IPAC2017 - List of Keywords (niobium)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOOCA2	First Results From New Single-Cell Nb3Sn Cavities Coated at Cornell University	cavity, factory, radio-frequency, SRF	40
	D.L. Hall, J.J. Kaufman, M. Liepe, R.D. Porter, J. Sears Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Cavities coated with Nb3Sn at Cornell University demonstrate quality factors of >10¹⁰ at 4.2 K, outperforming equivalent niobium cavities by a factor of >30 at these bath temperatures. These quality factors have been maintained up to fields of 17-18 MV/m without significant Q-slope. Recently, new single-cell cavities have been added to the Cornell Nb3Sn programme in an effort to improve statistics and allow further exploration of the available parameter space. In this paper we report on the first results of these new cavities, as well as the latest performance from other cavities already in use on the programme. Furthermore, continuing work to optimise the coating procedure is reported on, and the latest understanding of the ideal coating profile is discussed.
	Slides MOOCA2 [10.366 MB]
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MOPAB022	Fabrication Studies of a 650 MHz Superconducting RF Deflecting Mode Cavity for the ARIEL Electron Linac	cavity, electron, linac, impedance	120
	D.W. Storey, R.E. Laxdal, B. Matheson, N. Muller TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada D.W. Storey Victoria University, Victoria, B.C., Canada
	A 650 MHz RF deflecting mode cavity is required for the ARIEL electron Linac to separate interleaved beams bound for either rare isotope production or a recirculation loop containing a Free Electron Laser. An RF separator will allow both modes to run simultaneously by imparting opposite transverse deflection to adjacent bunches at 1.3 GHz. The SRF cavity has been designed to provide up to 0.6 MV transverse voltage for operation with up to a 50 MeV CW electron beam. The design was optimised for compact geometry with high shunt impedance. Due to the low dissipated power, the cavity will operate at 4 K and allows for investigations into low cost fabrication techniques. The cavity is being machined from bulk reactor grade ingot Niobium and welds will be performed using TIG welding in an ultra-pure Argon chamber. Results of fabrication studies will be presented as well as measurements performed on a copper prototype cavity.
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MOPVA047	Investigation of Trapped Magnetic Flux in Superconducting Niobium Samples with Polarized Neutron Radiography	neutron, detector, experiment, polarization	964
	O. Kugeler, J. Knobloch, M.M. Krzyzagorski, J.M. Köszegi, L. Riik, W. Treimer, R.F. Ziesche HZB, Berlin, Germany
	The dynamics of flux expulsion during superconducting transition and the influence of external AC magnetic fields on expulsion of trapped fields in Nb samples has been investigated with radiography using polarized neu-trons. Results of these experiments are presented.
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MOPVA050	Setup of a Spatially Resolving Vector Magnetometry System for the Investigation of Flux Trapping in Superconducting Cavities	cavity, SRF, experiment, radio-frequency	975
	B. Schmitz, K.Alomari. Alomari, J. Knobloch, O. Kugeler, J.M. Köszegi, Y. Tamashevich HZB, Berlin, Germany
	Flux trapping is the major contribution to the residual resistance of superconducting cavities. In order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved and aiming at an eventual minimization of trapped flux, a measurement setup based on AMR sensors was devised that allows for monitoring the magnetic field vector at various positions near the cavity surface. First results of the efforts are presented.
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MOPVA057	Structural Investigations of Nitrogen-Doped Niobium for Superconducting RF Cavities	SRF, vacuum, radio-frequency, cavity	996
	M. Major, L. Alff, M. Arnold, J. Conrad, S. Flege, R. Grewe, N. Pietralla TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany F. Hug IKP, Mainz, Germany
	Funding: Work supported by BMBF through 05H15RDRBA. Niobium is the standard material for superconducting RF (SRF) cavities. Superconducting materials with higher critical temperature or higher critical magnetic field allow cavities to work at higher operating temperatures or higher accelerating fields, respectively. Enhancing the surface properties of the superconducting material in the range of the penetration depth is also beneficial. One direction of search for new materials with better properties is the modification of bulk niobium by nitrogen doping. In the Nb-N phase diagram the cubic delta-phase of NbN has the highest critical temperature (16 K). Already slight nitrogen doping of the alpha-Nb phase results in higher quality factors.* Nb samples will be N-doped at the refurbished UHV furnace at IKP Darmstadt. The first results on the structural investigations of the processed Nb samples at the Materials Research Department of TU Darmstadt are presented. * Grassellino et al., Proc. SRF2015, MOBA06, 48.
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MOPVA062	Test, Diagnostics and Computed Tomographic Inspection of a Large Grain 3.9 GHz Prototype Cavity	cavity, SRF, diagnostics, radio-frequency	1011
	M. Bertucci, A. Bignami, A. Bosotti, J.F. Chen, C.G. Maiano, P. Michelato, L. Monaco, R. Paparella, P. Pierini, D. Sertore INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy G. Ciovati, G.R. Myneni JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA C. Pagani Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy
	A large grain 3.9 GHz prototype cavity made of RRR = 10⁵ ±10 has been tested at LASA. The cavity suffered of quench at moderate levels of accelerating field, for all nine fundamental pass-band modes. Several diagnostic techniques have been employed to determine the quench positions, which occur close to significant grain-boundary steps, visible from the external cavity surface. The cavity has been scanned with a high resolution X-ray tomographic machine, confirming the existence of remarkable topographic features on the inner RF surface at the suspected quench positions. A strategy for a future surface treatment for recover the cavity performances is here presented.
