ECRIS2024 - List of Keywords (extraction)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOA3	Development towards intense uranium ion beam production of the RIKEN 28 GHz SC-ECRIS	emittance, ECR, ECRIS, ion-source	1
	G.Q. Saquilayan, J. Ohnishi, O. Kamigaito, T. Nagatomo, Y. Higurashi RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	High intensity Uranium ²³⁸U³⁵⁺ ion beams are produced in the 28 GHz superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source (SC-ECRIS) and accelerated to high energies in the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF) at RIKEN. We report the current progress of the SC-ECRIS. Intense beam operation of U³⁵⁺ was made possible through the development of high temperature ovens with optimized consumption rates of more than 10 mg/h and beam intensities reaching up to 250 eμA. With efforts toward realizing even higher beam intensities, it is now more important to optimize beam optics and minimize losses in the accelerator. This has stressed the study of emittance size and its growth factors. Measurement using a slit-collector type emittance monitor showed beam emittances that increase proportionally with the extraction current. For beam currents of 100 to 150 eμA, the beam emittances had minimal variation and remain at 0.15 π·mm·mrad for an extraction current of 5.5 mA. Differences between the normalized horizontal and vertical rms emittances were observed and horizontal emittances tend to be lower and less affected by beamline components. Using measured horizontal emittances coupled with a reference model calculation of space charge induced beam emittances, the ²³⁸U³⁵⁺ beam emittance ε₀ defined by the ion source was estimated. A systematic study using the calculated ε₀ to understand its correlation between the ECR parameters and magnetic field strength is currently ongoing.
	Slides MOA3 [1.637 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOA3
About •	Received ※ 15 September 2024 — Revised ※ 16 September 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 01 March 2025
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MOC1	Recent achievements in the production of metallic ion beams with the CAPRICE ECRIS at GSI	operation, ECR, ECRIS, plasma	14
	A. Andreev, F. Maimone, J. Mäder, M. Galonska, R. Lang, R. Hollinger GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	The GSI CAPRICE Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) provides highly-charged ion beams for various experiments at GSI, enabling the delivery of continuous wave (CW) metallic ion beams with low material consumption, which is crucial for producing high charge state ion beams from rare or extremely rare isotopes such as ⁴⁸Ca. These metallic beams are produced utilizing the thermal evaporation technique by resistively heated ovens. Due to the research groups’ demand for higher beam intensities, increased ion currents of higher charge states are now necessary from the CAPRICE ECRIS. A test campaign was conducted to establish and improve the production of high charge states of enriched ⁵⁴Cr and ⁵⁵Mn ion beams. During the tests, plasma images were captured using a CCD camera to support the operation and enable real-time monitoring of the material consumption. Additionally, a hot screen was used to protect the ceramic insulators in the extraction system from metal deposition, thereby improving the operational stability of the ECRIS. The application of an optical emission spectroscopy to monitor the stability of metallic ion beams during the operation with the resistively heated ovens was also investigated. This contribution presents the operational experience, the intensities and stability achieved for the aforementioned elements. In addition, an update on a recent improvement involving a specialized oven preparation stand for better conditioning of the ovens is given.
	Slides MOC1 [3.835 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOC1
About •	Received ※ 13 December 2024 — Revised ※ 21 January 2025 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 14 May 2025
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MOD2	Characterization of the ECR ion source LEGIS extraction system and its low energy beam transport line at Legnaro National Laboratories	LEBT, emittance, experiment, simulation	22
	G.R. Mascali INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy L. Bellan, C.S. Gallo, D. Martini, P. Francescon, M. Comunian, O. Carletto, A. Galatà INFN-LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy G.R. Mascali Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
	At INFN-Legnaro National Laboratories the heavy ions accelerator complex is fed with beams produced by a permanent magnet ECR source called LEGIS (LEGnaro ecrIS). Although suitable intensities and charge states to fulfil the requests of the users are normally guaranteed, the first part of the Low Energy Beam Transport line (LEBT) downstream of the ion source suffers from non-negligible losses and a lack of scalability when switching between ions with different mass-to-charge ratios, thus leading to a machine preparation time longer than would be desirable. These criticalities called for a deep characterization of the beam coming out from the ion source, especially in the case of high charge states heavy ions production, normally showing the lowest intensities. This contribution describes the numerical studies performed on the extraction system of the LEGIS source and its LEBT. The physics case used is a ²⁰⁸Pb³¹⁺ beam produced for a nuclear physics experiment in fall 2022. As will be shown, the results shed light on the reasons for the bad reproducibility and transmission, mostly due to aberrations induced on the extracted beam by the first optical elements.
	Slides MOD2 [7.465 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOD2
About •	Received ※ 04 October 2024 — Revised ※ 16 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 15 June 2025
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MOP04	ALISES v3 ion source in various configuration along the year	ion-source, plasma, proton, electron	39
