SRF2017 - List of Keywords (experiment)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOPB070	The Improvement of the Power Coupler for CADS SC Spoke Cavities	ion, cavity, electron, cryomodule	220
	T.M. Huang, B. Bing, X. Chen, H.Y. Lin, Q. Ma, F. Meng, W.M. Pan, G.W. Wang IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China K.X. Gu Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Twenty superconducting spoke cavities mounted in three cryomodules (CM1, CM2 and CM4) were in-stalled in the CADS, a test facility of 10 mA, 25 MeV CW proton linac. Each cavity was equipped with one coaxial type fundamental power coupler (FPC). Fatal window crack was observed during the test cryomod-ule (TCM) commissioning. A series of experiments were subsequently implemented and eventually at-tributed the window crack to the electron bombard-ment from cavity field emission (FE). Improvements covering the coupler cleaning and assembly proce-dure, the structure and position modifications were thus implemented, aiming to reduce the cavity contam-ination and avoid the window damaged by cavity FE electrons. This paper will describe how the coupler window damaged by cavity field emission and the improve-ments for cure. In addition, the performances of FPCs for CM1, CM2 and CM4 were compared.
	Poster MOPB070 [0.613 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-MOPB070
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MOPB080	The Stable Operation of MPG and Measurement of Output	ion, electron, cavity, cathode	254
	B.T. Li, X.Y. Lu, L. Xiao, D.Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z.Q. Yang, J. Zhao PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The concept of micro-pulse electron gun(MPG) was proposed decades ago. It can provide electron beam with high current, short pulse and low emittance. But it is still not put into practical use as electron source because of its unsteady operating state. This paper presents an experimental result of the steady running of MPG which can operate stably for more than ten hours. The energy spread of the electron beam is also measured, the peak is located at near 20eV and half width is less than 15eV .
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-MOPB080
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MOPB101	Cryomodule Fabrication and Modification for High Current Operation at the Mainz Energy Recovering Superconducting Accelerator MESA	ion, cavity, cryomodule, operation	297
	T. Stengler, K. Aulenbacher, F. Hug, D. Simon IKP, Mainz, Germany K. Aulenbacher, T. Kürzeder HIM, Mainz, Germany
	Funding: This work is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under the Cluster of Excellence "PRISMA" EXC 1098/2014} At Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, the Institute for Nuclear Physics is currently building the multiturn ERL 'Mainz Energy-Recovering Superconducting Accelerator' MESA. The §I{1.3}{\giga\hertz} cryomodules are based on the ELBE modules at Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) but are modified to suit the high current, energy recovering purposes of MESA. With two 9-cell TESLA cavities each, they shall provide §I{50}{\mega\electronvolt} energy gain per turn. The design and fabrication was done by Research Instruments GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany. The current status of the cryomodules, the test set up at the Helmholtz-Institute Mainz, the cavity properties and their tests will be discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-MOPB101
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TUPB036	R&D of CEPC Cavity	cavity, ion, cryomodule, SRF	463
	P. Sha Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China B. Liu, Z.H. Mi, J.Y. Zhai, X.Y. Zhang, H.J. Zheng IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Funding: This study was supported by National Key Programme for S&T Research and Development (Grant NO.: 2016YFA0400400) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant NO.: 11505197) CEPC will use 650 MHz cavities for the collider (Main Ring) and 1.3 GHz cavities for the Booster. Each booster cryomodule contains eight 1.3 GHz 9-cell cavities, which is similar as LCLS-II. Each collider cryomodule contains six 650 MHz 2-cell cavities, which is totally new. So our R&D of CEPC cavity mainly focuses on the 650 MHz 2-cell cavity. A cryomodule which consists of two 650 MHz 2-cell cavities has began in early 2017. In this thesis, the RF and mechanical design is displayed with Helium Vessel. Besides, multipacting is analyzed. In order to achieve high Q, N-doping is also studied.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-TUPB036
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TUPB056	Study on a Low Beta High Current Taper Type Superconducting Half Wave Resonator for BISOL	cavity, ion, simulation, ISOL	516
	F. Zhu, M. Chen, L.W. Feng, S.W. Quan, F. Wang, H.T.X. Zhong PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Funding: Work supported by National Basic Research Project (No. 2014CB845504) Beijing isotope separation on line type rare ion beam facility (BISOL) for both basic science and applications is a project proposed by China Institute of Atomic Energy and Peking University. Deuteron driver accelerator of BISOL would adopt superconducting half wave resonator (HWR) with low beta and high current. For pre-research of BISOL, a β=0.09 162.5 MHz taper type HWR cavity has been designed for accelerating deuteron beam with several tens of mA. The Design, fabrication, post-processing and room temperature RF measurement of the HWR cavity will be presented in this paper.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-TUPB056
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TUPB067	Insights into Formation of Nb3Sn Film During the Vapor Diffusion Process	ion, niobium, cavity, SRF	539
	U. Pudasaini, M.J. Kelley The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA G.V. Eremeev, M.J. Kelley, C.E. Reece JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA M.J. Kelley, J. Tuggle Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
	Funding: Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DE-AC05-06OR23177 and Office of High Energy Physics under grant DE-SC-0014475. The potential of Nb3Sn for SRF cavities is widely recognized and renewed R&D efforts continue to bring new insights about material structure and its properties. We have systematically coated niobium with Nb3Sn using "vapor diffusion" under varying coating conditions to elucidate the reaction of tin with niobium at the temperatures of interest. The analysis of the coated samples is revealing new understanding about the two-stage nucleation/deposition ("vapor diffusion") process that allows us to form a hypothesis regarding Nb3Sn formation mechanism. The essential aspect of nucleation is the deposition of a high coverage, nanoscale thin tin film with particle assemblage by decomposition of tin chloride on the niobium surface at temperatures sufficient for reduction of the thick niobium oxide film, usually at about 500°C. The deposition is followed by the reaction of tin from tin vapor with the niobium surface to form Nb3Sn at about 1200°C, where the surface and grain boundaries start to play key role in the formation process initiation and progression. These findings improve understanding of the Nb3Sn growth in the typical vapor diffusion process used for accelerator cavity coatings.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-TUPB067
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TUPB072	Investigation of BCP Parameters for Mastery of SRF Cavity Treatment	ion, cavity, niobium, SRF	558
	F. Éozénou CEA/DSM/IRFU, France E. Cenni, G. Devanz, T. Percerou, Th. Proslier, C. Servouin CEA/DRF/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France M.L.L. Nghiem UPMC, Paris, France
	Mastery of Standard Buffered Chemical Polishing (with mixture of hydrofluoric, nitric and phosphoric acids) is of paramount importance for the treatment of SRF resonators with complex geometry has IFMIF half-wave resonators, in order to control accurately their frequency evolution. Furthermore, strong and unexpected asymmetry in removals has recently been observed after BCP treatment of ESS-medium beta resonators. The goal of this study is to investigate accurately influence of parameters such as surface geometry and orientation, acid temperature, agitation and their coupling on the removal rate. We will also focus on the influence of by-products such has NOx on kinetics. The mixture used is HF(40%)- HNO3(65%)-H3PO4(85%) with ratio 1-1-2.4.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-TUPB072
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TUPB086	Study on Local Chemical Treatment for Recovery From Surface Oxidation by HPR Process on SRF Cavities	cavity, ion, SRF, niobium	592
	H. Guo, Y. He, Y.M. Li, T. Tan, A.D. Wu, P.R. Xiong, Z.M. You, W.M. Yue, S.H. Zhang IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	High pressure rinsing (HPR) with ultra-pure water (UPW) is the last step which is commonly used for SRF cavities cleaning. The serious surface damage will be caused due to the failure of the distance control between the jet and cavity surface or the breakdown of the jet rotation. The surface of taper HWR cavities which are used for CIADS project was damaged in HPR process. Two methods were used for surface recovery and the result will be presented in this paper.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-TUPB086
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TUPB087	Low Temperature and Low Pressure Plasma for the HWR Superconducting Cavity In-situ Cleaning	ion, electron, plasma, cavity	595
	A.D. Wu, W. Chang, H. Guo, Y. He, C.L. Li, Y.M. Li, P.R. Xiong, L. Yang, W.M. Yue, S.H. Zhang, H.W. Zhao IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China F. Gou Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