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MOPVA068	Experience on Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Large Grain ESS Medium Beta Prototype Cavity	cavity, radiation, operation, cryogenics	1027
	D. Sertore, A. Bellandi, M. Bertucci, A. Bignami, A. Bosotti, J.F. Chen, C.G. Maiano, P. Michelato, L. Monaco, R. Paparella, P. Pierini INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy C. Pagani Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy S. Pirani ESS, Lund, Sweden
	We report on the design, fabrication and testing of an ESS Medium Beta prototype cavity made with Large Grain Niobium sheets sliced from an ingot provided by CBMM. The peculiar choices during the fabrication process related to the Large Grain Niobium material are described. We present also the results of the cavity test at cryogenic temperature and the dedicated quench diagnostic.
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MOPVA071	Press Forming Tests of Superconducting Spoke Cavity for Laser Compton Scattered Photon Sources	cavity, laser, photon, resonance	1031
	M. Sawamura, R. Hajima QST, Tokai, Japan H. Hokonohara, Y. Iwashita, H. Tongu Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto, Japan T. Kubo, T. Saeki KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	We are developing the superconducting spoke cavity for laser Compton scattered (LCS) photon sources. We adopt the superconducting spoke cavity for electron beam drivers to realize a wide use of LCS X-ray and '-ray sources in academic and industrial applications. The spoke cavity can make the accelerator more compact than an elliptical cavity because the cavity size is small at the same frequency and the packing factor is good by installing couplers on outer conductor. Though our proposal design for the photon source consists of the 325 MHz spoke cavities in 4K operation, we are fabricating the half scale model of 650 MHz spoke cavity in order to accumulate our cavity production experience by effective utilization of our limited resources. Since the spoke has more complicated structure than an elliptical cavity, we performed press forming tests for the half spoke and estimated the formed shapes with 3-dimensional measurement.
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MOPVA074	Fabrication of Superconducting QWR at MHI-MS	cavity, SRF, linac, superconducting-RF	1037
	N. Shigeoka, H. Hara, A. Miyamoto, K. Sennyu, T. Yanagisawa MHI-MS, Kobe, Japan O. Kamigaito, K. Ozeki, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan
	Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Mechatronics Systems, Ltd. (MHI-MS), a subsidiary campany of MHI, took over MHI's accelerator business on October 1, 2015, and has been developing the business. MHI-MS is manufacturing the prototype Superconducting QWR for RIKEN Superconducting linac project. MHI-MS has dedicated surface treatment facilities for superconducting cavities, the QWR will be treated using this facilities. In this presentation, recent progress will be reported.
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MOPVA100	Atomic Layer Deposition of Niobium Nitride from Different Precursors	plasma, experiment, controls, simulation	1094
	P. Pizzol, P. Chalker, J.W. Roberts, J. Wrench The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom O.B. Malyshev, R. Valizadeh STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Advancements in technology have taken bulk niobium cavities close to their theoretical operational limits of 45 MV/m, pushing the research to explore novel materials, such as niobium based alloys . Theoretical studies suggest that a composite material composed of alternative superconductor / insulator multilayers would surpass the bulk niobium limits. Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) can deposit mi-crons thick Nb films in less than an hour, at the expense of precise thickness control. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), instead, even if considerably slower than CVD can be used in applications where the thickness of the deposited layers needs to be controlled with a resolution down to the nanometer. This article presents the preliminary results obtained by using plasma assisted ALD techniques to deposit NbN based compounds starting from chlorinated precursors and organic ones, and the design for a new deposition system currently being built at the Daresbury Laboratories.
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MOPVA115	Status and Challenges of Vertical Electro-Polishing R&D at Cornell	cathode, cavity, SRF, linac	1115
	F. Furuta, M. Ge, T. Gruber, D.L. Hall, J.J. Kaufman, M. Liepe, R.D. Porter, J. Sears Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA V. Chouhan, Y.I. Ida, K.N. Nii, T.Y. Yamaguchi MGH, Hyogo-ken, Japan T.D. Hall, M.E. Inman, R. Radhakrishnan, S.T. Snyder, E.J. Taylor Faraday Technology, Inc., Clayton, Ohio, USA H. Hayano, S. Kato, T. Saeki KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	Advanced Vertical Electro-Polishing (VEP) R&D for SRF Niobium cavities continues at Cornell's SRF group. One focus of this work is new EP cathode development in collaboration with KEK and Marui Galvanizing Co. Ltd (Marui) in Japan, and another focus is on HF free or acid free VEP protocols in collaboration with Faraday Technology Inc. The outcomes of these activities could be a significant cost reduction and an environmentally-friendlier VEP, which would be a breakthrough for future large scale EP applications on SRF cavities. Here we give a status update and report latest results from these R&D activities.
