasingly important for proton colliders with large energy stored in the beam such as LHC, for high power accelerators with a beam power of up to 10 MW, such as the European Spallation Source (ESS), and for linear colliders with high beam power and very small beam size. The reliability of Machine Protection Systems is crucial for safe machine operation; all possible sources of risk need to be taken into account in the early design stage. This paper presents a systematic approach to classify failures and to assess the associated risk, and discusses the impact of such considerations on the design of Machine Protection Systems. The application of this approach will be illustrated using the new design of the MPS for LINAC 4, a linear accelerator under construction at CERN.

THPFI046

First Results of an Experiment on Advanced Collimator Materials at CERN HiRadMat Facility

simulation, vacuum, instrumentation, laser

3391

A. Bertarelli, O. Aberle, R.W. Aßmann, E. Berthomé, V. Boccone, M. Calderón Cueva, F. Carra, F. Cerutti, N. Charitonidis, C. Charrondière, A. Dallocchio, M. Donzé, P. Francon, M. Garlaschè, L. Gentini, M. Guinchard, N. Mariani, A. Masi, P. Moyret, S. Redaelli, A. Rossi, S.D.M. dos Santos
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
M. Calderón Cueva
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Cumbayá, Colombia
N. Charitonidis
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
L. Peroni, M. Scapin
Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy

Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 Research Infrastructures project EuCARD, grant agreement no. 227579
A comprehensive, first-of-its-kind experiment (HRMT-14) has been recently carried out at CERN HiRadMat facility on six different materials of interest for Beam Intercepting Devices (collimators, targets, dumps). Both traditional materials (Mo, W and Cu alloys) as well as advanced metal/diamond and metal/graphite composites were tested under extreme conditions as to pressure, density and temperature, leading to the development of highly dynamic phenomena as shock-waves, spallation, explosions. Experimental data were acquired, mostly in real time, relying on extensive embarked instrumentation (strain gauges, temperature and vacuum sensors) and on remote acquisition devices (laser Doppler vibrometer and high speed camera). The experiment was a success under all points of view in spite of the technological challenges and harsh environment. First measurements are in good agreement with results of complex simulations, confirming the effectiveness of the acquisition system and the reliability of advanced numerical methods when material constitutive models are completely available. Interesting information has been collected as to thermal shock robustness of tested materials.

THPFI049

Evaluation of the NEG Coating Saturation Level after 3 Years of LHC Beam Operation

vacuum, ion, electron, luminosity

3397

G. Bregliozzi, V. Baglin, J.M. Jimenez, G. Lanza, T. Porcelli
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The room temperature vacuum system of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN system has been designed to ensure vacuum stability and beam lifetime of 100 h with nominal current of 0.56 A per beam at 7 TeV of energy. During last two years the LHC operated with proton beams at a maximum energy of 4 TeV, coasting for several hours each time, inducing high pressure due to different effects: synchrotron radiation, electron cloud and localized temperature increase. All these phenomena generated an important gas load from the vacuum chamber walls, which led in some cases to a partial or a total saturation of the NEG coating. To keep the design vacuum performances and to schedule technical interventions for NEG vacuum reactivation, it is necessary to take into account all these aspects and to regularly evaluate the saturation level of the NEG coating. This study analyses the saturation level of the NEG coated beam pipes in the LHC accelerator. Pressure reading variation without proton beams circulating are analysed and combined with laboratory studies of the NEG saturation behaviour and with Vacuum Stability Code (VASCO) simulations.

THPFI050

Some Ideas Towards Energy Optimization at CERN

vacuum, radiation, controls, secondary-beams

3400

H.J. Burckhart, J.-P. Burnet, F. Caspers, V. Doré, L. Gatignon, C. Martel, M. Nonis, D. Tommasini
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The paper presents the efforts of CERN to optimize its energy usage. Work is proceeding in 3 areas: accelerators, campus and infrastructure, and re-use of thermal “waste” energy. The accelerator chain has the potential to further reduce the energy consumption by dynamic suppression of cycles when they are temporarily not needed and by operating magnets in pulsed mode. R&D for future accelerators includes the recuperation of the RF energy, which is not used for acceleration of the beams. Concerning the CERN campus more than half of the buildings are older than 40 years. Hence there is a big need for renovation, which includes energy aspects. New buildings use renewable energy whenever possible. As an example a building is under construction, which will use a 250 m2 solar field together with an absorption refrigerator for cooling purposes. Finally, about 80% of the electric energy gets dissipated in air cooling towers. Part of this energy can be re-used for heating buildings.

THPFI053

A Feasibility Experiment of a W-powder Target in the HiRadMat Facility of CERN

target, laser, instrumentation, factory

3409

N. Charitonidis, I. Efthymiopoulos, A. Fabich
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
O. Caretta, T.R. Davenne, C.J. Densham, M.D. Fitton, P. Loveridge
STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
L. Rivkin
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

Granular solid targets made of fluidized tungsten powder or static pebble bed of tungsten spheres, have been long proposed and are being studied as an alternative configurations towards high-power (>1MW of beam power) target systems, suitable for a future Super Beam or Neutrino Factory. Serving the lack of experimental data on this field, a feasibility experiment was performed in HiRadMat facility of CERN/SPS that tried in a pulse-by-pulse basis to address the effect of the impact of the SPS beam (440GeV/c) on a static tungsten powder target. Online instrumentation such as high-speed photography and Laser - Doppler Vibrometry was employed. Preliminary results show a powder disruption speed of less than 0.5 m/s while the disruption height appears to be scaling proportionally with the beam intensity. Other analysis results will be discussed.

