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| TPAE001 | Experiments on Wake Field Acceleration in Plasma and the Program of the Further Works in YerPhI | 752 |
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Funding: ISTC, Project A-405. The use of wake field acceleration basically is aimed to obtaining of high acceleration rate in comparison with traditional methods of acceleration. Meantime in the last years in YerPhI it was offered to use wake field acceleration for acceleration of high-current electron bunches on energy about 100 MeV. Experimental installation for research of formation of high-current electron bunches of the given configuration, necessary for wake field acceleration and acceleration of these bunches in plasma is created. The installation is intended for acceleration of electron bunches with a current of few tens amperes and up to energy 1-2 MeV. For excitation of wake waves in plasma the electron accelerator of direct action with use of high-voltage pulse transformer is used. Results of researches have revealed some properties of formation of high-current bunches, especially restrictions of a electron current because of space charge effects at sub-picoseconds duration of bunches. The basic parameters of the wake field acceleration project on energy about 100 MeV are given, taking into account results of researches on experimental installation. |
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| TPAE002 | The Project PLASMONX for Plasma Acceleration Experiments and a Thomson X-Ray Source at SPARC | 820 |
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| We present the status of the activity on the project PLASMONX, which foresees the installation of a multi-TW Ti:Sa laser system at the CNR-ILIL laboratory to conduct plasma acceleration experiments and the construction of an additional beam line at SPARC to develop a Thomson X-ray source at INFN-LNF. After pursuing self-injection experiments at ILIL, when the electron beam at SPARC will be available the SPARC laser system will be upgraded to TW power level in order to conduct either external injection plasma acceleration experiments and ultra-bright X-ray pulse generation with the Thomson source. Results of numerical simulations modeling the interaction of the SPARC electron beam and the counter-propagating laser beam are presented with detailed discussion of the monochromatic X-ray beam spectra generated by Compton backscattering: X-ray energies are tunable in the range 20 to 1000 keV, with pulse duration from 30 fs to 20 ps. Preliminary simulations of plasma acceleration with self-injection are illustrated, as well as external injection of the SPARC electron beam. The proposed time schedule for this initiative is finally shown, which is tightly correlated with the progress of the SPARC project. | ||
| TPAE003 | Numerical Study of Injection Mechanisms for Generation of Mono-Energetic Femtosecond Electron Bunch from the Plasma Cathode | 859 |
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| Acceleration gradients of up to the order of 100GV/m and mono-energetic electron bunch up to 200MeV have recently been observed in several plasma cathode experiments. However, mechanisms of self-injection in plasma are not sufficiently clarified, presently. In this study, we carried out 2D PIC simulation to reveal the mechanisms of mono-energetic femtosecond electron bunch generation. We found two remarkable conditions for the generation: electron density gradient at vacuum-plasma interface and channel formation in plasma. Steep electron density gradient (~ plasma wave length) causes rapid injection and produces an electron bunch with rather high charge and less than 100fs duration. The channel formation guides an injected laser pulse and decreases the threshold of laser self-focusing, which leads to high electric field necessary for wave-breaking injection. | ||
| TPAE005 | Generation of Small Energy Spread Electron Beam from Self-Modulated Laser Wakefield Accelerator | 976 |
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Funding: The authors are grateful for financial support from the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology through the Creative ResearchInitiatives Program. Laser and plasma based accelerators have been studied for a next generation particle accelerator. Still, there are some problems to solve for real applications. For example, it has been observed that the accelerated electron beam from laser and plasma based accelerators has a 100% energy spread. Thus, the generation of small energy spread beam is an important issue in the laser and plasma based accelerator study. In this work, we introduce a method to control the energy spread. From a basic theory and simulation, it is found that the transverse electron distribution is changed from the Gaussian to a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and low energy electrons spread out more rapidly than high energy electrons as they propagate in vacuum. Thus, a small size collimator is installed to remove the small energy electrons and it is conformed that the small energy spread can be obtained from an experiment. |
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| TPAE010 | Resonant Excitation of Selected Modes by a Train of Electron Bunches in a Rectangular Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator | 1174 |
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Funding: This work was partly supported by CRDF award #UP2-2569-KH-04 The dielectric wake field accelerator is based on particle acceleration by wake fields excited in a dielectric waveguide by a regular sequence of electron bunches. Enhancement of the accelerating field can be achieved using two phenomena: coherent excitation by many bunches (multibunch effect) and constructive interference of many excited eigenmodes (multimode effect). It was believed that the latter is possible only for planar slab geometry in which the excited modes are equally spaced in frequency. By analysis and simulation, in this presentation the effect of wake field superposition to high amplitude is demonstrated for arbitrary rectangular geometry that is more realizable in experiment. We find this result using simultaneous multibunch and multimode operation providing the repetition frequency of the bunch sequence is equal to the frequency difference between selected modes, whereupon resonant oscillation takes place. Moreover, it is shown that for an appropriate choice of selected modes and bunch repetition frequency a "quasimonopolar” peaked wake field can be excited. |
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| TPAE011 | Fast Sweeping Device for Laser Bunch | 1219 |
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| Electro-optical laser sweeping device deflects the head and tail of laser bunch into different frontal directions, so at some distance, the laser bunch becomes tilted with respect to forward direction. For sweeping of laser bunch having 300 ps duration up to 10 mrad, the voltage drop along the laser bunch must be ~10kV. Repetition rate desirable for this type of device used in laser acceleration or generation of secondary back-scattered electrons is up to 1 MHz. Details of the scheme described here. | ||
| TPAE012 | Rectangular Diamond-Lined Accelerator Structure | 1282 |
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Funding: Work supported by U.S. DOE. For high frequency accelerators with normal-conducting structures studied by the NLC/GLC collaboration and the CLIC group, rf breakdown is the main gradient limitation. In this paper, a Ka-band rectangular dielectric-lined structure is described as an attempt to increase accelerating gradient beyond the limits suitable for metallic structures. The structure is based on amorphous dielectrics that are known to exhibit high breakdown limits (~ GV/m). An example is artificial diamond that has already been successfully used on an industrial basis for large-diameter output windows of high power gyrotrons, and is produced industrially in increasing quantities. Artificial diamond has low loss tangent, moderate dielectric constant and high breakdown limit of ~2 GV/m. In the proposed structure diamond-slabs are employed to support high-gradient acceleration fields. Interposition of vacuum gaps between the dielectric slabs and the side walls is shown to reduce Ohmic losses substantially, leading to an increase in shunt impedance and reduced susceptibility to rf breakdown and fatigue on metal surfaces. |
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| TPAE013 | Rectangular Dielectric-Lined Two-Beam Wakefield Accelerator Structure | 1333 |