	The glow discharge for low temperature and low pressures plasma were utilized for the half-wave resonator (HWR) superconducting cavity in-situ cleaning. The plasma was on ignition of the Argon/Oxygen mixture atmosphere, which was under the low pressure of 0.5 to 5.0 Pascal. Driven by the RF power with the frequency of the cavity fundamental mode, the plasma showed the typical characteristic of the typical RF glow discharge, which the temperature of the electrons about 1eV that diagnosed by the optical emission spectrum. The experimental parameters for the discharge were optimized to obtain the uniform plasma distribution on the HWR cavity, including the RF power, the atmospheric pressure and the oxygen proportion. At last, the vertical cryogenic test was completed to investigate the impact of active oxygen plasma cleaning on the HWR cavity performance recovery, which contaminated by hydrocarbons. The test proves that the glow plasma clean can relieve the x-ray radiation which caused by the field electron emission effect.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-TUPB087
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TUPB092	Analysis of Niobium Surface and Generated Particles in Vertical Electropolishing of Single-cell Coupon Cavity	ion, cavity, cathode, niobium	607
	V. Chouhan, Y.I. Ida, K.N. Nii, T.Y. Yamaguchi MGH, Hyogo-ken, Japan H. Hayano, S. Kato, H. Monjushiro, T. Saeki, M. Sawabe KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	In our previous studies, we have reported parameter investigation for vertical electropolishing (VEP) of 1-cell niobium (Nb) tesla/ILC type cavities using a Ninja cathode. A 1-cell coupon cavity containing six Nb disk coupons at its different positions was found effective to reduce time and cost to establish an optimized VEP recipe. In this work, we present surface analyses of VEPed Nb coupon surfaces using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Surfaces contained micro- and nano-sized particles which were found with random distributions and different number densities on the beam pipe and iris coupons. Surfaces of equator coupons were found to have relatively less number of particles or almost clean. To analyze particles, a few particles were picked-up from a coupon surface using a tungsten tip under SEM and analyzed with EDX while the coupon was moved out from the SEM chamber to avoid its effect in EDX spectra. The particles were confirmed as oxygen-rich niobium and contained fluorine and carbon also. XPS analysis of the coupon surfaces was also carried out for further study of surface chemistry.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-TUPB092
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TUPB093	Nb Single-cell Cavity Vertical Electro-polishing with Ninja Cathode and Evaluation of its Accelerating Gradient	ion, cavity, cathode, accelerating-gradient	612
	K.N. Nii, V. Chouhan, Y.I. Ida, T.Y. Yamaguchi MGH, Hyogo-ken, Japan P. Carbonnier, Y. Gasser, L. Maurice CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France F. Éozénou, C. Servouin CEA/DSM/IRFU, France H. Hayano, S. Kato, H. Monjushiro, T. Saeki, M. Sawabe KEK, Ibaraki, Japan Th. Proslier CEA/DRF/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	Marui Galvanizing Co. Ltd. has been improving Vertical Electro-Polishing (VEP) technology for Nb superconducting RF cavity in collaboration with KEK. In this collaboration, we developed a unique cathode namely Ninja cathode for VEP treatment of Nb cavities. We have already reported that longitudinal symmetry in niobium removal and surface state of a single cell cavity were improved after VEP using the Ninja cathode. In this article, we report a result of accelerating gradient evaluation for 1.3 GHz single cell RF cavity after VEP with Ninja cathode in collaboration with KEK and CEA Saclay.
	Poster TUPB093 [0.704 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-TUPB093
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TUPB095	Modeling the Hydroforming of a Large Grain Niobium Tube With Crystal Plasticity	ion, cavity, niobium, SRF	616
	A. Mapar MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA T.R. Bieler Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA J.E. Murphy University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA F. Pourboghrat Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
	Current SRF cavities are made from fine grained polycrystalline niobium half-cells welded together. Hot spots are commonly found in the heat-affected zone, making seamless hydroformed cavities attractive. Large grain cavities usually perform as well as fine grain cavities, often having a higher Q, presumably due to fewer grain boundaries. Large grain Nb forms non-uniformly, which introduces problems in manufacturing. A model that could realistically predict the deformation response of large grain Nb could facilitate the design of large grain hydroformed tubes. To this end, a crystal plasticity model was developed and calibrated with tensile stress-strain data of Nb single crystals. A seamless large grain tube was made from rolling a fine grain sheet into a tube, welded, and heat treated to grow large grains. The heat treatment resulted in a large grain tube with a single grain orientation in the center. The tube was hydroformed until it cracked. The hydroforming process was simulated with the crystal plasticity model, which was able to predict the deformed shape of the tube, the location of the crack and other localized areas with heterogeneous strain.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-TUPB095
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TUPB097	R&D of Electro-polishing (EP) Process with HF-free Neutral Electrolyte by Bipolar-pulse (BP) Method	ion, cavity, SRF, cathode	623
	J. Taguchi, Y. Mochida, T. Nakajima Nomura Plating Co, Ltd., Osaka, Japan H. Hayano, T. Saeki KEK, Ibaraki, Japan S. Kakudo, M. Kunieda The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
	Currently the Electro-Polishing (EP) process of Superconducting Radio-Frequency (SRF) accelerating cavity is performed with the electrolyte that is the mixture of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids. However, the electrolyte is very dangerous and the environmental load in the disposal process of electrolyte is very heavy. This is the reason why the high cost is necessary in the safe design of facility and the safe operation of process in the conventional EP method. In such situation, considering the reduction of cost and environmental load in the EP process, we performed the R&D of novel EP process with HF-free neutral electrolyte by Bipolar-Pulse (BP) method. In this presentation, we will report the removal rate, surface roughness and the results of surface analysis for the Nb-coupon samples that were processed by the BP-EP with HF-free neutral electrolyte.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-TUPB097
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TUPB098	The Effect of Process Parameters on the Surface Properties of Niobium During Plasma Etching	ion, plasma, cavity, SRF	628
	J.J. Peshl, S. Popović, L. Vušković ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA J. Upadhyay LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA A-M. Valente-Feliciano JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: This work is supported by the Department of Energy, Grant DE-SC0014397. We have shown that plasma etching using an electronegative Ar/Cl2 discharge can effectively remove surface oxide layers on Nb samples as well as bulk Nb from single cell SRF cavities. With accelerating fields on the order of wet etching processes and a decrease in field emission the use of plasma assisted etching for bulk Nb processing is a worthwhile endeavor. We are presenting the surface properties of plasma etched Nb. Cavity grade Nb coupons were made by water jet cutting, and then polished to achieve surface roughness equivalent to electropolishing (<1 micron). The coupons were plasma etched while process parameters (rf power, gas pressure, temperature and DC bias voltage) are varied. These samples are placed on the inner surface of the cylindrical cavity to be etched. The experimental setup is similar to the single cell cavity plasma etching setup. Each sample is weighed and scanned before and after plasma processing with an AFM, SEM, and digital optical microscope that provide both atomic composition and surface roughness profiles. Comparing the scans allows us to make conclusions about the effect of each parameter on the surface roughness. J. Upadhyay et. al. 'Cryogenic rf test of the first plasma etched SRF cavity,' arXiv: 1605.06494 [physics.acc-ph] (2016).*
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-TUPB098
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TUPB100	Determining BCP Etch Rate and Uniformity in High Luminosity LHC Crab Cavities	ion, cavity, simulation, SRF	635
	T.J. Jones STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom G. Burt Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom R. Calaga, O. Capatina, L.M.A. Ferreira, R. Leuxe CERN, Geneva, Switzerland T.J. Jones, J.A. Mitchell Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom S.M. Pattalwar STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom S. Verdú-Andrés, B. P. Xiao BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	The compact SRF Crab Cavities required for HL-LHC have complex geometries making prediction of average and local BCP etch rates a difficult task. This paper describes a series of experiments and simulations used to determine the etch uniformity and rate within these structures. An initial experiment was conducted to determine the correlation between etch rate and flow rate in a Nb tube. These results were then incorporated into Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations of acid flow in the Double Quarter Wave (DQW) cavity to predict etch rates across the surface and allow optimisation of the BCP setup. There were several important findings from the work; one of which is that the flow rate in the relatively large body of the cavity is predominantly driven by natural convection due to the exothermic reaction. During BCP processing of the DQW cavity a significant difference in etching was observed between upper and lower horizontal surfaces which was mitigated by etching in several orientations. Two DQW cavities manufactured by CERN have received a heavy BCP of 200μm followed by 2 light BCPs of 30μm each with subsequent vertical cold tests showing performance exceeding specification.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-TUPB100
