Keyword: gun
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MOPEA054 A Review of 14 Years of Operation of Helios2 at SSLS controls, dipole, cryogenics, microtron 199
 
  • Z.W. Li, M. Breese, E.P. Chew, C. Diao, M. Hua, A.W. Wong
    SSLS, Singapore, Singapore
  
  In this paper, we present the current status of the superconducting Helios2 Synchrotron and review its major problems and their solutions over the last 14 years. We described how various breakdowns in the cryogenics system, the control system, the RF system, Dipole power supplies, Ring gate valves and helium compressor have all been overcome and what valuable lessons have been learned in operating this machine.  
 
MOPFI001 Characterization of a Superconducting Pb Photocathode in a SRF Gun Cavity cathode, laser, cavity, electron 279
 
  • R. Barday, T. Kamps, O. Kugeler, A. Neumann, M. Schmeißer, J. Völker
    HZB, Berlin, Germany
  • P. Kneisel
    JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA
  • R. Nietubyć
    NCBJ, Świerk/Otwock, Poland
  • J.K. Sekutowicz
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  • J. Smedley
    BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung and Land Berlin. The Pb deposition activity is supported by EuCARD.
Photocathodes are a limiting factor for the next generation of ultra-high brightness photoinjector driven accelerators. We studied the behavior of a superconducting Pb cathode in the cryogenic environment of a superconducting rf gun cavity related to the quantum efficiency, its spatial distribution and the work function. Cathode surface contaminations can modify the performance of the photocathodes as well as the gun cavity. We discuss the possibilities to remove these contaminations. 		 
 
MOPFI002 Results from Beam Commissioning of an SRF Plug-gun Cavity Photoinjector cavity, laser, emittance, cathode 282
 
  • M. Schmeißer, R. Barday, A. Burrill, A. Jankowiak, T. Kamps, J. Knobloch, O. Kugeler, P. Lauinger, A. Neumann, J. Völker
    HZB, Berlin, Germany
  • P. Kneisel
    JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA
  • R. Nietubyć
    NCBJ, Świerk/Otwock, Poland
  • J.K. Sekutowicz
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  • I. Will
    MBI, Berlin, Germany
  
  Superconducting rf photoelectron injectors (SRF guns) hold the promise to deliver high brightness, high average current electron beam for future lightsources or other applications demanding continuous wave operation of an electron injector. This paper discusses results from beam commissioning of a hybrid Pb coated plug-gun Nb cavity based SRF photoinjector for beam energies up to 3 MeV at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin. Emittance measurements and transverse phase space characterization with solenoid-scan and pepperpot methods will be presented.  
 
MOPFI003 SRF Photoinjector Cavity for BERLinPro cavity, cathode, SRF, HOM 285
 
  • A. Neumann, W. Anders, A. Burrill, A. Frahm, T. Kamps, J. Knobloch, O. Kugeler
    HZB, Berlin, Germany
  • E.N. Zaplatin
    FZJ, Jülich, Germany
  
  For the funded BERLinPro project, a 100 mA CW-driven SRF energy recovery linac, a SRF photoinjector cavity has to be developed which delivers a small emittance, 1 mm*mr, high brightness beam while accelerating a high average current within given high power limitations. To achieve these goals the injector is being developed in a three stage approach. In the current design step a cavity shape was developed which fulfills the beam dynamics requirements, implements a high quantum efficiency normal conducting photocathode with the HZDR choke and insert design and allows for beam studies at currents up to 4 mA. This paper will describe the RF design process, higher order mode studies and final mechanical calculations prior to the cavity production.  
 
MOPFI004 The Injector Layout of BERLinPro emittance, cathode, linac, cavity 288
 
  • B.C. Kuske, M. Abo-Bakr, V. Dürr, A. Jankowiak, T. Kamps, J. Knobloch, P. Kuske, S. Wesch
    HZB, Berlin, Germany
  
  Funding: The Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and the state of Berlin, Germany.
BERLinPro is an Energy Recovery Linac Project running since 2011 at the HZB in Berlin. The key component of the project is the 100mA superconducting RF photocathode gun under development at the HZB since 2010. Starting in 2016 the injector will go into operation providing 6 MeV electrons with an emittance well below 1mm mrad and bunches shorter than 4ps. 2017 the 50MeV linac will be set up and full recirculation is planned for 2018. The injector design including a dogleg merger has been finalized and is described in detail in this paper. Emphasis is laid on the final layout including collimators and diagnostics and performance simulations of two different gun cavities and first tolerance studies. 		 
 