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Funding: Work supported by U.S. DOE. A novel dielectric structure is described for a two-beam wake field accelerator (WFA), which consists of three or four rectangular dielectric slabs positioned within a rectangular conducting pipe. This structure can be thought of as equivalent to two symmetric dielectric-lined three-zone rectangular waveguides, joined side-by-side. The design mode in the two-beam structure is the LSM-31 mode, a combination of two symmetric LSM-11 modes of the two three-zone waveguides. This two-channel mode can be employed to decelerate drive particles in one channel and accelerate test particles in the other. It is possible to find structure parameters that give a high ratio of acceleration gradient for the test beam, to deceleration gradient for the drive beam, of the order of 100. |
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| TPAE014 | Optical Phase Locking of Modelocked Lasers for Particle Accelerators | 1389 |
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Funding: Department of Energy DE-FG03-97ER41043, DARPA DAAD19-02-1-0184. Particle accelerators require precise phase control of the electric field through the entire accelerator structure. Thus a future laser driven particle accelerator will require optical synchronism between the high-peak power laser sources that power the accelerator. The precise laser architecture for a laser driven particle accelerator is not determined yet, however it is clear that the ability to phase-lock independent modelocked oscillators will be of crucial importance. We report the present status on our work to demonstrate long term phaselocking between two modelocked lasers to within one dregee of optical phase and describe the optical synchronization techniques that we employ. |
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| TPAE015 | Laser and Particle Guiding Micro-Elements for Particle Accelerators | 1434 |
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Funding: Department of Energy contract DE-AC02-76SF00515, DARPA contract DAAD19-02-1-0184. Laser driven particle accelerators based on the current generation of lasers will require sub-micron control of the laser field as well as precise beam guiding. Hence the fabrication techniques that allow integrating both elements into an accelerator-on-chip format become critical for the success of such particle accelerators. Micromachining technology for silicon has been shown to be one such feasible technology in PAC2003 but with a variety of complications on the laser side. Fortunately, in recent years the fabrication of transparent ceramics has become an interesting technology that could be applied for laser-particle accelerators in several ways. We discuss this area, its advantages such as the range of materials it provides and various ways to implement it followed by some different test examples that have been considered. One important goal of this approach is an integrated system that could avoid the necessity of having to inject either laser or particle pulses into these structures. |
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| TPAE016 | The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator Facility: Status and Recent Activities | 1485 |
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Funding: This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, under contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38. The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator Facility (AWA) is dedicated to the study of electron beam physics and the development of accelerating structures based on electron beam driven wakefields. In order to carry out these studies, the facility employs a photocathode RF gun capable of generating electron beams with high bunch charges (up to 100 nC) and short bunch lengths. This high intensity beam is used to excite wakefields in the structures under investigation. The wakefield structures presently under development are dielectric loaded cylindrical waveguides with operating frequencies of 7.8 or 15.6 GHz. The facility is also used to investigate the generation and propagation of high brightness electron beams. Presently under investigation, is the use of photons with energies lower than the work function of the cathode surface (Schottky-enabled photoemission), aimed at generating electron beams with low thermal emittance. Novel electron beam diagnostics are also developed and tested at the facility. The AWA electron beam is also used in laboratory-based astrophysics experiments; namely, measurements of microwave Cherenkov radiation and fluorescence of air. We report on the current status of the facility and present recent results. |
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| TPAE017 | Progress on High Power Tests of Dielectric-Loaded Accelerating Structures | 1566 |
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Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Dept of Energy, High Energy Physics Division and Office of Naval Research. This paper presents a progress report on a series of high-power rf experiments that were carried out to evaluate the potential of the Dielectric-Loaded Accelerating (DLA) structure for high-gradient accelerator operation. Since the last PAC meeting in 2003, we have tested DLA structures loaded with two different ceramic materials: Alumina (Al2O3) and MCT (MgxCa1-xTiO3). The alumina-based DLA experiments have concentrated on the effects of multipactor in the structures under high-power operation, and its suppression using TiN coatings, while the MCT experiments have investigated the dielectric joint breakdown observed in the structures due to local field enhancement. In both cases, physical models have been set up, and the potential engineering solutions are being investigated. |
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| TPAE018 | 34.272 GHz Multilayered Dielectric-Loaded Accelerating Structure | 1592 |
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| A scheme of multilayered structure design of 34.272 GHz with alternating dielectric of 38 and 9.7 is presented. The multilayer structure employs the Bragg Fiber concepts where the dielectric layers are used to create multiple reflections in order to confine the accelerating fields, thus greatly reducing the power loss of from external metal wall. The structure will operate at TM03 mode instead of normal TM01 mode. Numerical examples for the 2- and 4-layers 34.272 GHz multilayered structures are presented with detailed analysis of TM (acceleration) modes and HEM (parasitic) modes. We found that the power attenuation of the proposed structure can be lowered from ~ 20 dB/m for a single layer structure to ~ 6 dB/m for 2 -4 layered structure in at 34.272 GHz. We will also present a coupler design for the multilayered dielectric-loaded accelerating structure, which has capability of mode selection and high efficient RF transmission. | ||
| TPAE019 | Experimental Progress on a 1 GeV Laser Accelerator at LBNL | |
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Funding: This work supported by US DoE, DE-AC03-76SF0098 and in part by the Research Councils UK, Basic Technology Programme (GR/R88090) and DOE/NNSA under UNR grant DE-FC52-01NV14050. Experimental progress towards the realization of a 1 GeV laser-driven plasma-based accelerator at the L’OASIS facility of LBNL will be discussed. The design of the 1 GeV accelerator module consists of two components: (1) an all-optical electron injector and (2) a plasma channel for laser guiding and electron acceleration to high energy via the laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) mechanism. Experimental results on the injector development include the demonstration of laser guiding at relativistic intensities in preformed plasmas and production of quasi-monochromatic electron beams with energy around 100 MeV. Recently guiding experiments using the 100 TW-class laser upgrade of the L’OASIS facility have been started with capillary discharges. The capillary system provides multi-cm scale plasma channels in hydrogen gas at densities on the order of 1018 cm-3. Such densities are required to have sufficiently high phase velocity of the plasma wave to result in GeV electron beams. |
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| TPAE021 | Laser Guiding of a 100 TW Laser Beam in a Capillary Discharge Waveguide | |