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TUPB113	Surface Characterization of Nitrided Niobium Surfaces	ion, niobium, cavity, electron	663
	A.L. Prudnikava, B. Foster University of Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Hamburg, Germany B. Foster DESY, Hamburg, Germany Y. Tamashevich HZB, Berlin, Germany Y. Tamashevich University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
	Thermal treatment of niobium radio frequency cavities in nitrogen atmosphere is employed in ILCLS-II Project in order to improve the quality factor of Nb cavities. A so called "N-infusion" thermal treatment is applied without any post processing, , whereas "N-doping" requires the removal of the upper layer of 5-30 um. For better understanding the mechanism of such an improvement, a detailed characterization of the nitrided surface is necessary. Our studies are focused on characterization of the niobium surface subjected to such treatments (surface morphology, nitrogen concentration profile, hardness, phase composition). The sample preparation technique for studying the hydride precipitation in N-Nb system is presented, and current activities on studying of N-infused Nb samples by SQUID and PPMS are briefly discussed. A. Grassellino, et al, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26 (2013) 102001. ** A. Grassellino, arXiv:1701.06077
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-TUPB113
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THPB005	Design Updates on Cavity to Measure Suppression of Microwave Surface Resistance by DC Magnetic Fields	ion, cavity, niobium, SRF	754
	J.T. Maniscalco, M. Liepe, R.D. Porter Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Our research has shown good agreement between experimental measurements of the anti-Q-slope in niobium SRF cavities and predictions from a recent theoretical model of the suppression of the microwave surface resistance with applied RF field. To confirm that this mechanism is indeed what causes the anti-Q-slope in impurity-doped niobium, it will be necessary to measure the theory's prediction that the same effect may be achieved by applying a constant (i.e. DC) magnetic field parallel to the RF surface. This will also allow for systematic studies of the proposed fundamental effect of the anti-Q-slope and of the behavior of the anti-Q-slope for many surface preparations and alternative materials, since it provides a cleaner measurement by eliminating the counteracting quasiparticle overheating and the complexifying oscillation of the screening currents. In this report we give an update on work at Cornell to design and build a coaxial cavity to measure this effect.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-THPB005
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THPB017	Investigation of Trapped Magnetic Flux in Superconducting Niobium Samples with Neutron Radiography	ion, neutron, niobium, detector	762
	O. Kugeler, T. Junginger, J. Knobloch, M.M. Krzyzagorski, J.M. Köszegi, L. Riik, W. Treimer, R.F. Ziesche HZB, Berlin, Germany
	The dynamics of flux expulsion in Nb samples during superconducting transition has been investigated with neutron radiography. Aiming at a reduction of the trapped flux with respect to obtaining a small residual resistance it was attempted to influence the expulsion by applying external AC magnetic fields. The results of these experiments are presented.
	Poster THPB017 [1.528 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-THPB017
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THPB019	Simulation of the Thermoelectrically Generated Magnetic Field in a SC Nine-cell Cavity	ion, cavity, simulation, ECR	771
	J.M. Köszegi, J. Knobloch, O. Kugeler HZB, Berlin, Germany
	Several studies showed that thermocurrents generate a magnetic field in a horizontal cavity test assembly or cryomodul, which may get trapped during the superconducting phase transition. The trapped flux causes additional dissipation during operation and can therefore significantly degrade the cavity's quality factor. We simulated the distribution of the generated magnetic field for different temperature distributions and compared the results to experimental findings. Furthermore, the impact of a growing superconducting area was investigated. The simulations complement the experimental studies because measurements were only feasible with a limited number of probes and restricted to selected locations and orientations. The simulations allow to analyze this data in the context of the whole system.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-THPB019
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THPB025	A Crystal Plasticity Study on Influence of Dislocation Mean Free Path on Stage II Hardening in Nb Single Crystals	ion, simulation, cavity, niobium	783
	T. Maiti, A. Chakrabarty, P. Eisenlohr MSU, East Lansing, USA T.R. Bieler, D. Kang Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
	Funding: Financial support from the Department of Energy through grant DE-SC0009962 is gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported in part by MSU through computational resources provided by the ICER. Constitutive models based on thermally-activated stress-assisted dislocation kinetics have been successful in predicting deformation behavior of crystalline materials, particularly in face-centered cubic (fcc) metals. In body-centered cubic (bcc) metals, success has been more or less limited, owing to ill-defined nature of slip planes and non-planar spreading of 1/2\hkl<111> screw dislocation cores. As a direct consequence of this, bcc metals show a strong dependence of flow stress on temperature and strain rate, and violation of Schmid law. We present high-resolution full-field crystal plasticity simulations of single crystal Niobium under tensile loading with an emphasis on multi-stage hardening, orientation dependence, and non-Schmid behavior. A dislocation density-based constitutive model with storage and recovery rates derived from Discrete Dislocation Dynamics is used to model strain hardening in stage II. The influence of dislocation mean free path and initial dislocation content on stage II hardening is simulated and compared with in-situ tensile experiments.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-THPB025
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THPB030	Direct Observation of Hydrides Formation of Nitrogen Doping Nb Samples	ion, niobium, cavity, electron	805
	Z.Q. Yang, X.Y. Lu, W.W. Tan, D.Y. Yang, Y. Yang, J. Zhao PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Direct observation of hydrides precipitates formation on both nitrogen doped and un-doped Nb samples at 80K has been carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Cold Stand. We have found that, under our experimental conditions, when the subsequent EP removal is less than 7μm, the amounts of hydrides formed on the surface of doped samples can be effectively reduced. When the subsequent material removal is larger than 9μm, the amounts of precipitated hydrides increased with the EP removal. When the EP removal is 7-9μm, the amounts of hydrides can still be effectively reduced. Also, more hydrides were precipitated on the surface of un-doped samples. The amounts of hydrides of doped samples may be reduced to varying degrees with different amounts of material removal.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-THPB030
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THPB031	Magnetic Properties of Nitrogen Doping Niobium Samples	ion, cavity, niobium, SRF	809
	Z.Q. Yang, X.Y. Lu, W.W. Tan, D.Y. Yang, Y. Yang, J. Zhao PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Nitrogen doping study on Niobium samples used for the fabrication of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities was carried out. The samples' surface treatments were attempted to replicate that of the cavities, which included heavy electropolishing (EP), nitrogen doping and the subsequent successive EP with different amounts of material removal. The magnetization curves of both doped and un-doped samples have been measured, from which the lower critical field Hffp (First Flux Penetration, ffp) and upper critical field Hc2 was extracted. The thermodynamic critical field Hc, superheating field Hsh and superconducting parameters of samples with different treatments was calculated from the determined reversible magnetization curves. Hsh of doped samples is obviously smaller than that of un-doped samples, which may be a possible reason for the reduction of achievable accelerating gradient in SRF niobium cavities after nitrogen doping treatments.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-SRF2017-THPB031
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THPB038	Local Magnetometer: First Critical Field Measurement of Multilayer Superconductors	ion, cavity, ion-effects, vacuum	830
