SRF2015 - List of Keywords (factory)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOBA06	N Doping: Progress in Development and Understanding	cavity, niobium, superconductivity, injection	48
	A. Grassellino Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Significant progress was made recently with N2 doped cavities. This talk will summarize all developments with N-doped Nb cavity work at FNAL in the past two years.
	Slides MOBA06 [7.704 MB]
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MOPB008	Theoretical Field Limit and Cavity Surface Conditions: Nano-Scale Topography and Sub-millimeter Pit	cavity, simulation, radio-frequency, framework	86
	T. Kubo KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	The recent two theoretical papers,* are briefly introduced. The former addresses the superheating field (Bs) suppression due to nano-defects distributing almost continuously on the cavity surface. We introduce a model of the nano-defect. An analytical formula for Bs suppression factor is derived. By using the formula, suppression factors of bulk or multilayer superconductors and those after various surface processing technologies can be evaluated. An application to the dirty Nb processed by EP is also presented as an example. The latter address the magnetic field enhancement (MFE) at the sub-millimeter pit on the surface of cavity, which is thought to cause quench. There exists the famous well-type pit model, but many of pits are not well-type but have gentle slopes. Impacts of the slope angle on MFE have not been well understood. We introduce a model that can describe a pit with an arbitrary slope angle. A formula to evaluate the MFE factor is derived. A pit with a gentle slope angle yields a much smaller MFE factor than the well-type pit. The formula can be applied to the calculation of MFE factors of real pits with arbitrary slope angles. T. Kubo, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2015,063G01(2015). ** T. Kubo, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2015,073G01(2015).
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MOPB011	How Uniform Are Cool-Downs?	cavity, interface, simulation, niobium	100
	J.A. Robbins, R.G. Eichhorn Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Since the last SRF conference it has become clear that achieving extremely high quality factors of SRF cavities depend on the cool-down scenario. While some findings favor a fast cool-down, others suggest a slow cycle to be advantageous, and many variations to that have been investigated: the role of thermocurrents, amount of ambient magnetic field and flux trapping. This paper will investigate, how uniformly different cool-down procedures are and if they can explain the more efficient magnetic flux expulsion.
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MOPB013	Simulation of Geometry Dependent Flux Trapping	cavity, simulation, superconducting-cavity, focusing	105
	J. May-Mann, R.G. Eichhorn Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Trapping or expulsion of ambient magnetic field has become an important factor in the performance of superconducting cavities with very high Q. As experimental data is limited, we set up a numerical field calculation model to study this effect in more details. We will report, how the cavity orientation, the movement of the transition to superconductivity front, and the orientation of the magnetic field contributes to the amount of magnetic field being vulnerable for trapping.
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MOPB019	Horizontal Testing and Thermal Cycling of an N-Doped Tesla Type Cavity	cavity, shielding, pick-up, EPICS	125
	O. Kugeler, J. Knobloch, J.M. Köszegi HZB, Berlin, Germany A. Grassellino, O.S. Melnychuk, A. Romanenko, D.A. Sergatskov Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	An N-doped TESLA type cavity treated at FERMILAB has been tested in the HoBiCaT horizontal test stand. Temperatures and magnetic fields occuring during the superconducting transition were recorded at various positions and directions on the outer cavity surface. Several thermal cycling runs were performed yielding different Q0 factors just like in undoped cavities. The resulting residual and BCS resistance values were correlated to the thermal and magnetic conditions during cooldown.
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MOPB028	Preservation of Very High Quality Factors of 1.3 GHz Nine Cell Cavities From Bare Vertical Test to Dressed Horizontal Test	cavity, cryomodule, shielding, HOM	149
	A. Grassellino, S. Aderhold, M. Checchin, A.C. Crawford, C.J. Grimm, A. Hocker, M. Martinello, O.S. Melnychuk, J.P. Ozelis, S. Posen, A.M. Rowe, D.A. Sergatskov, N. Solyak, R.P. Stanek, G. Wu Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA D. Gonnella Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA J.M. Köszegi HZB, Berlin, Germany M. Liepe Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
	In this contribution we will report quality factor evolution of several different nine cell N doped cavities with very high Q. The evolution of the quality factor will be reported from bare to dressed in vertical test to dressed in horizontal test with unity coupling to dressed in horizontal test and CM-like environment/configuration (with RF ancillaries). Cooling studies and optimal cooling regimes will be discussed for both vertical and horizontal tests and comparisons will be drawn also for different styles titanium vessels. Studies of sensitivities to magnetic field in final horizontal configuration have been performed by applying a field around the dressed cavity and varying the cooling; parameters required for a very good flux expulsion will be presented.
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MOPB045	Study of Slip and Deformation in High Purity Single Crystal Nb for Accelerator Cavities	experiment, niobium, SRF, cavity	191