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Funding: This work is sponsored by the Department of Energy - High Energy Physics under contract DE-AC03 76SF0098. Experiments are underway at LBNL on guiding high peak power (up to 100 TW), ultra-short (<50 fs) laser pulses using a preformed plasma channel created by an electrical discharge in a capillary. The laser beam is produced by the multi-beam l'OASIS Ti:sapphire laser system and is focused onto the entrance of the capillary using a 2 meter focal length off-axis parabola. The capillary has been developed at Oxford University and creates a fully ionized plasma channel with a radial density profile that is suitable for guiding over a length ranging from 30 to 70 mm. The laser beam is monitored using a CCD camera based mode profile diagnostic, an optical spectrometer and a pulse length diagnostic. Experimental results will be presented on the plasma channel characteristics and on laser guiding and its dependenceo n laser and channel parameters. |
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| TPAE022 | Analytical and Numerical Calculations of Two-Dimensional Dielectric Photonic Band Gap Structures and Cavities for Laser Acceleration | 1793 |
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Funding: Research supported in part by Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics, Grant No. DE-FG02-95ER40919 and in part by Department of Defense, Joint Technology Office, under a subcontract with University of Arizona. Dielectric photonic band gap (PBG) structures have many promising applications in laser acceleration. For these applications, accurate determination of fundamental and high order band gaps is critical. We present the results of our recent work on analytical calculations of two-dimensional (2D) PBG structures in rectangular geometry. We compare the analytical results with computer simulation results from the MIT Photonic Band Gap Structure Simulator (PBGSS) code, and discuss the convergence of the computer simulation results to the analytical results. Using the accurate analytical results, we design a mode-selective 2D dielectric cylindrical PBG cavity with the first global band gap in the frequency range of 8.8812 THz to 9.2654 THz. In this frequency range, the TM01-like mode is shown to be well confined. |
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| TPAE023 | 3D Metallic Lattices for Accelerator Applications | 1838 |
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Funding: DOE-HEP We present the results of research on 3D metallic lattices operating at microwave frequencies for application in (1) accelerator structures with higher order mode suppression, (2) Smith-Purcell radiation beam diagnostics, and (3) polaritonic materials for laser acceleration. Electromagnetic waves in a 3D simple cubic lattice formed by metal wires are calculated using HFSS. The bulk modes in the lattice are determined using single cell calculations with different phase advances in all three directions. The Brillouin diagram for the bulk modes is presented and indicates the absence of band gaps in simple lattices except the band below the cutoff. Lattices with thin wires as well as with thick wires have been analyzed. The Brillouin diagram also indicates the presence of low frequency 3D plasmon mode as well as the two degenerate photon modes analogous to those in a 2D lattice. Surface modes for a semi-infinite cubic lattice are modeled as a stack of cells with different phase advances in the two directions along the surface. The surface modes are found for both the thin and thick wire lattices in the band below the cutoff. They demonstrate that the lattice acts as a negative dielectric constant material. |
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| TPAE024 | Determination of Longitudinal Phase Space in SLAC Main Accelerator Beams | 1856 |
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| In the E164 Experiment at that Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), we seek to drive plasma wakes for electron acceleration using 28.5 GeV bunches from the main accelerator. These bunches can now be made with an RMS length of less than 20 microns, and direct measurement is not feasible. Instead, we use an indirect technique, measuring the energy spectrum at the end of the linac and comparing with detailed simulations of the entire machine. We simulate with LiTrack, a 2D code developed at SLAC which includes wakefields, synchrotron radiation and all second order optical aberrations. Understanding the longitudinal profile allows a better understanding of acceleration in the plasma wake, as well as investigation of possible destructive transverse effects. We present results from the July 2004 experimental run and show how this technique aids in data analysis. We also discuss accuracy and validation of phase space determinations. | ||
| TPAE025 | Field Ionization of Neutral Lithium Vapor using a 28.5 GeV Electron Beam | 1904 |
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| The E164/E164X plasma wakefield experiment studies beam-plasma interactions at the Stanford Linear Acceleration Center (SLAC). Due to SLAC recent ability to variably compress bunches longitudinally from 650 microns down to 20 microns, the incoming beam is sufficiently dense to field ionize the neutral Lithium vapor. The field ionization effects are characterized by the beam’s energy loss through the Lithium vapor column. Experimental results are presented. | ||
| TPAE026 | Wakefields in a Dielectric Tube with Frequency Dependent Dielectric Constant | 1916 |
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Funding: U.S. Department of Energy. Dielectric laser driven accelerators could operate at a fundamental mode frequency where consideration must be given to the frequency dependence of the dielectric constant when calculating wakefields. Wakefields are calculated for a frequency dependence that arises from a single atomic resonance. Causality is considered, and the effect on the short range wakefield is calculated. |
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| TPAE027 | Calculations for Tera-Hertz (THz) Radiation Sources | 1994 |
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Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-2-76SF00515. We explore possibilities for THz sources from 0.3 - 30 THz. While still inaccessible, this broad gap is even wider for advanced acceleration schemes extending from X or, at most, W band RF at the low end up to CO2 lasers. While the physical implementations of these two approaches are quite different, both are proving difficult to develop so that even lower frequency, superconducting RF seems to be the currently preferred means. Similarly, the validity of modelling techniques varies greatly over this range of frequencies but generally mandates coupling Maxwell’s equations to the appropriate device transport physics for which there are many options. Here we calculate radiation from shaped transmission lines using finite-difference, time-domain (FDTD) simulations of Maxwell’s equations coupled to Monte-Carlo techniques for both the production and transport physics of short electron pulses. Examples of THz sources that demonstrate coherent interference effects will be discussed with the goal of optimizing on-chip THz radiators for different applications - ultimately including improved electron sources and accelerators. |
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| TPAE028 | Beam Dynamics Studies for a Laser Acceleration Experiment | 2024 |
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Funding: Support of this work was under U.S. Dept. of Energy contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. The NLC Test Accelerator at SLAC was built to address various beam dynamics issues for the Next Linear Collider. An S-Band RF gun, originally proposed for the NLCTA, is being installed together with a large-angle extraction line at 60 MeV. This is followed by a matching section, final focus and buncher for the laser acceleration experiment, E163. The laser-electron interaction area is followed by a broad range, high resolution spectrometer (HES) for electron bunch analysis. The RF gun is discussed in another paper. We discuss only the beam dynamics and high resolution analysis system at 6 MeV based on using Parmela and high-order Transport for bunch charges from 50 pC to 1 nC. Beyond the diagnostics, this system uses the emittance compensating solenoids and a low energy, high resolution spectrometer (LES) to help tune for best operating point and match to the linac. Optical symmetries in the design of the 25.5° extraction line provide 1:1 phase space transfer without linear dispersion or use of sextupoles for a large, 6D phase space volume and range of input conditions. Tolerances and tuning sensitivities (knobs) for certain parts of the system are discussed. |