	O. Tuske, A. Dubois, O. Delferrière, Y. Gauthier, Y. Sauce CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	ALISESv3 is a very compact light ion source that has been developed at CEA Saclay in 2018. The easy maintenance procedure of this source allowed us to test many different configurations. On the BETSI test bench equipped with an single Alisson Scanner and a pair a solenoid/deviator, we studied the extraction energy influence, we changed the number of electrodes in order to extract different kind of ions other than protons. This paper will describe briefly the ALISES 3 ion source and will present some results that we gathered in a year.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOP04
About •	Received ※ 13 September 2024 — Revised ※ 04 February 2025 — Accepted ※ 06 February 2025 — Issued ※ 07 May 2025
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MOP07	Use of a 2.45 GHz ECR ion source for the neutron target demonstrator project	ion-source, solenoid, plasma, neutron	42
	S.V. Melanson, A.M. George, M.P. Dehnel, S. Sumar D-Pace, Nelson, British Columbia, Canada
	D-Pace has licensed a 2.45 GHz ECR ion source from Neutron Therapeutics. The ion source will be used for the Neutron Target Demonstrator project at Los Alamos National Laboratory where 10 mA of singly charge krypton ions at 50 keV are required with a normalized 4-RMS emittance of less than 1 mm·mrad. The goal of the project is to create a reverse kinematics neutron capture reaction with ⁸⁴Kr ions. Due to the high radiation environment that the ion source will be subjected to, a solid state microwave power supply will be used instead of the traditional magnetron for the experiment. The main advantage of the solid state power supply is that the output is transmitted by a coax cable instead of a waveguide, so the power supply can be located a long distance away from the ion source without the need for a complicated and expensive waveguide. The other advantage of the solid state device is that the frequency can be varied from 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz. This gives the operator an extra degree of freedom for tuning the ion source and also allows for the use of permanent magnets instead of solenoids while still having the ability to tune the ECR condition. We present how the frequency variation affects the beam parameters with both the solenoid and the permanent magnet versions of the ion source.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOP07
About •	Received ※ 14 September 2024 — Revised ※ 17 June 2025 — Accepted ※ 29 June 2025 — Issued ※ 30 June 2025
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MOP09	Status report on 60 GHz ECRIS activity	experiment, ion-source, LEBT, ECR	49
	T. Andre, A. Cernuschi, C. Peaucelle, E. Labussière, M. Migliore, J. Angot, M.A. Baylac, O. Zimmermann, P. Sole, P.-O. Dumont, T. Thuillier LPSC-IN2P3, Grenoble Cedex, France F. Debray Grenoble High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Grenoble, France
	SEISM (Sixty gigahErtz Ion Source using Megawatt magnets) is an electron cyclotron resonance ion source source operating at the frequency of 60 GHz using a gyrotron producing high intensity HF pulse (up to 1 ms/300 kW/2 Hz). The prototype is based on an axial cusp magnetic geometry using polyhelix coils (installed at the LNCMI facility in Grenoble) generating a closed ECR surface at 2.1 T. Since 2019 and the restart of the project, several experimental campaigns were carried out using oxygen support gas. Beam production was studied using the setting of the source aiming to reproduce the ion current densities of 1 A/cm² previously measured. Set up and recent experimental results, will be presented. Furthermore, in the frame of the PACIFICS project (funded by French National Research Agency under the Equipex Program), a new 60 GHz ion source will be built, where polyhelix will be replaced by superconducting coils and the source will be installed at LPSC for easier availability. A new extraction system will be built in order to transform the observed high current density into a target ion beam intensity of ~100 mA. This paper will present a preliminary study of the new extraction system, built upon the principles developed by Vybin [1]. The system’s design and optimization is carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics and IBSIMU simulation tools, ensuring precise modeling of electric field fields and ion trajectories. [1] S.S. Vybin et al., “Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.”, vol. 29, p. 11LT02, 2020
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOP09
About •	Received ※ 15 September 2024 — Revised ※ 22 November 2024 — Accepted ※ 02 June 2025 — Issued ※ 22 June 2025
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MOP10	Light ions from the GTS-LHC ion source for future physics at CERN	operation, emittance, rfq, experiment	53
	D. Küchler, B.S. Bhaskar, G. Bellodi, M. Slupecki, R. Scrivens CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Starting from 2028, physics programmes using ions at CERN have requested lighter ions than the lead usually produced. The Working Group on Future Ions in the CERN Accelerator Complex has been mandated to assess the feasibility of the production and operation of these new ion species. The ion beam production from two of the chosen elements, krypton and magnesium, was studied in the GTS-LHC ion source, and the preliminary results of beam intensity, stability and emittance will be presented, as well as proposed modifications to improve performance.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOP10
About •	Received ※ 13 September 2024 — Revised ※ 17 September 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 05 February 2025
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TUA2	ECR2 performance upgrades at ATLAS	ECR, plasma, ion-source, solenoid	72