MOPFI011 Construction and First Tests of the New Injection System for the Linac II at DESY linac, electron, injection, positron 303
 
  • C. Liebig, M. Hüning, M. Schmitz
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  
  For the Linac II, which supplies the accelerator chain at DESY with electrons and positrons, a new injection system is planned. It is supposed to ensure reliable operation and to avoid the beam loss of about 60% at energies up to 400 MeV and the associated activation. The function of the injector components, the entire injection system and the acceleration in the linac sections were optimized in simulations. The main components are a 6 A/100 kV triode gun, buncher and a dispersive section for energy collimation. The output energy is 5 MeV and the beam pulse length can be chosen from 5 ns to 50 ns. The new buncher structure is a hybrid of a standing wave and traveling wave structure and allows a compact design and good electron capture. One of two assembled structures has been tuned and completed a test rig in the linac tunnel. In this test system detailed analysis of its properties is in progress as well as minor corrections like alignment and improvements of reliability. The final installation is going to take place from September 2013. First experimental analysis compared to simulation results will be presented.  
 
MOPFI019 Beam Generation from a 500 kV DC Photoemission Electron Gun cathode, electron, laser, high-voltage 321
 
  • N. Nishimori, R. Hajima, S.M. Matsuba, R. Nagai
    JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
  • Y. Honda, T. Miyajima, M. Yamamoto
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  • H. Iijima, M. Kuriki
    HU/AdSM, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
  • M. Kuwahara
    Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
  
  Funding: This work is supported by MEXT Quantum Beam Technology Program and partially supported by JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research in Japan (23540353).
The next generation light source such as X-ray FEL oscillator requires high brightness electron gun with megahertz repetition rate. We have developed a DC photoemission electron gun at JAEA for the compact energy recovery linac (cERL) light source under construction at KEK. This DC gun employs a segmented insulator with guard rings to protect the insulator from field emission generated from central stem electrode. We have successfully applied 500-kV on the ceramics with a cathode electrode in place and generated beam from the 500kV DC photoemission gun in October 2012. Details of the beam generation test will be presented. 		 
 
MOPFI020 Cold Test of the Coaxial Cavity for Thermionic Triode Type RF Gun cavity, resonance, electron, FEL 324
 
  • T. Konstantin, Y.W. Choi, T. Kii, R. Kinjo, K. Masuda, M. Mishima, K. Nagasaki, H. Negm, H. Ohgaki, K. Okumura, M. Omer, S. Shibata, K. Shimahashi, K. Yoshida, H. Zen
    Kyoto University, Institute for Advanced Energy, Kyoto, Japan
  
  A thermionic rf gun has several advantages as compared to photocathode gun. Such as low cost, high averaged current and simple operation. However a thermionic rf gun has a significant disadvantage in form of back bombardment effect. The KU-FEL facility is an oscillator type FEL, which uses a thermionic 4.5 cell S-band RF gun for electron beam generation. The back bombardment effect causes increasing current in macropulse, which limits the gain of the FEL. In order to mitigate the current increase we plan to modify thermionic rf gun to triode type rf gun. Therefore an additional rf cavity has been designed. This cavity has separate rf power supply with amplitude and phase control. By this means we can properly adjust the injection of electrons into the main gun body. According to simulations the triode type gun can reduce 80% of back streaming electron energy*. The cold tests of the first prototype have revealed deviation from designed values**. Based on the tests of the first prototype new prototype with integrated mechanism for resonance tuning has been designed and fabricated. In this work we report the cold test of the redesigned prototype of the coaxial rf cavity.
* K. Masuda et al. Proceedings of FEL 2006, BESSY Berlin.
** M. Takasaki et al. Proceedings of FEL 2010, Malbö
 		 
 
MOPFI023 Development of Better Quantum Efficiency and Long Lifetime Iridium Cerium Photocathode for High Charge electron RF Gun laser, cathode, electron, linac 327
 