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| TPAE029 | High-Harmonic Inverse Free-Electron-Laser Interaction at 800 nm | 2113 |
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Funding: This work supported by Department of Energy contracts DE-AC03-76SF00515 (SLAC) and DE-FG03-97ER41043-II (Stanford). The inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) interaction has recently been proposed and used as a short wavelength modulator forμbunching of beams for laser acceleration experiments*,**. These experiments utilized the fundamental of the interaction between the laser field and electron bunch. In the current experiment, we explore the higher order resonances of the IFEL interaction from a 3 period, 1.8 centimeter wavelength undulator with a picosecond, 0.25 mJ/pulse laser at 800 nm. The resonances are observed by adjusting the gap of the undulator while keeping the beam energy constant. We will also discuss diagnostics for obtaining beam overlap and statistical techniques used to account for machine drifts and analyze the data. *W. D. Kimura, et. al., Phys. Rev. S.T. Acc. & Beams 4 101301 (2001). ** P. Musumeci, et. al., AAC 2004 Proceedings. Pg 170. |
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| TPAE030 | Distributed Bragg Coupler for Optical All-Dielectric Electron Accelerator | 2125 |
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Funding: Department of Energy. A Bragg waveguide consisting of multiple dielectric layers with alternating index of refraction becomes an excellent option to form electron accelerating structure powered by high power laser sources. It provides confinement of a synchronous speed-of-light mode with extremely low loss. However, laser field can not be coupled into the structure collinearly with the electron beam. There are three requirements in designing input coupler for a Bragg electron accelerator: side-coupling, selective mode excitation, and high coupling efficiency. We present a side coupling scheme using a Bragg-grating-assisted input coupler to inject the laser into the waveguide. Side coupling is achieved by a second order Bragg grating with a period on the order of an optical wavelength. The phase matching condition results in resonance coupling thus providing selective mode excitation capability. The coupling efficiency is limited by profile mismatch between the outgoing beam and the incoming beam, which has normally, a Gaussian profile. We demonstrate a non-uniform distributed grating structure generating an outgoing beam with a Gaussian profile, therefore, increasing the coupling efficiency. |
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| TPAE031 | Simulations of Laser Pulse Coupling and Transmission Efficiency in Plasma Channels | 2179 |
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Funding: Work supported by U.S. DOE under contracts DE-FG03-02ER83557, DE-FC02-01ER41178, DE-AC03-76SF00098, DE-FG03-95ER40926 and use of NERC supercomputer facilities. Optical guiding of the laser pulse in a laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) via plasma channels can greatly increase the interaction length and, hence, the maximun energy of trapped electrons.* Energy efficient coupling of laser pulses from vacuum into plasma channels is very important for optimal LWFA performance. We present 2D particle-in-cell simulations of this problem using the VORPAL code.** Some of the mechanisms considered are enhanced leakage of laser energy transversely through the channel walls, enhanced refraction due to tunneling ionization of neutral gas on the periphery of the gas jet, ionization of neutral gas by transverse wings of the laser pulse and effect of the pulse being off axis of the channel. Using power spectral diagnostics,*** we are able to differentiate between pump depletion and leakage from the channel. The results from our simulations show that for short (≈λp) plasma ramp, very little leakage and pump depletion is seen. For narrow channel walls and long ramps, leakage increases significantly. *C. G. R. Gedes et al., Nature 431 (2004), p. 538. **C. Nieter and J. R. Cary, J. Comp. Phys. 196 (2004), p. 448.***D. A. Dimitrov et al., Proc. Advanced Accel. Concepts Workshop (2004). |
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| TPAE032 | Particle-in-Cell Simulations of Lower-Density CM-Scale Capillary Channels | 2248 |
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Funding: This work is funded by DOE under contracts DE-FC02-01ER41178, DE-FG02-04ER84097, DE-AC03-76SF00098 and DE-FG03-95ER40926, including the SciDAC Accelerator Project and use of NERSC. Capillary channels of cm-length and at plasma density low compared to gas jets are promising setups for low noise laser wakefield acceleration. Computationally, however, the large discrepancy of the length scales of the plasma and the laser are a big challenge. Methods are therefore sought that relax the need to concurrently resolve both length scales. Moving windows allow to reduce the size of the computational box to a few plasma wave-lengths, which can already be a big gain compared to the full length of the capillary. On the other hand, average methods allow to relax the constraint to resolve the laser wavelength. These methods split the laser induced current into a fast varying part and a slowly varying envelope. The average over the fast timescales is performed in a semi analytic way, leaving the evolution of the envelope to be modeled. Such an envelope model is currently being incorporated into the VORPAL code.* Preliminary results show considerable time savings compared to fully resolved simulations. The status of this ongoing work will be presented. *C. Nieter and J. R. Cary, J. Comp. Phys. 196 (2004), p. 448. |
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| TPAE033 | Experimental and Numerical Studies of Particle Acceleration by an Active Microwave Medium | 2275 |
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| There has been considerable theoretical work on the so-called PASER concept, in which a particle beam is accelerated directly by absorbing energy from an active medium, analogous to the amplification of an optical signal in a laser. Use of an active microwave (maser) medium would have the advantage of requiring relaxed beam quality (mm vs. nm characteristic beam dimensions). Recent work using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques has demonstrated activity in the microwave regime (i.e. negative imaginary part of the magnetic susceptibility) for a class of organic compounds. A solution of fullerene (C60) in a liquid crystal solvent has been reported in the literature to possess a maser transition in the X-band region. An external DC magnetic field is required to obtain the effect; the frequency of the maser transition is adjustable by varying the magnetic field strength. We will report on the development of numerical and laboratory tools to evaluate the use of this material for accelerator applications, and evaluate the feasibility of an accelerating structure based on an active microwave medium. | ||
| TPAE034 | Developing a Multi-Timescale PIC Code for Plasma Accelerators | 2324 |
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Funding: DOE: DE-FG02-92ER40745, DOE-SCIDAC: DE-FC02-01ER41192. An idea for advancing beam and plasma particles with different time scales in a full PIC model of plasma accelerators is proposed. Because beam particles usually respond much slower than plasma particles, large time steps can be used to update beam particles to save computation time. In this paper, we will describe how to apply this multi-timescale method in a particle-in-cell (PIC) [1] code OSIRIS [2]. Simulation results for SLAC E164 [3] experimental parameters are given and show a high degree of accuracy while gaining a factor of 4-6 in computing time. The limitations of this method are also studied. The maximum time saving is determined by driver beam energy and size of simulation box. |
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| TPAE037 | Simulation of the Laser Acceleration Experiment at the Femilab/NICADD Photoinjector Laboratory | 2503 |