	M. Aburas, C.Z. Antoine CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France A. Four CEA/DRF/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	S-I-S (Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor) nanometric superconducting multilayers have been proposed by Gurevich* to increase the maximum accelerating field of Nb RF cavities. This enhancement of HC1 may be done by coating Nb with thin layers of thickness less than the penetration depth. Therefore, it is necessary to find a particular tool, which allows us measuring HC1 directly. In fact, DC magnetometers (e.g. magnetometer SQUID) are largely used for magnetic measurements but these last are strongly influenced by orientation, edge and shape effects, especially in the case of superconductor thin films. For that reason, we developed at Saclay facilities a specific local magnetic measurement of first critical field HC1. The principle of our local magnetometer is based on the third-harmonic voltage method purposed by Claassen, which is very useful to estimate the first critical field HC1 of superconducting multilayer samples with nondestructive and contactless, but more importantly, without demagnetization effects. This paper will present the evolution of the magnetometer to overcome all types of difficulties. A. Gurevich, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 012511 (2006) J. H. Claassen et al., Review of Scientific Instruments 62, 996 (1991) * M. Aurino et al., Journal of Applied Physics 98, 123901 (2005)
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THPB040	SRF Theory Developments from the Center for Bright Beams	ion, cavity, SRF, HOM	835
	D. Liarte, T. Arias, M. Liepe, J.P. Sethna, N. Sitamaran Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA D.L. Hall Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA A.R. Pack, M.K. Transtrum Brigham Young University, Provo, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation under Award OIA-1549132, the Center for Bright Beams. We present theoretical studies of SRF materials from the Center for Bright Beams. First, we discuss the effects of disorder, inhomogeneities, and materials anisotropy on the maximum parallel surface field that a superconductor can sustain in an SRF cavity, using linear stability in conjunction with Ginzburg-Landau and Eilenberger theory. We connect our disorder mediated vortex nucleation model to current experimental developments of Nb3Sn and other cavity materials. Second, we use time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau simulations to explore the role of inhomogeneities in nucleating vortices, and discuss the effects of trapped magnetic flux on the residual resistance of weakly-pinned Nb3Sn cavities. Third, we present first-principles density-functional theory (DFT) calculations to uncover and characterize the key fundamental materials processes underlying the growth of Nb3Sn. Our calculations indicate that the observed tin-depleted regions may be the direct result of an exothermic reaction between Nb3Sn and Nb at the growing Nb/Nb3Sn interface. We suggest new growth protocols to mitigate the formation of tin depleted regions.
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THPB052	Error Analysis of Surface Resistance Fits to Experimental Data	ion, cavity, simulation, data-analysis	859
	S. Keckert, J. Knobloch, O. Kugeler HZB, Berlin, Germany
	Funding: This work is part of EuCARD-2, partly funded by the European Commission, GA 312453. Superconducting material properties such as energy gap, mean free path or residual resistance are commonly extracted by fitting experimental surface resistance data. Depending on the measurement setup, both, temperature range and the number of points are limited. In order to obtain significant results, systematic as well as statistical uncertainties have to be taken into account. In this contribution different classes of errors and their impact on systematic and statistical deviations of the fitted parameters are discussed. In particular, past measurements have yielded contradictory conclusions that, we believe, result from the use of insufficient data in the necessary temperature range. Furthermore, this study is applied to the boundary conditions of the Quadrupole Resonator and its measurement accuracy.
	Poster THPB052 [1.034 MB]
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THPB057	Investigation of Nucleation Stage in Diffusion Coating of Nb3Sn on Nb	ion, niobium, SRF, cavity	873
	F. Pan IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Nb3Sn has the potential to improve properties of SRF cavities, such as the gradients and the working tempera-tures. Institute of Modern Physics has launched its Nb3Sn thin film coated SRF cavity project in 2016. Samples have been successfully coated to study the process of tin vapor diffusion. The main part of the deposition system is a tube furnace, which working temperature can reach 1100°C. Basic material characterization of the Sn-Nb film will be presented in this work.
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THPB069	Surface Studies of Nb3Sn Coated Samples Prepared under Different Coating Conditions	ion, cavity, SRF, site	894
	U. Pudasaini, M.J. Kelley The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA G.V. Eremeev, M.J. Kelley, C.E. Reece JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA M.J. Kelley, J. Tuggle Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
	Funding: Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DEAC0506OR23177 and Office of High Energy Physics under grant DESC0014475. The promise of better performance and significant cost reduction make Nb3Sn-coated Nb SRF cavities an attractive option when compared to traditional Nb SRF cavities. Historically, the vapor diffusion technique for coating Nb cavities with Nb3Sn has proven to be the most successful, and is currently practiced in several research facilities with minor variations. Using modern characterization tools, we examined the Nb3Sn coating prepared in different systems and/or under different conditions. Identically prepared high RRR (~ 300) Nb samples were coated using existing standard protocols at different coating facilities. The microstructure and composition of Nb3Sn coatings were found to be similar when examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed on each sample and the topographies of the samples were then compared in terms of power spectral densities (PSDs). Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiles revealed trace amounts of Ti in some of the samples.
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THPB070	Electrochemical Finishing Treatment of Nb3Sn Diffusion-coated Niobium	ion, niobium, cavity, SRF	900
	U. Pudasaini, M.J. Kelley The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA G.V. Eremeev, M.J. Kelley, C.E. Reece, H. Tian JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DEAC0506OR23177 and Office of High Energy Physics under grant DESC0014475. Nb3Sn cavities are now routinely prepared by depositing few micron thick Nb3Sn coatings on Nb cavities using tin vapor diffusion process. For the¬¬ case of niobium there is a significant improvement after electropolishing (EP), but electrochemical finishing treatment on Nb3Sn coatings has not been studied. Controlled removal of the first few layers could lead to a smoother and cleaner surface that is conducive to better RF performance. Several samples, which were coated with Nb3Sn by vapor diffusion process in a JLab sample chamber, were used to explore polishing parameters, such as I-V characteristics, removal rate, topography, etc. Preliminary results from the first runs are discussed here.
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THPB075	GaN-based Photocathodes for High Brightness Electron Beams	ion, cathode, electron, target	906
	M. Schumacher, X. Jiang, M. Vogel University Siegen, Siegen, Germany
	Funding: This research is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany in the framework of HOPE II (project number 05K16PS1). Prospective light sources requires photocathodes with high quantum efficiency (QE), long lifetime and minimized thermal emittance. One promising candidate meeting the aforementioned specifications is GaN. Due to its wide band gap (Eg = 3,4 eV), GaN can be excited by UV-light sources. Its thermal and chemical stability are added bonuses. In the framework of the present activity, the synthesis of GaN films on Si, Cu, Mo and Nb by means of rf magnetron sputtering is proposed. In this context, Ga, GaAs and GaN are suitable source material candidates, which are sputtered in a nitrogen/argon plasma discharge. The conductivity as well as the band-gap of the corresponding films can be modified by dopants like Mg and In, respectively. Standard materials science characterization techniques such as SEM, EDX, XRD or XPS are used to explore the growth mechanism of GaN alongside with a morphological and chemical examination. To assess and optimize the performance of the photocathode the abovementioned requirements are tested in an in-situ setup. In addition to the project outline, first experimental results of GaN coatings synthesized based on a GaAs source sputtered in pure N2 are presented.
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THPB080	Measurement of Frequency, Temperature, RF Field Dependent Surface Resistance Using Superconducting Half Wave Cavity	cavity, ion, SRF, factory	925
	H. Park JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA S.U. De Silva, J.R. Delayen, H. Park ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
	A theory of surface resistance of superconductor was rigorously formulated by Bardeen, Cooper, Schrieffer more than 50 years ago. Since then the accelerator community has been used the theory as a guideline to improve the surface resistance of the superconducting cavity. It has been observed that the surface resistance is dependent on frequency, temperature and rf field strength, and surface preparation. To verify these dependences, a well-controlled study is required. Although many different types of cavities have been tested, the typical superconducting cavities are built for specific frequencies of their application. They do not provide data other than at its own frequency. A superconducting half wave cavity is a cavity that enables us to collect the surface resistance data across frequencies of interest for particle accelerators and evaluate preparation techniques. This paper will present the design of the half wave cavity, its electromagnetic mode characteristics and experimental results.
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Paper