THPFI054

Preliminary Comparison of the Response of LHC Tertiary Collimators to Proton and Ion Beam Impacts

ion, heavy-ion, collimation, beam-losses

3412

M. Cauchi, R.W. Aßmann, A. Bertarelli, F. Carra, F. Cerutti, L. Lari
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
M. Cauchi, P. Mollicone
UoM, Msida, Malta
L. Lari
IFIC, Valencia, Spain
N.J. Sammut
University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta

The CERN Large Hadron Collider is designed to bring into collision protons as well as heavy ions. Accidents involving impacts on collimators can happen for both species. The interaction of lead ions with matter differs to that of protons, thus making this scenario a new interesting case to study as it can result in different damage aspects on the collimator. This paper will present a preliminary comparison of the response of collimators to proton and ion beam impacts.

THPFI055

First Year of Operations in the HiRadMat Irradiation Facility at CERN

target, radiation, laser, instrumentation

3415

A. Fabich, N. Charitonidis, N. Conan, K. Cornelis, D. DePaoli, I. Efthymiopoulos, S. Evrard, H. Gaillard, J.L. Grenard, M. Lazzaroni, A. Pardons, Y.D.R. Seraphin, C. Theis, K. Weiss
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
N. Charitonidis
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

HiRadMat (High Irradiation to Materials) is a new facility at CERN constructed in 2011, designed to provide high-intensity pulsed beams to an irradiation area where material samples as well as accelerator component assemblies can be tested. The facility uses a 440 GeV proton beam extracted from the CERN SPS with a pulse length of 7.2 μs, to maximum pulse energy of 3.4MJ. For 2012, the first year of operations of the facility, nine experiments were scheduled and completed data-taking successfully. The experience gained in operating this unique facility, along with highlights of the experiments and the instrumentation developed for online measurements are reported.

THPFI059

Robustness Test of a Silicon Strip Crystal for Crystal-assisted Collimation Studies in the LHC

alignment, collimation, extraction, scattering

3427

A. Lechner, J. Blanco Sancho, F. Burkart, M. Calviani, M. Di Castro, Y. Gavrikov, J. Lendaro, F. Loprete, R. Losito, C. Maglioni, A. Masi, S. Montesano, A. Perillo-Marcone, P.S. Roguet, W. Scandale, D. Wollmann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
J. Blanco Sancho
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
F. Burkart
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Y. Gavrikov
PNPI, Gatchina, Leningrad District, Russia
V. Guidi, A. Mazzolari
INFN-Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
V. Guidi, A. Mazzolari
UNIFE, Ferrara, Italy
W. Scandale
LAL, Orsay, France

Over the past years, the UA9 experiment has successfully demonstrated the viability of enhancing the collimation efficiency of proton and ion beams in the SPS by means of bent crystals. An extension of UA9 to the LHC has been recently approved. The conditions imposed by the LHC operational environment, in particular the tremendous energy density of the beam, require a reliable understanding of the crystal integrity in view of potential accident scenarios such as an asynchronous beam dump. For this purpose, irradiation tests have been performed at the CERN-HiRadMat facility to examine the mechanical strength of a silicon strip crystal in case of direct beam impact. The tests were carried out using a 440 GeV proton beam of 0.5 mm transverse size. The crystal, 3 mm long in beam direction, was exposed to a total of 2*10¹⁴ protons, with individual pulse intensities reaching up to 3*10¹³. First visual inspections reveal no macroscopic damage to the crystal. Complementary post-irradiation tests are foreseen to assess microscopic lattice damage as well as the degradation of the channelling efficiency.
On behalf of the UA9 Collaboration.

THPFI062

Design of Air-cooled Beam Dump for Extraction Line of PS Booster

shielding, simulation, booster, cavity

3436

A. Perillo-Marcone, T. Antonakakis, M. Battistin, M.A. Czapski, G.W. Mason, E.M. Nowak, A. Sarrió Martínez, S. Sgobba, V. Venturi, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

A new beam dump has been designed, which withstands the future proton beam extracted from the PS Booster at CERN, consisting of up to 10¹⁴ protons per pulse at 2 GeV after its upgrade in 2018/2019. In order to be able to efficiently release the deposited heat, the new dump will be made out of a single cylindrical block of a copper alloy and be cooled by forced ventilation. In order to determine the energy density distribution deposited by the beam in the dump, Monte Carlo simulations were performed using FLUKA, and thermo-mechanical analyses carried out by importing the energy density into Ansys. In addition, CFD simulations of the airflow were carried out in order to accurately estimate the heat transfer convection coefficient on the surface of the dump. In this paper we describe the design process and highlight the constraints of integrating a new dump for increased beam power into the existing facility.

THPFI082

Targetry Challenges at Megawatt Proton Accelerator Facilities

target, radiation, simulation, kaon

3484

P. Hurh, K. Ammigan, B.D. Hartsell, R.S. Tschirhart
Fermilab, Batavia, USA

Funding: Operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC02- 07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
High intensity, multi-megawatt proton accelerator facilities, such as the proposed Project X at Fermilab, offer the opportunity to explore science in multiple experiments and programs simultaneously. The reliable operation of the associated target facilities is as critical to the success of the experimental program as the high intensity proton accelerator itself. The targetry requirements for the Project X experimental program range from 1 GeV, 1 MW, CW proton beam on a high-Z target (possibly liquid metal) to 120 GeV, 2.3 MW, pulsed proton beam on a low-Z target and include stringent, experiment-specific operating environments such as high magnetic fields from super-conducting magnets and/or moderator arrays for optimal neutronic production. Meeting the challenges presented by such wide-ranging and intertwined requirements calls for coordinated and cross-cutting R&D activities. Areas of interest applicable to many of the experimental facilities includes radiation damage, thermal shock, radiological protection, and target instrumentation. Descriptions of these challenges and Fermilab R&D activities to overcome these difficult challenges are presented.