	D. Kang, D.C. Baars, T.R. Bieler Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA C. Compton FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA A. Mapar, F. Pourboghrat MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics, through Grant No. DE-FG02-09ER41638. High purity Nb has been used to build accelerator cavities over the past couple decades, and there is a growing interest in using ingot Nb as an alternative to the fine grain sheets. Plastic deformation governed by slip is complicated in body-centered cubic metals like Nb. Besides the crystal orientation with respect to the applied stress (Schmid effect), slip is also affected by other factors including temperature, strain rate, strain history, and non-Schmid effects such as twinning/anti-twinning asymmetry and non-glide shear stresses. A clear understanding of slip is an essential step towards modeling the deep drawing of large grain ingot slices, hence predicting the final microstructure/performance of cavities. Two groups of single crystals, with and without a prior heat treatment, were deformed to 40% engineering strain in uniaxial tension. Differences in flow stresses and active slip systems between the two groups were observed, likely due to the removal of preexisting dislocations. Crystal plasticity modeling of the stress-strain behavior suggests that the non-Schmid effect is small in Nb, and that the deep drawing process might be approximated with a Schmid model.
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MOPB104	Flux Expulsion Variation in SRF Cavities	cavity, niobium, cryogenics, SRF	404
	S. Posen, M. Checchin, A.C. Crawford, A. Grassellino, M. Martinello, O.S. Melnychuk, A. Romanenko, D.A. Sergatskov Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Treating a cavity with nitrogen doping significantly increases Q₀ at medium fields, reducing cryogenic costs for high duty factor linear accelerators such as LCLS II. N-doping also makes cavities more sensitive to increased residual resistance due to trapped magnetic flux, making it critical to either have extremely effective magnetic shielding, or to prevent flux from being trapped in the cavity during cooldown. In this paper, we report on results of a study of flux expulsion. We discuss possible ways in which flux can be pinned in the inner surface, outer surface, or bulk of a cavity, and we present experimental results studying these mechanisms. We show that grain structure appears to play a key role and that a cavity that expelled flux poorly changed to expelling flux well after a high temperature furnace treatment. We further show that after furnace treatment, this cavity exhibited a significant improvement in quality factor when cooled in an external magnetic field. We conclude with implications for SRF accelerators with high Q₀ requirements.
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MOPB116	Developments of Horizontal High Pressure Rinsing for SuperKEKB SRF Cavities	cavity, vacuum, operation, SRF	443
	Y. Morita, K. Akai, T. Furuya, A. Kabe, S. Mitsunobu, M. Nishiwaki KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	The Q factors of the eight superconducting accelerating cavities gradually degraded during the long-term operation of the KEKB accelerator. Since we will re-use those SRF cavities for the SuperKEKB, the performance degradation will be a serious problem. Several cavities degraded their performance significantly at high accelerating fields. The Q degradation is still acceptable for the 1.5 MV operations at SuperKEKB. However, further degradation will make the operation difficult. In order to recover the cavity performance, we developed horizontal high pressure water rinsing (HHPR). This method uses a horizontal high pressure water nozzle and inserts it directly into the cavity module. We applied this method to two degraded cavities and their degraded Q factors recovered above 10⁹ at around 2 MV. In this paper we will present the HHPR method, high power test results after the HHPR and the residual gas analysis.
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TUBA05	Progress With Multi-Cell Nb3Sn Cavity Development Linked With Sample Materials Characterization	cavity, niobium, vacuum, SRF	505
	G.V. Eremeev, M.J. Kelley, C.E. Reece JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA M.J. Kelley, U. Pudasaini The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA J. Tuggle Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
	Funding: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177. Exploiting both the new Nb3Sn coating system and the materials characterization tools nearby, we report our progress in low-loss Nb3Sn films development. Nb3Sn films a few micrometers thick were grown on Nb coupons as well as single- and multi-cell cavities by the Sn-diffusion technique. Films structure and composition were investigated on coated samples and cavity cutouts with characterization tools including SEM/EDS/EBSD, AFM, XPS, SIMS towards correlating film growth and RF loss to material properties and deposition parameters. Cavity coating efforts focused on establishing techniques for coating progressively more complicated RF structures, and understanding limiting mechanisms in coated cavities. Nb3Sn coated 1.5 GHz 1-cell and 1.3 GHz 2-cell cavities have shown quality factors of 10¹⁰ at 4.3 K, with several cavities reaching above Eacc = 10 MV/m. The dominant limiting mechanisms were low field quenches and quality factor degradation above 8 MV/m. The surface data indicates a near-stoichiometric Nb3Sn consistent with the transition temperature and gap measurements. The Nb3Sn layer is covered with Nb2O5 and SnO2 native oxides and has little memory of the pre-coating surface.
	Slides TUBA05 [2.418 MB]
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TUPB041	Testing Nb3Sn Coating Using muSR	TRIUMF, SRF, niobium, radio-frequency	651