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MOPB070

The Improvement of the Power Coupler for CADS SC Spoke Cavities

ion, cavity, electron, cryomodule

220

T.M. Huang, B. Bing, X. Chen, H.Y. Lin, Q. Ma, F. Meng, W.M. Pan, G.W. Wang
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
K.X. Gu
Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Twenty superconducting spoke cavities mounted in three cryomodules (CM1, CM2 and CM4) were in-stalled in the CADS, a test facility of 10 mA, 25 MeV CW proton linac. Each cavity was equipped with one coaxial type fundamental power coupler (FPC). Fatal window crack was observed during the test cryomod-ule (TCM) commissioning. A series of experiments were subsequently implemented and eventually at-tributed the window crack to the electron bombard-ment from cavity field emission (FE). Improvements covering the coupler cleaning and assembly proce-dure, the structure and position modifications were thus implemented, aiming to reduce the cavity contam-ination and avoid the window damaged by cavity FE electrons. This paper will describe how the coupler window damaged by cavity field emission and the improve-ments for cure. In addition, the performances of FPCs for CM1, CM2 and CM4 were compared.

Poster MOPB070 [0.613 MB]

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MOPB080

The Stable Operation of MPG and Measurement of Output

ion, electron, cavity, cathode

254

B.T. Li, X.Y. Lu, L. Xiao, D.Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z.Q. Yang, J. Zhao
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The concept of micro-pulse electron gun(MPG) was proposed decades ago. It can provide electron beam with high current, short pulse and low emittance. But it is still not put into practical use as electron source because of its unsteady operating state. This paper presents an experimental result of the steady running of MPG which can operate stably for more than ten hours. The energy spread of the electron beam is also measured, the peak is located at near 20eV and half width is less than 15eV .

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MOPB101

Cryomodule Fabrication and Modification for High Current Operation at the Mainz Energy Recovering Superconducting Accelerator MESA

ion, cavity, cryomodule, operation

297

T. Stengler, K. Aulenbacher, F. Hug, D. Simon
IKP, Mainz, Germany
K. Aulenbacher, T. Kürzeder
HIM, Mainz, Germany

Funding: This work is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under the Cluster of Excellence "PRISMA" EXC 1098/2014}
At Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, the Institute for Nuclear Physics is currently building the multiturn ERL 'Mainz Energy-Recovering Superconducting Accelerator' MESA. The §I{1.3}{\giga\hertz} cryomodules are based on the ELBE modules at Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) but are modified to suit the high current, energy recovering purposes of MESA. With two 9-cell TESLA cavities each, they shall provide §I{50}{\mega\electronvolt} energy gain per turn. The design and fabrication was done by Research Instruments GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany. The current status of the cryomodules, the test set up at the Helmholtz-Institute Mainz, the cavity properties and their tests will be discussed.

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TUPB036

R&D of CEPC Cavity

cavity, ion, cryomodule, SRF

463

P. Sha
Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
B. Liu, Z.H. Mi, J.Y. Zhai, X.Y. Zhang, H.J. Zheng
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: This study was supported by National Key Programme for S&T Research and Development (Grant NO.: 2016YFA0400400) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant NO.: 11505197)
CEPC will use 650 MHz cavities for the collider (Main Ring) and 1.3 GHz cavities for the Booster. Each booster cryomodule contains eight 1.3 GHz 9-cell cavities, which is similar as LCLS-II. Each collider cryomodule contains six 650 MHz 2-cell cavities, which is totally new. So our R&D of CEPC cavity mainly focuses on the 650 MHz 2-cell cavity. A cryomodule which consists of two 650 MHz 2-cell cavities has began in early 2017. In this thesis, the RF and mechanical design is displayed with Helium Vessel. Besides, multipacting is analyzed. In order to achieve high Q, N-doping is also studied.

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TUPB056

Study on a Low Beta High Current Taper Type Superconducting Half Wave Resonator for BISOL

cavity, ion, simulation, ISOL

516

F. Zhu, M. Chen, L.W. Feng, S.W. Quan, F. Wang, H.T.X. Zhong
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: Work supported by National Basic Research Project (No. 2014CB845504)
Beijing isotope separation on line type rare ion beam facility (BISOL) for both basic science and applications is a project proposed by China Institute of Atomic Energy and Peking University. Deuteron driver accelerator of BISOL would adopt superconducting half wave resonator (HWR) with low beta and high current. For pre-research of BISOL, a β=0.09 162.5 MHz taper type HWR cavity has been designed for accelerating deuteron beam with several tens of mA. The Design, fabrication, post-processing and room temperature RF measurement of the HWR cavity will be presented in this paper.

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TUPB067

Insights into Formation of Nb3Sn Film During the Vapor Diffusion Process

ion, niobium, cavity, SRF

539

U. Pudasaini, M.J. Kelley
The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
G.V. Eremeev, M.J. Kelley, C.E. Reece
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
M.J. Kelley, J. Tuggle
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA

Funding: Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DE-AC05-06OR23177 and Office of High Energy Physics under grant DE-SC-0014475.
The potential of Nb3Sn for SRF cavities is widely recognized and renewed R&D efforts continue to bring new insights about material structure and its properties. We have systematically coated niobium with Nb3Sn using "vapor diffusion" under varying coating conditions to elucidate the reaction of tin with niobium at the temperatures of interest. The analysis of the coated samples is revealing new understanding about the two-stage nucleation/deposition ("vapor diffusion") process that allows us to form a hypothesis regarding Nb3Sn formation mechanism. The essential aspect of nucleation is the deposition of a high coverage, nanoscale thin tin film with particle assemblage by decomposition of tin chloride on the niobium surface at temperatures sufficient for reduction of the thick niobium oxide film, usually at about 500°C. The deposition is followed by the reaction of tin from tin vapor with the niobium surface to form Nb3Sn at about 1200°C, where the surface and grain boundaries start to play key role in the formation process initiation and progression. These findings improve understanding of the Nb3Sn growth in the typical vapor diffusion process used for accelerator cavity coatings.

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TUPB072

Investigation of BCP Parameters for Mastery of SRF Cavity Treatment

ion, cavity, niobium, SRF

558

F. Éozénou
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
E. Cenni, G. Devanz, T. Percerou, Th. Proslier, C. Servouin
CEA/DRF/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
M.L.L. Nghiem
UPMC, Paris, France

Mastery of Standard Buffered Chemical Polishing (with mixture of hydrofluoric, nitric and phosphoric acids) is of paramount importance for the treatment of SRF resonators with complex geometry has IFMIF half-wave resonators, in order to control accurately their frequency evolution. Furthermore, strong and unexpected asymmetry in removals has recently been observed after BCP treatment of ESS-medium beta resonators. The goal of this study is to investigate accurately influence of parameters such as surface geometry and orientation, acid temperature, agitation and their coupling on the removal rate. We will also focus on the influence of by-products such has NOx on kinetics. The mixture used is HF(40%)- HNO3(65%)-H3PO4(85%) with ratio 1-1-2.4.

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TUPB086

Study on Local Chemical Treatment for Recovery From Surface Oxidation by HPR Process on SRF Cavities

cavity, ion, SRF, niobium

592

H. Guo, Y. He, Y.M. Li, T. Tan, A.D. Wu, P.R. Xiong, Z.M. You, W.M. Yue, S.H. Zhang
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

High pressure rinsing (HPR) with ultra-pure water (UPW) is the last step which is commonly used for SRF cavities cleaning. The serious surface damage will be caused due to the failure of the distance control between the jet and cavity surface or the breakdown of the jet rotation. The surface of taper HWR cavities which are used for CIADS project was damaged in HPR process. Two methods were used for surface recovery and the result will be presented in this paper.