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| The possibility of using a laser to accelerate electrons in a waveguide structure with dimension much larger than the laser wavelength was first proposed by Pantell [NIM A 393 pg 1-5 (1997)] and investigated analytically by M. Xie [reports LBNL-40558 (1997) and LBNL-42055 (1998) available from LBNL Berkeley]. In the present paper we present the status of our experimental plan to demonstrate the laser interaction on an electron beam with initial momentum of 40-50 MeV/c. A laser (λ=1.06 micron) operating on the TM*01 mode has been developed. The large wavenumber (k~6x106 m-1) together with the initial low electron momentum poses a serious problem for efficient acceleration. In the present paper, we present start-to-end simulations of the laser acceleration experiment as foreseen to be installed in the upgraded Femilab/NICADD photoinjector laboratory. | ||
| TPAE038 | Particle-in-Cell Simulation of LWFA Using 50 fs Pulses in Guided and Unguided Plasmas | |
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Funding: Work supported by DOE and NSF. In 2004, we reported on 3D simulation results that using a modest laser, it was possible to generate a ~250 MeV monoenergetic beam with .5 nC of charge and to generate a few .8GeV electrons (Tsung et al, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 185002). We found that the self-injected electrons originated only after the laser distorted from a combination of photon deceleration and longitudinal group velocity dispersion and these electrons originated from the edge of the laser. We also observed that the mono-energetic nature arose due to phase space rotation and beam loading. In the September, 30, 2004 issue of Nature, many experimental groups have reported the observation of mono-energetic beams of electrons in the range of 100 MeV. These experiments have been performed for a range of plasma parameters. We have begun to systematically study (in 2 and 3D) the acceleration mechanisms for plasma conditions under which these experiments operated to verify that what we observed in our simulations is universal. Our 3D simulation of the experiment by Mangles et al produced excellent agreement in electron energy spectrum and we have begun to look at the other two experiments reported in Nature. |
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| TPAE039 | The Effects of Ion Motion in Very Intense Beam-Driven Plasma Wakefield Accelerators | 2562 |
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Funding: This work is supported by U.S. Dept. of Energy grant DE-FG03-92ER40693. Recent proposals for using plasma wakefield accelerators in the blowout regime as a component of a linear collider have included very intense driver and accelerating beams, which have densities many times in excess of the ambient plasma density. The electric fields of these beams are widely known to be large enough to completely expel plasma electrons from the beam path; the expelled electrons often attain relativistic velocities in the process. We examine here another aspect of this high-beam density scenario: the motion of ions. In the lowest order analysis, for both cylindrically symmetric and "flat" beams, it is seen that for the recently discussed "after-burner" scenario the ions completely collapse inside of the electron beam. In this case the ion density is significantly increased, with a large increase in the beam emittance expected as a result. Particle-in-cell simulations of ion-collapse in the nonlinear regime are discussed. |
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| TPAE040 | Nonlinear Theory in the Blowout Regime for Both Particle Beam and Laser Drivers | |
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Funding: DOE and NSF. Recent progress in both PWFA and LWFA has confirmed the promising characteristics of the blowout regime. So it is worthwhile to understand the wake excitation process and other relevant issues (e.g. self trapping mechanism, laser self guiding, scaling laws) in this regime. Because the plasma electrons always cross each other in the blowout regime, it is not possible to use a fluid model. Instead, we use a particle picture. Based on the analysis of the innermost particle trajectory, we have developed a self-consistent theory for this regime. For particle beam drivers, we explained why linear theory can be a good approximation in the weakly nonlinear blowout regime and also obtained formulas to predict the wake amplitude. In the strongly nonlinear blowout regime (relativistic or ultra-relativistic), the theory can predict the wake structures and amplitudes in terms of the particle beam or laser pulse intensity. The theory also provides a basis for a beam loading theory in the blowout regime as well a basis for finding optimum driver profile. We will also give some results on the energy gain and total charge scalings based on this theory. |
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| TPAE041 | Modeling TeV Class Plasma Afterburners | 2666 |
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Funding: Work supported by DOE and NSF. Plasma wakefield acceleration can sustain acceleration gradients three orders of magnitude larger than conventional RF accelerator. In the recent E164X experiment, substantial energy gain of about 3Gev has been observed. Thus, a plasma afterburner, which has been proposed to double the incoming beam energy for a future linear collider, is now of great interest. In an afterburner, a particle beam drives a plasma wave and generates a strong wakefield which has a phase velocity equal to the velocity of the beam. This wakefield can then be used to accelerate part of the drive beam or a trailing beam. Several issues such as the efficient transfer of energy and the stable propagation of both the drive and trailing beams in the plasma are critical to the afterburner concept. We investigate the nonlinear beam-plasma interaction in such scenario using the 3D computer modeling code QuickPIC. We will report the latest simulation results of both 50 GeV and 1 TeV plasma afterburner stages for electrons including the beam-loading of a trailing beam. Analytic analysis of hosing instability in this regime will be presented. |
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| TPAE042 | Beam Matching to a Plasma Wake Field Accelerator Using a Ramped Density Profile at the Plasma Boundary | 2702 |
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Funding: DOE Grant No. DE-FG03-92ER40727. An important aspect of plasma wake field accelerators (PWFA) is stable propagation of the drive beam. In the under dense regime, the drive beam creates an ion channel which acts on the beam as a strong thick focusing lens. The ion channel causes the beam to undergo multiple betatron oscillations along the length of the plasma. There are several advantages if the beam size can be matched to a constant radius. First, simulations have shown that instabilities such as hosing are reduced when the beam is matched. Second, synchrotron radiation losses are minimized when the beam is matched. Third, an initially matched beam will propagate with no significant change in beam size in spite of large energy loss or gain. Coupling to the plasma with a matched radius can be difficult in some cases. This paper shows how an appropriate density ramp at the plasma entrance can be useful for achieving a matched beam. Additionally, the density ramp is helpful in bringing a misaligned trailing beam onto the drive beam axis. A plasma source with boundary profiles useful for matching has been created for the PWFA experiments at SLAC. |
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| TPAE043 | Production of Terahertz Seed Radiation for FEL/IFEL Microbunchers for Second Generation Plasma Beatwave Experiments at Neptune | 2780 |
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Funding: This work was supported by the DOE Contract No. DE-FG03-92ER40727. To achieve phase locked injection of short electron bunches in a plasma beatwave accelerator, the Neptune Laboratory will utilize microbunching in an FEL or IFEL system. These systems require terahertz (THz) seed radiation on the order of 10 kW for the FEL and 10 MW for the IFEL bunchers. We report results of experiments on THz generation using nonlinear frequency mixing of CO2 laser lines in GaAs. A two-wavelength laser beam was split and sent onto a 2.5 cm long GaAs crystal cut for noncollinear phase matching. Low power measurements achieved ~1 W of 340 ?m radiation using 200 ns CO2 pump pulses with wavelengths 10.3?m and 10.6?m. We also demonstrated tunability of difference frequency radiation, producing 240?m by mixing two different CO2 laser lines. By going to shorter laser pulses and higher intensities, we were able to increase the conversion efficiency while decreasing the surface damage threshold. Using 200ps pulses we produced ~2 MW of 340 ?m radiation. Future studies in this area will focus on developing large diameter Quasi-Phase matched structures for production of high power THz radiation. |