THPFI083

Radiation Damage Study of Graphite and Carbon-carbon Composite Target Materials

target, radiation, linac, isotope-production

3487

P. Hurh, K. Ammigan, N.V. Mokhov
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
N. Simos
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC02- 07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Use of graphite and carbon-carbon composite materials as high intensity proton targets for neutrino production is currently thought to be limited by thermal and structural material properties degraded by exposure to high energy proton beam. Identification of these limits for various irradiation and thermal environments is critical to high intensity targets for future facilities and experiments. To this end, several types of amorphous graphite and one type of carbon-carbon (3D weave) composite were exposed to 180 MeV proton beam at the BNL BLIP facility. Irradiated samples were then thermally, ultra-sonic, and structurally tested and compared to un-irradiated samples. Results show significant changes in material properties even at very low damage levels (<0.09 DPA) and that significant interstitial annealing of these properties occurs at annealing temperatures only slightly above irradiation temperature. This points the way to optimizing target operating temperature to increase target lifetime. A description of the plan to explore radiation damage in target materials through the new RaDIATE collaboration (Radiation Damage In Accelerator Target Environments) is also presented.

THPFI092

Design of the Mercury Handling System for a Muon Collider/Neutrino Factory Target

target, shielding, collider, factory

3505

K.T. McDonald
PU, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
J.S. Berg, H.G. Kirk, H. K. Sayed
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
X.P. Ding
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
V.B. Graves
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
N. Souchlas, R.J. Weggel
Particle Beam Lasers, Inc., Northridge, California, USA

The baseline target concept for a Muon Collider or Neutrino Factory is a free mercury jet within a 20-T magnetic field being impacted by an 8-GeV proton beam. A pool of mercury serves as a receiving reservoir for the mercury and a dump for the unexpended proton beam. Modifications to this baseline are discussed in which the field at the target is reduced from 20 to 15 T, and in which the magnetic field drops from its peak value down to 1.5 T over 7 rather than 15 m.

THPME041

Configurable Field Magnets for a Proton Beam Dynamics R&D Ring

multipole, dipole, injection, space-charge

3603

S.J. Brooks
STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

Magnets with many independently-powered coils can provide nearly arbitrary combinations of multipoles up to a certain order. This paper gives examples of field quality in such an "omni-magnet", which is normal-conducting and simulated with Poisson. Since the magnets also have quite large apertures they may be used to make a general-purpose FFAG and synchrotron test ring for beam dynamics studies. This could use the 3MeV H⁻ beam from the RAL proton Front End Test Stand (FETS) and outline ring parameters are given for that situation.

THPWA004

The HIT Gantry: From Commissioning to Operation

ion, dipole, optics, diagnostics

3636

M. Galonska, S. Brons, R. Cee, Th. Haberer, K. Höppner, J.M. Mosthaf, A. Peters, S. Scheloske, T. Winkelmann
HIT, Heidelberg, Germany

The patient treatment at the first 360° raster scanning heavy ion gantry of the Heidelberg Ion Therapy Facility (HIT) started in October 2012 using proton and carbon ion beams. HIT is the first dedicated proton and carbon cancer therapy facility in Europe. It uses full 3D intensity controlled raster scanning dose delivering method of pencil beams. The ion energy ranges from ~50 up to 430 MeV/u (ion penetration depths of 20 to 300 mm in water). Beams are provided by a linac-synchrotron-system to four high energy beam lines: 2 horizontal patient treatment rooms; 1 horizontal experimental cave for quality assurance, development, and research work; and the heavy ion gantry. From the first commissioning the libraries of carbon and proton pencil beams at the gantry had been offered with the whole variety of ion beam properties: 255 energy steps, 4 beam foci, 360°, and 10 intensities (10⁶-10¹⁰/spill) regarding the central beam. This paper reflects the impact of the subsequent preclinical testing including beam size/position, and dose measurements within the irradiation field of 20x20 cm² on the further improvement of the ion optical settings of the gantry high energy transfer line.

THPWA005

The HIT Accelerator as Part of a Medical Product: Impacts on the Maintenance Strategy

ion, controls, ion-source, linac

3639

A. Peters, R. Cee, Th. Haberer, T. Winkelmann
HIT, Heidelberg, Germany

The HIT accelerator produces protons and carbon beams with a large variety of parameters: 255 different energies, four foci and ten intensity steps per ion are independently available at 5 iso-centres to be requested by the dose delivery system for tumor treatment. Thus the whole accelerator chain is part of a medical product, in case of HIT an in-house manufactured device. The overall risk and quality management has deep influences on the maintenance process. Not only the huge volume of necessary documentation reflects this impact but also the organizational process before, along and after the services at HIT. Especially, the comprehensive testing after the maintenance procedures follows sophisticated checklists (e.g. the ion source service). On the other hand, a high operational availability of the accelerator in a hospital is mandatory. To realize 8250 hours of accelerator uptime per year in case of HIT, a maintenance strategy is necessary, which interleaves the regular service of the building infrastructure, e.g. air conditioning, with the periodic maintenance of the accelerator components. In detail, this approach will be discussed along the magnets and the gantry structure.

THPWA008

Design of a Fast-cycling High-gradient Rotating Linac for Protontherapy

linac, cyclotron, klystron, simulation

3642

A. Degiovanni, U. Amaldi, D. Bergesio, C. Cuccagna, A. Lo Moro, P. Magagnin, P. Riboni, V. Rizzoglio
TERA, Novara, Italy

General interest has been shown over the last years for the development of single room facilities serving a population of about 2 million people for proton cancer therapy. Compact machines are needed to accelerate proton beams of few nanoamperes up to 230 MeV. In this framework the project TULIP (Turning LInac for Protontherapy), patented by TERA Foundation, foresees a linac mounted on a rotating gantry used as a booster for protons previously accelerated by a cyclotron. The linac is composed of modular units powered by independently controlled klystrons. The RF power transmission is made possible by high power rotating joints developed in collaboration with CLIC group. The final beam energy can be varied in steps of few MeV from pulse to pulse by amplitude and/or phase modulation of the klystron signals, making possible the implementation of active spot scanning technique with tumor multi-painting. The present paper provides the main characteristics of TULIP, describing the different choices for the linac design parameters together with the structural design of the supporting gantry and of the final beam line.