  • D. Satoh
    TIT, Tokyo, Japan
  • N. Hayashizaki
    RLNR, Tokyo, Japan
  • M. Yoshida
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  
  We developed an Ir5Ce photocathode as a high charge electron source for SuperKEKB electron linac. The required electron beam parameters are 5 nC and 10 mm•mrad from the electron gun of the SuperKEKB electron linac. We plan to generate this electron beam using a laser-driven RF gun installed with a photocathode that has a long lifetime and a high-power laser system through more than a year without replacement. Therefore, we focused on the Ir5Ce compound as a new photocathode which has a high melting point (> 2100 K) and a low work function (2.57 eV). The results of measurements showed that the quantum efficiency of Ir5Ce photocathode was 1.0×10-4 treated by the laser cleaning using the 4nd harmonic of Nd:YAG laser or the heater treatment. Furthermore, its photoemission properties could be maintained for a long term even if its photocathode was in the low vacuum conditions ( ～10-6 Pa) since the Ir5Ce compound is far less contaminated than other photocathodes. Finally, We have succeed to generate electron beams of 4.4 nC by the Ir5Ce photocathode installed at the 3-2 sector DAW type RF gun and accelerate it through a linac end in KEK electron linac.  
 
MOPFI024 Ultra-short Electron Bunch Generation by an ECC RF Gun electron, radiation, laser, cathode 330
 
  • Y. Koshiba, T. Aoki, M. Mizugaki, K. Sakaue, M. Washio
    Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
  • T. Takatomi, J. Urakawa
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  
  Funding: Work supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) 23740203 and Scientific Research (A) 10001690
Energy Chirping Cell attached rf gun (ECC rf gun) is a photocathode rf gun specialized for ultra-short bunch generation. This ECC rf gun has been made with the collaboration of High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK). Although the bunch length could be controlled by the laser pulse width, the bunch length ends up to be more than 1ps due to space charge effect when using a femto-second laser and a normal 1.6 cell cavity. Concerning this phenomenon, ECC is attached right after the 1.6 cell so that the electron bunch would be compressed after the electron bunch is accelerated around 5MeV. The roll of ECC is to chirp the energy with the linear part of the rf electric field. The electron bunch would be compressed by velocity difference as it drifts. Simulation results from PARMELA and GPT show that ECC rf gun can accelerate an 100pC bunch with the bunch length less than 100fs. We already manufactured this ECC rf gun and installed in our system. We demonstrated the ultra-short bunch by measuring the coherent THz light by synchrotron radiation and transition radiation. In this conference, we will report the results of ultra-short bunch generation experiments, and future plans. 		 
 
MOPFI036 Study of the Cold Cathode RF Electron Gun Based on Doped Diamond Films at CAEP cathode, electron, FEL, emittance 366
 
  • X. Li
    TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
  • W. Bai, M. Li
    CAEP/IAE, Mianyang, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
  
  Diamond relevant materials have been considered as a promising field emission cathode in recent years. High current density can be obtained either by diamond field emission arrays or by doped diamond films under electrical strengths of several decades of MV/m. Based on the doped films a half cell S-band electron gun has been designed and constructed at CAEP. The gun can provide an accelerating gradient of 60-80 MV/m on the cathode surface (6 mm in diameter). Simulations have proven good performance of such a gun but it needs confirmed by further experiments. Details of the experiments and comparisons with simulations will be reported.  
 
MOPFI037 Design and Experiment of a Compact C-band Photocathode RF Gun for UED solenoid, emittance, cathode, electron 369
 
  • X.H. Liu, H.B. Chen, W.-H. Huang, C.-X. Tang, Z. Zhang
    TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
  
  A compact C-band photocathode RF gun for the MeV UED facility is developed in Tsinghua University, which is designed to work at the frequency of 5.712GHz. This paper presents the physics and RF structure design, and beam dynamics optimization of this C-band RF gun. Some new structure design will be adopted in this gun, including the optimized cavity length and elliptical iris, which is helpful to achieve lower emittance and larger mode separation. This paper likewise presents experiment parameters and the cold test results of this C-band RF gun.  
 
MOPFI039 The Design of a Compact THz Source Based on Photocathode RF Gun electron, radiation, emittance, space-charge 375
 
  • W.W. Li, Z.G. He, R. Huang, Q.K. Jia
    USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
  
  Narrow-band THz coherent Cherenkov radiation can be driven by a subpicosecond electron bunch traveling along the axis of a hollow cylindrical dielectric-lined waveguide. We present a scheme of compact THz radiation source based on the photocathode rf gun. On the basis of our analytic result, the subpicosecond electron bunch with high charge (800pC) can be generated directly in the photocathode rf gun. A narrow emission spectrum peaked at 0.24 THz with 2 megawatt (MW) peak power is expected to gain in the proposed scheme (the length of the facility is about 1.2 m), according to the analytical and simulated results.  
 
