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| RPPT001 | The BESSY Soft X-Ray FEL User Facility | 746 |
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Funding: Funded by Zukunftsfonds Berlin. The user requests for an optimized 2nd generation FEL facility in the VUV to soft X-ray range demand for ultra short photon pulses (t = 20 fs) at a peak power of several GW. A high shot to shot reproducibility of the pulse shape and pulse power allowing for fs-synchronization for pump-probe experiments is feasible in a seeded FEL approach. Free selectable photon polarization and wavelength tuning is essential for any 2nd generation FEL source like the proposed BESSY-Soft X-ray FEL user facility. Freely selectable pulse repetition rates and freely selectable pulse patterns, including fast switching to different parallel operating FEL-Lines are necessary ingredients, feasible with a suitable injector in combination with a CW-superconducting linac. The status of the BESSY HGHG-FEL project will be reviewed. |
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| RPPT002 | Harmonic Content of the BESSY FEL Radiation | 829 |
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Funding: Funded by Zukunftsfonds Berlin. BESSY proposes a linac-based cascaded High-Gain Harmonic-Generation (HGHG) free electron laser (FEL) multi-user facility. The BESSY soft X-ray FEL will consist of three undulator lines. The associated tunable lasers will cover the spectral range of 230nm to 460nm. Two to four HGHG stages reduce the seed wavelength to the desired radiation range of 1.24nm < λ < 51nm. The harmonic content of the high-intensity radiator output can be used to reduce the number of necessary HGHG stages. Moreover the higher harmonic content of the final output extends the offered spectral range and thus is of high interest for the user community. In this paper, the higher harmonic content of the final output as well as of the output of several radiators are investigated. The main parameters such as output power, pulse duration and bandwidth as well as their suitability for seeding are discussed. |
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| RPPT005 | Establishing a Collaborative Planning Procedure for the XFEL | 961 |
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| Building a new accelerator requires a consistent common design of the entire complex, including machine, tunnels, buildings and infrastructure. The efforts involve experts from many disciplines. Complication arises as different expert groups are contributing at different project phases: buildings and technical infrastructure are constructed first, thus their design has to be fixed early in the project and is then imposing constraints e.g. on the machine layout while accelerator R&D is still being continued. In view of these challenges, a dedicated planning and design procedure has to be established which provides “just-enough” details where needed while preserving maximum flexibility for other subsystems, and which can also manage later changes if they become necessary. The poster presents experience from planning the XFEL. Expert groups can create and maintain separate design models of their components, which at the same time can be combined into a common overall design model. The planning procedure relies on commercial tools used in industry (specification database, engineering data management and 3D CAD systems) which are being adapted to the culture and organization of HEP collaborations. | ||
| RPPT006 | Commissioning of TTF2 Bunch Compressor for the Femtosecond (FS) FEL Mode Operation | 991 |
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Funding: For the TESLA Test Facility FEL team. To get lasing at TTF2, we should supply high quality electron beams with a high peak current, a low slice emittance, and a low slice energy spread. To supply a high peak current, we compress bunch length with two bunch compressors. During TTF2 lasing period, there was no available special bunch length diagnostic tool such as LOLA cavity or streak camera. However we could optimize TTF2 bunch compressors by monitoring pyro-electric detector signal, by measuring emittance, and by monitoring beam images at chicane center and dump region, and by comparing operational machine conditions with simulation results. In this paper, we describe our various commissioning experiences of TTF2 bunch compressor to generate a femtosecond-long spike with a high peak current. |
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| RPPT011 | Optimized Bunch Compression System for the European XFEL | 1236 |
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| The European XFEL bunch compressor system has been optimized for greater flexibility in parameter space. Operation beyond the XFEL design parameters is discussed in two directions: achieving the uppermost number of photons in a single pulse on one hand and reaching the necessary peak current for lasing with a pulse as short as possible on the other. Results of start-to-end calculations including 3D-CSR effects, space charge forces and the impact on wake fields demonstrate the potential of the XFEL for further improvement or, respectively, its safety margin for operation at design values. | ||
| RPPT012 | Layout of the Diagnostic Section for the European XFEL | 1285 |