	R.E. Laxdal, T.J. Buck TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada S. Gheidi UBC, Vancouver, B.C., Canada R. Kiefl UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada M. Liepe, S. Posen Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	The SRF group at TRIUMF has tested samples relevant for SRF application since 2010 using the TRIUMF μSR facility. In this study collaborators at Cornell coat a Nb coin and a Nb ellipsoid sample with Nb3Sn for characterization using μSR at TRIUMF. Field of first flux entry measurements are performed at M20 on both samples. Measurements include the vortex nucleation field Hnucleate and Tc of both Nb3Sn and Nb. Interestingly the Nb3Sn increases the vortex nucleation field at 2K over standard Nb samples.
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TUPB065	Cryogenic RF Characterization of Superconducting Materials at SLAC With Hemispherical Cavities	cavity, niobium, SRF, cryogenics	735
	P.B. Welander, M.A. Franzi, S.G. Tantawi SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	For the characterization of SRF materials, we have commissioned a second-generation, X-band cavity cryostat that can rapidly analyze thin-film coatings or bulk samples. The system operates at 11.4 GHz, at temperatures down to 4 K, and utilizes two interchangeable hemispherical cavities (one Cu, one Nb) that can accommodate 51 mm-diameter samples on the flat side. The cavities are designed to operate with a TE032-like mode where the magnetic field is strongest on the sample surface. As a result, the sample accounts for 33% of the overall cavity loss, despite comprising less than 8% of the total surface area. For low-power testing we utilize a programmable network analyzer, while for high-power testing we connect the cavity to a 50 MW XL-4 klystron. With the Nb cavity we can measure surface resistances down to 0.7 microhm, while with the Cu cavity we can measure quenching fields up to 360 mT. X-band operation permits a compact cavity and cryostat design with a reasonable sample size, while the closed-cycle pulse-tube cryorefrigerator allows for rapid sample cycling. We will discuss cryostat design, cavity modeling, measurement limits, and recent sample testing results.
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TUPB078	Developments on a Cold Bead-Pull Test Stand for SRF Cavities	cavity, HOM, SRF, operation	770
	A.V. Vélez, A. Frahm, J. Knobloch, A. Neumann HZB, Berlin, Germany
	Final tuning and field profile characterization of SRF cavities always takes place at room temperature. However, important questions remains as to what happens when the cavity is cooled to LHe temperature, in particular with multi cell systems. To enable the characterization of cavities in the cold, we have designed and commissioned a "cold bead-pull" test stand at HZB. The present test stand is designed to be integrated in HoBiCaT (Horizontal bi-cavity testing facility) with the ability to provide electric field profile measurements under realistic superconducting conditions (T=1.8K). In this paper mechanical and operational details of the apparatus will be described as well as future plans for the development and usage of this facility.
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TUPB091	Systematic Uncertainties in RF-Based Measurement of Superconducting Cavity Quality Factors	cavity, coupling, resonance, superconducting-cavity	814
	W. Schappert, J.P. Holzbauer, Y.M. Pischalnikov, D.A. Sergatskov Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Measurements of cavity quality factor measurements are subject to at least three potentially large sources of systematic error that have not been previously recognized. Imperfect coupler directivity (cross-talk) can lead to large errors in the cavity coupling factor when the cavity coupling factor is significantly different than unity. Energy re-reflected from the circulator can systematically bias the measured cavity decay time which is used to determine the loaded quality factor. Use of the peak probe power or the minimum of the reflected power to determine the cavity resonance frequency rather than the peak of the probe/forward transfer function may lead to errors in the resonance frequency that can also affect quality factors. Each effect is illustrated with measurements in the Fermilab VTS, simulations and analytic calculations. If the magnitude and phase of the cavity RF signals are measured, these effects can be measured and corrected for. If only signal magnitudes are recorded or these effects are not measured, they must be treated as sources of systematic uncertainty.
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WEA2A02	High Gradient Testing of the Five-Cell Superconducting RF Module With a PBG Coupler Cell	cavity, niobium, dipole, HOM	948
	S. Arsenyev MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA C.H. Boulware, T.L. Grimm, A. Rogacki Niowave, Inc., Lansing, Michigan, USA W.B. Haynes, D.Y. Shchegolkov, E.I. Simakov, T. Tajima LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	Funding: DOE Office of Science/Office of High Energy Physics Superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerating structures allow high-gradient operation in continuous-wave mode. These machines can be limited by beam-breakup instability at high currents because higher-order modes with very high Q factors are easily excited by the beam. Photonic band gap (PBG) structures provide a way to strongly damp higher-order modes without compromising the performance of the structure in the fundamental mode. We first address the design of the structure and issues that arise from incorporating a complex PBG cell into an SRF module. In particular, the module was tuned to have uneven accelerating gradient profile in order to provide equal peak surface magnetic field in every cell. We then cover the fabrication steps and surface treatment of the five-cell niobium structure and report results of the high gradient tests at temperatures of 4 K and 2 K.
	Slides WEA2A02 [7.023 MB]