	J.T. McLain, R.C. Vondrasek, R.H. Scott ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The user requests for higher beam energies and intensities have driven the decision to upgrade the ECR2 ion source at the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System. Multiple upgrades are in progress with the expected outcome of dramatically increased ECR2 beam intensities and charge state capabilities. The magnetic upgrades include integrating an improved hexapole permanent magnet array [1] that provides the ion source radial fields, reworking the magnetic materials surrounding the plasma chamber, and installing a new cooling system for the electromagnetic solenoids that govern the ion source axial fields. The new hexapole and higher solenoid magnet operating currents will increase the ion source magnetic fields and support the use of 18 GHz RF heating, further increasing the ECR2 beam capabilities. Following these improvements and subsequent source performance, simulations of beam transport devices on the ion source platform will need to be revisited for transmission of high intensity beams. Details of these upgrade projects and simulations of the ion optics are presented. [1] R. Vondrasek, J. McLain, and R. Scott, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 2743, p. 012044. 2024.
	Slides TUA2 [2.658 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUA2
About •	Received ※ 13 September 2024 — Revised ※ 25 November 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 05 June 2025
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TUB2	Simulation of surface X-ray emission from the ASTERICS ECR ion source	electron, plasma, ion-source, injection	81
	T. Thuillier, A. Cernuschi, B. Cheymol, M. Kasulja, E. Lagorio, C. Peaucelle, F. Vezzu LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France M. Dubois, F. Lemagnen GANIL, Caen, France T. Cadoux, H. Felice, D. Simon CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	A new electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) named ASTERICS is under development for the NEWGAIN project, aiming at building a new injector for the SPIRAL2 accelerator at GANIL. A Monte Carlo code dedicated to the electron dynamics in ECRIS is used to investigate the local energy, position and velocity distribution of electrons impinging on the plasma chamber wall of ASTERICS. These quantities are presented for both the injection and extraction planes and the radial chamber wall. Results show that the electron energy distribution function is different on each of these three surfaces and that the electron velocity direction to the walls is deeply anisotropic. This data is next used as an input in a Fluka 3-dimensional model including the ASTERICS ECRIS mechanics, a simplified low energy beam line and the experimental cave in which the ion source will be installed. The x-ray flux characteristics around the source are presented. The shielding thickness and its location are studied to grant the safe passage of personnel around the ECRIS location in the accelerator building.
	Slides TUB2 [7.367 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUB2
About •	Received ※ 30 October 2024 — Revised ※ 31 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 25 February 2025
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TUP01	Operation with the LAPECR3 ion sources for cancer therapy accelerators	ion-source, ECR, operation, high-voltage	91
	J.Q. Li, C. Qian, J.D. Ma, L.T. Sun, X.Z. Zhang, H.W. Zhao, Y. Cao IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China H.W. Zhao UCAS, Beijing, People’s Republic of China G. Jin LANITH, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
	An all-permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance ion source-LAPECR3 (Lanzhou All Permanent magnet Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion source No.3) had been developed as the C⁵⁺ ion beam injector of Heavy Ion Medical Machine (HIMM) accelerator facility since 2009 in China. The first HIMM demo facility was built in Wuwei city in 2015, which had been officially licensed to treat patients in early 2020. The facility has been proven to be very effective, and more than 1000 patients have been treated so far. In order to prevent ion source failure, each facility employs two identical LAPECR3 ion sources to supply C⁵⁺ beam. At present, there are eight HIMM facilities under construction or in operation, and more than 16 LAPECR3 ion sources have been built. In order to improve the performance of the ion source for long term operation, some techniques were employed to optimize source performance and to avoid the damage of key equipment. This paper will introduce the operation status of LAPECR ion sources at these HIMM facilities and present the latest results of carbon beam production.
	Poster TUP01 [1.475 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUP01
About •	Received ※ 10 September 2024 — Revised ※ 14 September 2024 — Accepted ※ 27 May 2025 — Issued ※ 26 June 2025
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TUP07	Modification of the flexible plasma trap for high-intensity metal ion beams production	plasma, proton, injection, ion-source	105
	C.S. Gallo, A. Galatà INFN-LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy A. Pidatella, S. Marletta, D. Mascali, G.S. Mauro, S. Passarello, A.D. Russo, G. Torrisi INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy G.R. Mascali Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
	NQSTI (National Quantum Science and Technology Institute) is the enlarged partnership on QST established under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU. In this framework, there is a growing interest in the availability of mA beams of singly charged (1+) metallic ions to realise quantum devices. To satisfy this request, the joint INFN Laboratories LNS and LNL proposed to modify the Flexible Plasma Trap (FPT), installed at LNS, thus transforming it into a simple mirror Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS). This contribution describes the various technical solutions that will be adopted, foreseeing novel radial RF and gas/metal injection systems, focusing particularly on the design and simulations of a flexible extraction system capable of handling different beam intensities and ion species. Specifically, the project targets the production of high-intensity beams of singly charged ions such as Fe⁺, and Ba⁺, highlighting the versatility and innovation of the proposed modifications.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUP07
About •	Received ※ 09 October 2024 — Revised ※ 15 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 20 January 2025 — Issued ※ 07 March 2025
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TUP13	Transport of intense Bismuth and Uranium beams into a radio frequency quadrupole accelerator	rfq, ECR, ion-source, focusing	124
	G.O. Rodrigues IUAC, New Delhi, India R.W. Hamm R&M Technical Enterprises, Pleasanton, CA, USA
