ECRIS2024 - List of Keywords (injection)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOP11	Continuous data-driven control of the GTS-LHC ion source at CERN	controls, solenoid, linac, plasma	56
	V. Kain, B. Rodriguez Mateos, N. Bruchon, D. Küchler CERN, Geneva, Switzerland S. Hirlaender University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
	Recent advances with the CERN infrastructure for machine learning allows to deploy state-of-the-art data-driven control algorithms for stabilising and optimising particle accelerator systems. This contribution summarises the results of the first tests with different continuous control algorithms to optimise the intensity out of the CERN LINAC3 source. The task is particularly challenging due to the different latencies for control parameters that range from instantaneous response, to full response after only ~30 minutes. The next steps and a vision towards full deployment and autonomous source control will also be discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOP11
About •	Received ※ 14 September 2024 — Revised ※ 17 September 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 18 May 2025
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUA1	Design of a new iron plug for the TRIUMF ECRIS charge state booster	plasma, booster, GUI, ECR	68
	J.A. Adegun, F. Ames, O.K. Kester TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
	Funding: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and TRIUMF This paper presents an innovative solution to address the issue of asymmetric dipole fields in the injection region of the TRIUMF electron cyclotron resonance ion source charge state booster. The asymmetric fields arise from a wide gap in the booster’s injection soft iron plug, which allows the connection of the RF waveguide to the plasma chamber. Simulations have revealed that singly charged ions, injected for charge breeding, experience deflection and get lost due to the asymmetric magnetic fields instead of being effectively captured by the plasma, thereby diminishing the efficiency of the charge state booster. To rectify this problem, a novel iron plug with an enlarged inner diameter, which allows the RF waveguide to connect to the plasma chamber with no gap was designed. Furthermore, this new design necessitates alterations to the injection electrodes and plasma chamber of the booster. Additionally, the waveguide and gas-inlet windows were repositioned to ensure better RF coupling into the plasma cavity. By eliminating the gap and implementing these design changes, it is anticipated that the TRIUMF charge state booster will operate at the same overall efficiency as other PHOENIX boosters.
	Slides TUA1 [5.636 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUA1
About •	Received ※ 17 September 2024 — Revised ※ 07 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 May 2025 — Issued ※ 23 June 2025
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUB2	Simulation of surface X-ray emission from the ASTERICS ECR ion source	electron, extraction, plasma, ion-source	81
	T. Thuillier, A. Cernuschi, B. Cheymol, M. Kasulja, E. Lagorio, C. Peaucelle, F. Vezzu LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France M. Dubois, F. Lemagnen GANIL, Caen, France T. Cadoux, H. Felice, D. Simon CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	A new electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) named ASTERICS is under development for the NEWGAIN project, aiming at building a new injector for the SPIRAL2 accelerator at GANIL. A Monte Carlo code dedicated to the electron dynamics in ECRIS is used to investigate the local energy, position and velocity distribution of electrons impinging on the plasma chamber wall of ASTERICS. These quantities are presented for both the injection and extraction planes and the radial chamber wall. Results show that the electron energy distribution function is different on each of these three surfaces and that the electron velocity direction to the walls is deeply anisotropic. This data is next used as an input in a Fluka 3-dimensional model including the ASTERICS ECRIS mechanics, a simplified low energy beam line and the experimental cave in which the ion source will be installed. The x-ray flux characteristics around the source are presented. The shielding thickness and its location are studied to grant the safe passage of personnel around the ECRIS location in the accelerator building.
	Slides TUB2 [7.367 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUB2
About •	Received ※ 30 October 2024 — Revised ※ 31 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 25 February 2025
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUP07	Modification of the flexible plasma trap for high-intensity metal ion beams production	extraction, plasma, proton, ion-source	105
	C.S. Gallo, A. Galatà INFN-LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy A. Pidatella, S. Marletta, D. Mascali, G.S. Mauro, S. Passarello, A.D. Russo, G. Torrisi INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy G.R. Mascali Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
	NQSTI (National Quantum Science and Technology Institute) is the enlarged partnership on QST established under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU. In this framework, there is a growing interest in the availability of mA beams of singly charged (1+) metallic ions to realise quantum devices. To satisfy this request, the joint INFN Laboratories LNS and LNL proposed to modify the Flexible Plasma Trap (FPT), installed at LNS, thus transforming it into a simple mirror Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS). This contribution describes the various technical solutions that will be adopted, foreseeing novel radial RF and gas/metal injection systems, focusing particularly on the design and simulations of a flexible extraction system capable of handling different beam intensities and ion species. Specifically, the project targets the production of high-intensity beams of singly charged ions such as Fe⁺, and Ba⁺, highlighting the versatility and innovation of the proposed modifications.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUP07
About •	Received ※ 09 October 2024 — Revised ※ 15 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 20 January 2025 — Issued ※ 07 March 2025
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUP11	Efficient injection of high-intensity light ions from an ECR ion source into an RFQ accelerator	LEBT, rfq, emittance, simulation	120
	C. Zhang, E. Boos GSI, Darmstadt, Germany E. Boos, C. Zhang IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany C. Zhang HFHF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
	This study investigates an efficient injection of high-intensity light ions from an Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source into a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator. An often-adopted solution for the beam matching between an ion source and an RFQ is to apply two solenoids as a Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) section. There are also other solutions which skip the LEBT section and inject the ion-source output beam directly into an RFQ e.g. the so-called Direct Plasma Injection Scheme (DPIS). For this study, a compact electrostatic LEBT using an einzel lens as well as an efficient RFQ based on a special design method have been developed to achieve high transmission of a 60 mA proton beam. Additionally, the RFQ design has been also checked with the LEBT removed. The design and simulation results will be presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUP11
About •	Received ※ 15 September 2024 — Revised ※ 15 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 19 November 2024 — Issued ※ 19 March 2025
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THA2	Numerical design of an innovative superconducting magnetic trap for probing β-decay in ECR plasmas	plasma, electron, ECR, detector	159
	G.S. Mauro, L. Celona, G. Torrisi, A. Pidatella, E. Naselli, F. Russo, B. Mishra, G. Finocchiaro, D. Santonocito, D. Mascali INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy A. Galatà INFN-LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
	The main aim of Plasmas for Astrophysics Nuclear Decays Observation and Radiation for Archaeometry (PANDORA) project is to build a flexible magnetic plasma trap where plasma reaches a density nₑ ∼ 10¹¹ – 10¹³ cm⁻³, and a temperature, in units of kT, kTₑ ∼ 0.1 – 30 keV in order to measure, for the first time, nuclear β-decay rates in stellar-like conditions. Here we present the numerical design of the PANDORA magnetic system, carried out by using the commercial simulators OPERA and CST Studio Suite. In particular, we discuss the design choices taken to: 1) obtain the required magnetic field levels at relevant axial and radial positions; 2) avoid the magnetic branches along the plasma chamber wall; 3) find the optimal position for the set of plasma diagnostics that will be employed. The magnetic trap has been conceived to be as large as possible, both in radial and axial directions, in order to exploit the plasma confinement mechanism on a bigger plasmoid volume. The plasma chamber will have a length of 700 mm and a diameter of 280 mm. The magnetic trap tender procedure has been completed in June 2024 and the structure realization is expected to start in late 2024.
	Slides THA2 [6.420 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-THA2
About •	Received ※ 25 January 2025 — Revised ※ 28 January 2025 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2025 — Issued ※ 15 June 2025
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOP11