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TUPB087

Low Temperature and Low Pressure Plasma for the HWR Superconducting Cavity In-situ Cleaning

ion, electron, plasma, cavity

595

A.D. Wu, W. Chang, H. Guo, Y. He, C.L. Li, Y.M. Li, P.R. Xiong, L. Yang, W.M. Yue, S.H. Zhang, H.W. Zhao
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
F. Gou
Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China

The glow discharge for low temperature and low pressures plasma were utilized for the half-wave resonator (HWR) superconducting cavity in-situ cleaning. The plasma was on ignition of the Argon/Oxygen mixture atmosphere, which was under the low pressure of 0.5 to 5.0 Pascal. Driven by the RF power with the frequency of the cavity fundamental mode, the plasma showed the typical characteristic of the typical RF glow discharge, which the temperature of the electrons about 1eV that diagnosed by the optical emission spectrum. The experimental parameters for the discharge were optimized to obtain the uniform plasma distribution on the HWR cavity, including the RF power, the atmospheric pressure and the oxygen proportion. At last, the vertical cryogenic test was completed to investigate the impact of active oxygen plasma cleaning on the HWR cavity performance recovery, which contaminated by hydrocarbons. The test proves that the glow plasma clean can relieve the x-ray radiation which caused by the field electron emission effect.

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TUPB092

Analysis of Niobium Surface and Generated Particles in Vertical Electropolishing of Single-cell Coupon Cavity

ion, cavity, cathode, niobium

607

V. Chouhan, Y.I. Ida, K.N. Nii, T.Y. Yamaguchi
MGH, Hyogo-ken, Japan
H. Hayano, S. Kato, H. Monjushiro, T. Saeki, M. Sawabe
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

In our previous studies, we have reported parameter investigation for vertical electropolishing (VEP) of 1-cell niobium (Nb) tesla/ILC type cavities using a Ninja cathode. A 1-cell coupon cavity containing six Nb disk coupons at its different positions was found effective to reduce time and cost to establish an optimized VEP recipe. In this work, we present surface analyses of VEPed Nb coupon surfaces using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Surfaces contained micro- and nano-sized particles which were found with random distributions and different number densities on the beam pipe and iris coupons. Surfaces of equator coupons were found to have relatively less number of particles or almost clean. To analyze particles, a few particles were picked-up from a coupon surface using a tungsten tip under SEM and analyzed with EDX while the coupon was moved out from the SEM chamber to avoid its effect in EDX spectra. The particles were confirmed as oxygen-rich niobium and contained fluorine and carbon also. XPS analysis of the coupon surfaces was also carried out for further study of surface chemistry.

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TUPB093

Nb Single-cell Cavity Vertical Electro-polishing with Ninja Cathode and Evaluation of its Accelerating Gradient

ion, cavity, cathode, accelerating-gradient

612

K.N. Nii, V. Chouhan, Y.I. Ida, T.Y. Yamaguchi
MGH, Hyogo-ken, Japan
P. Carbonnier, Y. Gasser, L. Maurice
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
F. Éozénou, C. Servouin
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
H. Hayano, S. Kato, H. Monjushiro, T. Saeki, M. Sawabe
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
Th. Proslier
CEA/DRF/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Marui Galvanizing Co. Ltd. has been improving Vertical Electro-Polishing (VEP) technology for Nb superconducting RF cavity in collaboration with KEK. In this collaboration, we developed a unique cathode namely Ninja cathode for VEP treatment of Nb cavities. We have already reported that longitudinal symmetry in niobium removal and surface state of a single cell cavity were improved after VEP using the Ninja cathode. In this article, we report a result of accelerating gradient evaluation for 1.3 GHz single cell RF cavity after VEP with Ninja cathode in collaboration with KEK and CEA Saclay.

Poster TUPB093 [0.704 MB]

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TUPB095

Modeling the Hydroforming of a Large Grain Niobium Tube With Crystal Plasticity

ion, cavity, niobium, SRF

616

A. Mapar
MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
T.R. Bieler
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
J.E. Murphy
University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
F. Pourboghrat
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

Current SRF cavities are made from fine grained polycrystalline niobium half-cells welded together. Hot spots are commonly found in the heat-affected zone, making seamless hydroformed cavities attractive. Large grain cavities usually perform as well as fine grain cavities, often having a higher Q, presumably due to fewer grain boundaries. Large grain Nb forms non-uniformly, which introduces problems in manufacturing. A model that could realistically predict the deformation response of large grain Nb could facilitate the design of large grain hydroformed tubes. To this end, a crystal plasticity model was developed and calibrated with tensile stress-strain data of Nb single crystals. A seamless large grain tube was made from rolling a fine grain sheet into a tube, welded, and heat treated to grow large grains. The heat treatment resulted in a large grain tube with a single grain orientation in the center. The tube was hydroformed until it cracked. The hydroforming process was simulated with the crystal plasticity model, which was able to predict the deformed shape of the tube, the location of the crack and other localized areas with heterogeneous strain.

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TUPB097

R&D of Electro-polishing (EP) Process with HF-free Neutral Electrolyte by Bipolar-pulse (BP) Method

ion, cavity, SRF, cathode

623

J. Taguchi, Y. Mochida, T. Nakajima
Nomura Plating Co, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
H. Hayano, T. Saeki
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
S. Kakudo, M. Kunieda
The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Currently the Electro-Polishing (EP) process of Superconducting Radio-Frequency (SRF) accelerating cavity is performed with the electrolyte that is the mixture of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids. However, the electrolyte is very dangerous and the environmental load in the disposal process of electrolyte is very heavy. This is the reason why the high cost is necessary in the safe design of facility and the safe operation of process in the conventional EP method. In such situation, considering the reduction of cost and environmental load in the EP process, we performed the R&D of novel EP process with HF-free neutral electrolyte by Bipolar-Pulse (BP) method. In this presentation, we will report the removal rate, surface roughness and the results of surface analysis for the Nb-coupon samples that were processed by the BP-EP with HF-free neutral electrolyte.

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TUPB098

The Effect of Process Parameters on the Surface Properties of Niobium During Plasma Etching

ion, plasma, cavity, SRF

628

J.J. Peshl, S. Popović, L. Vušković
ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
J. Upadhyay
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
A-M. Valente-Feliciano
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: This work is supported by the Department of Energy, Grant DE-SC0014397.
We have shown that plasma etching using an electronegative Ar/Cl2 discharge can effectively remove surface oxide layers on Nb samples as well as bulk Nb from single cell SRF cavities*. With accelerating fields on the order of wet etching processes and a decrease in field emission the use of plasma assisted etching for bulk Nb processing is a worthwhile endeavor. We are presenting the surface properties of plasma etched Nb. Cavity grade Nb coupons were made by water jet cutting, and then polished to achieve surface roughness equivalent to electropolishing (<1 micron). The coupons were plasma etched while process parameters (rf power, gas pressure, temperature and DC bias voltage) are varied. These samples are placed on the inner surface of the cylindrical cavity to be etched. The experimental setup is similar to the single cell cavity plasma etching setup. Each sample is weighed and scanned before and after plasma processing with an AFM, SEM, and digital optical microscope that provide both atomic composition and surface roughness profiles. Comparing the scans allows us to make conclusions about the effect of each parameter on the surface roughness.
J. Upadhyay et. al. 'Cryogenic rf test of the first plasma etched SRF cavity,' arXiv: 1605.06494 [physics.acc-ph] (2016).