THPWA031

Raising the Generating Current in the VITA Neutron Source for BNCT

ion, neutron, target, vacuum

3693

A.S. Kuznetsov, V.I. Aleynik, A.G. Bashkirtsev, D.A. Kasatov, A.N. Makarov, I.M. Schudlo, I.N. Sorokin, S.Yu. Taskaev, M.A. Tiunov
BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

Funding: The work was partially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (contract № 14.518.11.7039).
The Vacuum Insulated Tandem Accelerator (VITA) was developed in the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics to produce epithermal neutrons for boron neutron capture therapy in the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction. The parameters of the generated radiation allow us to carry out in vitro and in vivo investigations of BNCT. In present moment the modernization of the facility elements is carrying out to meet the parameters required for clinical usage. As the first step of the modernization the stripping target and electrode apertures were optimized. The experiments on fine beam injection were carried out as well as experiments on high current transportation. The output current in the range 1.5-2.5 mA with proton beam energy of 1 – 2 MeV was obtaned in the routine regimes of generation. In presented work the results of the experiments and possible way to rise the proton current higher then 3 mA level with energy 2 MeV are discussed.
*S. Taskaev, et al. Vacuum-insulation Tandem Accelerator for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Proc. 2nd International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC-2011),2011, San Sebastian, Spain, p.3615-3617.

THPWA034

Overview of CERN Technology Transfer Strategy and Accelerator-related Activities

vacuum, linac, target, electron

3702

E. Chesta, A. Bertarelli, F. Caspers, P. Chiggiato, S. Sgobba, T. Stora, M. Taborelli, W. Wuensch
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is actively engaged in identifying technologies developed for its accelerator complex that could be profitably used by partner research organizations or commercial companies in applications with potentially high socio-economic impact beyond pure fundamental physics research. In the first part of the paper, an overview of CERN current strategy in the field of Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property Management will be presented, with details on the most effective models, implementation tools and processes developed to achieve satisfactory dissemination and valorisation of the knowledge generated within the Organization. In the second part, CERN currently available technology portfolio will be described with focus on cases originated from the Accelerator and Technology Sector. A selection of promising on-going projects embracing a variety of technology fields and application areas will be detailed to showcase technical challenges and possible benefits of initiatives driven by (but not limited to) the needs of CERN scientific programme.

THPWA037

PIP: A Low Energy Recycling Non-scaling FFAG for Security and Medicine

target, neutron, cyclotron, isotope-production

3711

R.J. Barlow, T.R. Edgecock
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
C. Johnstone
Fermilab, Batavia, USA
H.L. Owen
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
S.L. Sheehy
STFC/RAL/ASTeC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

PIP, the Producer of Interacting Protons, is a low energy (6-10 MeV) proton nsFFAG design that uses a simple 4-cell lattice. Low energy reactions involving the creation of specific nuclear states can be used for neutron production and for the manufacture of various medical isotopes. Unfortunately a beam rapidly loses energy in a target and falls below the resonant energy. A recycling ring with a thin internal target enables the particles that did not interact to be re-accelerated and used for subsequent cycles. The increase in emittance due to scattering in the target is partially countered by the re-acceleration, and accommodated by the large acceptance of the nsFFAG. The ring is essentially isochronous, the fields provide strong focussing so that losses are small, the components are simple, and it could be built at low cost with existing technology.

THPWA038

GEANT4 Studies of Magnets Activation in the HEBT Line for the European Spallation Source

target, neutron, quadrupole, octupole

3714

C. Bungau, R.J. Barlow, A. Bungau, R. Cywinski, T.R. Edgecock
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
P. Carlsson, H. Danared, F. Mezei
ESS, Lund, Sweden
A.I.S. Holm, S.P. Møller, H.D. Thomsen
ISA, Aarhus, Denmark

The High Energy Beam Transport (HEBT) line for the European Spallation Source is designed to transport the beam from the underground linac to the target at the surface level while keeping the beam losses small and providing the requested beam footprint and profile on the target. This paper presents activation studies of the magnets in the HEBT line due to backscattered neutrons from the target and beam interactions inside the collimators producing unstable isotopes.

THPWA039

GEANT4 Target Simulations for Low Energy Medical Applications

target, simulation, neutron, cyclotron

3717

N. Ratcliffe, R.J. Barlow, A. Bungau, C. Bungau, R. Cywinski
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom

The GEANT4 code offers an extensive set of hadronic models for various projectiles and energy ranges. These models include theoretical, parameterized and, for low energy neutrons, data driven models. Theoretical or semi-empirical models sometimes cannot reproduce experimental data at low energies(<100MeV), especially for low Z elements, and therefore recent GEANT4 developments included a new particle\_hp package which uses evaluated nuclear databases for proton interactions below 200 MeV. These recent developments have been used to study target designs for low energy proton accelerators, as replacements of research reactors, for medical applications. Presented in this paper are results of benchmarking of these new models for a range of targets, from lithium neutron production targets to molybdenum isotope production targets, with experimental data. Also included is a discussion of the most promising target designs that have currently been studied.