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| TPAE044 | Terahertz IFEL/FEL Microbunching for Plasma Beatwave Accelerators | 2812 |
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Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-FG03-92ER40727. In order to obtain monoenergetic acceleration of electrons, phase-locked injection using electron microbunches shorter than the accelerating structure is necessary. For a laser-driven plasma beatwave accelerator experiment, we propose to microbunch the electrons by interaction with terahertz (THz) radiation in an undulator via two mechanisms– free electron laser (FEL) and inverse free electron laser (IFEL). Since the high power FIR radiation will be generated via difference frequency mixing in GaAs by the same CO2 beatwave used to drive the plasma wave, electrons could be phase-locked and pre-bunched into a series of microbunches separated with the same periodicity. Here we examine the criteria for undulator design and present simulation results for both IFEL and FEL approaches. Using different CO2 laser lines, electrons can be microbunched with different periodicity 300 – 100 mm suitable for injection into plasma densities in the range 1016 – 1017 cm-3, respectively. The requirement on the THz radiation power and the electron beam qualities are also discussed. |
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| TPAE045 | Is it Possible To Generate nC, Mono-Energetic Electron Beams at 1GeV and Beyond Using Existing or Near Term Lasers via LWFA? | |
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Funding: Work supported by DOE and NSF. Recently, several groups around the world observed mono-energetic beams between 80 MeV and 170 MeV using ~15 TW lasers. We have begun a comprehensive study of the acceleration of electrons by the interaction of ultra-intense short and ultra-short laser pulses with underdense plasma. We concentrate our parameter space to existing and near term laser parameters, i.e., laser parameters between 30 and 100 TW. We use 3D particle in cell simulations using the code OSIRIS. The goal is to show that the generation of mono-energetic beams with energy beyond 1GeV with current and near future laser systems is possible without the need for any external injection. In this ultra-relativistic regime the laser blows out all the electrons forming an almost spherical cavity. Some electrons are self-injected in the blowout region and accelerated by the laser wakefield to ultrahigh energy. In order to maximize the energy gain, the beam charge and quality, we need an improved understanding of the wakefield generation as well as of processes such as self-injection and beam loading. We will provide theoretical estimates and verify their validity with 3D simulations. We will address possible limitations of particle acceleration in this regime. Tsung et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 185002. S.P.D. Mangles et al. Nature 431, 535 (2004). C.G.R. Geddes et al. Nature 431, 538 (2004). J. Faure et al. Nature 431, 541 (2004). A. Pukhov and J. Meyer-ter-vehn, Appl.Phys.B, 74, 355 (2002). |
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| TPAE046 | Modeling Self-Ionized Plasma Wakefield Acceleration for Afterburner Parameters Using QuickPIC | 2905 |
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Funding: DOE A plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA) has been proposed as a way to double the energy of a future linear collider. This afterburner concept will require meter long uniform plasmas. For the parameters envisaged in possible afterburner stages, the self-fields of the particle beam are intense enough to tunnel ionize some neutral gases such as lithium. Tunnel ionization has been investigated as a way for the beam itself to create the plasma.* Furthermore, tunnel ionization in a neutral or partially pre-ionized gas may create new plasma electrons and alter the plasma wake.*,** Unfortunately, it is not possible to model a PWFA with afterburner parameters using the models described in Bruhwiler et al. and Deng et al. Here we describe the addition of a tunnel ionization package using the ADK model into QuickPIC, a highly efficient quasi-static particle in cell (PIC) code which can model a PWFA with afterburner parameters. There is excellent agreement between QuickPIC and OSIRIS(a full PIC code) for pre-ionized plasmas. Effects of self-ionization on hosing instability –one of the most critical issues to overcome to make an afterburner a reality – for a bunch propagating in a plasma hundreds of betatron oscillations long will be discussed. *D. L. Bruhwiler et al., Phys. Plasmas 10 (2003), p. 2022. **S. Deng et al., Phys. Rev. E, 68, 047401 (2003). |
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| TPAE047 | Parameters Optimization for a Novel Vacuum Laser Acceleration Test at BNL-ATF | 2959 |
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Funding: U.S. DOE. This paper presents a new VLA theory model which has revealed that the injection electrons with low energy and small incident angle relative to the laser beam are captured and significantly accelerated in a strong laser field. For the further step for verifying the novel-VLA mechanics, we propose to use the BNL-ATF Terawatt CO2 laser and a high-brightness electron beam to carry out a proof-of-principle beam experiment. Experiment setup including the laser injection optics and electron extraction system and beam diagnostics is presented. Extensive optimized simulation results with ATF practical parameters are also presented, which shows that even when the laser intensity is not very high, the net energy gain still can be seen obviously. This could be prospect for a new revolution of vacuum laser acceleration. |
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| TPAE048 | The UCLA/FNPL Time Resolved Underdense Plasma Lens Experiment | 3013 |
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Funding: Work Supported by U.S. Dept. of Energy grant DE-FG03-92ER40693. An underdense plasma lens experiment is planned as a collaboration between UCLA and the Fermilab NICADD Photoinjector Laboratory (FNPL). The experiment will focus on measuring the variation of the plasma focusing along the longitudinal beam axis and comparing these results with theory and simulation. The experiment will utilize a thin gaussian underdense plasma lens with peak density 6 x 1012 cm-3 and a FWHM length of 1.6 cm. This plasma lens will have a focusing strength equivalent to a quadrupole magnet with a 180 T/m field gradient. A 15 MeV, 8nC electron beam with nominal dimensions sr = 400 μm and sz = 2.1 mm will be focused by this plasma lens onto an OTR screen approximately 2 cm downstream of the lens. The light from the OTR screen will be imaged into a streak camera in order to directly measure the correlation between z and sr within the beam. Status and progress on the experiment are reported. |
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| TPAE049 | The UCLA/SLAC Ultra-High Gradient Cerenkov Wakefield Accelerator Experiment | 3067 |
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Funding: Work Supported by U.S. Dept. of Energy grant DE-FG03-92ER40693. An experiment is planned to study the performance of dielectric Cerenkov wakefield accelerating structures at extremely high gradients in the GV/m range. This new UCLA/SLAC collaboration will take advantage of the unique SLAC FFTB electron beam and its demonstrated ultra-short pulse lengths and high currents (e.g., sz = 20 μm at Q = 3 nC). The electron beam will be focused down and sent through varying lengths of fused silica capillary tubing with two different sizes: ID = 200 μm / OD = 325 μm and ID = 100 μm / OD = 325 μm. The pulse length of the electron beam will be varied in order to alter the accelerating gradient and probe the breakdown threshold of the dielectric structures. In addition to breakdown studies, we plan to collect and measure coherent Cerenkov radiation emitted from the capillary tube to gain information about the strength of the accelerating fields. Status and progress on the experiment are reported. |
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| TPAE051 | Designing Photonic Crystal Devices for Accelerators | 3164 |