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| Fourth generation synchrotron light sources, such as the European Free Electron Laser (XFEL) project, are based on an exponential gain of the radiation amplification in a single pass through a long undulator magnet. To initiate the FEL process and to reach staturation, precise monitoring and control of the electron beam parameters is mandatory. Most challenging are the longitudinal compression processes in magnetic chicanes of the high brightness electron bunch emitted from an RF photo-injector. To measure and control the beam properties after compression, careful consideration must be given to the design of a diagnostic section and the choice of beam monitors. In this paper, the proposed layout of the XFEL diagnostics beamline is discussed and emphasis is put on the possibility of monitoring on-line the slice energy spread, slice emittance and longitudinal bunch profile with high accuracy. | ||
| RPPT013 | Status of the SPARC Project | 1327 |
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| The SPARC project has entered its installation phase at INFN-LNF: its main goal is the promotion of an R&D activity oriented to the development of a high brightness photoinjector to drive SASE-FEL experiments. The design of the 150 MeV photoinjector has been completed and the construction of its main components is in progress, as well as the design of the 12 m undulator. In this paper we will report on the installation and test of some major components, like the Ti:Sa laser system to drive the photo-cathode, the RF gun, the RF power system, as well as some test results on the RF deflector and 4th harmonic X-band cavity prototypes. Advancements in the control and beam diagnostics systems will also be reported, in particular on the emittance-meter device for beam emittance measurements in the drift space downstream the RF gun. Recent results on laser pulse shaping, obtained with two alternative techniques (DAZZLER and Liquid Crystal Mask), show the feasibility of producing 10 ps flat-top laser pulses in the UV with rise time below 1 ps, as needed to maximize the achievable beam brightness. First FEL experiments have been proposed, using SASE, seeding and non-linear resonant harmonics: these will be briefly described. | ||
| RPPT014 | Design and Measurements of an X-Band Accelerating Cavity for SPARC | 1407 |
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| The paper presents the design of an X-band accelerating section for linearizing the longitudinal phase space in the Frascati Linac Coherent Light Source (SPARC). The structure, operating on the pi standing wave mode, is a 9 cells structure feeded by a central waveguide coupler and has been designed to obtain a 5 MV accelerating voltage. The 2D profile has been obtained using the e.m. codes SUPERFISH and OSCARD2D while the coupler has been designed using HFSS. Bead-pull measurement made on a copper prototype are illustrated and compared with the numerical results. Mechanical details of the realized prototype and RF properties of the structure as a function of the assembly characteristics are also discussed. | ||
| RPPT015 | Start To End Simulation for the SPARX Project | 1455 |
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| The first phase of the SPARX project now funded by Government Agencies, is an R&D activity focused on developing techniques and critical components for future X-ray facilities. The aim is the generation of electron beams with the ultra-high peak brightness required to drive FEL experiments. The FEL source realization will develop along two lines: (a) the use of the SPARC high brightness photoinjector to test RF compression techniques and the emittance degradation in magnetic compressors due to CSR, (b) the production of radiation in the range of 3-5 nm, both in SASE and SEEDED FEL configurations, in the so called SPARXINO test facility, upgrading the existing Frascati 800 MeV LINAC. In this paper we present and discuss the preliminary start to end simulations results. | ||
| RPPT016 | Effects of Wakefields on the Microbunching Instabilities at PAL-XFEL | 1473 |
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| We present effects of the wakefields in accelerating structures of the S-band linac on the microbunching instabilties at the PAL-XFELs. Analytical calculations are performed to investigate the gains of the instabilities in the accelerator system for the PAL-XFELs. | ||
| RPPT017 | Wake Field Effect on the SASE Performance of PAL XFEL | 1549 |
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Funding: Supported by the POSCO and the MOST, Korea. The PAL XFEL will supply coherent radiations from VUV to X-rays. X-ray FEL for 0.3 nm lasing requires a 3-GeV driver linac and a 60-m long in-vacuum undulator with a narrow variable gap. The linac should supply highly bright beams with emittance of 1.2 mm-mrad, a peak current of 3.5 kA, and a low energy spread of 0.03%. The beam quality is degraded along the undulator trajectory due to the energy loss, the wake field, and the magnetic field errors, etc. Especially the wake field effect is most sensitive parameter due to the narrow gap of the undulator. The preliminary design details of undulators for PAL-XFEL are presented with parametric analysis. The temporal SASE performance is analyzed using simulation tools such as GENESIS and SIMPLEX. |
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| RPPT019 | Start to End Simulations of the ERL Prototype at Daresbury Laboratory | 1643 |
