IPAC2013 - List of Keywords (hadron)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOPWA036	GEM Detectors for the Transverse Profile Measurement of Low Energy Antiprotons and High Energy Hadrons	antiproton, electron, cathode, scattering	747
	J. Spanggaard, P. Carriere, S.C. Duarte Pinto, G. Tranquille CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) are finding more and more applications in beam instrumentation. Gas Electron Multiplication is a very similar physical phenomenon to that which occurs in Multi Wire Proportional Chambers (MWPC), but for small profile monitors GEMs are much more cost effective to produce and maintain. In 2012, all Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers in the experimental areas of the Antiproton Decelerator at CERN were successfully replaced by Gas Electron Multipliers. This paper describes the choice of detector and reports on the commissioning of 20 GEM detectors for transverse profile measurement on low energy antiproton beams (5.3 MeV, equal to 100 MeV/c). It will also cover the development of, and first results from, a new 200x200 mm GEM detector for profiling the high energy muon beam (172 GeV/c) delivered to the COMPASS experiment and discuss the outlook for replacing all Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers in the CERN experimental areas by GEM based monitors.

MOPWO036	Civil Engineering Feasibility Studies for Future Ring Colliders at CERN	linac, civil-engineering, collider, electron	969
	J.A. Osborne, O.S. Brüning, M. Klein, S. Myers, S. Myers, L. Rossi, C.S. Waaijer, F. Zimmermann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland M. Klein DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
	CERN civil engineers are studying the feasibility of future ring colliders to complement the LHC. Infrastructure works typically represent one third of the cost of major physics projects, so it's critical that the construction costs are well understood from the conceptual stage. This poster presents the first results of the feasibility studies for two potential ring colliders at CERN: the racetrack shaped Linac-Ring LHeC and an 80km circular tunnel to house the High Energy LHC (SHE-LHC) and the TLEP. Some of the key civil engineering challenges faced in such large scale projects are presented with particular emphasis on geology, design and risk.

MOPWO039	Experience with High-intensity Beam Scraping and Tail Populations at the Large Hadon Collider	beam-losses, emittance, injection, diagnostics	978
	S. Redaelli, R. Bruce, F. Burkart, D. Mirarchi, B. Salvachua, G. Valentino, D. Wollmann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland R.W. Aßmann DESY, Hamburg, Germany G. Valentino University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta
	The population of beam tails at the LHC is source of concern because even small fractions of the total beam intensity could represent a potential danger is case of slow or fast losses, e.g. caused by orbit transients or by collimator movements. Different studies have been performed using the technique of collimator scans to probe the beam tail population, for different beam energies and beam intensities. The experience accumulated during the operation at 3.5 TeV and 4 TeV is reviewed and extrapolations to higher energies are considered.

MOPWO088	Semi-analytical Description of the Modulator Section of the Coherent Electron Cooling	electron, plasma, shielding, simulation	1082
	A. Elizarov, V. Litvinenko BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. We discuss the theoretical description of the modulator section of the coherent electron cooling (CeC), the modern realization of the stochastic electron cooling, where the electron beam serves as a modulator and a kicker, i.e., it records the information about the hadron beam via electron density perturbations resulting from the shielding of the hadrons and then accelerates or decelerates hadrons by its electric field with respect to their velocities. To analyze the performance of the CeC shielding of a hadron in an electron beam should be computed with high precision. We propose a solution of this problem via Fourier and Laplace transforms for 1D, 2D and 3D plasmas. In some cases there are fully analytical solutions, which gave an opportunity to test semi-analytical ones involving numerical evaluations of the inverse integral transforms. Having its own practical value this solution will also serve as a testing ground for our general solution via numerical treatment of the integral equations applicable for the realistic case of the finite beam. V. N. Litvinenko, Y. S. Derbenev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 114801 (2009). ** A. Elizarov, V. Litvinenko, G. Wang, IPAC'12 Proceedings, weppr099 (2012).