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THPB007	A Study of Resonant Excitation of Longitudinal HOMs in the Cryomodules of LCLS-II	HOM, cavity, resonance, impedance	1073
	K.L.F. Bane, C. Adolphsen, A. Chao, Z. Li SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515 The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at SLAC, the world's first hard X-ray FEL, is being upgraded to the LCLS-II. The major new feature will be the installation of 35 cryomodules (CMs) of TESLA-type, superconducting accelerating structures. It is envisioned that LCLS-II will eventually be able to deliver 300 pC, 1 kA pulses of beam at a rate of 1 MHz. At a cavity temperature of 2K, any heat generated (even on the level of a few watts) is expensive to remove. In the last linac of LCLS-II, L3–-where the peak current is highest–-the power radiated by the bunch in the CMs is estimated at 14 W (charge 300 pC option, rep rate 1 MHz). But this calculation ignores resonances that can be excited between the bunch frequency and higher order mode (HOM) frequencies in the CMs, which in principle can greatly increase this number. In this report we develop a theory of resonant build up. Then, using 500 numerically obtained modes over the frequency range 3–5 GHz, we estimate the probability of significant resonant build up in L3 of LCLS-II. The effects of small random bunch phase and charge errors will also be addressed.
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THPB019	Bead-Pull Measurements of the Main Deflecting Mode of the Double-Quarter-Wave Cavity for the HL-LHC	cavity, simulation, luminosity, resonance	1105
	M. Navarro-Tapia, R. Calaga CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: This research has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC (Grant agreement no. 284404), and under a Marie Curie action (Grant agreement PCOFUND-GA-2010-267194). A full-scale model of the double-quarter-wave (DQW) cavity towards the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) upgrade was built in aluminum to characterize the deflecting mode. Field strength measurements have been carried out for both the transverse and longitudinal electromagnetic fields, by using the bead-pull technique. Perturbation objects of different shapes and material were used to separate the electric and magnetic field components. A reasonably good agreement was found between numerical simulation and measurements, which confirm the reliability and accuracy of the measurements done.
	Poster THPB019 [0.237 MB]
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THPB066	RF Analysis of Equator Welding Stability for the European XFEL Cavities	cavity, controls, linac, HOM	1272
	A.A. Sulimov DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	In order to guaranty a sufficient High Order Modes (HOM) damping in the European XFEL cavities, a detailed analysis of the mechanical cavity production was performed. The mechanical measurements are precise enough to control the shape of cavity parts, but cannot be used for a welded cavity. To estimate the shape deformation during equator welding, the eigenfrequencies of cavity cells are compared with frequencies of cavity parts. This simple RF analysis can indicate irregularity of 9 equator welds and was used in addition to control of mean values for longitudinal and transverse deformations.
	Poster THPB066 [0.148 MB]
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THPB071	Developments of SiC Damper for SuperKEKB Superconducting Cavity	HOM, cavity, operation, higher-order-mode	1289
	M. Nishiwaki, K. Akai, T. Furuya, A. Kabe, S. Mitsunobu, Y. Morita KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	Upgrade works for SuperKEKB is in the final stage and the commissioning operation will start in this JFY. Eight superconducting accelerating cavities were operated for more than ten years at KEKB electron ring and are to be used at SuperKEKB. The cavity operation at those high current accelerators requires sufficient absorption of the beam-induced HOM power. In KEKB, the absorbed HOM power of 16 kW in two ferrite dampers attached to each cavity was achieved at the beam current of 1.4 A. On the other hand, the expected HOM power at SuperKEKB is calculated to be 37 kW in the beam current of 2.6 A. To cope with the HOM power issue, we developed additional HOM dampers made of SiC to be installed to the downstream of the cavity module. From precise calculations, it was found that the additional dampers reduce the HOM power loads of the ferrite dampers more effectively than the large beam pipe model of cavity module, which is another option to reduce the HOM loads. New SiC dampers were fabricated and high power-tested. Those SiC dampers successfully absorbed the expected HOM power. In this report, we will describe the results of calculations and high-power RF tests of new SiC dampers.
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THPB094	Status of the Fundamental Power Coupler Production for the European XFEL Accelerator	status, Windows, cryomodule, vacuum	1364
	S. Sierra, G. Garcin, C. Lievin, G. Vignette TED, Velizy, France A. Gallas, W. Kaabi LAL, Orsay, France M. Knaak, M. Pekeler, L. Zweibaeumer RI Research Instruments GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
	For the XFEL accelerator, Thales, RI Research Instrument and LAL are working on the manufacturing, assembly and conditioning of fundamental power couplers. 670 couplers have to be manufactured according to strict specifications. The paper describes the full production activity from the program starting to the currentphase with main measurements for the coupler characteristic: copper and TiN coating characteristics. The status of the production is given with an output rate of 8 couplers per week. The status for more than 500 couplers manufactured and conditionned is presented.
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Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOBA06