	A 48.5 MHz RFQ has been designed to transport and accelerate ²³⁸U⁴⁰⁺ (0.52 emA) and ²⁰⁹Bi³⁰⁺ (1.047 emA) beams extracted from a high performance ECR ion source. The RFQ design comprises of a pre-buncher built into the vanes to narrow the transmitted charge state distribution as much as possible. The design parameters as a function of cell length is optimised on ²⁰⁹Bi³⁰⁺. It is shown that the losses of various ions without using an inlet aperture are inevitable, but by proper coating of the vanes of the RFQ, sputtering can be minimised to a great extent. Titanium shows better results when compared with gold or copper and this has been verified using the modelling results from SRIM. The design details of matching the ECR and the RFQ and the predicted performance will be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUP13
About •	Received ※ 12 March 2025 — Revised ※ 01 May 2025 — Accepted ※ 29 June 2025 — Issued ※ 29 June 2025
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TUP14	3D simulations of the CAPRICE ECRIS extraction system	simulation, ECR, experiment, plasma	131
	M.A. Händler IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany A. Andreev, F. Maimone, G. Franchetti, J. Mäder, M. Galonska, R. Lang, R. Hollinger GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	The simulation of the ion extraction from the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRISs) is necessary for the optimization and development of the performance of ion sources. Due to the magnetic field configuration of the ECRISs the calculations need to be performed in 3D. Therefore simulation programs based i.e. on C⁺⁺ libraries like IBSimu were developed. In this work a physical model was implemented in IBSimu generating detailed 3D simulations of ion extraction from a CAPRICE-type ECRIS. Simulations of multi-species Argon ion beam including Helium contribution as support gas extracted from CAPRICE are carried out. The study includes the effect of different space charge compensation degrees. Furthermore, ion beams extracted with different plasma electrode apertures were analyzed in terms of ion beam current, beam profile, beam size, divergence angle, and beam quality. In addition the simulation results were compared to experimental findings, i.e. ion beam intensities and beam profiles measured with viewing screens.
	Poster TUP14 [5.264 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUP14
About •	Received ※ 20 December 2024 — Revised ※ 27 January 2025 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2025 — Issued ※ 17 April 2025
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WEA1	Characterization of D⁺ species in the 2.45 GHz ECRIS for 14-MeV neutron production	neutron, ECR, ion-source, plasma	136
	S.J. Vala, H.L. Swami, M. Abhangi, R. Kumar, R. Kumar Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, India
	The Institute for Plasma Research has set up a 14-MeV neutron generator facility. The stability, quality, and repeatability of the D⁺ ion beam are critical parameters for ensuring the reliable operation of the neutron generator. Hence, a 2.45 GHz ECR ion source has been installed to produce the deuterium beam. The primary D beam characteristics are assessed by varying extraction voltage, microwave power, gas flow, and solenoid current of the ECRIS. By optimizing these parameters, the maximum design beam current is achieved. The D ion beam contains various species, including D⁺, D₂⁺, D₃⁺, and impurities. Accurate measurement of the D⁺ content within the D ion beam is the key parameter for a neutron generator. Multiple experiments were conducted to determine the D⁺ species and optimise the ECRIS parameters for maximum production of D⁺ species. Two beam current measurement devices, the DCCT and the Faraday Cup, were installed in the beamline to measure the total deuterium beam current and D⁺ beam current, respectively. Notably, the variation in the D⁺ fraction primarily depends on the operating parameters of the ECRIS, such as extraction voltage, microwave power and gas flow. This paper presents the results of the D⁺ ion current as a function of extraction voltage, microwave power, and gas flow rate. Understanding and characterizing the D⁺ species are essential steps toward achieving stable and efficient neutron production in fusion applications.
	Slides WEA1 [3.259 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-WEA1
About •	Received ※ 15 September 2024 — Revised ※ 16 September 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 26 April 2025
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WEB3	Beam intensity prediction using ECR plasma images and machine learning	plasma, ECR, ion-source, operation	156
	Y. Morita, T. Nishi RIKEN, Saitama, Japan A. Kasagi Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan K. Kamakura University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan N. Oka National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan
	Long-term beam stability is one of the important issues in supplying multivalent heavy ion beams using an Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS). When the beam intensity drops for long-term operation, the ECRIS parameters need to be tuned to restore the original beam intensity. Continuous measurement of the beam intensity using a Faraday cup (FC) is impractical while the beam is in use. We have had to rely on an unreliable method of monitoring the total drain current to estimate the beam intensity during beamtime. To resolve this issue, we propose a new method for predicting the beam intensity at FC using machine learning. Our approach incorporates plasma images, captured through a hole in the beam extraction electrode, and operating parameters as input data for the machine learning model. In short-term test datasets, our model has successfully produced rough predictions of the beam intensity. This presentation will detail the prediction model and its prediction results on the test data.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-WEB3
About •	Received ※ 14 September 2024 — Revised ※ 18 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 02 February 2025 — Issued ※ 04 March 2025
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Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOA3