TUPFI012	HL-LHC: Integrated Luminosity and Availability	luminosity, target, simulation, collider	1352
	A. Apollonio, M. Jonker, R. Schmidt, B. Todd, S. Wagner, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The objective of LHC operation is to optimise the output for particle physics by maximising the integrated luminosity. An important constraint comes from the event pile–up for one bunch crossing that should not exceed 140 events per bunch crossing. With bunches every 25 ns the luminosity for data taking of the experiments should therefore not exceed 5*10³⁴ s⁻¹cm^-2. For the optimisation of the integrated luminosity it is planned to design HL-LHC for much higher luminosity than acceptable for the experiments and to limit the initial luminosity by operating with larger beam size at the collision points. During the fill, the beam size will be slowly reduced to keep the luminosity constant. The gain from luminosity levelling depends on the average length of the fills. Today, with the LHC operating at 4 TeV, most fills are terminated due to equipment failures, resulting in an average fill length of about 5 h. In this paper we discuss the expected integrated luminosity for HL-LHC as a function of fill length and time between fills, depending on the expected MTBF of the LHC systems with HL-LHC parameters. We derive an availability target for HL-LHC and discuss steps to achieve this.

TUPFI043	Matching Antisymmetric Arc Optics to Symmetric Interaction Region	optics, quadrupole, collider, focusing	1445
	J.L. Abelleira, F. Zimmermann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland J.L. Abelleira EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
	Funding: Work supported by the European Commission under the FP7 Research Infrastructures project Eu- CARD, grant agreement no. 227579. Considering a generic double-ring collider, we discuss the matching from an antisymmetric optics in the arcs to a symmetric optics in the interaction region (IR) by means of an antisymmetric matching section (MS). As an example, we present an application to the LHC, for which a symmetric IR with extremely flat beams is under study.

TUPFI079	A Proposed “Delay Line” for Hadron Beams in RHIC	dipole, quadrupole, optics, interaction-region	1532
	N. Tsoupas, V. Litvinenko, V. Ptitsyn, D. Trbojevic BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. A “delay line” has been proposed to be installed in the Blue ring of the RHIC to accommodate collisions of asymmetric nuclei. The delay line can also be used in the e-RHIC accelerator to accommodate electron hadron collisions at various energies. We will present the layout and the optics of the delay line and we will discuss the energy range that asymmetric collisions can be performed in the RHIC collider.

WEPEA010	Modeling Longitudinal Bunched Beam Dynamics in Hadron Synchrotrons using Scaled Fourier-Hermite Expansions	synchrotron, simulation, controls, feedback	2513
	K. Gross, D.E.M. Lens TU Darmstadt, RTR, Darmstadt, Germany
	To devise control strategies and to analyze the stability of systems with feedback, a set of few ODEs describing the underlying dynamics is required. Numerical Fourier-Hermite solutions of the Vlasov equation have been studied for over fifty years. The idea to expand the distribution function in Fourier series in space and Hermite functions in velocity is transferred to the dynamics of bunched beams in hadron synchrotrons in this contribution. The Hermite basis is a natural choice for plasmas with Maxwellian velocity profile as well as for particle beams with Gaussian momentum spread. The Fourier basis used for spatially nearly uniform plasmas has to be adapted to bunched beams where the beam profile is not uniform in phase. This is achieved analogously to the deduction of the three term recursion relations to construct orthogonal polynomials, but applied to Fourier series with the weight function taken from the Hamiltonian. The resulting system of ODEs for the expansion coefficients of desired order - dependent on the number of functions retained - is checked against macro particle tracking simulations.

WEPEA041	Actions To Mitigate The Radiation Damage to Electronics at the LHC	shielding, radiation, controls, civil-engineering	2591
	A.-L. Perrot, M.B.M. Barberan Marin, J.-P. Corso, K. Foraz, M. Lazzaroni, Y. Muttoni CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The level of flux of hadrons with energy in the multi MeV range expected from the collisions at the LHC interaction Points 1, 5 and 8 and from the collimation system at Point 7 will induce Single Event Errors (SEEs) in the standard electronics present in many of the control equipment installed in LHC underground. Furthermore, a risk of SEEs induced by thermal neutrons cannot be excluded. Such events would perturb the LHC operation, possibly leading to a stop of the machine. Main mitigation actions will be implemented during the first LHC Long Shutdown of 2013/2014 (LS1) to reduce the SEE occurrence. This paper summarizes the mitigation measures and their associated foreseen improvements in terms of SEEs. It presents the organization process and associated planning highlighting the impacts with the overall LHC LS1 planning and the main concerns during implementation.