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TUPB100

Determining BCP Etch Rate and Uniformity in High Luminosity LHC Crab Cavities

ion, cavity, simulation, SRF

635

T.J. Jones
STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
G. Burt
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
R. Calaga, O. Capatina, L.M.A. Ferreira, R. Leuxe
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
T.J. Jones, J.A. Mitchell
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
S.M. Pattalwar
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
S. Verdú-Andrés, B. P. Xiao
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

The compact SRF Crab Cavities required for HL-LHC have complex geometries making prediction of average and local BCP etch rates a difficult task. This paper describes a series of experiments and simulations used to determine the etch uniformity and rate within these structures. An initial experiment was conducted to determine the correlation between etch rate and flow rate in a Nb tube. These results were then incorporated into Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations of acid flow in the Double Quarter Wave (DQW) cavity to predict etch rates across the surface and allow optimisation of the BCP setup. There were several important findings from the work; one of which is that the flow rate in the relatively large body of the cavity is predominantly driven by natural convection due to the exothermic reaction. During BCP processing of the DQW cavity a significant difference in etching was observed between upper and lower horizontal surfaces which was mitigated by etching in several orientations. Two DQW cavities manufactured by CERN have received a heavy BCP of 200μm followed by 2 light BCPs of 30μm each with subsequent vertical cold tests showing performance exceeding specification.

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TUPB113

Surface Characterization of Nitrided Niobium Surfaces

ion, niobium, cavity, electron

663

A.L. Prudnikava, B. Foster
University of Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Hamburg, Germany
B. Foster
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
Y. Tamashevich
HZB, Berlin, Germany
Y. Tamashevich
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Thermal treatment of niobium radio frequency cavities in nitrogen atmosphere is employed in ILCLS-II Project in order to improve the quality factor of Nb cavities. A so called "N-infusion" thermal treatment is applied without any post processing*, **, whereas "N-doping" requires the removal of the upper layer of 5-30 um. For better understanding the mechanism of such an improvement, a detailed characterization of the nitrided surface is necessary. Our studies are focused on characterization of the niobium surface subjected to such treatments (surface morphology, nitrogen concentration profile, hardness, phase composition). The sample preparation technique for studying the hydride precipitation in N-Nb system is presented, and current activities on studying of N-infused Nb samples by SQUID and PPMS are briefly discussed.
* A. Grassellino, et al, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26 (2013) 102001.
** A. Grassellino, arXiv:1701.06077

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THPB005

Design Updates on Cavity to Measure Suppression of Microwave Surface Resistance by DC Magnetic Fields

ion, cavity, niobium, SRF

754

J.T. Maniscalco, M. Liepe, R.D. Porter
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Our research has shown good agreement between experimental measurements of the anti-Q-slope in niobium SRF cavities and predictions from a recent theoretical model of the suppression of the microwave surface resistance with applied RF field. To confirm that this mechanism is indeed what causes the anti-Q-slope in impurity-doped niobium, it will be necessary to measure the theory's prediction that the same effect may be achieved by applying a constant (i.e. DC) magnetic field parallel to the RF surface. This will also allow for systematic studies of the proposed fundamental effect of the anti-Q-slope and of the behavior of the anti-Q-slope for many surface preparations and alternative materials, since it provides a cleaner measurement by eliminating the counteracting quasiparticle overheating and the complexifying oscillation of the screening currents. In this report we give an update on work at Cornell to design and build a coaxial cavity to measure this effect.

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THPB017

Investigation of Trapped Magnetic Flux in Superconducting Niobium Samples with Neutron Radiography

ion, neutron, niobium, detector

762

O. Kugeler, T. Junginger, J. Knobloch, M.M. Krzyzagorski, J.M. Köszegi, L. Riik, W. Treimer, R.F. Ziesche
HZB, Berlin, Germany

The dynamics of flux expulsion in Nb samples during superconducting transition has been investigated with neutron radiography. Aiming at a reduction of the trapped flux with respect to obtaining a small residual resistance it was attempted to influence the expulsion by applying external AC magnetic fields. The results of these experiments are presented.

Poster THPB017 [1.528 MB]

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THPB019

Simulation of the Thermoelectrically Generated Magnetic Field in a SC Nine-cell Cavity

ion, cavity, simulation, ECR

771

J.M. Köszegi, J. Knobloch, O. Kugeler
HZB, Berlin, Germany

Several studies showed that thermocurrents generate a magnetic field in a horizontal cavity test assembly or cryomodul, which may get trapped during the superconducting phase transition. The trapped flux causes additional dissipation during operation and can therefore significantly degrade the cavity's quality factor. We simulated the distribution of the generated magnetic field for different temperature distributions and compared the results to experimental findings. Furthermore, the impact of a growing superconducting area was investigated. The simulations complement the experimental studies because measurements were only feasible with a limited number of probes and restricted to selected locations and orientations. The simulations allow to analyze this data in the context of the whole system.

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THPB025

A Crystal Plasticity Study on Influence of Dislocation Mean Free Path on Stage II Hardening in Nb Single Crystals

ion, simulation, cavity, niobium

783

T. Maiti, A. Chakrabarty, P. Eisenlohr
MSU, East Lansing, USA
T.R. Bieler, D. Kang
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Funding: Financial support from the Department of Energy through grant DE-SC0009962 is gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported in part by MSU through computational resources provided by the ICER.
Constitutive models based on thermally-activated stress-assisted dislocation kinetics have been successful in predicting deformation behavior of crystalline materials, particularly in face-centered cubic (fcc) metals. In body-centered cubic (bcc) metals, success has been more or less limited, owing to ill-defined nature of slip planes and non-planar spreading of 1/2\hkl<111> screw dislocation cores. As a direct consequence of this, bcc metals show a strong dependence of flow stress on temperature and strain rate, and violation of Schmid law. We present high-resolution full-field crystal plasticity simulations of single crystal Niobium under tensile loading with an emphasis on multi-stage hardening, orientation dependence, and non-Schmid behavior. A dislocation density-based constitutive model with storage and recovery rates derived from Discrete Dislocation Dynamics is used to model strain hardening in stage II. The influence of dislocation mean free path and initial dislocation content on stage II hardening is simulated and compared with in-situ tensile experiments.

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THPB030

Direct Observation of Hydrides Formation of Nitrogen Doping Nb Samples

ion, niobium, cavity, electron

805

Z.Q. Yang, X.Y. Lu, W.W. Tan, D.Y. Yang, Y. Yang, J. Zhao
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Direct observation of hydrides precipitates formation on both nitrogen doped and un-doped Nb samples at 80K has been carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Cold Stand. We have found that, under our experimental conditions, when the subsequent EP removal is less than 7μm, the amounts of hydrides formed on the surface of doped samples can be effectively reduced. When the subsequent material removal is larger than 9μm, the amounts of precipitated hydrides increased with the EP removal. When the EP removal is 7-9μm, the amounts of hydrides can still be effectively reduced. Also, more hydrides were precipitated on the surface of un-doped samples. The amounts of hydrides of doped samples may be reduced to varying degrees with different amounts of material removal.

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THPB031

Magnetic Properties of Nitrogen Doping Niobium Samples

ion, cavity, niobium, SRF

809

Z.Q. Yang, X.Y. Lu, W.W. Tan, D.Y. Yang, Y. Yang, J. Zhao
PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Nitrogen doping study on Niobium samples used for the fabrication of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities was carried out. The samples' surface treatments were attempted to replicate that of the cavities, which included heavy electropolishing (EP), nitrogen doping and the subsequent successive EP with different amounts of material removal. The magnetization curves of both doped and un-doped samples have been measured, from which the lower critical field Hffp (First Flux Penetration, ffp) and upper critical field Hc2 was extracted. The thermodynamic critical field Hc, superheating field Hsh and superconducting parameters of samples with different treatments was calculated from the determined reversible magnetization curves. Hsh of doped samples is obviously smaller than that of un-doped samples, which may be a possible reason for the reduction of achievable accelerating gradient in SRF niobium cavities after nitrogen doping treatments.