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MOPVA116	Quench Studies in Single-Cell Nb3Sn Cavities Coated Using Vapour Diffusion	cavity, radio-frequency, accelerating-gradient, monitoring	1119
	D.L. Hall, M. Liepe, J.T. Maniscalco, R.D. Porter Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA P. Cueva, D. Liarte, D.A. Muller, J.P. Sethna Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
	The superconductor Nb3Sn is known to have a superheating field, Hsh, of approximately 400 mT. This critical field represents the ultimate achievable gradient in a superconducting cavity, and is equivalent to an accelerating gradient of 90 MV/m in an ILC single-cell cavity for this value of Hsh. However, the currently best performing Nb3Sn single-cell cavities remain limited to accelerating gradients of 17-18 MV/m, translating to a peak surface magnetic field of approx. 70 mT. In this paper, we consider theoretical models of candidate quench mechanisms, and compare them to experimental data from surface analysis and cavity tests.
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MOPVA118	Impact of Trapped Magnetic Flux and Thermal Gradients on the Performance of Nb3Sn Cavities	cavity, site, target, operation	1127
	D.L. Hall, M. Liepe Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA D. Liarte, J.P. Sethna Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Trapped magnetic flux is known to degrade the quality factor of superconducting cavities by increasing the surface losses ascribed to the residual resistance. In Nb3Sn cavities, which consist of a thin layer of Nb3Sn coated on a bulk niobium substrate, the bimetallic interface results in a thermal current being generated in the presence of a thermal gradient, which will in turn generate flux that can be trapped. In this paper we quantify the impact of trapped flux, from either ambient fields or thermal gradients, on the performance of the cavity. We discover that the sensitivity to trapped flux, a measure of the increase in residual resistance as a function of the amount of flux trapped, is a function of the accelerating gradient. A theoretical framework to explain this phenomenon is proposed, and the impact on the requirements for operating a Nb3Sn cavity in a cryomodule are considered.
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MOPVA119	Surface Analysis of Features Seen on Nb3Sn Sample Coupons Grown by Vapour Diffusion	SRF, simulation, cavity, site	1130
	D.L. Hall, M. Liepe, J.T. Maniscalco, R.D. Porter Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA T. Arias, P. Cueva, D.A. Muller, N. Sitaraman Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
	As a high-kappa superconductor with a coherence length of 7 nm, the superconductor Nb3Sn is highly susceptible to material features at the sub-micron scale. For niobium surfaces coated with a thin layer of Nb3Sn using the vapour diffusion method, the polycrystalline nature of the film grown lends to the possibility that performance-degrading non-uniformities may develop. In particular, regions of insufficiently thick coating and tin-depletion have been seen to occur in sample coupons. In the interests of understanding how to control the presence and nature of such features, it is necessary to know how they form. In this paper we stop the coating at defined instances to gain a stop-motion image of the growth of the layer, and use SEM and TEM techniques to image the development of the features seen in previously coated samples. We demonstrate that surface pre-anodisation can suppress the formation of thin film regions, and apply this technique to a single-cell cavity. Contemporarily, we use TEM with EDS mapping to monitor grain boundaries and tin-depleted regions within the layer.
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MOPVA123	Cornell Sample Host Cavity: Recent Results	cavity, SRF, electron, operation	1142
	J.T. Maniscalco, D.L. Hall, M. Liepe, R.D. Porter Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA V.M. Arrieta, S.R. McNeal, W.E. Williams Ultramet, Pacoima, California, USA
	Funding: NSF-PHY 1416318 NSF-PHY 1549132 The Cornell sample host cavity is a 3.9~GHz testing system for RF analysis of novel superconducting surfaces. The cavity applies fields up to 100~mT on a removable and replaceable 5-inch sample plate in order to measure the surface resistance of the material under investigation. The cavity also includes a temperature-mapping system for localization of quench events and surface defects. In this paper, we present recent experimental results from the host cavity of niobium deposited onto molybdenum and copper substrates using chemical vapor deposition, in collaboration with industry partner Ultramet. The results indicate low BCS resistance and good adhesion but also areas of high residual resistance due to chemical and morphological defects.
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MOPVA124	Effectiveness of Chemical Treatments for Reducing the Surface Roughness of Nb3Sn	SRF, linac, klystron, cavity	1145
	R.D. Porter, F. Furuta, D.L. Hall, M. Liepe, J.T. Maniscalco Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Funding: DOE DE-SC008431, NSF-PHY 1549132, NSF DMR-1120296 Current Niobium-3 Tin (Nb3Sn) superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerator cavities have rougher surfaces than conventional electropolished Niobium accelerator cavities. The surface roughness can cause enhancement of the surface magnetic field, pushing it beyond the critical field. If this occurs over a large enough area it can cause the cavity to quench. The surface roughness may cause other effects that negatively impact cavity quality factor (Q) performance. Reducing surface roughness of Nb3Sn cavities may be necessary to achieve higher gradient with high Q. Current chemical treatments for reducing the surface roughness of Niobium are challenging for Nb3Sn: the Nb3Sn layer is only ~2 um thick while it is difficult to remove less than 1 mu uniformly with most chemical treatments. This paper presents measurements of the surface roughness before and after Buffered Chemical Polish, Electropolishing and oxipolishing.