WEPEA076	Comparison of Taylor Maps with Radio Frequency Multipoles in a Thin Lens 6D Tracking Code	cavity, multipole, luminosity, collider	2687
	D.R. Brett, R. Appleby UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom J. Barranco, R. De Maria, R. Tomás CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: HiLumi LHC Design Study is part of the High Luminosity LHC project and is part funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 Capacities Specific Programme, Grant Agreement 284404. SixTrack is a general purpose 6D thin lens tracking code used for dynamic aperture studies. In the high luminosity LHC upgrade it is proposed that crab cavities are used to enhance the luminosity. In this study, for the current proposed optics, we consider the use of RF multipoles and Taylor maps as methods to simulate crab cavity elements in the lattice.

THOAB202	Secondary Neutron Production from Patients during Hadron Therapy and their Radiation Risks: the Other Side of Hadron Therapy	neutron, ion, target, proton	3118
	M.A. Chaudhri University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
	We were the first to calculate and measure the neutron produced from patients during therapy with bremsstrahlung, and estimated their radiation doses . This neutron output would be lot higher with hadrons due to their larger cross sections. There is no reliable/ useful data on this subject. Using the experimental neutron production data from different body elements, we have estimated the fluence and energies of these neutrons from tissue under irradiation with different hadrons. Our results indicate that at least 4.2 neutrons , with energies greater than 5 MeV, are produced for every C-ion of 400 MeV/u energy incident on tissue. This number reduces to 3, 1.4 and 0.3 respectively at C-energies of 300, 200 and 100 MeV /u. For protons these numbers are estimated to be 0.05, 0.2 and 0.4 per proton of energies 100, 200 and 300 MeV respectively. There would be even more neutrons with energies lesser than 5 MeV. The doses to some organs have been estimated, which are not negligible. A “Compromise optimum energy” concept is suggested. But extreme caution is highly recommend before treating patients with hadrons, especially children and younger people who still have many years to live. P.Allen and M.A Chaudhri, Phys. Med. Biol. 33 (1988) 1017
	Slides THOAB202 [3.644 MB]

THPFI056	Design Study for a Future LAGUNA-LBNO Long-baseline Neutrino Facility at CERN	target, secondary-beams, focusing, site	3418
	I. Efthymiopoulos, J. Alabau-Gonzalvo, A. Alekou, F. Antoniou, M. Benedikt, M. Calviani, A. Ferrari, R. Garoby, F. Gerigk, S.S. Gilardoni, B. Goddard, A. Kosmicki, C. Lazaridis, J.A. Osborne, Y. Papaphilippou, A.S. Parfenova, E.N. Shaposhnikova, R. Steerenberg, P. Velten, H. Vincke CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	A design study for a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment (LBNO) with a new conventional neutrino beamline facility (CN2PY) at CERN was initiated in September 2011, supported by EU/FP7 funds. The beam will be aimed at a next generation deep-underground neutrino observatory located at the Pyhasalmi (Finland) mine at a distance of 2300 km. In an initial phase the CN2PY facility will use a 400 GeV beam extracted from SPS up to a maximum power of 750 kW, and in a second phase a 2 MW beam of about 50 GeV produced by a new High-Power Proton Synchrotron accelerator using the LP-SPL as injector also under design. The paper will focus on the design challenges of this MW-class facility and on the optimization studies of the secondary beam elements (target and horns) to produce a neutrino beam spectrum that matches best the experimental requirements for neutrino flavor oscillations and CP-violation tests. The challenges and bottlenecks in the existing CERN accelerator complex to produce the high-intensity beams foreseen for this facility at the initial phase are discussed.