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| Daresbury Laboratory is currently building an Energy Recovery Linac Prototype (ERLP) that will serve as a research and development facility for the study of beam dynamics and accelerator technology important to the design and construction of the proposed 4th Generation Light Source (4GLS) project. Two major objectives of the ERLP are the demonstration of energy recovery and of energy recovery from a beam disrupted by an FEL interaction as supplied by an infrared oscillator system. In this paper we present start-to-end simulations of the ERLP including such an FEL interaction. The beam dynamics in the high-brightness injector, which consists of a DC photocathode gun and a superconducting booster, have been modelled using the particle tracking code ASTRA. After the booster the particles have been tracked with the code GPT which includes space charge in the injector line at 8.3 MeV. The 3D code GENESIS 1.3 was used to model the FEL interaction with the electron beam at 35 MeV. | ||
| RPPT020 | Space Charge Effects for the ERL Prototype Injector Line at Daresbury Laboratory | 1676 |
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| Daresbury Laboratory is currently building an Energy Recovery Linac Prototype (ERLP) that will operate at a beam energy of 35 MeV. In this paper we examine the space charge effects on the beam dynamics in the ERLP injector line. A Gaussian particle distribution is tracked with GPT (General Particle Tracer) through the injection line to the main linac to calculate the effect of 3Dspace charge in the dipoles. The nominal beam energy in the injection line is 8.3 MeV and the bunch charge 80 pC. The effects of space charge on the transverse and longitudinal emittance are studied for various electron beam parameter settings. | ||
| RPPT021 | Inducing Strong Density Modulation with Small Energy Dispersion in Particle Beams and the Harmonic Amplifier Free Electron Laser | 1718 |
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Funding: We acknowledge the support of the European Union's EUROFEL Design Study, CCLRC, and the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance. We present a possible method of inducing a periodic density modulation in a particle beam with little increase in the energy dispersion of the particles. The flow of particles in phase space does not obey Liouville's Theorem. The method relies upon the Kuramoto-like model of collective synchronism found in free electron generators of radiation, such as Cyclotron Resonance Masers and the Free Electron Laser. For the case of an FEL interaction, electrons initially begin to bunch and emit radiation energy with a correlated energy dispersion which is periodic with the FEL ponderomotive potential. The relative phase between potential and particles is then changed by approximately 180 degrees. The particles continue to bunch, however, there is now a correlated re-absorption of energy from the field. We show that, by repeating this relative phase change many times, a significant density modulation of the particles may be achieved with only relatively small energy dispersion. A similar method of repeated relative electron/radiation phase changes is used to demonstrate supression of the fundamental growth in a high gain FEL so that the FEL lases at the harmonic only. |
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| RPPT022 | Optics for High Brightness and High Current ERL Project at BNL | 1775 |
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Funding: Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy and partially funded by the US Department of Defence An energy recovery linac (ERL), under development at Brookhaven National Laboratory [1,2], will push ERLs further towards high current and high brightness beams. This R&D ERL will operate in two modes: a high current mode and a high charge mode. In this paper we present a lattice of the machine and PARMELA simulations from the cathode to the beam dump. We discuss the design considerations and present main parameters for various modes of operation. |
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| RPPT024 | Doubling the Intensity of an ERL Based Light Source | 1862 |
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Funding: Work supported by the U.S. DOE under Contract No. DE-AC05-84ER40150. A light source based on an Energy Recovered Linac (ERL)* consists of a superconducting linac and a transfer line that includes wigglers and undulators to produce the synchrotron light. The transfer line brings the electrons bunches back to the beginning of the linac so that their energy can be recovered when they traverse the linac a second time, ????out of phase. There is another interesting condition when the length of the transfer line is (n±1/4) ?. In this case, the electrons drift through on the zero RF crossing, and make a further pass around the transfer line, effectively doubling the circulating current in the wigglers and undulators. On the third pass through the linac, they will be decelerated and their energy recovered. The longitudinal focusing at the zero crossing is a problem, but it can be canceled if the drifting beam sees a positive energy gradient for the first half of the linac and a negative gradient for the second half (or vice versa). This paper presents a proposal to use a double chicane at the center of the linac to provide this focusing inversion for the drifting beam while leaving the accelerating and decelerating beams on crest. *G. R. Neil et al., Phys. Rev. Let. 84, 662 2000. |
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| RPPT025 | Beam Conditioning and FEL Studies Using MAD and Genesis | |