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MOPVA126	Sample Host Cavity Design for Measuring Flux Entry and Quench	cavity, SRF, dipole, klystron	1149
	R.D. Porter, M. Liepe, J.T. Maniscalco, V. Veshcherevich Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Funding: NSF-PHY 1549132 Current state-of-the-art Niobium superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerator cavities have reached surface magnetic field close to the theoretical maximum set by the superheating field. Further increasing accelerating gradients will require new superconducting materials for accelerator cavities that can support higher surface magnetic fields. This necessitates measuring the quench fields of new materials in high power RF fields. In this paper, we present designs and simulations of a sample host cavity. The cavity design is optimized to maximize the surface magnetic field achieved on the sample.
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MOPVA128	RF Performance of Nitrogen-Doped Production SRF Cavities for LCLS-II	cavity, SRF, operation, accelerating-gradient	1156
	D. Gonnella, A. Burrill, M.C. Ross SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA S. Aderhold, A. Grassellino, C.J. Grimm, T.N. Khabiboulline, O.S. Melnychuk, S. Posen, D.A. Sergatskov Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA E. Daly, G.K. Davis, F. Marhauser, K.M. Wilson JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: DOE and the LCLS-II Project The Linac Coherent Light Source II (LCLS-II) requires 280 9-cell superconducting RF cavities for operation in continuous wave mode. Two vendors have previously been selected to produce the cavities, Research Instruments GmbH and Ettore Zanon S.p.a. Here we present results from manufacturing and cavity preparation for the cavities constructed at these two vendors for LCLS-II. We show how the cavity preparation method has been changed mid-production in order to improve flux expulsion in the cavities and maintain high performance in realistic magnetic field environments (~5 mG). Additionally, we show that the nitrogen-doping process has been carried out successfully and repeatedly on over 70 cavities.
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MOPVA144	Post-Processing of Nb3Sn Coated Nb	SRF, superconductivity, cavity, experiment	1190
	U. Pudasaini, M.J. Kelley The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA G.V. Eremeev, M.J. Kelley, C.E. Reece JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA M.J. Kelley, J. Tuggle Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
	Funding: Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DEÂAC05Â06OR23177 and Office of High Energy Physics under grant SC00144475. Practical SRF cavities may be subjected to one or more processes after nominally complete preparation. Successful implementation of such processes in Nb3Sn coated cavities requires the understanding of material's response to these treatments. SRF-grade Nb samples, coated with Nb3Sn by the widely used tin vapor diffusion process were subjected to one or more of the following: hydrofluoric acid (HF) rinsing, oxypolishing, buffered chemical polishing (BCP) or electrochemical treatment. They were examined by materials characterization tech-niques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spec-troscopy (XPS). The effects compared to niobium are different enough in most cases that further development is desirable to routinely obtain a favorable result.
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TUPAB027	Production, Tuning and Processing Challenges of the BERLinPro Gun1.1 Cavity	cavity, gun, cathode, SRF	1375
	H.-W. Glock, A. Frahm, J. Knobloch, A. Neumann HZB, Berlin, Germany B. Rosin, D. Trompetter RI Research Instruments GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
	Funding: Work supported by German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Land Berlin, and grants of the Helmholtz Association For the BERLinPro energy recovery LINAC, HZB is developing a superconducting 1.4-cell electron gun, which, in its final version, is planned to be capable of CW 1.3 GHz operation with 77 pC/bunch. For this purpose a series of three superconducting cavities, denoted as Gun 1.0, Gun 1.1 (both designed for 6 mA) and Gun 2.0 (100 mA) are foreseen. Gun 1.0 now reached operational status and the Gun 1.1 cavity is completely manufactured. In the paper the chronology of manufacturing, tuning and processing of the Gun 1.1-cavity is described, also giving details about combined mechanical/electrodynamic simulations, which were performed in order to gain deeper understanding of the cavity's unexpected tuning behavior.
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WEPVA145	Analysis of Mean Free Path and Field Dependent Surface Resistance	cavity, SRF, electron, radio-frequency	3609
	J.T. Maniscalco, F. Furuta, D.L. Hall, P.N. Koufalis, M. Liepe Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Funding: NSF-PHY 1416318 Work from Cornell in 2016 built on recent theoretical research in the field of SRF to link the electron mean free path to the field-dependent BCS surface resistance. This research relates the magnitude of the ‘‘anti-Q-slope'', the puzzling reduction of surface resistance with increasing RF field intensity observed in certain cavities, to the doping level of nitrogen-doped niobium, quantified by the mean free path: shorter mean free paths correspond directly with stronger anti-Q-slopes. The theoretical connection comes through the overheating of the quasiparticles, which more effectively transfer their energy to the lattice at short mean free paths. In this report, we present an update of this analysis, investigating recent test results of low-temperature-doped single-cell and nine-cell cavities. We also study the theoretical implications for cavities at frequencies higher and lower than the often-studied 1.3~GHz.
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MOOCA2