N Doping: Progress in Development and Understanding

cavity, niobium, superconductivity, injection

48

A. Grassellino
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Significant progress was made recently with N2 doped cavities. This talk will summarize all developments with N-doped Nb cavity work at FNAL in the past two years.

Slides MOBA06 [7.704 MB]

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MOPB008

Theoretical Field Limit and Cavity Surface Conditions: Nano-Scale Topography and Sub-millimeter Pit

cavity, simulation, radio-frequency, framework

86

T. Kubo
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

The recent two theoretical papers*,** are briefly introduced. The former addresses the superheating field (Bs) suppression due to nano-defects distributing almost continuously on the cavity surface*. We introduce a model of the nano-defect. An analytical formula for Bs suppression factor is derived. By using the formula, suppression factors of bulk or multilayer superconductors and those after various surface processing technologies can be evaluated. An application to the dirty Nb processed by EP is also presented as an example. The latter address the magnetic field enhancement (MFE) at the sub-millimeter pit on the surface of cavity, which is thought to cause quench**. There exists the famous well-type pit model, but many of pits are not well-type but have gentle slopes. Impacts of the slope angle on MFE have not been well understood. We introduce a model that can describe a pit with an arbitrary slope angle. A formula to evaluate the MFE factor is derived. A pit with a gentle slope angle yields a much smaller MFE factor than the well-type pit. The formula can be applied to the calculation of MFE factors of real pits with arbitrary slope angles.
* T. Kubo, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2015,063G01(2015).
** T. Kubo, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2015,073G01(2015).

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MOPB011

How Uniform Are Cool-Downs?

cavity, interface, simulation, niobium

100

J.A. Robbins, R.G. Eichhorn
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Since the last SRF conference it has become clear that achieving extremely high quality factors of SRF cavities depend on the cool-down scenario. While some findings favor a fast cool-down, others suggest a slow cycle to be advantageous, and many variations to that have been investigated: the role of thermocurrents, amount of ambient magnetic field and flux trapping. This paper will investigate, how uniformly different cool-down procedures are and if they can explain the more efficient magnetic flux expulsion.

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MOPB013

Simulation of Geometry Dependent Flux Trapping

cavity, simulation, superconducting-cavity, focusing

105

J. May-Mann, R.G. Eichhorn
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Trapping or expulsion of ambient magnetic field has become an important factor in the performance of superconducting cavities with very high Q. As experimental data is limited, we set up a numerical field calculation model to study this effect in more details. We will report, how the cavity orientation, the movement of the transition to superconductivity front, and the orientation of the magnetic field contributes to the amount of magnetic field being vulnerable for trapping.

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MOPB019

Horizontal Testing and Thermal Cycling of an N-Doped Tesla Type Cavity

cavity, shielding, pick-up, EPICS

125

O. Kugeler, J. Knobloch, J.M. Köszegi
HZB, Berlin, Germany
A. Grassellino, O.S. Melnychuk, A. Romanenko, D.A. Sergatskov
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

An N-doped TESLA type cavity treated at FERMILAB has been tested in the HoBiCaT horizontal test stand. Temperatures and magnetic fields occuring during the superconducting transition were recorded at various positions and directions on the outer cavity surface. Several thermal cycling runs were performed yielding different Q0 factors just like in undoped cavities. The resulting residual and BCS resistance values were correlated to the thermal and magnetic conditions during cooldown.

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MOPB028

Preservation of Very High Quality Factors of 1.3 GHz Nine Cell Cavities From Bare Vertical Test to Dressed Horizontal Test

cavity, cryomodule, shielding, HOM

149

A. Grassellino, S. Aderhold, M. Checchin, A.C. Crawford, C.J. Grimm, A. Hocker, M. Martinello, O.S. Melnychuk, J.P. Ozelis, S. Posen, A.M. Rowe, D.A. Sergatskov, N. Solyak, R.P. Stanek, G. Wu
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
D. Gonnella
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
J.M. Köszegi
HZB, Berlin, Germany
M. Liepe
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

In this contribution we will report quality factor evolution of several different nine cell N doped cavities with very high Q. The evolution of the quality factor will be reported from bare to dressed in vertical test to dressed in horizontal test with unity coupling to dressed in horizontal test and CM-like environment/configuration (with RF ancillaries). Cooling studies and optimal cooling regimes will be discussed for both vertical and horizontal tests and comparisons will be drawn also for different styles titanium vessels. Studies of sensitivities to magnetic field in final horizontal configuration have been performed by applying a field around the dressed cavity and varying the cooling; parameters required for a very good flux expulsion will be presented.