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Funding: This work supported by U.S. Department of Energy grant DE-FG02-04ER41317. Photonic crystals (periodic dielectric structures with a lattice constant on the order of the wavelength of light) can have a wide range of properties. For instance, photonic crystals can be designed to be completely reflective within a certain bandwidth, thereby becoming a replacement for metal in accelerator structures such as waveguides and cavities. To see whether photonic crystals might find application in accelerators, and to design potential accelerator structures, we will need reliable computer simulations to predict fields and frequencies and other properties of photonic crystal structures. We propose to build photonic crystal structures in the microwave regime and test the validity of computer simulation against experiment. We can then explore more complex issues such as coupling to photonic crystal structures, higher-order mode rejection, and tunable photonic crystals. |
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| TPAE053 | Near-GeV Electron Beams from the Laser Wakefield Accelerator in the “Bubble” Regime | |
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Funding: This research was funded by the Korean Ministry Science and Technology through the Creative Research Initiative (CRI) Program. This Communication describes a 2D-PIC simulation of a laser wakefield accelerator in which an ultrashort, petawatt-class laser is focused and propagated through an underdense preformed plasma. We are looking at the phase-spaces of a large number of background plasma electrons that are accelerated to very high energies by the laser-induced plasma bubble. The result shows the possibility of generating a GeV-level electron beam in a few millimeters plasma size. As a future work, we will use a 500 TW laser system, that is under construction at APRI-GIST in Korea, for laser-plasma based accelerator researches to which the current simulation is relevant. |
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| TPAE054 | Ultraintense and Ultrashort Laser Pulses from Raman Amplification in Plasma for Laser-Plasma Accelerators | 3274 |
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Funding: Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Korea; Creative Research Initiatives, Korea. We present analysis and simulations of kinetic effects in the Raman pulse amplification in plasma. An ultraintense and ultrashort laser pulse is a very essential part in an advanced acceleration scheme using laser and plasma. To make strong pulses, a noble scheme of using Raman backscatter in plasma was proposed and has been studied intensively.* The Raman amplification in plasma does not have a restriction in material damage threshold. However, for the new amplifier to be a promising alternative of the CPA technique, more extensive studies on various issues are required. One of the fundamental issues is the electron kinetic effect such as particle trapping or wavebreaking. We present a theoretical analysis of the kinetic effect; a new kinetic term is derived to be added to the fluid model and the effect of the new term is verified by averaged-PIC (aPIC)** simulations. Various one dimensional and semi-two dimensional aPIC simulations of pulse amplification are presented. We discuss the future application of the Raman scheme to upgrading the laser pulse of the Center of Advanced Accelerator in KERI, which are currently 2 TW and 700 fs, into a few more TW and less than 100 fs. *V. M. Malkin, G. Shvets, and N. J. Fisch, Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 82, 4448 (1999).**M. S. Hur, G. Penn, J. S. Wurtele, and R. Lindberg, Phys. Plasmas vol. 11, 5204 (2004). |
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| TPAE055 | Laser-Based Electron Acceleration Experiment in KERI/APRI-GIST | |
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| Laser-based acceleration of charged particles has been of interest since laser wakefield produces very strong longitudinal electrical field to accelerate electrons upto relativistic energy. Recently, 20TW Ti:sapphire laser system, with pulse width of 30 fs and energy pf 600 mJ, was installed in APRI-GIST. The laser pulse is focused onto a gas jet to produce plasma and accelerate electrons in the scheme of self-modulated laser wakefield acceleration. Details of laser system and diagnostic results of electron beam will be discussed | ||
| TPAE056 | Acceleration of Charged Particles by High Intensity Few-Cycle Laser Pulses | 3337 |
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Funding: Funded by the german DFG (TR18) and BMBF (06ML184). Only recently a breakthrough in laser plasma acceleration has been achieved with the observation of intense (nC) mono-energetic (10% relative width) electron beams in the 100MeV energy range.* Above the wave-breaking threshold the electrons are trapped and accelerated in a single wake of the laser pulse, called bubble, according to PIC simulations.** However, pulse energis varied from shot-to-shot in the experiments. At the MPQ Garching we prepare the stable acceleration of electrons by this bubble regime by the use of 10TW few-cycle laser pulse. As the pulse lenght of 5-10fs remains below the plasma period also at higher plama densities, we expect the scheme to be more stable and efficient. The status of the experiment will be reported. Further, we exploit a colliding beam setup existing at the Jena multi TW laser system for the investigation of the positron generation in the electron-electron collision or in the collision of hard X-rays resulting from Thomson backscattering. The presentation of results on heavy ion acceleration from laser-irradiated thin foils will round up this summary of the Munich activities. *See ‘dream beams' in Nature 431 (2004).**A. Pukhov, J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, Appl. Phys. B 74, 355 (2002). |
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| TPAE057 | A Multibunch Plasma Wakefield Accelerator | 3384 |
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| We investigate a plasma wakefield acceleration scheme where a train of electron microbunches feeds into a high density plasma. When the microbunch train enters such a plasma that has a corresponding plasma wavelength equal to the microbunch separation distance, a strong wakefield is expected to be resonantly driven to an amplitude that is at least one order of magnitude higher than that using an unbunched beam. PIC simulations have been performed using the beamline parameters of the Brookhaven National Laboratory Accelerator Test Facility operating in the configuration of the STELLA inverse free electron laser (IFEL) experiment. A 65 MeV electron beam is modulated by a 10.6 um CO2 laser beam via an IFEL interaction. This produces a train of ~90 microbunches separated by the laser wavelength. In this paper, we present both a simple theoretical treatment and simulation results that demonstrate promising results for the multibunch technique as a plasma-based accelerator. | ||
| TPAE058 | Plasma Dark Current in Self-ionized Plasma Wake Field Accelerators (PWFA) | 3444 |
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| Particle trapping is investigated with experiment, theory and simulations for conditions relevant to beam driven Plasma Wake Field Accelerators. Such trapping produces plasma dark current when the wakefield aplitude is above a threshold values and may place a limit on the maximum acceleration gradient in a PWFA. Trapping and dark current are enhanced when in an ionizing plasma, that is self-ionized by the beam as well as in gradual density gradients. In the E164X conducted at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center by a collaboration of USC, UCLA and SLAC, evidence of trapping has been observed. Here we present experimental results and a simplified analytical model of the particle trapping threshold which is compared to simulations done with an object oriented fully parallel 3-D PIC code OSIRIS. | ||
| TPAE060 | Planned Enhanced Wakefield Transformer Ratio Experiment at Argonne Wakefield Accelerator | 3487 |
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Funding: U.S. Department of Energy. In this paper, we present a preliminary experimental study of a wakefield accelerating scheme that uses a carefully spaced and current ramped electron pulse train to produce wakefields that increases the transformer ratio much higher than 2. A dielectric structure was designed and fabricated to operate at 13.625 GHz with dielectric constant of 15.7. The structure will be initially excited by two beams with first and second beam charge ratio of 1:3. The expected transformer ratio is 3 and the setup can be easily extend to 4 pulses which leads to a transformer ratio of more than 6. The dielectric structure cold test results show the tube is within the specification. A set of laser splitters was also tested to produce ramped bunch train of 2 - 4 pulses. Overall design of the experiment and initial results will be presented. |