First Results From New Single-Cell Nb3Sn Cavities Coated at Cornell University

cavity, factory, radio-frequency, SRF

40

D.L. Hall, J.J. Kaufman, M. Liepe, R.D. Porter, J. Sears
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Cavities coated with Nb3Sn at Cornell University demonstrate quality factors of >10¹⁰ at 4.2 K, outperforming equivalent niobium cavities by a factor of >30 at these bath temperatures. These quality factors have been maintained up to fields of 17-18 MV/m without significant Q-slope. Recently, new single-cell cavities have been added to the Cornell Nb3Sn programme in an effort to improve statistics and allow further exploration of the available parameter space. In this paper we report on the first results of these new cavities, as well as the latest performance from other cavities already in use on the programme. Furthermore, continuing work to optimise the coating procedure is reported on, and the latest understanding of the ideal coating profile is discussed.

Slides MOOCA2 [10.366 MB]

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MOPAB022

Fabrication Studies of a 650 MHz Superconducting RF Deflecting Mode Cavity for the ARIEL Electron Linac

cavity, electron, linac, impedance

120

D.W. Storey, R.E. Laxdal, B. Matheson, N. Muller
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
D.W. Storey
Victoria University, Victoria, B.C., Canada

A 650 MHz RF deflecting mode cavity is required for the ARIEL electron Linac to separate interleaved beams bound for either rare isotope production or a recirculation loop containing a Free Electron Laser. An RF separator will allow both modes to run simultaneously by imparting opposite transverse deflection to adjacent bunches at 1.3 GHz. The SRF cavity has been designed to provide up to 0.6 MV transverse voltage for operation with up to a 50 MeV CW electron beam. The design was optimised for compact geometry with high shunt impedance. Due to the low dissipated power, the cavity will operate at 4 K and allows for investigations into low cost fabrication techniques. The cavity is being machined from bulk reactor grade ingot Niobium and welds will be performed using TIG welding in an ultra-pure Argon chamber. Results of fabrication studies will be presented as well as measurements performed on a copper prototype cavity.

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MOPVA047

Investigation of Trapped Magnetic Flux in Superconducting Niobium Samples with Polarized Neutron Radiography

neutron, detector, experiment, polarization

964

O. Kugeler, J. Knobloch, M.M. Krzyzagorski, J.M. Köszegi, L. Riik, W. Treimer, R.F. Ziesche
HZB, Berlin, Germany

The dynamics of flux expulsion during superconducting transition and the influence of external AC magnetic fields on expulsion of trapped fields in Nb samples has been investigated with radiography using polarized neu-trons. Results of these experiments are presented.

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MOPVA050

Setup of a Spatially Resolving Vector Magnetometry System for the Investigation of Flux Trapping in Superconducting Cavities

cavity, SRF, experiment, radio-frequency

975

B. Schmitz, K.Alomari. Alomari, J. Knobloch, O. Kugeler, J.M. Köszegi, Y. Tamashevich
HZB, Berlin, Germany

Flux trapping is the major contribution to the residual resistance of superconducting cavities. In order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved and aiming at an eventual minimization of trapped flux, a measurement setup based on AMR sensors was devised that allows for monitoring the magnetic field vector at various positions near the cavity surface. First results of the efforts are presented.

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MOPVA057

Structural Investigations of Nitrogen-Doped Niobium for Superconducting RF Cavities

SRF, vacuum, radio-frequency, cavity

996

M. Major, L. Alff, M. Arnold, J. Conrad, S. Flege, R. Grewe, N. Pietralla
TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
F. Hug
IKP, Mainz, Germany

Funding: Work supported by BMBF through 05H15RDRBA.
Niobium is the standard material for superconducting RF (SRF) cavities. Superconducting materials with higher critical temperature or higher critical magnetic field allow cavities to work at higher operating temperatures or higher accelerating fields, respectively. Enhancing the surface properties of the superconducting material in the range of the penetration depth is also beneficial. One direction of search for new materials with better properties is the modification of bulk niobium by nitrogen doping. In the Nb-N phase diagram the cubic delta-phase of NbN has the highest critical temperature (16 K). Already slight nitrogen doping of the alpha-Nb phase results in higher quality factors.* Nb samples will be N-doped at the refurbished UHV furnace at IKP Darmstadt. The first results on the structural investigations of the processed Nb samples at the Materials Research Department of TU Darmstadt are presented.
* Grassellino et al., Proc. SRF2015, MOBA06, 48.

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MOPVA062

Test, Diagnostics and Computed Tomographic Inspection of a Large Grain 3.9 GHz Prototype Cavity

cavity, SRF, diagnostics, radio-frequency

1011

M. Bertucci, A. Bignami, A. Bosotti, J.F. Chen, C.G. Maiano, P. Michelato, L. Monaco, R. Paparella, P. Pierini, D. Sertore
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
G. Ciovati, G.R. Myneni
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
C. Pagani
Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy

A large grain 3.9 GHz prototype cavity made of RRR = 10⁵ ±10 has been tested at LASA. The cavity suffered of quench at moderate levels of accelerating field, for all nine fundamental pass-band modes. Several diagnostic techniques have been employed to determine the quench positions, which occur close to significant grain-boundary steps, visible from the external cavity surface. The cavity has been scanned with a high resolution X-ray tomographic machine, confirming the existence of remarkable topographic features on the inner RF surface at the suspected quench positions. A strategy for a future surface treatment for recover the cavity performances is here presented.