THPWA047

GEM*STAR - New Nuclear Technology to Produce Inexpensive Diesel Fuel from Natural Gas and Carbon

neutron, controls, linac, target

3738

R.P. Johnson, F. Marhauser
Muons. Inc., USA
C. Bowman, R.B. Vogelaar
ADNA, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

The 75,000 tons of US stored spent nuclear fuel (SNF) from conventional nuclear reactors is a resource that could provide 125 years of all US electrical power. Or it could also provide a great amount of process heat for many applications like producing green diesel fuel from natural gas and renewable carbon. An accelerator system like the SNS at ORNL can provide neutrons to convert SNF into fissile isotopes to provide high temperature heat using technology developed at the ORNL Molten Salt Reactor Experiment. In the GEM*STAR accelerator-driven subcritical reactor that we wish to build, the accelerator allows subcritical operation (no Chernobyls), the molten salt fuel allows volatiles to be continuously removed (no Fukushimas), and the SNF does not need to be enriched or reprocessed (to minimize weapons proliferation concerns). The molten salt fuel and the relaxed availability requirements of process heat applications imply that the required accelerator technology is available now. A new opportunity has arisen to use GEM*STAR to reduce the world’s inventory of weapons-grade plutonium leaving only remnants that are permanently unusable for nuclear weapons.
* Charles D. Bowman et al., “GEM*STAR: The Alternative Reactor Technology Comprising Graphite, Molten Salt, and Accelerators,” Handbook of Nuclear Engineering, Springer (2010).

THPWA050

Beam Conditioning System for Laser-driven Hadron Therapy

ion, laser, acceleration, target

3743

K.E. Woods, S. Boucher, F.H. O'Shea
RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, USA
B.M. Hegelich
The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA

While the superior therapeutic efficacy of hadron therapy has been clearly demonstrated, its availability to cancer patients is limited by the cost and size of current systems. RadiaBeam Technologies, in collaboration with the UCLA Department of Radiation Oncology and the University of Texas at Austin, is proposing the utilization of innovative laser-driven ion acceleration (LDIA) technology for the development of a compact, inexpensive proton therapy system that can ultimately be adapted for the acceleration of carbon ions. At less than a third the price of the average proton therapy unit, the realization of this system would make hadron therapy a much more realistic option for hospitals and clinics worldwide. However, LDIA produces a beam with large divergence, wide energy spread with multiple ion species, and a significant background of electrons and X-rays. Thus, a major challenge for clinical implementation of LDIA is the development of a post-target beam conditioning system for collimation, focusing, energy selection, background shielding, and scanning. This paper will discuss the progress of our design of such a system and plans for future testing.

THPWA052

Proposal for a muSR Facility at BNL

target, booster, linac, extraction

3749

W. Fischer, J.G. Alessi, M. Blaskiewicz, K.A. Brown, C.J. Gardner, H. Huang, W.W. MacKay, P.H. Pile, D. Raparia, T. Roser
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by U.S. DOE under contract No DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
By implanting positive muons in a substance (either gas, liquid or solid), their magnetic moments can be used to sample the magnetic properties of the material. The precession rate can give the magnetic field strength, and the field direction is given away after the muons decay into positrons that are detected. The information obtained from muSR can be complementary to that from other methods such as NMR, ESR, and neutron scattering. A low energy muon surface source is particularly interesting for studying thin films. To date, only four user facilities exist in the world but none in the US. We explore the possibility of using the AGS complex at BNL for a muSR facility for the production of positive surface muons.

THPWO005

Commissioning of the Spiral2 Deuteron Injector

rfq, emittance, space-charge, solenoid

3764

D. Uriot, O. Tuske
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
J.-L. Biarrotte
IPN, Orsay, France

The SPIRAL-2 superconducting linac driver, which aims at delivering 5 mA, 40 MeV deuterons and up to 1 mA, 14.5 A.MeV q/A=1/3 heavy ions, has now entered its construction phase in GANIL (Caen, France). The linac is composed of two injectors feeding one single RFQ, followed by a superconducting section based on 88 MHz independently-phased quarter-wave cavities with room temperature focusing elements. The protons/deuteron injector have been fully built and commissioned at CEA Saclay in 2012, before moving and final installation at GANIL in 2013. Beam emittances have been measured at different positions of the LEBT and especially at the RFQ injection point. The space-charge beam compensation has been also carefully studied. This paper describes all the results obtained during this commissioning.

THPWO008

Status of the 70 MeV FAIR Proton Injector

linac, DTL, rfq, cavity

3773

G. Clemente, W.A. Barth, R. Bereznov, P. Forck, L. Groening, R. Hollinger, M. Kaiser, A. Krämer, F. Maimone, C. Mühle, J. Pfister, G. Schreiber, J. Trüller, W. Vinzenz, C. Will
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
R. M. Brodhage, B. Koubek, H. Podlech, U. Ratzinger, A. Schempp, R. Tiede
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
N. Chauvin, O. Delferrière
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
B. Launé, J. Lesrel
IPN, Orsay, France
C.S. Simon, O. Tuske
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France

Funding: BMBF
The FAIR project requires a dedicated proton injector for the creation of high intensity secondary antiproton beams. This machine will be the first high intensity linear accelerator based on CH-DTL. The status of the project, with particular emphasis on the construction of the first RF prototype is presented.

THPWO009

Beam Dynamics Error and Loss Investigation of the FAIR Proton Injector

linac, rfq, DTL, quadrupole

3776

G. Clemente, W.A. Barth, P. Forck, L. Groening, R. Hollinger, M. Kaiser, J. Pfister, W. Vinzenz, S.G. Yaramyshev, C. Zhang
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
R. M. Brodhage, B. Koubek, H. Podlech, U. Ratzinger, A. Schempp, R. Tiede
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
N. Chauvin, C.S. Simon, O. Tuske
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
O. Delferrière
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
B. Launé, J. Lesrel
IPN, Orsay, France

The FAIR Proton Linac is a 70mA, 70 MeV. 325 MHz linear accelerator based on CH cavities. The focusing scheme is provided by an asynchronous KONUS lattice period. Random misalignment and rotation errors of the quadrupoles, together with phase and RF settings of the power source plays a major role in beam losses. Those effects are investigated and the beam dynamics results, including several source of errors, are presented and discussed.