THPFI061	Design Process of the Interlock Systems for the Compact Linear Collider	collider, controls, target, linear-collider	3433
	P. Nouvel, M. Jonker, B. Puccio CERN, Geneva, Switzerland H. Tap INPT, Toulouse, France
	Interlock systems are a critical part for the machine protection of linear colliders. Their goal is to inhibit the next pulse either on failure of critical equipment and/or on low beam quality evaluation. This paper presents the on-going process to validate design choices for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) interlock systems. The design process starts by establishing requirements. In mission-critical system case, they are mainly focused on the dependability. Moreover, the new concept of fast beam quality analysis has been introduced into the CLIC interlock system and will be discussed in this paper. To support the design process, experimentation on this concept has been launched. In addition, a hardware demonstration of the interlock systems has been set-up. It allows validating the design in concordance with the requirements.

FRXCA01	Progress in Transverse Feedbacks and Related Diagnostics for Hadron Machines	feedback, injection, kicker, damping	3990
	W. Höfle CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Today Hadron Accelerators with high intensity and high brightness beams increasingly rely on transverse feedback systems for the control of instabilities and the preservation of the transverse emittance. With particular emphasis, but not limited, to the CERN Hadron Accelerator Chain the progress made in recent years and the performances achieved are reviewed. Hadron colliders such as the LHC represent a particular challenge as they ask for low noise electronic systems in these feedbacks for acceptable emittance growth. Achievements of the LHC transverse feedback system used for damping injection oscillations and to provide stability throughout the cycle are summarized. This includes its use for abort gap and injection cleaning as well as transverse blow-up for diagnostics purposes. Beyond systems already in operation, advances in technology and modern digital signal processing with increasingly higher digitization rates have made systems conceivable to cure intra-bunch motion. With its capabilities to both acquire beam oscillations and to actively excite motion, transverse feedback systems have a large variety of applications for beam diagnostics purposes.
	Slides FRXCA01 [4.985 MB]

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOPWA036

GEM Detectors for the Transverse Profile Measurement of Low Energy Antiprotons and High Energy Hadrons

antiproton, electron, cathode, scattering

747

J. Spanggaard, P. Carriere, S.C. Duarte Pinto, G. Tranquille
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) are finding more and more applications in beam instrumentation. Gas Electron Multiplication is a very similar physical phenomenon to that which occurs in Multi Wire Proportional Chambers (MWPC), but for small profile monitors GEMs are much more cost effective to produce and maintain. In 2012, all Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers in the experimental areas of the Antiproton Decelerator at CERN were successfully replaced by Gas Electron Multipliers. This paper describes the choice of detector and reports on the commissioning of 20 GEM detectors for transverse profile measurement on low energy antiproton beams (5.3 MeV, equal to 100 MeV/c). It will also cover the development of, and first results from, a new 200x200 mm GEM detector for profiling the high energy muon beam (172 GeV/c) delivered to the COMPASS experiment and discuss the outlook for replacing all Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers in the CERN experimental areas by GEM based monitors.

MOPWO036

Civil Engineering Feasibility Studies for Future Ring Colliders at CERN

linac, civil-engineering, collider, electron

969

J.A. Osborne, O.S. Brüning, M. Klein, S. Myers, S. Myers, L. Rossi, C.S. Waaijer, F. Zimmermann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
M. Klein
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany

CERN civil engineers are studying the feasibility of future ring colliders to complement the LHC. Infrastructure works typically represent one third of the cost of major physics projects, so it's critical that the construction costs are well understood from the conceptual stage. This poster presents the first results of the feasibility studies for two potential ring colliders at CERN: the racetrack shaped Linac-Ring LHeC and an 80km circular tunnel to house the High Energy LHC (SHE-LHC) and the TLEP. Some of the key civil engineering challenges faced in such large scale projects are presented with particular emphasis on geology, design and risk.