MOPFI044 VHF Gun Research at SINAP cavity, electron, FEL, vacuum 380
 
  • Q. Gu, L. Chen, W. Fang, G.Q. Lin
    SINAP, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
  
  The R&D work on the high power THz based on energy recovery linac (ERL) has been carried out in Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP). One of the key components for the ERL is the high brightness electron source. The low frequency gun technology has been adopted, by comparing with the SRF gun and DC gun. In this paper, the design and cold test of a 250MHz gun will be presented.  
 
MOPFI045 Studying of Multipacting in Micro-pulse Electron Gun electron, simulation, resonance, cavity 383
 
  • L. Liao, W. Fang, Q. Gu, M. Zhang, M.H. Zhao
    SINAP, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
  
  Depending on the complexity of multipacting phenomenon, more works are focused on the occurrence of multipacting in the micro-pulse electron gun. In this paper, the multipacting resonance condition is determined in a reentrant cavity model of the gun. The resonance parameters work as the input for VORPAL simulations in order to achieve a steady state saturation in the cavity. The simulation results showed that the gun can give rise to electrons beam with high currents and short pulses.  
 
MOPFI058 Studies of Cs3Sb Cathodes for the CLIC Drive Beam Photoinjector Option cathode, laser, electron, vacuum 413
 
  • I. Martini, E. Chevallay, S. Döbert, V. Fedosseev, C. Heßler, M. Martyanov
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  
  Within the CLIC (Compact Linear Collider) project, feasibility studies of a photoinjector option for the drive beam as an alternative to its baseline design using a thermionic electron gun are on-going. This R&D program covers both the laser and the photocathode side. Whereas the available laser pulse energy in ultra-violet (UV) is currently limited by the optical defects in the 4th harmonics frequency conversion crystal induced by the 0.14 ms long pulse trains, recent measurements of Cs3Sb photocathodes sensitive to green light showed their potential to overcome this limitation. Moreover, using visible laser beams leads to better stability of produced electron bunches and one can take advantages of the availability of higher quality optics. The studied Cs3Sb photocathodes have been produced in the CERN photoemission laboratory using the co-deposition technique and tested in a DC gun set-up. The analysis of data acquired during the cathode production process will be presented in this paper, as well as the results of life-time measurements in the DC gun.  
 
MOPFI062 Optimization Studies for the SwissFEL RF-Gun cathode, laser, emittance, solenoid 425
 
  • M. Schaer, A. Adelmann, A. Anghel, S. Bettoni, P. Craievich, L. Stingelin, C. Vicario, R. Zennaro
    PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
  • Z. Zhang
    TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
  
  The 250 MeV SwissFEL injector test facility is in operation since August 2010. Measurements with the "CTF2 Gun 5" photocathode S-band rf-gun show promising beam parameters and satisfy the requirements of the SwissFEL project. Since the performance of the electron source is fundamental for the stability and brightness of a free electron laser, further gun optimization studies are pursued. Under investigation is currently a 3.6 cell C-band gun. First ASTRA simulations indicate that with this gun the peak-current can be increased, thanks to a shorter laser pulse and a higher initial acceleration, by almost a factor of two, at slightly better emittance values than the S-band "PSI Gun 1". Since the beam-quality depends also on the achieved performance of the cathode, several copper cathodes had been tested in the SwissFEL injector test facility to analyze the observed rapid degradation of quantum efficiency.  
 
MOPFI065 VELA (formerly EBTF) Simulations and First Beam Commissioning diagnostics, simulation, laser, electron 431
 
  • J.W. McKenzie, D. Angal-Kalinin, J.K. Jones, B.L. Militsyn
    STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
  
  VELA (Versatile Electron Linear Accelerator), formerly known as EBTF (Electron Beam Test Facility), at STFC Daresbury Laboratory, is a photoinjector test facility which will provide beam into two user areas for scientific and industrial applications. It is based on a 2.5 cell S-band RF photoinjector driven by a Ti:Sapphire laser. The design is aimed to deliver short bunches at 10-250 pC charge with low transverse emittance. We present beam dynamics simulations of VELA as well as the results from first beam commissioning.  
 