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Funding: This work was supported by the Office of Science, High Energy Physics, U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. Beam conditioning using a variety of lattices is explored using MAD in conjunction with Genesis. In particular, the conditioning effects of a simple FODO lattice are simulated in MAD and the resulting particle distribution is then used as an input to Genesis to examine the effects of a conditioner on FEL performance. Studies of a plasma-based conditioner have been performed. In this scheme conventional RF accelerating cavities are replaced by a plasma accelerator. The wavelength of the plasma wave is typically shorter than the longitudinal bunch length, resulting in regions of conditioned and unconditioned beam. Studies were also performed analyzing the sensitivity of FEL performance to changes in various system parameters. |
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| RPPT026 | Status of a Plan for an ERL Extension to CESR | 1928 |
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Funding: Cornell University. We describe the status of plans to build an Energy-Recovery Linac (ERL) X-ray facility at Cornell University. This 5 GeV ERL is an upgrade of the CESR ring that currently powers the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS). Due to its very small electron-beam emittances, it would dramatically improve the capabilities of the light source and result in X-ray beams orders of magnitude better than any existing storage ring light source. The emittances are based upon simulations for currents that are competitive with ring-based sources. The ERL design that is presented has to allow for non-destructive transport of these small emittances. The design includes a series of X-ray beamlines for specific areas of research. As an upgrade of the existing storage ring, special attention is given to reuse of many of the existing ring components. Options of bunch compression are discussed, tolerances for emittance growth are specified, and simulations of the beam-breakup instability and methods of increasing its threshold current are shown. This planned upgrade illustrates how other existing storage rings could be upgraded as ERL light sources with vastly improved beam qualities. |
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| RPPT027 | Considerations on Beam Quality Control in MIT X-Ray FEL | 1961 |
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Funding: U.S. Department of Energy. The next generation of x-ray FEL requires very high quality electron beams for producing unprecedented x-ray radiations. In proposed x-ray FEL facilities, especially those that use multi-stage high gain high harmonic (HGHG) principle to obtain coherence in both transverse and longitudinal dimensions, the arrival timing of electron bunches must be very precise to ensure the seed laser overlap the desired sections of the electron bunch. A scheme is proposed to achieve 10s fs level of arrival timing control level. |
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| RPPT028 | Free Electron Lasers with Slowly Varying Beam and Undulator Parameters | 2059 |
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| The performance of a free electron lasers (FEL) is affected when the electron beam energy varies alone the undulator as would be caused by vacuum pipe wakefields and/or when the undulator strength parameter is tapered in the small signal regime until FEL saturation. In this paper, we present a self-consistent theory of FELs with slowly-varying beam and undulator parameters. A general method is developed to apply the WKB approximation to the beam-radiation system by employing the adjoint eigenvector that is orthogonal to the eigenfunctions of the coupled Maxwell-Vlasov equations. This method may be useful for other slowly varying processes in beam dynamics. | ||
| RPPT029 | Diagnostics for the LCLS Photoinjector Beamline | 2089 |
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Funding: This work was supported by U.S. Department of Energy, contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00515A06. Two spectrometers have been added to the LCLS photoinjector beamline. The first one will be located close to the exit of the Photoinjector RF gun. With this diagnostic, we will measure beam energy, energy spread (correlated and uncorrelated), possibly deleterious structure in the longitudinal phase space induced by longitudinal space charge force, and slice thermal emittance … This extensive characterization of the 5MeV electron bunch will be made possible by combining this spectrometer with other diagnostics (YAG screens and Cerenkov Radiator). A second spectrometer located at the end of the beamline has been designed to characterize the 6 dimensional phase space of the 135MeV beam to be injected in the main accelerator. At that second spectrometer station, we will measure energy, energy spread (correlated and uncorrelated), longitudinal phase space, slice emittances … Those last two measurements require using this spectrometer in combination with the transverse RF deflecting cavity and with the quadrupole scan emittance station. The designs of these two spectrometers have been supported by simulations from MAD and PARMELA. |
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| RPPT030 | Alternate Tunings for the Linac Coherent Light Source Photoinjector | 2140 |