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MOPVA068

Experience on Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Large Grain ESS Medium Beta Prototype Cavity

cavity, radiation, operation, cryogenics

1027

D. Sertore, A. Bellandi, M. Bertucci, A. Bignami, A. Bosotti, J.F. Chen, C.G. Maiano, P. Michelato, L. Monaco, R. Paparella, P. Pierini
INFN/LASA, Segrate (MI), Italy
C. Pagani
Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Segrate, Italy
S. Pirani
ESS, Lund, Sweden

We report on the design, fabrication and testing of an ESS Medium Beta prototype cavity made with Large Grain Niobium sheets sliced from an ingot provided by CBMM. The peculiar choices during the fabrication process related to the Large Grain Niobium material are described. We present also the results of the cavity test at cryogenic temperature and the dedicated quench diagnostic.

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MOPVA071

Press Forming Tests of Superconducting Spoke Cavity for Laser Compton Scattered Photon Sources

cavity, laser, photon, resonance

1031

M. Sawamura, R. Hajima
QST, Tokai, Japan
H. Hokonohara, Y. Iwashita, H. Tongu
Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
T. Kubo, T. Saeki
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

We are developing the superconducting spoke cavity for laser Compton scattered (LCS) photon sources. We adopt the superconducting spoke cavity for electron beam drivers to realize a wide use of LCS X-ray and '-ray sources in academic and industrial applications. The spoke cavity can make the accelerator more compact than an elliptical cavity because the cavity size is small at the same frequency and the packing factor is good by installing couplers on outer conductor. Though our proposal design for the photon source consists of the 325 MHz spoke cavities in 4K operation, we are fabricating the half scale model of 650 MHz spoke cavity in order to accumulate our cavity production experience by effective utilization of our limited resources. Since the spoke has more complicated structure than an elliptical cavity, we performed press forming tests for the half spoke and estimated the formed shapes with 3-dimensional measurement.

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MOPVA074

Fabrication of Superconducting QWR at MHI-MS

cavity, SRF, linac, superconducting-RF

1037

N. Shigeoka, H. Hara, A. Miyamoto, K. Sennyu, T. Yanagisawa
MHI-MS, Kobe, Japan
O. Kamigaito, K. Ozeki, N. Sakamoto, K. Suda, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamada
RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Japan

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Mechatronics Systems, Ltd. (MHI-MS), a subsidiary campany of MHI, took over MHI's accelerator business on October 1, 2015, and has been developing the business. MHI-MS is manufacturing the prototype Superconducting QWR for RIKEN Superconducting linac project. MHI-MS has dedicated surface treatment facilities for superconducting cavities, the QWR will be treated using this facilities. In this presentation, recent progress will be reported.

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MOPVA100

Atomic Layer Deposition of Niobium Nitride from Different Precursors

plasma, experiment, controls, simulation

1094

P. Pizzol, P. Chalker, J.W. Roberts, J. Wrench
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
O.B. Malyshev, R. Valizadeh
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Advancements in technology have taken bulk niobium cavities close to their theoretical operational limits of 45 MV/m, pushing the research to explore novel materials, such as niobium based alloys . Theoretical studies suggest that a composite material composed of alternative superconductor / insulator multilayers would surpass the bulk niobium limits. Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) can deposit mi-crons thick Nb films in less than an hour, at the expense of precise thickness control. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), instead, even if considerably slower than CVD can be used in applications where the thickness of the deposited layers needs to be controlled with a resolution down to the nanometer. This article presents the preliminary results obtained by using plasma assisted ALD techniques to deposit NbN based compounds starting from chlorinated precursors and organic ones, and the design for a new deposition system currently being built at the Daresbury Laboratories.

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MOPVA115

Status and Challenges of Vertical Electro-Polishing R&D at Cornell

cathode, cavity, SRF, linac

1115

F. Furuta, M. Ge, T. Gruber, D.L. Hall, J.J. Kaufman, M. Liepe, R.D. Porter, J. Sears
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
V. Chouhan, Y.I. Ida, K.N. Nii, T.Y. Yamaguchi
MGH, Hyogo-ken, Japan
T.D. Hall, M.E. Inman, R. Radhakrishnan, S.T. Snyder, E.J. Taylor
Faraday Technology, Inc., Clayton, Ohio, USA
H. Hayano, S. Kato, T. Saeki
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

Advanced Vertical Electro-Polishing (VEP) R&D for SRF Niobium cavities continues at Cornell's SRF group. One focus of this work is new EP cathode development in collaboration with KEK and Marui Galvanizing Co. Ltd (Marui) in Japan, and another focus is on HF free or acid free VEP protocols in collaboration with Faraday Technology Inc. The outcomes of these activities could be a significant cost reduction and an environmentally-friendlier VEP, which would be a breakthrough for future large scale EP applications on SRF cavities. Here we give a status update and report latest results from these R&D activities.