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MOPB045

Study of Slip and Deformation in High Purity Single Crystal Nb for Accelerator Cavities

experiment, niobium, SRF, cavity

191

D. Kang, D.C. Baars, T.R. Bieler
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
C. Compton
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
A. Mapar, F. Pourboghrat
MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics, through Grant No. DE-FG02-09ER41638.
High purity Nb has been used to build accelerator cavities over the past couple decades, and there is a growing interest in using ingot Nb as an alternative to the fine grain sheets. Plastic deformation governed by slip is complicated in body-centered cubic metals like Nb. Besides the crystal orientation with respect to the applied stress (Schmid effect), slip is also affected by other factors including temperature, strain rate, strain history, and non-Schmid effects such as twinning/anti-twinning asymmetry and non-glide shear stresses. A clear understanding of slip is an essential step towards modeling the deep drawing of large grain ingot slices, hence predicting the final microstructure/performance of cavities. Two groups of single crystals, with and without a prior heat treatment, were deformed to 40% engineering strain in uniaxial tension. Differences in flow stresses and active slip systems between the two groups were observed, likely due to the removal of preexisting dislocations. Crystal plasticity modeling of the stress-strain behavior suggests that the non-Schmid effect is small in Nb, and that the deep drawing process might be approximated with a Schmid model.

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MOPB104

Flux Expulsion Variation in SRF Cavities

cavity, niobium, cryogenics, SRF

404

S. Posen, M. Checchin, A.C. Crawford, A. Grassellino, M. Martinello, O.S. Melnychuk, A. Romanenko, D.A. Sergatskov
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Treating a cavity with nitrogen doping significantly increases Q₀ at medium fields, reducing cryogenic costs for high duty factor linear accelerators such as LCLS II. N-doping also makes cavities more sensitive to increased residual resistance due to trapped magnetic flux, making it critical to either have extremely effective magnetic shielding, or to prevent flux from being trapped in the cavity during cooldown. In this paper, we report on results of a study of flux expulsion. We discuss possible ways in which flux can be pinned in the inner surface, outer surface, or bulk of a cavity, and we present experimental results studying these mechanisms. We show that grain structure appears to play a key role and that a cavity that expelled flux poorly changed to expelling flux well after a high temperature furnace treatment. We further show that after furnace treatment, this cavity exhibited a significant improvement in quality factor when cooled in an external magnetic field. We conclude with implications for SRF accelerators with high Q₀ requirements.

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MOPB116

Developments of Horizontal High Pressure Rinsing for SuperKEKB SRF Cavities

cavity, vacuum, operation, SRF

443

Y. Morita, K. Akai, T. Furuya, A. Kabe, S. Mitsunobu, M. Nishiwaki
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

The Q factors of the eight superconducting accelerating cavities gradually degraded during the long-term operation of the KEKB accelerator. Since we will re-use those SRF cavities for the SuperKEKB, the performance degradation will be a serious problem. Several cavities degraded their performance significantly at high accelerating fields. The Q degradation is still acceptable for the 1.5 MV operations at SuperKEKB. However, further degradation will make the operation difficult. In order to recover the cavity performance, we developed horizontal high pressure water rinsing (HHPR). This method uses a horizontal high pressure water nozzle and inserts it directly into the cavity module. We applied this method to two degraded cavities and their degraded Q factors recovered above 10⁹ at around 2 MV. In this paper we will present the HHPR method, high power test results after the HHPR and the residual gas analysis.

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TUBA05

Progress With Multi-Cell Nb3Sn Cavity Development Linked With Sample Materials Characterization

cavity, niobium, vacuum, SRF

505

G.V. Eremeev, M.J. Kelley, C.E. Reece
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
M.J. Kelley, U. Pudasaini
The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
J. Tuggle
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA

Funding: Authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177.
Exploiting both the new Nb3Sn coating system and the materials characterization tools nearby, we report our progress in low-loss Nb3Sn films development. Nb3Sn films a few micrometers thick were grown on Nb coupons as well as single- and multi-cell cavities by the Sn-diffusion technique. Films structure and composition were investigated on coated samples and cavity cutouts with characterization tools including SEM/EDS/EBSD, AFM, XPS, SIMS towards correlating film growth and RF loss to material properties and deposition parameters. Cavity coating efforts focused on establishing techniques for coating progressively more complicated RF structures, and understanding limiting mechanisms in coated cavities. Nb3Sn coated 1.5 GHz 1-cell and 1.3 GHz 2-cell cavities have shown quality factors of 10¹⁰ at 4.3 K, with several cavities reaching above Eacc = 10 MV/m. The dominant limiting mechanisms were low field quenches and quality factor degradation above 8 MV/m. The surface data indicates a near-stoichiometric Nb3Sn consistent with the transition temperature and gap measurements. The Nb3Sn layer is covered with Nb2O5 and SnO2 native oxides and has little memory of the pre-coating surface.