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Funding: This work was supported by US Department of Energy, contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00515A06. The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is an x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) project based on the SLAC linac. The LCLS Photoinjector beamline has been designed to deliver 10 ps long electron bunches of 1nC with a normalized transverse emittance of less than 1 mm.mrad for 80% of the slices constituting the core of the bunch at 135 MeV. Tolerances and regulation requirements are tight for this tuning. The main contribution to emittance is the "cathode emittance which counts for 0.72 mm.mrad for the nominal tuning. As the "cathode emittance" scales linearly with laser spot radius, the emittance will be dramatically reduced for smaller radius, but this is only possible at lower charge. In particular, for a 0.2nC, we believe we can achieve an emittance closer to 0.4 mm.mrad. This working point will be easier to tune and the beam quality should be much easier to maintain than for the nominal one. In this paper, we also discuss how emittance could be further reduced by using the appropriate laser pulse shaping. |
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| RPPT031 | Recent Results from and Future Plans for the VISA II SASE FEL | 2167 |
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| As the promise of X-ray Free Electron Lasers (FEL) comes close to realization, the creation and diagnosis of ultra-short pulses is of great relevance in the SASE FEL (Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission) community. The VISA II (Visible to Infrared SASE Amplifier) experiment entails the use of a chirped electron beam to drive a high gain SASE FEL at the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) in Brookhaven National Labs (BNL). The resulting ultra-short pulses will be diagnosed using an advanced FROG (Frequency Resolved Optical Gating) technique, as well as a double differential spectrum (angle/wavelength) diagnostic. Implementation of sextupole corrections to the longitudinal aberrations affecting the high energy-spread chirped beam during transport to the VISA undulator is studied. Start-to-end simulations, including radiation diagnostics, are discussed. Initial experimental results involving a highly chirped beam transported without sextupole correction, the resulting high gain lasing, and computational analysis are briefly reported. | ||
| RPPT032 | High Current Energy Recovery Linac at BNL | 2242 |
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Funding: Work performed under Contract Number DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. We present the design and the parameters of a small Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) facility, which is under construction at BNL. This R&D facility has goals to demonstrate CW operation of ERL with average beam current in the range of 0.1 - 1 ampere, combined with very high efficiency of energy recovery. The possibility for future up-grade to a two-pass ERL is being considered. The heart of the facility is a 5-cell 703.75 MHz super-conducting RF linac with HOM damping. Flexible lattice of ERL provides a test-bed for testing issues of transverse and longitudinal instabilities and diagnostics of intense CW e-beam. We present the status and plans for this facility. |
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| RPPT033 | Potential Use of eRHIC’s 10-to-20 GeV ERL for FELs and Light Sources | 2266 |
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Funding: Work performed under Contract Number DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the auspices of the US Department of Energy. One of the designs of a future electron-hadron collider, eRHIC, is based on a 5-10 GeV high current energy-recovery linac (ERL) with possible extension of its energy to 20 GeV. This ERL will operate with high brightness electron beams, which naturally match requirements for X-ray FELs and other next generation light sources. In this paper we discuss possible scenarios of using the eRHIC ERL in parasitic and dedicated mode for SASE, HGHG and oscillator X-ray FELs. *http://www.agsrhichome.bnl.gov/eRHIC/, Appendix A: Linac-Ring Option |
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| RPPT034 | High-Resolution Undulator Measurements using Angle-Integrated Sponteneous Radiation | 2342 |
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Funding: Work supported by U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38. The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is a fourth-generation light. Its proper operation requires a stringently controlled undulator field. The tolerance for the field parameter K is less than 1.5 × 10-4 for all thirty-three undulator segments totaling 112 meters. Even with the high quality of the LCLS electron beam (x- and y-emittance ~ 44 pm, energy spread ~0.03%), the fluctuation of the electron energy (~0.05%) presents a serious challenge to measurement techniques based on electron or x-ray beams. We propose a differential measurement technique that makes use of the angle-integrated spontaneous radiation intensities from two undulator segments. When the x-ray beams emitted from the two undulator segments are separated but allowed to pass through the same monochromator, the two beam intensities will change almost identically with the change of electron beam energy. As a result, the intensity difference becomes a very sensitive and reliable measure of the difference of the two undulators’ K-parameters. Results of comprehensive numerical simulations show that differences in the range of delta-K/K ~ 10-5 can be resolved, well within the tolerance for the LCLS operation. |