THPWO014

Design Study of a High Frequency Proton Ladder RFQ

rfq, cavity, dipole, antiproton

3788

R. M. Brodhage, A. Almomani, U. Ratzinger
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

For the research program with cooled antiprotons at FAIR a dedicated 70 MeV, 70 mA proton injector is required. In the low energy section, between the Ion Source and the main linac an RFQ has to be designed. Accelerating protons from 95 keV to 3.0 MeV the RFQ will oscillate at 325 MHz. This particular high frequency for an RFQ creates difficulties which are challenging in developing this cavity. In order to define a satisfactory geometrical configuration for this resonator, both from the RF and the mechanical point of view, different designs have been examined and compared. Very promising results have been reached with an ladder type RFQ, especially concerning the dipole component of the accelerating fields, which is almost not noticeable. This paper will show 3D simulations of the general layout and a whole cavity demonstrating the power of a ladder type RFQ. It will outline a possible layout for the RFQ within the new FAIR proton injector.

THPWO015

First Coupled CH Power Cavity for the FAIR Proton Injector

cavity, linac, coupling, alignment

3791

R. M. Brodhage, U. Ratzinger
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
G. Clemente, W. Vinzenz
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

For the research program with cooled antiprotons at FAIR a dedicated 70 MeV, 70 mA proton injector is required. The main acceleration of this room temperature linac will be provided by six CH cavities operated at 325 MHz. Each cavity will be powered by a 2.5 MW Klystron. For the second acceleration unit from 11.5 MeV to 24.2 MeV a 1:2 scaled model has been built. Low level RF measurements have been performed to determine the main parameters and to prove the concept of coupled CH cavities. In Summer 2012, the assembly and tuning of the first power prototype was finished. Until then, the cavity was tested with a preliminary aluminum drift tube structure, which was used for precise frequency and field tuning. Before Spring 2013 the final drift tube structure will be welded inside the main tanks and the preparation for copper plating will take place. This paper will report on the main tuning and commissioning steps towards that novel type of DTL and it will show the latest results measured on a fully operational CH proton cavity.

THPWO033

High Intensity Beam Trial of up to 540 kW in J-PARC RCS

injection, simulation, resonance, linac

3836

H. Hotchi, H. Harada, N. Hayashi, M. Kinsho, P.K. Saha, Y. Shobuda, F. Tamura, K. Yamamoto, M. Yamamoto, M. Yoshimoto
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-Mura, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki-Ken, Japan
Y. Irie
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
S. Kato
Tohoku University, Graduate School of Science, Sendai, Japan

Recently we have performed a high intensity beam trial of up to 540 kW. In this paper, beam intensity dependece and injection painting parameter dependence of beam loss, observed in this beam experiment, will be discussed with the corresponding numerical simulation results.

THPWO036

Annular-Ring Coupled Structure Linac for the J-PARC Linac Energy Upgrade

vacuum, linac, ion, cavity

3845

H. Ao, H. Asano, Y. Nemoto, N. Ouchi, J. Tamura
JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan
F. Naito, K. Takata
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

The linac of Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) is the injector to the 3-GeV rapid cycle synchrotron. In order to increase the beam power of the synchrotron, the task of the 400-MeV energy upgrade of the linac started from March 2009. Following the 191-MeV Separated-type DTL, the 25 modules of the Annular-ring Coupled Structure (ACS) linac will be added from August 2013. The operating frequency and the accelerating field E0 of the ACS are 972 MHz and 4.2 MV/m, respectively. The cavity fabrication of the ACS has been almost finished, and then the completed cavities are stored in the J-PARC site. Currently, pumps and vacuum components are being installed on the cavities for the test of vacuum condition. For the pulsed beam of J-PARC, the vacuum pressure have to be less than 10^-6 Pa in order not to exceed 0.1 W/m beam loss. In this paper, we present the R&D results to reduce the vacuum pressure using the stored ACS cavity and the current status of the energy upgrade.

THPWO040

Progress of Injector-1 and Main Linac of Chinese ADS Proton Accelerator

cavity, rfq, linac, solenoid

3854

Y.L. Chi, J. Cao, J.P. Dai, H. Dong, L. Dong, T.M. Huang, X. Jing, S.P. Li, Z. Li, Z.Q. Li, Z.C. Liu, F. Long, Z. Ma, H.F. Ouyang, W.M. Pan, Q.L. Peng, P. Su, Y.F. Sui, J.Y. Tang, J.L. Wang, Q.B. Wang, Q. Ye, Z.S. Zhou
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

China ADS study program was Supported by the "Strategic Priority Research Program " of the Chinese Academy of Sciences at 2011, which aims to design and build an ADS demonstration facility with the capability of more than 1000 MW thermal power in about twenty years. The driver Linac is defined to be1.5 GeV in energy, 10mA in current and in CW operation mode. To meet the extremely high reliability and availability of ADS, the Linac is designed with much installed margin and fault tolerance. ADS accelerator is composed of two parallel 10MeV injectors and a main Linac. The superconducting acceleration structures are employed except the RFQs. This paper will present design of the China ADS accelerator and related key technology developments.

THPWO042

Macroparticle Simulation Studies of a Beam-core Matching Experiment

simulation, quadrupole, rfq, emittance

3860

H. Jiang, P. Chen, S. Fu, T. Huang, F. Li, P. Li, H.C. Liu, C. Meng, M. Meng, Z.C. Mu, H.F. Ouyang, J. Peng, L.Y. Rong, B. Sun, J.M. Tian, B. Wang, S.C. Wang, W.Q. Xin, T.G. Xu, L. Zeng, F.X. Zhao
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

We compared the 3-D nonlinear macro- particle code IMPACT simulations with the measured beam-core profiles obtained by the wire-scanners in the beam-core matching experiment. Quadrupole scans were used to determinate the transverse properties of the RFQ output beam. The Gaussian distribution was chosen as the initial particle distribution, which is well fit with the measured beam-core profile. We matched the beam using the least-squares fitting procedure that adjusted the first four matching quadrupoles to produce equal rms beam size in the last six wire scanners. Simulations had been fairly successful in reproducing the core of the measured matched beam profiles.