Slides TUBA05 [2.418 MB]

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TUPB041

Testing Nb3Sn Coating Using muSR

TRIUMF, SRF, niobium, radio-frequency

651

R.E. Laxdal, T.J. Buck
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
S. Gheidi
UBC, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
R. Kiefl
UBC & TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
M. Liepe, S. Posen
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

The SRF group at TRIUMF has tested samples relevant for SRF application since 2010 using the TRIUMF μSR facility. In this study collaborators at Cornell coat a Nb coin and a Nb ellipsoid sample with Nb3Sn for characterization using μSR at TRIUMF. Field of first flux entry measurements are performed at M20 on both samples. Measurements include the vortex nucleation field Hnucleate and Tc of both Nb3Sn and Nb. Interestingly the Nb3Sn increases the vortex nucleation field at 2K over standard Nb samples.

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TUPB065

Cryogenic RF Characterization of Superconducting Materials at SLAC With Hemispherical Cavities

cavity, niobium, SRF, cryogenics

735

P.B. Welander, M.A. Franzi, S.G. Tantawi
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

For the characterization of SRF materials, we have commissioned a second-generation, X-band cavity cryostat that can rapidly analyze thin-film coatings or bulk samples. The system operates at 11.4 GHz, at temperatures down to 4 K, and utilizes two interchangeable hemispherical cavities (one Cu, one Nb) that can accommodate 51 mm-diameter samples on the flat side. The cavities are designed to operate with a TE032-like mode where the magnetic field is strongest on the sample surface. As a result, the sample accounts for 33% of the overall cavity loss, despite comprising less than 8% of the total surface area. For low-power testing we utilize a programmable network analyzer, while for high-power testing we connect the cavity to a 50 MW XL-4 klystron. With the Nb cavity we can measure surface resistances down to 0.7 microhm, while with the Cu cavity we can measure quenching fields up to 360 mT. X-band operation permits a compact cavity and cryostat design with a reasonable sample size, while the closed-cycle pulse-tube cryorefrigerator allows for rapid sample cycling. We will discuss cryostat design, cavity modeling, measurement limits, and recent sample testing results.

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TUPB078

Developments on a Cold Bead-Pull Test Stand for SRF Cavities

cavity, HOM, SRF, operation

770

A.V. Vélez, A. Frahm, J. Knobloch, A. Neumann
HZB, Berlin, Germany

Final tuning and field profile characterization of SRF cavities always takes place at room temperature. However, important questions remains as to what happens when the cavity is cooled to LHe temperature, in particular with multi cell systems. To enable the characterization of cavities in the cold, we have designed and commissioned a "cold bead-pull" test stand at HZB. The present test stand is designed to be integrated in HoBiCaT (Horizontal bi-cavity testing facility) with the ability to provide electric field profile measurements under realistic superconducting conditions (T=1.8K). In this paper mechanical and operational details of the apparatus will be described as well as future plans for the development and usage of this facility.

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TUPB091

Systematic Uncertainties in RF-Based Measurement of Superconducting Cavity Quality Factors

cavity, coupling, resonance, superconducting-cavity

814

W. Schappert, J.P. Holzbauer, Y.M. Pischalnikov, D.A. Sergatskov
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Measurements of cavity quality factor measurements are subject to at least three potentially large sources of systematic error that have not been previously recognized. Imperfect coupler directivity (cross-talk) can lead to large errors in the cavity coupling factor when the cavity coupling factor is significantly different than unity. Energy re-reflected from the circulator can systematically bias the measured cavity decay time which is used to determine the loaded quality factor. Use of the peak probe power or the minimum of the reflected power to determine the cavity resonance frequency rather than the peak of the probe/forward transfer function may lead to errors in the resonance frequency that can also affect quality factors. Each effect is illustrated with measurements in the Fermilab VTS, simulations and analytic calculations. If the magnitude and phase of the cavity RF signals are measured, these effects can be measured and corrected for. If only signal magnitudes are recorded or these effects are not measured, they must be treated as sources of systematic uncertainty.

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WEA2A02

High Gradient Testing of the Five-Cell Superconducting RF Module With a PBG Coupler Cell

cavity, niobium, dipole, HOM

948

S. Arsenyev
MIT/PSFC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
C.H. Boulware, T.L. Grimm, A. Rogacki
Niowave, Inc., Lansing, Michigan, USA
W.B. Haynes, D.Y. Shchegolkov, E.I. Simakov, T. Tajima
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: DOE Office of Science/Office of High Energy Physics
Superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerating structures allow high-gradient operation in continuous-wave mode. These machines can be limited by beam-breakup instability at high currents because higher-order modes with very high Q factors are easily excited by the beam. Photonic band gap (PBG) structures provide a way to strongly damp higher-order modes without compromising the performance of the structure in the fundamental mode. We first address the design of the structure and issues that arise from incorporating a complex PBG cell into an SRF module. In particular, the module was tuned to have uneven accelerating gradient profile in order to provide equal peak surface magnetic field in every cell. We then cover the fabrication steps and surface treatment of the five-cell niobium structure and report results of the high gradient tests at temperatures of 4 K and 2 K.