MOPFI068 High Repetition Rate Highly Stable S-band Photocathode Gun for the CLARA Project cavity, laser, electron, cathode 437
 
  • B.L. Militsyn, L.S. Cowie, P. Goudket, S.P. Jamison, J.W. McKenzie, K.J. Middleman, R. Valizadeh, A.E. Wheelhouse
    STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
  • V.V. Paramonov
    RAS/INR, Moscow, Russia
  • M.D. Roper
    STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
  
  Compact Linear Accelerator for Research and Applications (CLARA) is a 250 MeV electron facility which is under development at STFC ASTeC. The CLARA photo-injector is based on a RF photocathode gun operating with metal photocathodes and driven by a third harmonic of Ti: Sapphire laser (266 nm). The injector will be operated with laser pulses with an energy of up to 2 mJ, pulse durations down to 180 fs FWHM and a repetition rate of up to 400 Hz. In order to investigate performance of different photocathodes the gun is equipped with a load-lock system which would allow replacement of the photocathodes. Duration and emittance of electron bunches essentially depends on the mode of operation and vary from 0.1 ps at 20 pC to 5 ps at 200 pC and from 0.2 to 2 mm mrad respectively. Requirements for the stability of beam arrival time at the CLARA experimental area are extremely high and vary from hundreds down to tenths femtoseconds. In the presented article we analyse stability of the guns with 1.5 and 2.5 cell and the beam quality delivered by a gun with coaxial and waveguide coupler and analyse possibility of injection time stabilisation with low level RF and optical feedback system.  
 
MOPFI069 Preparation of the Polycrystalline Copper Photocathodes for the VELA RF Photocathode Gun plasma, ion, electron, cathode 440
 
  • R. Valizadeh, A.N. Hannah, K.J. Middleman, B.L. Militsyn, T.C.Q. Noakes, R.N.C. Santer
    STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
  • M.D. Roper
    STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
  
  The Electron Beam Test Facility (EBTF) is a high performance electron source under commissioning at ASTeC. The photoinjector of the source is based on a S-band photocathode RF gun operating with a copper photocathode which is driven by a third harmonic of Ti: Sapphire laser (266 nm). The photocathode used in the RF gun is an integrated part of the gun cavity which is polycrystalline copper disk, polished to 1um roughness, and is placed at the back wall of the first 0.5 cell in the gun cavity. In order to accomplish a procedure to activate surface prior installation, copper test samples with roughness of 0.1 um were prepared by different techniques. The best results have been obtained by ex-situ plasma cleaning in an oxygen atmosphere. Analyses showed that there was no carbon on the surface and the surface was composed of copper oxide. After heating the sample in-situ to 220 C for almost all the surface oxide was removed. For this surface a QE of 2 x10-5 was measured. Further heating to higher temperature did not result in any improvement either in surface composition nor a noticeable increase in QE. Prepared such a way operational photocathode is now under commissioning in the gun.  
 
MOPFI076 Electron Emission Studies in the New High-charge Cs2Te Photoinjector at Argonne National Laboratory cathode, laser, wakefield, factory 455
 
  • E.E. Wisniewski, M.E. Conde, W. Gai, C.-J. Jing, W. Liu, J.G. Power
    ANL, Argonne, USA
  • L.K. Spentzouris, Z.M. Yusof
    Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
  
  Funding: This work was funded by the U.S. Dept. of Energy Office of Science under contract number DE-AC02-06CH11357.
A new L-band 1.3 GHz 1.5 cell gun for the new 75 MeV drive beam is being commissioned and will soon be operating at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) facility as part of the facility upgrade (see M. E. Conde, this proceedings.) The photoinjector is high-field (peak accelerating field > 80MV/m) and has a large \mathrm{Cs}2\mathrm{Te} photocathode (diameter > 30 mm) fabricated in-house. The photoinjector generates high-charge, short pulse, single bunches (Q > 100 nC) or bunch-trains (Q ≈ 1000 nC) for wakefield experiments. Field emission from the \mathrm{Cs}2\mathrm{Te} cathode is to be measured during RF conditioning and benchmarked against measurements from a copper cathode. Quantum efficiency (QE) will be measured in single and multi-bunch modes. Preliminary results are presented. 		 
 