Development towards intense uranium ion beam production of the RIKEN 28 GHz SC-ECRIS

emittance, ECR, ECRIS, ion-source

1

G.Q. Saquilayan, J. Ohnishi, O. Kamigaito, T. Nagatomo, Y. Higurashi
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

High intensity Uranium ²³⁸U³⁵⁺ ion beams are produced in the 28 GHz superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source (SC-ECRIS) and accelerated to high energies in the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF) at RIKEN. We report the current progress of the SC-ECRIS. Intense beam operation of U³⁵⁺ was made possible through the development of high temperature ovens with optimized consumption rates of more than 10 mg/h and beam intensities reaching up to 250 eμA. With efforts toward realizing even higher beam intensities, it is now more important to optimize beam optics and minimize losses in the accelerator. This has stressed the study of emittance size and its growth factors. Measurement using a slit-collector type emittance monitor showed beam emittances that increase proportionally with the extraction current. For beam currents of 100 to 150 eμA, the beam emittances had minimal variation and remain at 0.15 π·mm·mrad for an extraction current of 5.5 mA. Differences between the normalized horizontal and vertical rms emittances were observed and horizontal emittances tend to be lower and less affected by beamline components. Using measured horizontal emittances coupled with a reference model calculation of space charge induced beam emittances, the ²³⁸U³⁵⁺ beam emittance ε₀ defined by the ion source was estimated. A systematic study using the calculated ε₀ to understand its correlation between the ECR parameters and magnetic field strength is currently ongoing.

Slides MOA3 [1.637 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOA3

About •

Received ※ 15 September 2024 — Revised ※ 16 September 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 01 March 2025

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reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOC1

Recent achievements in the production of metallic ion beams with the CAPRICE ECRIS at GSI

operation, ECR, ECRIS, plasma

14

A. Andreev, F. Maimone, J. Mäder, M. Galonska, R. Lang, R. Hollinger
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

The GSI CAPRICE Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) provides highly-charged ion beams for various experiments at GSI, enabling the delivery of continuous wave (CW) metallic ion beams with low material consumption, which is crucial for producing high charge state ion beams from rare or extremely rare isotopes such as ⁴⁸Ca. These metallic beams are produced utilizing the thermal evaporation technique by resistively heated ovens. Due to the research groups’ demand for higher beam intensities, increased ion currents of higher charge states are now necessary from the CAPRICE ECRIS. A test campaign was conducted to establish and improve the production of high charge states of enriched ⁵⁴Cr and ⁵⁵Mn ion beams. During the tests, plasma images were captured using a CCD camera to support the operation and enable real-time monitoring of the material consumption. Additionally, a hot screen was used to protect the ceramic insulators in the extraction system from metal deposition, thereby improving the operational stability of the ECRIS. The application of an optical emission spectroscopy to monitor the stability of metallic ion beams during the operation with the resistively heated ovens was also investigated. This contribution presents the operational experience, the intensities and stability achieved for the aforementioned elements. In addition, an update on a recent improvement involving a specialized oven preparation stand for better conditioning of the ovens is given.

Slides MOC1 [3.835 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOC1

About •

Received ※ 13 December 2024 — Revised ※ 21 January 2025 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 14 May 2025

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MOD2

Characterization of the ECR ion source LEGIS extraction system and its low energy beam transport line at Legnaro National Laboratories

LEBT, emittance, experiment, simulation

22

G.R. Mascali
INFN/LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
L. Bellan, C.S. Gallo, D. Martini, P. Francescon, M. Comunian, O. Carletto, A. Galatà
INFN-LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
G.R. Mascali
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

At INFN-Legnaro National Laboratories the heavy ions accelerator complex is fed with beams produced by a permanent magnet ECR source called LEGIS (LEGnaro ecrIS). Although suitable intensities and charge states to fulfil the requests of the users are normally guaranteed, the first part of the Low Energy Beam Transport line (LEBT) downstream of the ion source suffers from non-negligible losses and a lack of scalability when switching between ions with different mass-to-charge ratios, thus leading to a machine preparation time longer than would be desirable. These criticalities called for a deep characterization of the beam coming out from the ion source, especially in the case of high charge states heavy ions production, normally showing the lowest intensities. This contribution describes the numerical studies performed on the extraction system of the LEGIS source and its LEBT. The physics case used is a ²⁰⁸Pb³¹⁺ beam produced for a nuclear physics experiment in fall 2022. As will be shown, the results shed light on the reasons for the bad reproducibility and transmission, mostly due to aberrations induced on the extracted beam by the first optical elements.