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MOPVA116

Quench Studies in Single-Cell Nb3Sn Cavities Coated Using Vapour Diffusion

cavity, radio-frequency, accelerating-gradient, monitoring

1119

D.L. Hall, M. Liepe, J.T. Maniscalco, R.D. Porter
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
P. Cueva, D. Liarte, D.A. Muller, J.P. Sethna
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

The superconductor Nb3Sn is known to have a superheating field, Hsh, of approximately 400 mT. This critical field represents the ultimate achievable gradient in a superconducting cavity, and is equivalent to an accelerating gradient of 90 MV/m in an ILC single-cell cavity for this value of Hsh. However, the currently best performing Nb3Sn single-cell cavities remain limited to accelerating gradients of 17-18 MV/m, translating to a peak surface magnetic field of approx. 70 mT. In this paper, we consider theoretical models of candidate quench mechanisms, and compare them to experimental data from surface analysis and cavity tests.

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MOPVA118

Impact of Trapped Magnetic Flux and Thermal Gradients on the Performance of Nb3Sn Cavities

cavity, site, target, operation

1127

D.L. Hall, M. Liepe
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
D. Liarte, J.P. Sethna
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

Trapped magnetic flux is known to degrade the quality factor of superconducting cavities by increasing the surface losses ascribed to the residual resistance. In Nb3Sn cavities, which consist of a thin layer of Nb3Sn coated on a bulk niobium substrate, the bimetallic interface results in a thermal current being generated in the presence of a thermal gradient, which will in turn generate flux that can be trapped. In this paper we quantify the impact of trapped flux, from either ambient fields or thermal gradients, on the performance of the cavity. We discover that the sensitivity to trapped flux, a measure of the increase in residual resistance as a function of the amount of flux trapped, is a function of the accelerating gradient. A theoretical framework to explain this phenomenon is proposed, and the impact on the requirements for operating a Nb3Sn cavity in a cryomodule are considered.

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MOPVA119

Surface Analysis of Features Seen on Nb3Sn Sample Coupons Grown by Vapour Diffusion

SRF, simulation, cavity, site

1130

D.L. Hall, M. Liepe, J.T. Maniscalco, R.D. Porter
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
T. Arias, P. Cueva, D.A. Muller, N. Sitaraman
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

As a high-kappa superconductor with a coherence length of 7 nm, the superconductor Nb3Sn is highly susceptible to material features at the sub-micron scale. For niobium surfaces coated with a thin layer of Nb3Sn using the vapour diffusion method, the polycrystalline nature of the film grown lends to the possibility that performance-degrading non-uniformities may develop. In particular, regions of insufficiently thick coating and tin-depletion have been seen to occur in sample coupons. In the interests of understanding how to control the presence and nature of such features, it is necessary to know how they form. In this paper we stop the coating at defined instances to gain a stop-motion image of the growth of the layer, and use SEM and TEM techniques to image the development of the features seen in previously coated samples. We demonstrate that surface pre-anodisation can suppress the formation of thin film regions, and apply this technique to a single-cell cavity. Contemporarily, we use TEM with EDS mapping to monitor grain boundaries and tin-depleted regions within the layer.

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MOPVA123

Cornell Sample Host Cavity: Recent Results

cavity, SRF, electron, operation

1142

J.T. Maniscalco, D.L. Hall, M. Liepe, R.D. Porter
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
V.M. Arrieta, S.R. McNeal, W.E. Williams
Ultramet, Pacoima, California, USA

Funding: NSF-PHY 1416318 NSF-PHY 1549132
The Cornell sample host cavity is a 3.9~GHz testing system for RF analysis of novel superconducting surfaces. The cavity applies fields up to 100~mT on a removable and replaceable 5-inch sample plate in order to measure the surface resistance of the material under investigation. The cavity also includes a temperature-mapping system for localization of quench events and surface defects. In this paper, we present recent experimental results from the host cavity of niobium deposited onto molybdenum and copper substrates using chemical vapor deposition, in collaboration with industry partner Ultramet. The results indicate low BCS resistance and good adhesion but also areas of high residual resistance due to chemical and morphological defects.

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MOPVA124

Effectiveness of Chemical Treatments for Reducing the Surface Roughness of Nb3Sn

SRF, linac, klystron, cavity

1145

R.D. Porter, F. Furuta, D.L. Hall, M. Liepe, J.T. Maniscalco
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Funding: DOE DE-SC008431, NSF-PHY 1549132, NSF DMR-1120296
Current Niobium-3 Tin (Nb3Sn) superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerator cavities have rougher surfaces than conventional electropolished Niobium accelerator cavities. The surface roughness can cause enhancement of the surface magnetic field, pushing it beyond the critical field. If this occurs over a large enough area it can cause the cavity to quench. The surface roughness may cause other effects that negatively impact cavity quality factor (Q) performance. Reducing surface roughness of Nb3Sn cavities may be necessary to achieve higher gradient with high Q. Current chemical treatments for reducing the surface roughness of Niobium are challenging for Nb3Sn: the Nb3Sn layer is only ~2 um thick while it is difficult to remove less than 1 mu uniformly with most chemical treatments. This paper presents measurements of the surface roughness before and after Buffered Chemical Polish, Electropolishing and oxipolishing.