THPWO050

High Power Test and Beam Commissioning of he CPHS RFQ Accelerator

rfq, klystron, vacuum, ECR

3884

Q.Z. Xing, C. Cheng, L. Du, Q. Du, T. Du, C. Jiang, H.T. Lu, J. Ni, Q. Qiang, C.-X. Tang, X.W. Wang, Y.G. Yang, H.Y. Zhang, S.X. Zheng
TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
J.H. Billen
Self Employment, Private address, USA
W.Q. Guan, Y. He, J. Li
NUCTECH, Beijing, People's Republic of China
X. Guan
Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
J. Stovall
STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
L.M. Young
LMY Technology, USA

Funding: Work supported by the “985 Project” of the Ministry of Education of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China (Major Research Plan Grant No. 91126003 and 11175096).
We present, in this paper, the high power test result and the beam commissioning status of a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator for the Compact Pulsed Hadron Source (CPHS) at Tsinghua University. The 3-meter-long RFQ is designed to deliver 3 MeV protons to the downstream High Energy Beam Transport (HEBT) with the peak current of 50 mA, pulse length of 0.5 ms and beam duty factor of 2.5%. The RFQ has been designed, manufactured, and installed at Tsinghua University. High-vacuum test of the RFQ has been carried out carefully and the cooling system has been mounted. At the beginning of 2013, the high power RF test has been performed and the first 3 MeV proton beam is obtained.

THPWO051

Status of CPHS Project

neutron, linac, target, rfq

3887

S.X. Zheng, H.B. Chen, C. Cheng, Q. Du, T. Du, X. Guan, X.Y. Jia, C. Jiang, H.T. Lu, C.-X. Tang, D. Wang, D. Wang, X.W. Wang, H.Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang
TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
W.Q. Guan, Y. He, J. Li, D.-S. zhang
NUCTECH, Beijing, People's Republic of China

CPHS (Compact Pulsed Hadron Source) project was initiated in Tsinghua University at 2009. It consists of a 13 MeV proton Linac (RFQ+DTL), a neutron target station and some neutron stations. The construction of 3 MeV Linac (RFQ only) and target station will be finished at the end of 2012. And initial commissioning will be started at the early of year 2013. The progress and results of early commissioning will be presented at this paper. Then we will report the next plan also.

THPWO066

Beam Commissioning of KOMAC Linac

DTL, linac, rfq, simulation

3909

J.-H. Jang, Y.-S. Cho, D.I. Kim, H.S. Kim, H.-J. Kwon, B.-S. Park, J.Y. Ryu, K.T. Seol, Y.-G. Song, S.P. Yun
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Korean Government.
The proton engineering frontier project (PEFP), which is the first phase of Korea multi-purpose accelerator complex (KOMAC), developed a 100-MeV proton linac which consists of a 50 keV injector, a 3-MeV radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) and a 100-MeV drift tube linac (DTL). The installation of the linac was finished in 2012. The goal of the beam commissioning in spring 2013 is accelerating 100-MeV proton beams with the beam power of 1 kW to the beam dump which is located downstream of the linac. This work summarized the beam commissioning result for the linac.

THPWO068

Resonance Frequency Control Characteristics of the 100-MeV Drift Tube Linac

controls, DTL, resonance, linac

3912

H.-J. Kwon, Y.-S. Cho, J.-H. Jang, H.S. Kim, K.T. Seol, Y.-G. Song
KAERI, Daejon, Republic of Korea

Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Korean Government.
A 100-MeV, 20mA proton accelerator has been developed by KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Institute). Total 11 DTL (Drift Tube Linac) tanks are used to accelerator the proton beam from 3-MeV to 100-MeV. A RCCS (Resonance frequency Control Cooling System) has been developed to control the resonance frequency of each DTL tank. The coolant for the drift tube and quadrupole magnets are supplied by the RCCS, whereas the wall coolant temperature maintains constant at 27 degree C by using the DI water supplied from the utility. In this paper, the resonance frequency control schemes are summarized and the control characteristics of the DTL tank by using the RCCS are discussed.

THPWO072

Design Options of the ESS Linac

linac, emittance, target, cryomodule

3921

M. Eshraqi, H. Danared, D.P. McGinnis
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The European Spallation Source, ESS, uses a linear accelerator to deliver the high intensity proton beam to the target station. The nominal average beam power is 5~MW with a peak beam power at target of 125~MW. During last year the ESS linac was costed, and to meet the budget a few modifications were introduced to the linac design, namely the final energy was decreased from 2.5~GeV to 2.0~GeV and the beam current was increased accordingly to compensate the lower final energy. As a result the linac is designed to meet the cost objective by taking a higher risk. This paper focuses on the new design options, beam dynamics requirements of the design and finally on the beam dynamics performance of the linac.

THPWO073

European Spallation Source Afterburner Concept

neutron, target, kicker, linac

3924

D.P. McGinnis, M. Lindroos, R. Miyamoto
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a long pulsed source based on a high power superconducting linac. The long pulse concept is an excellent strategy of maximizing high beam power while minimizing peak power on the target. Chopping in the long pulse concept provides the necessary resolution for many neutron physics applications. However, there are some neutron physics applications in which both peak neutron flux and high resolution are desired. The peak flux of the ESS can be enhanced by placing an accumulator ring at the end of the linac. A bunch by bunch extraction scheme can be used to optimize the proton pulse time profile that maximizes peak neutron flux while minimizing instantaneous beam power on the target.

THPWO074

Technical Design of the ESS Facility

linac, DTL, target, rfq

3927

S. Peggs
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The 5 MW European Spallation Source is entering a construction phase for the entire facility. This paper surveys the unique features, challenges and open issues that exist, from ion source to target, and from moderator to instruments. It is consistent with the ESS-wide Technical Design Report, published in April 2013.
The paper is presented on behalf of the ESS consortium, and all the contributors to the ESS TDR.