Slides MOD2 [7.465 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOD2

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Received ※ 04 October 2024 — Revised ※ 16 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 15 June 2025

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MOP04

ALISES v3 ion source in various configuration along the year

ion-source, plasma, proton, electron

39

O. Tuske, A. Dubois, O. Delferrière, Y. Gauthier, Y. Sauce
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

ALISESv3 is a very compact light ion source that has been developed at CEA Saclay in 2018. The easy maintenance procedure of this source allowed us to test many different configurations. On the BETSI test bench equipped with an single Alisson Scanner and a pair a solenoid/deviator, we studied the extraction energy influence, we changed the number of electrodes in order to extract different kind of ions other than protons. This paper will describe briefly the ALISES 3 ion source and will present some results that we gathered in a year.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOP04

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Received ※ 13 September 2024 — Revised ※ 04 February 2025 — Accepted ※ 06 February 2025 — Issued ※ 07 May 2025

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MOP07

Use of a 2.45 GHz ECR ion source for the neutron target demonstrator project

ion-source, solenoid, plasma, neutron

42

S.V. Melanson, A.M. George, M.P. Dehnel, S. Sumar
D-Pace, Nelson, British Columbia, Canada

D-Pace has licensed a 2.45 GHz ECR ion source from Neutron Therapeutics. The ion source will be used for the Neutron Target Demonstrator project at Los Alamos National Laboratory where 10 mA of singly charge krypton ions at 50 keV are required with a normalized 4-RMS emittance of less than 1 mm·mrad. The goal of the project is to create a reverse kinematics neutron capture reaction with ⁸⁴Kr ions. Due to the high radiation environment that the ion source will be subjected to, a solid state microwave power supply will be used instead of the traditional magnetron for the experiment. The main advantage of the solid state power supply is that the output is transmitted by a coax cable instead of a waveguide, so the power supply can be located a long distance away from the ion source without the need for a complicated and expensive waveguide. The other advantage of the solid state device is that the frequency can be varied from 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz. This gives the operator an extra degree of freedom for tuning the ion source and also allows for the use of permanent magnets instead of solenoids while still having the ability to tune the ECR condition. We present how the frequency variation affects the beam parameters with both the solenoid and the permanent magnet versions of the ion source.

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOP07

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Received ※ 14 September 2024 — Revised ※ 17 June 2025 — Accepted ※ 29 June 2025 — Issued ※ 30 June 2025

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MOP09

Status report on 60 GHz ECRIS activity

experiment, ion-source, LEBT, ECR

49

T. Andre, A. Cernuschi, C. Peaucelle, E. Labussière, M. Migliore, J. Angot, M.A. Baylac, O. Zimmermann, P. Sole, P.-O. Dumont, T. Thuillier
LPSC-IN2P3, Grenoble Cedex, France
F. Debray
Grenoble High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Grenoble, France

SEISM (Sixty gigahErtz Ion Source using Megawatt magnets) is an electron cyclotron resonance ion source source operating at the frequency of 60 GHz using a gyrotron producing high intensity HF pulse (up to 1 ms/300 kW/2 Hz). The prototype is based on an axial cusp magnetic geometry using polyhelix coils (installed at the LNCMI facility in Grenoble) generating a closed ECR surface at 2.1 T. Since 2019 and the restart of the project, several experimental campaigns were carried out using oxygen support gas. Beam production was studied using the setting of the source aiming to reproduce the ion current densities of 1 A/cm² previously measured. Set up and recent experimental results, will be presented. Furthermore, in the frame of the PACIFICS project (funded by French National Research Agency under the Equipex Program), a new 60 GHz ion source will be built, where polyhelix will be replaced by superconducting coils and the source will be installed at LPSC for easier availability. A new extraction system will be built in order to transform the observed high current density into a target ion beam intensity of ~100 mA. This paper will present a preliminary study of the new extraction system, built upon the principles developed by Vybin [1]. The system’s design and optimization is carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics and IBSIMU simulation tools, ensuring precise modeling of electric field fields and ion trajectories.
[1] S.S. Vybin et al., “Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.”, vol. 29, p. 11LT02, 2020

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOP09

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Received ※ 15 September 2024 — Revised ※ 22 November 2024 — Accepted ※ 02 June 2025 — Issued ※ 22 June 2025

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MOP10

Light ions from the GTS-LHC ion source for future physics at CERN

operation, emittance, rfq, experiment

53

D. Küchler, B.S. Bhaskar, G. Bellodi, M. Slupecki, R. Scrivens
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Starting from 2028, physics programmes using ions at CERN have requested lighter ions than the lead usually produced. The Working Group on Future Ions in the CERN Accelerator Complex has been mandated to assess the feasibility of the production and operation of these new ion species. The ion beam production from two of the chosen elements, krypton and magnesium, was studied in the GTS-LHC ion source, and the preliminary results of beam intensity, stability and emittance will be presented, as well as proposed modifications to improve performance.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOP10

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Received ※ 13 September 2024 — Revised ※ 17 September 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 05 February 2025

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TUA2

ECR2 performance upgrades at ATLAS

ECR, plasma, ion-source, solenoid

72

J.T. McLain, R.C. Vondrasek, R.H. Scott
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA

Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
The user requests for higher beam energies and intensities have driven the decision to upgrade the ECR2 ion source at the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System. Multiple upgrades are in progress with the expected outcome of dramatically increased ECR2 beam intensities and charge state capabilities. The magnetic upgrades include integrating an improved hexapole permanent magnet array [1] that provides the ion source radial fields, reworking the magnetic materials surrounding the plasma chamber, and installing a new cooling system for the electromagnetic solenoids that govern the ion source axial fields. The new hexapole and higher solenoid magnet operating currents will increase the ion source magnetic fields and support the use of 18 GHz RF heating, further increasing the ECR2 beam capabilities. Following these improvements and subsequent source performance, simulations of beam transport devices on the ion source platform will need to be revisited for transmission of high intensity beams. Details of these upgrade projects and simulations of the ion optics are presented.
[1] R. Vondrasek, J. McLain, and R. Scott, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 2743, p. 012044. 2024.