Slides WEA2A02 [7.023 MB]

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THPB007

A Study of Resonant Excitation of Longitudinal HOMs in the Cryomodules of LCLS-II

HOM, cavity, resonance, impedance

1073

K.L.F. Bane, C. Adolphsen, A. Chao, Z. Li
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515
The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at SLAC, the world's first hard X-ray FEL, is being upgraded to the LCLS-II. The major new feature will be the installation of 35 cryomodules (CMs) of TESLA-type, superconducting accelerating structures. It is envisioned that LCLS-II will eventually be able to deliver 300 pC, 1 kA pulses of beam at a rate of 1 MHz. At a cavity temperature of 2K, any heat generated (even on the level of a few watts) is expensive to remove. In the last linac of LCLS-II, L3–-where the peak current is highest–-the power radiated by the bunch in the CMs is estimated at 14 W (charge 300 pC option, rep rate 1 MHz). But this calculation ignores resonances that can be excited between the bunch frequency and higher order mode (HOM) frequencies in the CMs, which in principle can greatly increase this number. In this report we develop a theory of resonant build up. Then, using 500 numerically obtained modes over the frequency range 3–5 GHz, we estimate the probability of significant resonant build up in L3 of LCLS-II. The effects of small random bunch phase and charge errors will also be addressed.

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THPB019

Bead-Pull Measurements of the Main Deflecting Mode of the Double-Quarter-Wave Cavity for the HL-LHC

cavity, simulation, luminosity, resonance

1105

M. Navarro-Tapia, R. Calaga
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: This research has received funding from the European Commission under the FP7 project HiLumi LHC (Grant agreement no. 284404), and under a Marie Curie action (Grant agreement PCOFUND-GA-2010-267194).
A full-scale model of the double-quarter-wave (DQW) cavity towards the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) upgrade was built in aluminum to characterize the deflecting mode. Field strength measurements have been carried out for both the transverse and longitudinal electromagnetic fields, by using the bead-pull technique. Perturbation objects of different shapes and material were used to separate the electric and magnetic field components. A reasonably good agreement was found between numerical simulation and measurements, which confirm the reliability and accuracy of the measurements done.

Poster THPB019 [0.237 MB]

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THPB066

RF Analysis of Equator Welding Stability for the European XFEL Cavities

cavity, controls, linac, HOM

1272

A.A. Sulimov
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

In order to guaranty a sufficient High Order Modes (HOM) damping in the European XFEL cavities, a detailed analysis of the mechanical cavity production was performed. The mechanical measurements are precise enough to control the shape of cavity parts, but cannot be used for a welded cavity. To estimate the shape deformation during equator welding, the eigenfrequencies of cavity cells are compared with frequencies of cavity parts. This simple RF analysis can indicate irregularity of 9 equator welds and was used in addition to control of mean values for longitudinal and transverse deformations.

Poster THPB066 [0.148 MB]

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THPB071

Developments of SiC Damper for SuperKEKB Superconducting Cavity

HOM, cavity, operation, higher-order-mode

1289

M. Nishiwaki, K. Akai, T. Furuya, A. Kabe, S. Mitsunobu, Y. Morita
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

Upgrade works for SuperKEKB is in the final stage and the commissioning operation will start in this JFY. Eight superconducting accelerating cavities were operated for more than ten years at KEKB electron ring and are to be used at SuperKEKB. The cavity operation at those high current accelerators requires sufficient absorption of the beam-induced HOM power. In KEKB, the absorbed HOM power of 16 kW in two ferrite dampers attached to each cavity was achieved at the beam current of 1.4 A. On the other hand, the expected HOM power at SuperKEKB is calculated to be 37 kW in the beam current of 2.6 A. To cope with the HOM power issue, we developed additional HOM dampers made of SiC to be installed to the downstream of the cavity module. From precise calculations, it was found that the additional dampers reduce the HOM power loads of the ferrite dampers more effectively than the large beam pipe model of cavity module, which is another option to reduce the HOM loads. New SiC dampers were fabricated and high power-tested. Those SiC dampers successfully absorbed the expected HOM power. In this report, we will describe the results of calculations and high-power RF tests of new SiC dampers.

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THPB094

Status of the Fundamental Power Coupler Production for the European XFEL Accelerator

status, Windows, cryomodule, vacuum

1364

S. Sierra, G. Garcin, C. Lievin, G. Vignette
TED, Velizy, France
A. Gallas, W. Kaabi
LAL, Orsay, France
M. Knaak, M. Pekeler, L. Zweibaeumer
RI Research Instruments GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany

For the XFEL accelerator, Thales, RI Research Instrument and LAL are working on the manufacturing, assembly and conditioning of fundamental power couplers. 670 couplers have to be manufactured according to strict specifications. The paper describes the full production activity from the program starting to the currentphase with main measurements for the coupler characteristic: copper and TiN coating characteristics. The status of the production is given with an output rate of 8 couplers per week. The status for more than 500 couplers manufactured and conditionned is presented.

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