MOPWO039

Experience with High-intensity Beam Scraping and Tail Populations at the Large Hadon Collider

beam-losses, emittance, injection, diagnostics

978

S. Redaelli, R. Bruce, F. Burkart, D. Mirarchi, B. Salvachua, G. Valentino, D. Wollmann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
R.W. Aßmann
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
G. Valentino
University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta

The population of beam tails at the LHC is source of concern because even small fractions of the total beam intensity could represent a potential danger is case of slow or fast losses, e.g. caused by orbit transients or by collimator movements. Different studies have been performed using the technique of collimator scans to probe the beam tail population, for different beam energies and beam intensities. The experience accumulated during the operation at 3.5 TeV and 4 TeV is reviewed and extrapolations to higher energies are considered.

MOPWO088

Semi-analytical Description of the Modulator Section of the Coherent Electron Cooling

electron, plasma, shielding, simulation

1082

A. Elizarov, V. Litvinenko
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
We discuss the theoretical description of the modulator section of the coherent electron cooling (CeC)*, the modern realization of the stochastic electron cooling, where the electron beam serves as a modulator and a kicker, i.e., it records the information about the hadron beam via electron density perturbations resulting from the shielding of the hadrons and then accelerates or decelerates hadrons by its electric field with respect to their velocities. To analyze the performance of the CeC shielding of a hadron in an electron beam should be computed with high precision. We propose a solution of this problem via Fourier and Laplace transforms for 1D, 2D and 3D plasmas. In some cases there are fully analytical solutions, which gave an opportunity to test semi-analytical ones involving numerical evaluations of the inverse integral transforms. Having its own practical value this solution will also serve as a testing ground for our general solution via numerical treatment of the integral equations applicable for the realistic case of the finite beam**.
* V. N. Litvinenko, Y. S. Derbenev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 114801 (2009).
** A. Elizarov, V. Litvinenko, G. Wang, IPAC'12 Proceedings, weppr099 (2012).

TUPFI012

HL-LHC: Integrated Luminosity and Availability

luminosity, target, simulation, collider

1352

A. Apollonio, M. Jonker, R. Schmidt, B. Todd, S. Wagner, D. Wollmann, M. Zerlauth
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The objective of LHC operation is to optimise the output for particle physics by maximising the integrated luminosity. An important constraint comes from the event pile–up for one bunch crossing that should not exceed 140 events per bunch crossing. With bunches every 25 ns the luminosity for data taking of the experiments should therefore not exceed 5*10³⁴ s⁻¹cm^-2. For the optimisation of the integrated luminosity it is planned to design HL-LHC for much higher luminosity than acceptable for the experiments and to limit the initial luminosity by operating with larger beam size at the collision points. During the fill, the beam size will be slowly reduced to keep the luminosity constant. The gain from luminosity levelling depends on the average length of the fills. Today, with the LHC operating at 4 TeV, most fills are terminated due to equipment failures, resulting in an average fill length of about 5 h. In this paper we discuss the expected integrated luminosity for HL-LHC as a function of fill length and time between fills, depending on the expected MTBF of the LHC systems with HL-LHC parameters. We derive an availability target for HL-LHC and discuss steps to achieve this.

TUPFI043

Matching Antisymmetric Arc Optics to Symmetric Interaction Region

optics, quadrupole, collider, focusing

1445

J.L. Abelleira, F. Zimmermann
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
J.L. Abelleira
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

Funding: Work supported by the European Commission under the FP7 Research Infrastructures project Eu- CARD, grant agreement no. 227579.
Considering a generic double-ring collider, we discuss the matching from an antisymmetric optics in the arcs to a symmetric optics in the interaction region (IR) by means of an antisymmetric matching section (MS). As an example, we present an application to the LHC, for which a symmetric IR with extremely flat beams is under study.

TUPFI079

A Proposed “Delay Line” for Hadron Beams in RHIC

dipole, quadrupole, optics, interaction-region

1532

N. Tsoupas, V. Litvinenko, V. Ptitsyn, D. Trbojevic
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
A “delay line” has been proposed to be installed in the Blue ring of the RHIC to accommodate collisions of asymmetric nuclei. The delay line can also be used in the e-RHIC accelerator to accommodate electron hadron collisions at various energies. We will present the layout and the optics of the delay line and we will discuss the energy range that asymmetric collisions can be performed in the RHIC collider.