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THPB038

Local Magnetometer: First Critical Field Measurement of Multilayer Superconductors

ion, cavity, ion-effects, vacuum

830

M. Aburas, C.Z. Antoine
CEA/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
A. Four
CEA/DRF/IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

S-I-S (Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor) nanometric superconducting multilayers have been proposed by Gurevich* to increase the maximum accelerating field of Nb RF cavities. This enhancement of HC1 may be done by coating Nb with thin layers of thickness less than the penetration depth. Therefore, it is necessary to find a particular tool, which allows us measuring HC1 directly. In fact, DC magnetometers (e.g. magnetometer SQUID) are largely used for magnetic measurements but these last are strongly influenced by orientation, edge and shape effects, especially in the case of superconductor thin films. For that reason, we developed at Saclay facilities a specific local magnetic measurement of first critical field HC1. The principle of our local magnetometer is based on the third-harmonic voltage method purposed by Claassen**, which is very useful to estimate the first critical field HC1 of superconducting multilayer samples with nondestructive and contactless, but more importantly, without demagnetization effects***. This paper will present the evolution of the magnetometer to overcome all types of difficulties.
* A. Gurevich, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 012511 (2006)
** J. H. Claassen et al., Review of Scientific Instruments 62, 996 (1991)
*** M. Aurino et al., Journal of Applied Physics 98, 123901 (2005)

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THPB040

SRF Theory Developments from the Center for Bright Beams

ion, cavity, SRF, HOM

835

D. Liarte, T. Arias, M. Liepe, J.P. Sethna, N. Sitamaran
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
D.L. Hall
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
A.R. Pack, M.K. Transtrum
Brigham Young University, Provo, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation under Award OIA-1549132, the Center for Bright Beams.
We present theoretical studies of SRF materials from the Center for Bright Beams. First, we discuss the effects of disorder, inhomogeneities, and materials anisotropy on the maximum parallel surface field that a superconductor can sustain in an SRF cavity, using linear stability in conjunction with Ginzburg-Landau and Eilenberger theory. We connect our disorder mediated vortex nucleation model to current experimental developments of Nb3Sn and other cavity materials. Second, we use time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau simulations to explore the role of inhomogeneities in nucleating vortices, and discuss the effects of trapped magnetic flux on the residual resistance of weakly-pinned Nb3Sn cavities. Third, we present first-principles density-functional theory (DFT) calculations to uncover and characterize the key fundamental materials processes underlying the growth of Nb3Sn. Our calculations indicate that the observed tin-depleted regions may be the direct result of an exothermic reaction between Nb3Sn and Nb at the growing Nb/Nb3Sn interface. We suggest new growth protocols to mitigate the formation of tin depleted regions.

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THPB052

Error Analysis of Surface Resistance Fits to Experimental Data

ion, cavity, simulation, data-analysis

859

S. Keckert, J. Knobloch, O. Kugeler
HZB, Berlin, Germany

Funding: This work is part of EuCARD-2, partly funded by the European Commission, GA 312453.
Superconducting material properties such as energy gap, mean free path or residual resistance are commonly extracted by fitting experimental surface resistance data. Depending on the measurement setup, both, temperature range and the number of points are limited. In order to obtain significant results, systematic as well as statistical uncertainties have to be taken into account. In this contribution different classes of errors and their impact on systematic and statistical deviations of the fitted parameters are discussed. In particular, past measurements have yielded contradictory conclusions that, we believe, result from the use of insufficient data in the necessary temperature range. Furthermore, this study is applied to the boundary conditions of the Quadrupole Resonator and its measurement accuracy.

Poster THPB052 [1.034 MB]

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THPB057

Investigation of Nucleation Stage in Diffusion Coating of Nb3Sn on Nb

ion, niobium, SRF, cavity

873

F. Pan
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Nb3Sn has the potential to improve properties of SRF cavities, such as the gradients and the working tempera-tures. Institute of Modern Physics has launched its Nb3Sn thin film coated SRF cavity project in 2016. Samples have been successfully coated to study the process of tin vapor diffusion. The main part of the deposition system is a tube furnace, which working temperature can reach 1100°C. Basic material characterization of the Sn-Nb film will be presented in this work.

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THPB069

Surface Studies of Nb3Sn Coated Samples Prepared under Different Coating Conditions

ion, cavity, SRF, site

894

U. Pudasaini, M.J. Kelley
The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
G.V. Eremeev, M.J. Kelley, C.E. Reece
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
M.J. Kelley, J. Tuggle
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA

Funding: Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DEAC0506OR23177 and Office of High Energy Physics under grant DESC0014475.
The promise of better performance and significant cost reduction make Nb3Sn-coated Nb SRF cavities an attractive option when compared to traditional Nb SRF cavities. Historically, the vapor diffusion technique for coating Nb cavities with Nb3Sn has proven to be the most successful, and is currently practiced in several research facilities with minor variations. Using modern characterization tools, we examined the Nb3Sn coating prepared in different systems and/or under different conditions. Identically prepared high RRR (~ 300) Nb samples were coated using existing standard protocols at different coating facilities. The microstructure and composition of Nb3Sn coatings were found to be similar when examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed on each sample and the topographies of the samples were then compared in terms of power spectral densities (PSDs). Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiles revealed trace amounts of Ti in some of the samples.

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THPB070

Electrochemical Finishing Treatment of Nb3Sn Diffusion-coated Niobium

ion, niobium, cavity, SRF

900

U. Pudasaini, M.J. Kelley
The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
G.V. Eremeev, M.J. Kelley, C.E. Reece, H. Tian
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DEAC0506OR23177 and Office of High Energy Physics under grant DESC0014475.
Nb3Sn cavities are now routinely prepared by depositing few micron thick Nb3Sn coatings on Nb cavities using tin vapor diffusion process. For the¬¬ case of niobium there is a significant improvement after electropolishing (EP), but electrochemical finishing treatment on Nb3Sn coatings has not been studied. Controlled removal of the first few layers could lead to a smoother and cleaner surface that is conducive to better RF performance. Several samples, which were coated with Nb3Sn by vapor diffusion process in a JLab sample chamber, were used to explore polishing parameters, such as I-V characteristics, removal rate, topography, etc. Preliminary results from the first runs are discussed here.

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THPB075

GaN-based Photocathodes for High Brightness Electron Beams

ion, cathode, electron, target

906

M. Schumacher, X. Jiang, M. Vogel
University Siegen, Siegen, Germany

Funding: This research is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany in the framework of HOPE II (project number 05K16PS1).
Prospective light sources requires photocathodes with high quantum efficiency (QE), long lifetime and minimized thermal emittance. One promising candidate meeting the aforementioned specifications is GaN. Due to its wide band gap (Eg = 3,4 eV), GaN can be excited by UV-light sources. Its thermal and chemical stability are added bonuses. In the framework of the present activity, the synthesis of GaN films on Si, Cu, Mo and Nb by means of rf magnetron sputtering is proposed. In this context, Ga, GaAs and GaN are suitable source material candidates, which are sputtered in a nitrogen/argon plasma discharge. The conductivity as well as the band-gap of the corresponding films can be modified by dopants like Mg and In, respectively. Standard materials science characterization techniques such as SEM, EDX, XRD or XPS are used to explore the growth mechanism of GaN alongside with a morphological and chemical examination. To assess and optimize the performance of the photocathode the abovementioned requirements are tested in an in-situ setup. In addition to the project outline, first experimental results of GaN coatings synthesized based on a GaAs source sputtered in pure N2 are presented.

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THPB080

Measurement of Frequency, Temperature, RF Field Dependent Surface Resistance Using Superconducting Half Wave Cavity

cavity, ion, SRF, factory

925

H. Park
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
S.U. De Silva, J.R. Delayen, H. Park
ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

A theory of surface resistance of superconductor was rigorously formulated by Bardeen, Cooper, Schrieffer more than 50 years ago. Since then the accelerator community has been used the theory as a guideline to improve the surface resistance of the superconducting cavity. It has been observed that the surface resistance is dependent on frequency, temperature and rf field strength, and surface preparation. To verify these dependences, a well-controlled study is required. Although many different types of cavities have been tested, the typical superconducting cavities are built for specific frequencies of their application. They do not provide data other than at its own frequency. A superconducting half wave cavity is a cavity that enables us to collect the surface resistance data across frequencies of interest for particle accelerators and evaluate preparation techniques. This paper will present the design of the half wave cavity, its electromagnetic mode characteristics and experimental results.

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