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| RPPT035 | Optimization of the LCLS X-Rray FEL Output Performance in the Presence of Strong Undulator Wakefields | 2396 |
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Funding: The work was supported by the DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) Free-Electron Laser will operate in the wavelength range of 1.5 to 15 Angstroms. Energy loss due to wakefields within the long undulator can degrade the FEL process by detuning the resonant FEL frequency. The wakefields arise from the vacuum chamber wall resistivity, its surface roughness, and abrupt changes in its aperture. For LCLS parameters, the resistive component is the most critical and depends upon the chamber material (e.g. Cu) and its radius. To study the expected performance in the presence of these wakefields, we make a series of "start-to-end" simulations with tracking codes PARMELA and ELEGANT and time-dependent FEL simulation codes Genesis 1.3 and Ginger. We discuss the impact of the wakefield on output energy, spectral bandwidth, and temporal envelope of the output FEL pulse, as well as the benefits of a partial compensation obtained with a slight z dependent taper in the undulator field. We compare these results to those obtained by decreasing the bunch charge or increasing the vacuum chamber radius. We also compare our results to those predicted in concurrent analytical work. |
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| RPPT036 | 200 MeV Linac Upgrade for FEL | 2464 |
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| The present status of Hefei 200 MeV RF linac are given. By upgrading its present thermal cathode system into the photo cathode system and implement RF phase locked system, using Hefei 200 MeV RF linac as FEL driver is investigated. | ||
| RPPT037 | Technique for the Generation of Attosecond X-Ray Pulses Using an FEL | 2506 |
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Funding: This work was supported by the Office of Science, High Energy Physics, U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. We describe a technique for the generation of an isolated burst of X-ray radiation with a duration of ~100 attoseconds in a free electron laser (FEL) employing self-amplified spontaneous emission. Our scheme relies on an initial interaction of the electron beam with an ultra-short laser pulse in a one-period wiggler followed by compression in a dispersive section. The result of this interaction is to create a sub-femtosecond slice of the electron beam with enhanced growth rates for FEL amplification. After many gain lengths through the FEL undulator, the X-ray output from this slice dominates the radiation of the entire bunch. We consider the impact of various effects on the efficiency of this technique. Different configurations are considered in order to realize various timing structures for the resulting radiation. |
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| RPPT038 | Phase Noise Characteristics of Fiber Lasers as Potential Ultra-Stable Master Oscillators | 2521 |
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| Fourth-generation light sources, such as the European X-Ray free electron laser facility (XFEL) require timing signals distributed over distances of the order of kilometers with a timing jitter in the order of femtoseconds. The master clock for the proposed optical distribution system must operate with exceptionally low timing jitter. A promising approach is the use of a mode-locked laser that generates ultrastable pulses which are distributed via timing stabilized fiber links. Candidates for the pulse source are mode-locked Erbium doped fiber lasers, featuring very low high frequency noise. In this paper, we present a study of the phase noise of various fiber lasers in view of their applicability as laser-based master oscillators for femtosecond timing distributions. | ||
| RPPT039 | Stabilized Optical Fiber Links for the XFEL | 2589 |
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| The timing synchronization scheme for the European X-Ray free electron laser facility (XFEL) is based on the generation and distribution of sub-picosecond laser pulses with actively stabilized repetition rate which are used to synchronize local RF oscillators. An integral part of the scheme is the distribution of the optical pulse stream to parts of the facility via optical fiber links. The optical path length of the fiber has to be stabilized against short-term and long-term timing jitter due to environmental effects, such as temperature drifts and acoustic vibrations, to better than 10 fs for distances ranging from tens of meters to several kilometers. In this paper, we present first experimental results for signal transmission through a km-long fiber link with femtosecond stability. | ||
| RPPT040 | Weak FEL Gain Detection with a Modulated Laser-Based Beam Heater | 2636 |
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| For an x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) such as the LCLS, the FEL gain signal is accompanied by spontaneous radiation with a significant power level. Detecting the weak FEL gain among the large spontaneous background in the early stage of the exponential growth or for a low quality electron beam is important in commissioning the FEL. In this paper, we describe a simple "lock-in" method of weak FEL gain detection by slowly modulating the laser power of a designated beam heater that controls the local energy spread of the electron beam. We present numerical modeling that shows the effectiveness of this method and discuss its implementation in the LCLS. |