WEPEA010

Modeling Longitudinal Bunched Beam Dynamics in Hadron Synchrotrons using Scaled Fourier-Hermite Expansions

synchrotron, simulation, controls, feedback

2513

K. Gross, D.E.M. Lens
TU Darmstadt, RTR, Darmstadt, Germany

To devise control strategies and to analyze the stability of systems with feedback, a set of few ODEs describing the underlying dynamics is required. Numerical Fourier-Hermite solutions of the Vlasov equation have been studied for over fifty years. The idea to expand the distribution function in Fourier series in space and Hermite functions in velocity is transferred to the dynamics of bunched beams in hadron synchrotrons in this contribution. The Hermite basis is a natural choice for plasmas with Maxwellian velocity profile as well as for particle beams with Gaussian momentum spread. The Fourier basis used for spatially nearly uniform plasmas has to be adapted to bunched beams where the beam profile is not uniform in phase. This is achieved analogously to the deduction of the three term recursion relations to construct orthogonal polynomials, but applied to Fourier series with the weight function taken from the Hamiltonian. The resulting system of ODEs for the expansion coefficients of desired order - dependent on the number of functions retained - is checked against macro particle tracking simulations.

WEPEA041

Actions To Mitigate The Radiation Damage to Electronics at the LHC

shielding, radiation, controls, civil-engineering

2591

A.-L. Perrot, M.B.M. Barberan Marin, J.-P. Corso, K. Foraz, M. Lazzaroni, Y. Muttoni
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The level of flux of hadrons with energy in the multi MeV range expected from the collisions at the LHC interaction Points 1, 5 and 8 and from the collimation system at Point 7 will induce Single Event Errors (SEEs) in the standard electronics present in many of the control equipment installed in LHC underground. Furthermore, a risk of SEEs induced by thermal neutrons cannot be excluded. Such events would perturb the LHC operation, possibly leading to a stop of the machine. Main mitigation actions will be implemented during the first LHC Long Shutdown of 2013/2014 (LS1) to reduce the SEE occurrence. This paper summarizes the mitigation measures and their associated foreseen improvements in terms of SEEs. It presents the organization process and associated planning highlighting the impacts with the overall LHC LS1 planning and the main concerns during implementation.

WEPEA076

Comparison of Taylor Maps with Radio Frequency Multipoles in a Thin Lens 6D Tracking Code

cavity, multipole, luminosity, collider

2687

D.R. Brett, R. Appleby
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
J. Barranco, R. De Maria, R. Tomás
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: HiLumi LHC Design Study is part of the High Luminosity LHC project and is part funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 Capacities Specific Programme, Grant Agreement 284404.
SixTrack is a general purpose 6D thin lens tracking code used for dynamic aperture studies. In the high luminosity LHC upgrade it is proposed that crab cavities are used to enhance the luminosity. In this study, for the current proposed optics, we consider the use of RF multipoles and Taylor maps as methods to simulate crab cavity elements in the lattice.

THOAB202

Secondary Neutron Production from Patients during Hadron Therapy and their Radiation Risks: the Other Side of Hadron Therapy

neutron, ion, target, proton

3118

M.A. Chaudhri
University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany

We were the first to calculate and measure the neutron produced from patients during therapy with bremsstrahlung, and estimated their radiation doses *. This neutron output would be lot higher with hadrons due to their larger cross sections. There is no reliable/ useful data on this subject. Using the experimental neutron production data from different body elements, we have estimated the fluence and energies of these neutrons from tissue under irradiation with different hadrons. Our results indicate that at least 4.2 neutrons , with energies greater than 5 MeV, are produced for every C-ion of 400 MeV/u energy incident on tissue. This number reduces to 3, 1.4 and 0.3 respectively at C-energies of 300, 200 and 100 MeV /u. For protons these numbers are estimated to be 0.05, 0.2 and 0.4 per proton of energies 100, 200 and 300 MeV respectively. There would be even more neutrons with energies lesser than 5 MeV. The doses to some organs have been estimated, which are not negligible. A “Compromise optimum energy” concept is suggested. But extreme caution is highly recommend before treating patients with hadrons, especially children and younger people who still have many years to live.
* P.Allen and M.A Chaudhri, Phys. Med. Biol. 33 (1988) 1017