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MOPVA126

Sample Host Cavity Design for Measuring Flux Entry and Quench

cavity, SRF, dipole, klystron

1149

R.D. Porter, M. Liepe, J.T. Maniscalco, V. Veshcherevich
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Funding: NSF-PHY 1549132
Current state-of-the-art Niobium superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerator cavities have reached surface magnetic field close to the theoretical maximum set by the superheating field. Further increasing accelerating gradients will require new superconducting materials for accelerator cavities that can support higher surface magnetic fields. This necessitates measuring the quench fields of new materials in high power RF fields. In this paper, we present designs and simulations of a sample host cavity. The cavity design is optimized to maximize the surface magnetic field achieved on the sample.

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MOPVA128

RF Performance of Nitrogen-Doped Production SRF Cavities for LCLS-II

cavity, SRF, operation, accelerating-gradient

1156

D. Gonnella, A. Burrill, M.C. Ross
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
S. Aderhold, A. Grassellino, C.J. Grimm, T.N. Khabiboulline, O.S. Melnychuk, S. Posen, D.A. Sergatskov
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
E. Daly, G.K. Davis, F. Marhauser, K.M. Wilson
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: DOE and the LCLS-II Project
The Linac Coherent Light Source II (LCLS-II) requires 280 9-cell superconducting RF cavities for operation in continuous wave mode. Two vendors have previously been selected to produce the cavities, Research Instruments GmbH and Ettore Zanon S.p.a. Here we present results from manufacturing and cavity preparation for the cavities constructed at these two vendors for LCLS-II. We show how the cavity preparation method has been changed mid-production in order to improve flux expulsion in the cavities and maintain high performance in realistic magnetic field environments (~5 mG). Additionally, we show that the nitrogen-doping process has been carried out successfully and repeatedly on over 70 cavities.

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MOPVA144

Post-Processing of Nb3Sn Coated Nb

SRF, superconductivity, cavity, experiment

1190

U. Pudasaini, M.J. Kelley
The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
G.V. Eremeev, M.J. Kelley, C.E. Reece
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
M.J. Kelley, J. Tuggle
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA

Funding: Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DEÂAC05Â06OR23177 and Office of High Energy Physics under grant SC00144475.
Practical SRF cavities may be subjected to one or more processes after nominally complete preparation. Successful implementation of such processes in Nb3Sn coated cavities requires the understanding of material's response to these treatments. SRF-grade Nb samples, coated with Nb3Sn by the widely used tin vapor diffusion process were subjected to one or more of the following: hydrofluoric acid (HF) rinsing, oxypolishing, buffered chemical polishing (BCP) or electrochemical treatment. They were examined by materials characterization tech-niques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spec-troscopy (XPS). The effects compared to niobium are different enough in most cases that further development is desirable to routinely obtain a favorable result.

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TUPAB027

Production, Tuning and Processing Challenges of the BERLinPro Gun1.1 Cavity

cavity, gun, cathode, SRF

1375

H.-W. Glock, A. Frahm, J. Knobloch, A. Neumann
HZB, Berlin, Germany
B. Rosin, D. Trompetter
RI Research Instruments GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany

Funding: Work supported by German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Land Berlin, and grants of the Helmholtz Association
For the BERLinPro energy recovery LINAC, HZB is developing a superconducting 1.4-cell electron gun, which, in its final version, is planned to be capable of CW 1.3 GHz operation with 77 pC/bunch. For this purpose a series of three superconducting cavities, denoted as Gun 1.0, Gun 1.1 (both designed for 6 mA) and Gun 2.0 (100 mA) are foreseen. Gun 1.0 now reached operational status and the Gun 1.1 cavity is completely manufactured. In the paper the chronology of manufacturing, tuning and processing of the Gun 1.1-cavity is described, also giving details about combined mechanical/electrodynamic simulations, which were performed in order to gain deeper understanding of the cavity's unexpected tuning behavior.

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WEPVA145

Analysis of Mean Free Path and Field Dependent Surface Resistance

cavity, SRF, electron, radio-frequency

3609

J.T. Maniscalco, F. Furuta, D.L. Hall, P.N. Koufalis, M. Liepe
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Funding: NSF-PHY 1416318
Work from Cornell in 2016 built on recent theoretical research in the field of SRF to link the electron mean free path to the field-dependent BCS surface resistance. This research relates the magnitude of the ‘‘anti-Q-slope'', the puzzling reduction of surface resistance with increasing RF field intensity observed in certain cavities, to the doping level of nitrogen-doped niobium, quantified by the mean free path: shorter mean free paths correspond directly with stronger anti-Q-slopes. The theoretical connection comes through the overheating of the quasiparticles, which more effectively transfer their energy to the lattice at short mean free paths. In this report, we present an update of this analysis, investigating recent test results of low-temperature-doped single-cell and nine-cell cavities. We also study the theoretical implications for cavities at frequencies higher and lower than the often-studied 1.3~GHz.

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