THPWO075

Beam Loss Limits in High Power Proton Linear Accelerators

rfq, DTL, radiation, linac

3930

L. Tchelidze
ESS, Lund, Sweden
J. Stovall
STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom

High power hadron linear accelerators are designed based on 1 W/m loss limit criteria. The loss limit originates from the hands-on-maintenance allowance of the accelerators and limits average dose rate level to less than 0.1 - 1 mSv/hr at 30 cm from a machine after 100 days of continuous operation and 4 hours of down time. However, machine activation and thus beam loss limit depends on incident particle energy and 1 W/m is only a good approximation for energies 100-200 MeV and higher (in H-/H⁺ accelerators). At lower energies though, one could allow much higher than 1 W/m without excess activation. A careful analysis of energy dependent loss limits was performed for proton linacs as part of the study for the European Spallation Source (ESS) linac, for energy ranges 5 MeV – 2.5 GeV. ESS linac is to be built in Lund, Sweden and will deliver 5 MW proton beam to the target. MARS code was used for calculations and beam loss limits were derived as a function of energy.

THPWO079

A Possible Scheme to Deliver 2 GeV Beams from the CERN PS Booster to the ISOLDE Facility

target, booster, dipole, ion

3942

K. Hanke, W. Bartmann, J.R.T. Cole, R. Fernandes Luis, A. Newborough, S. Pittet, T. Stora, D. Voulot
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The CERN PS Booster (PSB) is presently undergoing an upgrade program to increase its beam energy from 1.4 GeV to 2.0 GeV. While this energy upgrade is targeted at LHC-type beams, the option of delivering 2 GeV beams to the ISOLDE facility has also been investigated. In this paper we present a preliminary study for delivering 2 GeV beams to ISOLDE including the physics motivation and the implications on the accelerator hardware.

THPWO081

Design Options of a High-power Proton Synchrotron for LAGUNA-LBNO

space-charge, dipole, emittance, optics

3948

Y. Papaphilippou, J. Alabau-Gonzalvo, A. Alekou, F. Antoniou, M. Benedikt, I. Efthymiopoulos, R. Garoby, F. Gerigk, B. Goddard, C. Lazaridis, A.S. Parfenova, E.N. Shaposhnikova, R. Steerenberg
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Design studies have been initiated at CERN, exploring the prospects of future high-power proton beams for producing neutrinos, within the LAGUNA-LBNO project. These studies include the design of a 2 MW high-power proton synchrotron (HP-PS) using the LP-SPL as injector. This paper resumes the design options under study in order to reach this high power, and their implications regarding layout, magnet technology beam loss control and RF considerations. Optics optimization studies are also presented including beam transfer and collimation considerations.

THPWO083

Simulation of a Beam Rotation System for the SINQ Spallation Source at PSI

target, simulation, neutron, optics

3954

D. Reggiani, T. Reiss, M. Seidel, V. Talanov, M. Wohlmuther
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

With a nominal beam power of nearly 1 MW on target, the PSI-SINQ ranks among the world's most powerful neutron spallation sources. The proton beam transport to the SINQ target is carried out exclusively by means of linear elements. As a consequence, at the SINQ target entrance the beam presents Gaussian transverse x and y distributions with tails cut short by collimators. This leads to a highly uneven temperature distribution inside the SINQ zircaloy target, giving rise to thermal and mechanical stress. In view of a future beam intensity upgrade, the possibility of homogenizing the beam distribution by means of a fast beam rotation system is currently under study. Important aspects of this method concern the resulting neutron spectrum and flux distribution. The simulations of the beam distribution achievable thanks to this technique as well as its consequences in terms of neutron production are presented in this contribution.

THPWO084

Optimization of a Bi-spectral Boxed Side-by-Side Moderator for the Target-Moderator-Reflector System of the ESS

neutron, target, scattering, brightness

3957

T. Reiss, U. Filges, V. Talanov, M. Wohlmuther
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
F. X. Gallmeier
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Providing bi-spectral neutron beams is one of the main neutronics design criteria for the target-moderator-reflector (TMR) system of the European Spallation Source, to be built in Lund (Sweden). As a first step, the requirements of neutronics instruments regarding the neutron spectrum are formulated, a figure of merit is defined. In order to maximize the moderator performance to obtain bi-spectral neutron extraction, a parametrized model of the TMR system is developed and used with a MCNPX-based optimization framework. This model is then used to study and optimize the moderator performance, especially in the thermal and cold parts of the spectrum. Results obtained with an optimized moderator setup are dicussed and compared with the requirements of the instruments.

THPWO085

Numerical and Experimental Study for the Characterization of the Spallation Target Performance of the Ultracold Neutron Source at the Paul Scherrer Institut

neutron, target, shielding, simulation

3960

V. Talanov, M. Wohlmuther
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Results of numerical calculation and experimental characterization of the neutron flux profile in the vicinity of the ultracold neutron source (UCN) at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) are presented. At first, the MCNPX-based model of the Monte-Carlo simulation with its detailed description of the so-called ‘Cannelloni’-type spallation target assembly and the realistic proton beam profile modeling is described. Thereafter the experimental determination of the thermal neutron flux profile using the gold foil activation, along the height of the UCN vacuum tank, starting from the proton beam plane, is presented. Both calculations and measurements were performed for the standard operation mode, with several seconds of the full proton beam on the target. Finally, a comparison of simulation and experimental results is discussed.

FRYCA01

Neutrino Physics and Requirements to Accelerators

target, factory, site, background

4010

Y.F. Wang
IHEP, Bejing, People's Republic of China

This presentation reviews recent progress of neutrino experiments, both reactor- and accelerator-based, and discusses requirements for accelerators.

Slides FRYCA01 [4.070 MB]