Slides TUA2 [2.658 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUA2

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Received ※ 13 September 2024 — Revised ※ 25 November 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 05 June 2025

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TUB2

Simulation of surface X-ray emission from the ASTERICS ECR ion source

electron, plasma, ion-source, injection

81

T. Thuillier, A. Cernuschi, B. Cheymol, M. Kasulja, E. Lagorio, C. Peaucelle, F. Vezzu
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
M. Dubois, F. Lemagnen
GANIL, Caen, France
T. Cadoux, H. Felice, D. Simon
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

A new electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) named ASTERICS is under development for the NEWGAIN project, aiming at building a new injector for the SPIRAL2 accelerator at GANIL. A Monte Carlo code dedicated to the electron dynamics in ECRIS is used to investigate the local energy, position and velocity distribution of electrons impinging on the plasma chamber wall of ASTERICS. These quantities are presented for both the injection and extraction planes and the radial chamber wall. Results show that the electron energy distribution function is different on each of these three surfaces and that the electron velocity direction to the walls is deeply anisotropic. This data is next used as an input in a Fluka 3-dimensional model including the ASTERICS ECRIS mechanics, a simplified low energy beam line and the experimental cave in which the ion source will be installed. The x-ray flux characteristics around the source are presented. The shielding thickness and its location are studied to grant the safe passage of personnel around the ECRIS location in the accelerator building.

Slides TUB2 [7.367 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUB2

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Received ※ 30 October 2024 — Revised ※ 31 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 25 February 2025

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TUP01

Operation with the LAPECR3 ion sources for cancer therapy accelerators

ion-source, ECR, operation, high-voltage

91

J.Q. Li, C. Qian, J.D. Ma, L.T. Sun, X.Z. Zhang, H.W. Zhao, Y. Cao
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
H.W. Zhao
UCAS, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
G. Jin
LANITH, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China

An all-permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance ion source-LAPECR3 (Lanzhou All Permanent magnet Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion source No.3) had been developed as the C⁵⁺ ion beam injector of Heavy Ion Medical Machine (HIMM) accelerator facility since 2009 in China. The first HIMM demo facility was built in Wuwei city in 2015, which had been officially licensed to treat patients in early 2020. The facility has been proven to be very effective, and more than 1000 patients have been treated so far. In order to prevent ion source failure, each facility employs two identical LAPECR3 ion sources to supply C⁵⁺ beam. At present, there are eight HIMM facilities under construction or in operation, and more than 16 LAPECR3 ion sources have been built. In order to improve the performance of the ion source for long term operation, some techniques were employed to optimize source performance and to avoid the damage of key equipment. This paper will introduce the operation status of LAPECR ion sources at these HIMM facilities and present the latest results of carbon beam production.

Poster TUP01 [1.475 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUP01

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Received ※ 10 September 2024 — Revised ※ 14 September 2024 — Accepted ※ 27 May 2025 — Issued ※ 26 June 2025

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TUP07

Modification of the flexible plasma trap for high-intensity metal ion beams production

plasma, proton, injection, ion-source

105

C.S. Gallo, A. Galatà
INFN-LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
A. Pidatella, S. Marletta, D. Mascali, G.S. Mauro, S. Passarello, A.D. Russo, G. Torrisi
INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy
G.R. Mascali
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

NQSTI (National Quantum Science and Technology Institute) is the enlarged partnership on QST established under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU. In this framework, there is a growing interest in the availability of mA beams of singly charged (1+) metallic ions to realise quantum devices. To satisfy this request, the joint INFN Laboratories LNS and LNL proposed to modify the Flexible Plasma Trap (FPT), installed at LNS, thus transforming it into a simple mirror Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS). This contribution describes the various technical solutions that will be adopted, foreseeing novel radial RF and gas/metal injection systems, focusing particularly on the design and simulations of a flexible extraction system capable of handling different beam intensities and ion species. Specifically, the project targets the production of high-intensity beams of singly charged ions such as Fe⁺, and Ba⁺, highlighting the versatility and innovation of the proposed modifications.