Continuous data-driven control of the GTS-LHC ion source at CERN

controls, solenoid, linac, plasma

56

V. Kain, B. Rodriguez Mateos, N. Bruchon, D. Küchler
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
S. Hirlaender
University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

Recent advances with the CERN infrastructure for machine learning allows to deploy state-of-the-art data-driven control algorithms for stabilising and optimising particle accelerator systems. This contribution summarises the results of the first tests with different continuous control algorithms to optimise the intensity out of the CERN LINAC3 source. The task is particularly challenging due to the different latencies for control parameters that range from instantaneous response, to full response after only ~30 minutes. The next steps and a vision towards full deployment and autonomous source control will also be discussed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-MOP11

About •

Received ※ 14 September 2024 — Revised ※ 17 September 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 18 May 2025

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUA1

Design of a new iron plug for the TRIUMF ECRIS charge state booster

plasma, booster, GUI, ECR

68

J.A. Adegun, F. Ames, O.K. Kester
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada

Funding: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and TRIUMF
This paper presents an innovative solution to address the issue of asymmetric dipole fields in the injection region of the TRIUMF electron cyclotron resonance ion source charge state booster. The asymmetric fields arise from a wide gap in the booster’s injection soft iron plug, which allows the connection of the RF waveguide to the plasma chamber. Simulations have revealed that singly charged ions, injected for charge breeding, experience deflection and get lost due to the asymmetric magnetic fields instead of being effectively captured by the plasma, thereby diminishing the efficiency of the charge state booster. To rectify this problem, a novel iron plug with an enlarged inner diameter, which allows the RF waveguide to connect to the plasma chamber with no gap was designed. Furthermore, this new design necessitates alterations to the injection electrodes and plasma chamber of the booster. Additionally, the waveguide and gas-inlet windows were repositioned to ensure better RF coupling into the plasma cavity. By eliminating the gap and implementing these design changes, it is anticipated that the TRIUMF charge state booster will operate at the same overall efficiency as other PHOENIX boosters.