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| TPAE061 | Experimental Investigation of an X-Band Tunable Dielectric Accelerating Structure | 3529 |
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Funding: U.S. Department of Energy. Experimental study of a new scheme to tune the resonant frequency for dielectric based accelerating structure (driven either by the wakefield of a beam or an external rf source) is underway. The structure consists of a single layer of conventional dielectric surrounded by a very thin layer of ferroelectric material situated on the outside. Carefully designed electrodes are attached to a thin layer of ferroelectric material. A DC bias can be applied to the electrodes to change the permittivity of the ferroelectric layer and therefore, the dielectric overall resonant frequency can be tuned. In this paper, we present the test results for an 11.424 GHz rectangular DLA prototype structure that the ferroelectric material's dielectric constant of 500 and show that a frequency tuning range of 2% can be achieved. If successful, this scheme would compensate for structure errors caused by ceramic waveguide machining tolerances and dielectric constant heterogeneity. |
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| TPAE063 | Observation of Superposition of Wake Fields Generated by Electron Bunches in a Dielectric-Lined Waveguide | 3609 |
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Funding: Research supported by the Department of Energy, Division of High Energy Physics. We report results from an experiment, done at the Accelerator Test Facility, Brookhaven National Laboratory, which demonstrates the successful superposition of wake fields excited by 50MeV bunches which travel ~50cm along the axis of a cylindrical waveguide which is lined with alumina. Wake fields from two short (5-6psec) 0.15-0.35nC bunches are superimposed and the energy losses of each bunch are measured as the separation between the bunches is varied so as to encompass approximately one wake field period (~21cm). A spectrum of 40 TM0m eigenmodes is excited by the bunch. A substantial retarding wake field (2.65MV/m×nC for just the first bunch) is developed because of the short bunches and the narrow vacuum channel diameter (3mm) through which they move. The energy loss of the second bunch exhibits a narrow resonance with a 4mm (13.5psec) footprint. This experiment may be compared with a related experiment reported by a group at the Argonne National Laboratory where a much weaker wake field (~0.1MV/m×nC for the first bunch) having ~10 eigenmodes was excited by a train of much longer bunches,* and the bunch spacing was not varied. *J. G. Power, M. E. Conde, W. Gai, R. Konecny, and P. Schoessow, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 3, 101302 (2000). |
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| TPAE064 | Externally Controlled Injection of Electrons by a Laser Pulse in a Laser Wakefield Electron Accelerator | 3644 |
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Funding: National Science Council, Taiwan Spatially and temporally localized injection of electrons is a key element for development of plasma-wave electron accelerator. Here we report the demonstration of two different schemes for electron injection in a self-modulated laser wakefield accelerator (SM-LWFA) by using a laser pulse. In the first scheme, by implementing a copropagating laser prepulse with proper timing, we are able to control the growth of Raman forward scattering and the production of accelerated electrons. We found that the stimulated Raman backward scattering of the prepulse plays the essential role of injecting hot electrons into the fast plasma wave driven by the pump pulse. In the second scheme, by using a transient density ramp we achieve self-injection of electrons in a SM-LWFA with spatial localization. The transient density ramp is produced by a prepulse propagating transversely to drill a density depression channel via ionization and expansion. The same mechanism of injection with comparable efficiency is also demonstrated with a transverse plasma waveguide driven by Coulomb explosion. |
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| TPAE065 | Development of a 20-MeV Dielectric-Loaded Accelerator Test Facility | 3673 |
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Funding: Work supported by DOE and ONR. This paper will describe a joint project by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), in collaboration with the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), to develop a dielectric-loaded accelerator (DLA) test facility powered by the high-power 11.424-GHz magnicon that was developed by NRL and Omega-P, Inc. The magnicon can presently produce 25 MW of output power in a 250-ns pulse at 10 Hz, and efforts are in progress to increase this to 50 MW.* The facility will include a 5-MeV electron injector being developed by the Accelerator Laboratory of Tsinghua University in Beijing, China. The DLA test structures are being developed by ANL, and some have undergone testing at NRL at gradients up to ~8 MV/m.** SLAC is developing a means to combine the two magnicon output arms, and to drive an injector and accelerator with separate control of the power ratio and relative phase. The installation and testing of the first dielectric-loaded test accelerator, including injector, DLA structure, and spectrometer, should take place within the next year. The initial goal is to produce a compact 20-MeV dielectric-loaded test accelerator. *O. A. Nezhevenko et al., Proc. PAC 2003, p. 1128.**S. H. Gold et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 691, p. 282. |
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| TPAE066 | Robust Autoresonant Excitation in the Plasma Beat-Wave Accelerator: A Theoretical Study | 3688 |
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Funding: Division of High Energy Physics, U.S. Department of Energy, DARPA, U.S. Department of Defense. A modified version of the Plasma Beat-Wave Accelerator scheme is introduced and analyzed, which is based on autoresonant phase-locking of the nonlinear Langmuir wave to the slowly chirped beat frequency of the driving lasers via adiabatic passage through resonance. This new scheme is designed to overcome some of the limitations of previous approaches, namely relativistic detuning and nonlinear modulations in the driven Langmuir wave amplitude, and sensitivity to frequency mismatch from density fluctuations. As in previous schemes, instabilities of the ionic background ultimately limit the useful interaction time, but nevertheless peak electric fields approaching the wave-breaking limit seem readily attainable. Compared to traditional approaches, the autoresonant scheme achieves larger accelerating electric fields for given laser intensity; the plasma wave excitation is more robust to variations in plasma density; it is largely insensitive to the choice of chirp rate, provided that chirping is sufficiently slow; and the quality and uniformity of the resulting plasma wave and its suitability for accelerator applications may be superior. |
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| TPAE067 | Femtosecond Electron Diffraction and its Application for Beam Characterization at the PAL | 3721 |
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| Electron diffraction is widely used in electron microscopy to obtain ultrahigh magnification factor, or crystallography to determine the internal structure of the molecule. High energy electron (MeV) has been used to probe the solid state thick sample, now being explored for femto-second electron diffraction (FED) to determine the transient structure of the molecule. We are proposing to perform FED using a photocathode RF gun at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), and develop an advanced electron beam diagnostic tool based on the electron diffraction. In this paper we will study how the diffraction pattern can be used to extract the information on the beam’s divergence. With a well-known sample, such as aluminum foil, whose internal structure is predetermined, the diffraction pattern for both single electron and the electron beam with a given divergence distribution can be calculated. Our proposed technique shows great potential of electron diffraction in beam divergence characterization. An experiment to verify the practicality of this method is under preparation and will be carried out at the proposed high brightness R&D facility at the PAL) in the near future. |