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUP07

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Received ※ 09 October 2024 — Revised ※ 15 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 20 January 2025 — Issued ※ 07 March 2025

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TUP13

Transport of intense Bismuth and Uranium beams into a radio frequency quadrupole accelerator

rfq, ECR, ion-source, focusing

124

G.O. Rodrigues
IUAC, New Delhi, India
R.W. Hamm
R&M Technical Enterprises, Pleasanton, CA, USA

A 48.5 MHz RFQ has been designed to transport and accelerate ²³⁸U⁴⁰⁺ (0.52 emA) and ²⁰⁹Bi³⁰⁺ (1.047 emA) beams extracted from a high performance ECR ion source. The RFQ design comprises of a pre-buncher built into the vanes to narrow the transmitted charge state distribution as much as possible. The design parameters as a function of cell length is optimised on ²⁰⁹Bi³⁰⁺. It is shown that the losses of various ions without using an inlet aperture are inevitable, but by proper coating of the vanes of the RFQ, sputtering can be minimised to a great extent. Titanium shows better results when compared with gold or copper and this has been verified using the modelling results from SRIM. The design details of matching the ECR and the RFQ and the predicted performance will be presented.

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUP13

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Received ※ 12 March 2025 — Revised ※ 01 May 2025 — Accepted ※ 29 June 2025 — Issued ※ 29 June 2025

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TUP14

3D simulations of the CAPRICE ECRIS extraction system

simulation, ECR, experiment, plasma

131

M.A. Händler
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
A. Andreev, F. Maimone, G. Franchetti, J. Mäder, M. Galonska, R. Lang, R. Hollinger
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

The simulation of the ion extraction from the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRISs) is necessary for the optimization and development of the performance of ion sources. Due to the magnetic field configuration of the ECRISs the calculations need to be performed in 3D. Therefore simulation programs based i.e. on C⁺⁺ libraries like IBSimu were developed. In this work a physical model was implemented in IBSimu generating detailed 3D simulations of ion extraction from a CAPRICE-type ECRIS. Simulations of multi-species Argon ion beam including Helium contribution as support gas extracted from CAPRICE are carried out. The study includes the effect of different space charge compensation degrees. Furthermore, ion beams extracted with different plasma electrode apertures were analyzed in terms of ion beam current, beam profile, beam size, divergence angle, and beam quality. In addition the simulation results were compared to experimental findings, i.e. ion beam intensities and beam profiles measured with viewing screens.

Poster TUP14 [5.264 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUP14

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Received ※ 20 December 2024 — Revised ※ 27 January 2025 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2025 — Issued ※ 17 April 2025

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WEA1

Characterization of D⁺ species in the 2.45 GHz ECRIS for 14-MeV neutron production

neutron, ECR, ion-source, plasma

136

S.J. Vala, H.L. Swami, M. Abhangi, R. Kumar, R. Kumar
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, India

The Institute for Plasma Research has set up a 14-MeV neutron generator facility. The stability, quality, and repeatability of the D⁺ ion beam are critical parameters for ensuring the reliable operation of the neutron generator. Hence, a 2.45 GHz ECR ion source has been installed to produce the deuterium beam. The primary D beam characteristics are assessed by varying extraction voltage, microwave power, gas flow, and solenoid current of the ECRIS. By optimizing these parameters, the maximum design beam current is achieved. The D ion beam contains various species, including D⁺, D₂⁺, D₃⁺, and impurities. Accurate measurement of the D⁺ content within the D ion beam is the key parameter for a neutron generator. Multiple experiments were conducted to determine the D⁺ species and optimise the ECRIS parameters for maximum production of D⁺ species. Two beam current measurement devices, the DCCT and the Faraday Cup, were installed in the beamline to measure the total deuterium beam current and D⁺ beam current, respectively. Notably, the variation in the D⁺ fraction primarily depends on the operating parameters of the ECRIS, such as extraction voltage, microwave power and gas flow. This paper presents the results of the D⁺ ion current as a function of extraction voltage, microwave power, and gas flow rate. Understanding and characterizing the D⁺ species are essential steps toward achieving stable and efficient neutron production in fusion applications.

Slides WEA1 [3.259 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-WEA1

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Received ※ 15 September 2024 — Revised ※ 16 September 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 26 April 2025

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WEB3

Beam intensity prediction using ECR plasma images and machine learning

plasma, ECR, ion-source, operation

156

Y. Morita, T. Nishi
RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
A. Kasagi
Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
K. Kamakura
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
N. Oka
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Long-term beam stability is one of the important issues in supplying multivalent heavy ion beams using an Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS). When the beam intensity drops for long-term operation, the ECRIS parameters need to be tuned to restore the original beam intensity. Continuous measurement of the beam intensity using a Faraday cup (FC) is impractical while the beam is in use. We have had to rely on an unreliable method of monitoring the total drain current to estimate the beam intensity during beamtime. To resolve this issue, we propose a new method for predicting the beam intensity at FC using machine learning. Our approach incorporates plasma images, captured through a hole in the beam extraction electrode, and operating parameters as input data for the machine learning model. In short-term test datasets, our model has successfully produced rough predictions of the beam intensity. This presentation will detail the prediction model and its prediction results on the test data.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-WEB3

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Received ※ 14 September 2024 — Revised ※ 18 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 02 February 2025 — Issued ※ 04 March 2025

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