Slides TUA1 [5.636 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUA1

About •

Received ※ 17 September 2024 — Revised ※ 07 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 May 2025 — Issued ※ 23 June 2025

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUB2

Simulation of surface X-ray emission from the ASTERICS ECR ion source

electron, extraction, plasma, ion-source

81

T. Thuillier, A. Cernuschi, B. Cheymol, M. Kasulja, E. Lagorio, C. Peaucelle, F. Vezzu
LPSC, Grenoble Cedex, France
M. Dubois, F. Lemagnen
GANIL, Caen, France
T. Cadoux, H. Felice, D. Simon
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

A new electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) named ASTERICS is under development for the NEWGAIN project, aiming at building a new injector for the SPIRAL2 accelerator at GANIL. A Monte Carlo code dedicated to the electron dynamics in ECRIS is used to investigate the local energy, position and velocity distribution of electrons impinging on the plasma chamber wall of ASTERICS. These quantities are presented for both the injection and extraction planes and the radial chamber wall. Results show that the electron energy distribution function is different on each of these three surfaces and that the electron velocity direction to the walls is deeply anisotropic. This data is next used as an input in a Fluka 3-dimensional model including the ASTERICS ECRIS mechanics, a simplified low energy beam line and the experimental cave in which the ion source will be installed. The x-ray flux characteristics around the source are presented. The shielding thickness and its location are studied to grant the safe passage of personnel around the ECRIS location in the accelerator building.

Slides TUB2 [7.367 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUB2

About •

Received ※ 30 October 2024 — Revised ※ 31 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 29 January 2025 — Issued ※ 25 February 2025

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUP07

Modification of the flexible plasma trap for high-intensity metal ion beams production

extraction, plasma, proton, ion-source

105

C.S. Gallo, A. Galatà
INFN-LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy
A. Pidatella, S. Marletta, D. Mascali, G.S. Mauro, S. Passarello, A.D. Russo, G. Torrisi
INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy
G.R. Mascali
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

NQSTI (National Quantum Science and Technology Institute) is the enlarged partnership on QST established under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU. In this framework, there is a growing interest in the availability of mA beams of singly charged (1+) metallic ions to realise quantum devices. To satisfy this request, the joint INFN Laboratories LNS and LNL proposed to modify the Flexible Plasma Trap (FPT), installed at LNS, thus transforming it into a simple mirror Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS). This contribution describes the various technical solutions that will be adopted, foreseeing novel radial RF and gas/metal injection systems, focusing particularly on the design and simulations of a flexible extraction system capable of handling different beam intensities and ion species. Specifically, the project targets the production of high-intensity beams of singly charged ions such as Fe⁺, and Ba⁺, highlighting the versatility and innovation of the proposed modifications.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUP07

About •

Received ※ 09 October 2024 — Revised ※ 15 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 20 January 2025 — Issued ※ 07 March 2025

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUP11

Efficient injection of high-intensity light ions from an ECR ion source into an RFQ accelerator

LEBT, rfq, emittance, simulation

120

C. Zhang, E. Boos
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
E. Boos, C. Zhang
IAP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
C. Zhang
HFHF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

This study investigates an efficient injection of high-intensity light ions from an Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source into a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator. An often-adopted solution for the beam matching between an ion source and an RFQ is to apply two solenoids as a Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) section. There are also other solutions which skip the LEBT section and inject the ion-source output beam directly into an RFQ e.g. the so-called Direct Plasma Injection Scheme (DPIS). For this study, a compact electrostatic LEBT using an einzel lens as well as an efficient RFQ based on a special design method have been developed to achieve high transmission of a 60 mA proton beam. Additionally, the RFQ design has been also checked with the LEBT removed. The design and simulation results will be presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-TUP11

About •

Received ※ 15 September 2024 — Revised ※ 15 October 2024 — Accepted ※ 19 November 2024 — Issued ※ 19 March 2025

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THA2

Numerical design of an innovative superconducting magnetic trap for probing β-decay in ECR plasmas

plasma, electron, ECR, detector

159

G.S. Mauro, L. Celona, G. Torrisi, A. Pidatella, E. Naselli, F. Russo, B. Mishra, G. Finocchiaro, D. Santonocito, D. Mascali
INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy
A. Galatà
INFN-LNL, Legnaro (PD), Italy

The main aim of Plasmas for Astrophysics Nuclear Decays Observation and Radiation for Archaeometry (PANDORA) project is to build a flexible magnetic plasma trap where plasma reaches a density nₑ ∼ 10¹¹ – 10¹³ cm⁻³, and a temperature, in units of kT, kTₑ ∼ 0.1 – 30 keV in order to measure, for the first time, nuclear β-decay rates in stellar-like conditions. Here we present the numerical design of the PANDORA magnetic system, carried out by using the commercial simulators OPERA and CST Studio Suite. In particular, we discuss the design choices taken to: 1) obtain the required magnetic field levels at relevant axial and radial positions; 2) avoid the magnetic branches along the plasma chamber wall; 3) find the optimal position for the set of plasma diagnostics that will be employed. The magnetic trap has been conceived to be as large as possible, both in radial and axial directions, in order to exploit the plasma confinement mechanism on a bigger plasmoid volume. The plasma chamber will have a length of 700 mm and a diameter of 280 mm. The magnetic trap tender procedure has been completed in June 2024 and the structure realization is expected to start in late 2024.

Slides THA2 [6.420 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-ECRIS2024-THA2

About •

Received ※ 25 January 2025 — Revised ※ 28 January 2025 — Accepted ※ 30 January 2025 — Issued ※ 15 June 2025

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)