Slides THOAB202 [3.644 MB]

THPFI056

Design Study for a Future LAGUNA-LBNO Long-baseline Neutrino Facility at CERN

target, secondary-beams, focusing, site

3418

I. Efthymiopoulos, J. Alabau-Gonzalvo, A. Alekou, F. Antoniou, M. Benedikt, M. Calviani, A. Ferrari, R. Garoby, F. Gerigk, S.S. Gilardoni, B. Goddard, A. Kosmicki, C. Lazaridis, J.A. Osborne, Y. Papaphilippou, A.S. Parfenova, E.N. Shaposhnikova, R. Steerenberg, P. Velten, H. Vincke
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

A design study for a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment (LBNO) with a new conventional neutrino beamline facility (CN2PY) at CERN was initiated in September 2011, supported by EU/FP7 funds. The beam will be aimed at a next generation deep-underground neutrino observatory located at the Pyhasalmi (Finland) mine at a distance of 2300 km. In an initial phase the CN2PY facility will use a 400 GeV beam extracted from SPS up to a maximum power of 750 kW, and in a second phase a 2 MW beam of about 50 GeV produced by a new High-Power Proton Synchrotron accelerator using the LP-SPL as injector also under design. The paper will focus on the design challenges of this MW-class facility and on the optimization studies of the secondary beam elements (target and horns) to produce a neutrino beam spectrum that matches best the experimental requirements for neutrino flavor oscillations and CP-violation tests. The challenges and bottlenecks in the existing CERN accelerator complex to produce the high-intensity beams foreseen for this facility at the initial phase are discussed.

THPFI061

Design Process of the Interlock Systems for the Compact Linear Collider

collider, controls, target, linear-collider

3433

P. Nouvel, M. Jonker, B. Puccio
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
H. Tap
INPT, Toulouse, France

Interlock systems are a critical part for the machine protection of linear colliders. Their goal is to inhibit the next pulse either on failure of critical equipment and/or on low beam quality evaluation. This paper presents the on-going process to validate design choices for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) interlock systems. The design process starts by establishing requirements. In mission-critical system case, they are mainly focused on the dependability. Moreover, the new concept of fast beam quality analysis has been introduced into the CLIC interlock system and will be discussed in this paper. To support the design process, experimentation on this concept has been launched. In addition, a hardware demonstration of the interlock systems has been set-up. It allows validating the design in concordance with the requirements.

FRXCA01

Progress in Transverse Feedbacks and Related Diagnostics for Hadron Machines

feedback, injection, kicker, damping

3990

W. Höfle
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Today Hadron Accelerators with high intensity and high brightness beams increasingly rely on transverse feedback systems for the control of instabilities and the preservation of the transverse emittance. With particular emphasis, but not limited, to the CERN Hadron Accelerator Chain the progress made in recent years and the performances achieved are reviewed. Hadron colliders such as the LHC represent a particular challenge as they ask for low noise electronic systems in these feedbacks for acceptable emittance growth. Achievements of the LHC transverse feedback system used for damping injection oscillations and to provide stability throughout the cycle are summarized. This includes its use for abort gap and injection cleaning as well as transverse blow-up for diagnostics purposes. Beyond systems already in operation, advances in technology and modern digital signal processing with increasingly higher digitization rates have made systems conceivable to cure intra-bunch motion. With its capabilities to both acquire beam oscillations and to actively excite motion, transverse feedback systems have a large variety of applications for beam diagnostics purposes.

Slides FRXCA01 [4.985 MB]