MOPFI080 Fabrication, Transport and Characterization of Cesium Potassium Antimonide Cathode in Electron Guns cathode, laser, vacuum, SRF 461
 
  • T. Rao, S.A. Belomestnykh, I. Ben-Zvi, X. Liang, I. Pinayev, B. Sheehy, J. Skaritka, J. Smedley, E. Wang, T. Xin
    BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
  • R.R. Mammei, J.L. McCarter, M. Poelker
    JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA
  • M. Ruiz-Osés
    Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
  
  a number of accelerator applications need high current, low emittance and high brightness electron beams. Recent studies have shown cesium potassium antimonide to be a robust photocathode capable of producing high peak and average currents. However, for some applications, the UHV conditions required for producing these cathodes necessitate their fabrication site to be physically removed from the gun location and the cathode to be transferred between the two sites in UHV load-lock chambers. We have fabricated two cathodes at BNL, transported and tested them in DC gun at JLab at 100 kV and 200 kV. These cathodes have delivered up to 8A/cm2 without significant degradation. Localized changes in the QE have been attributed to heating due to laser, increasing the QE at lower laser power, but damaging the cathode at higher power. Two more load-lock chambers have been built to transport and insert similar cathodes in SRF guns operating at 700 MHz and 112 MHz for the first time. In this paper, we will describe the design of the load-lock chambers, transfer mechanisms, transport of the cathodes over ~ 1000 km and the cathode performance in gun environment.  
 
MOPME040 Cavity-based Multi-parameter Beam Diagnostics at HLS cavity, quadrupole, emittance, diagnostics 559
 
  • Q. Luo, B.G. Sun
    USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
  
  Funding: Natural Science Foundation of China (11005106)
Recent developments of the fourth generation light sources needs precious control of beam parameters, such as beam position, transverse emittance, beam density, bunch length, etc.. Non-destructive on-line beam diagnostic methods are then required. As an example, the cavity beam multi-parameter monitor system designed for the HLS photocathode RF electron gun consists of a beam position monitor, a beam quadrupole moment monitor and a beam density and bunch length monitor. The cavity beam position monitor uses a re-entrant position cavity tuned to TM110 mode as position cavity and cut-through waveguides to suppress the monopole signal. Beam quadrupole moment monitor system consists of a square pill-box quadrupole moment cavity, a cylindrical pill-box reference cavity and a waveguide coupling network. TM0n0 modes of cavity can be used to work out beam density and bunch length simultaneously. To simplify the design and suppress the whole system here, we use the reference cavity of beam position monitor as beam density and bunch length signal pick-up. 		 
 
MOPME060 Introduction to Beam Diagnostics Components for PAL-ITF electron, diagnostics, laser, radiation 610
 
  • H. J. Choi, M.S. Chae, J.H. Hong, C. Kim, D.T. Kim, S.J. Park
    PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
  
  Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) is building the 4th generation X-ray free electron laser (XFEL). The Injection Test Facility (ITF) is a test facility established to improve the functions of the laser gun and pre-injector to be installed in XFEL. To improve the effects of ITF, two factors are required. The first is to be able to generate low-emittance electron beams stably at the laser gun, and the second is to control increasing emittance by space charge effect by accelerating electron beams with high energy at the pre-injector. In this way, high-quality electron beams can be materialized. Various beam diagnostics are installed in the accelerator system for beam diagnostics and measurements. Five kinds of beam diagnostics were installed in the PAL-ITF. These are (1) ICT and (2) Faraday Cup to measure current and electrons charge, (3) Stripline BPM to measure the location of beams, (4) a YAG/OTR Screen Monitor to measure beam energy and transverse profile motion and (5) a Wire Scanner to measure beam size. In this paper, the purposes and properties of each diagnostic unit and measurement results are introduced.  
 
MOPME061 Femtosecond e-bunch Length Measurement at fs-THz Accelerator at PAL radiation, electron, linac, laser 613
 
  • J.H. Ko, I.S. Ko
    POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
  • H.-S. Kang
    PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
  
  Longitudinal distribution of femto-second electron beam has been evaluated by the coherent transition radiation Michelson interferometer with the reconstruction procedure from interferograms. We measure the bunch length of the Thz Accelerator using interferogram method in Pohang Accelerator Lab and compare with the energy of transition radiation and bunch length.  
 
MOPWA063 Proposed Coherent Diffraction Radiation Measurements of Bunch Length at ASTA radiation, electron, cryomodule, laser 822
 
  • A.H. Lumpkin, J. Ruan, R.M. Thurman-Keup
    Fermilab, Batavia, USA
  
  Funding: Operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy.
The feasibility of using the autocorrelation of coherent diffraction radiation (CDR) as a non-intercepting diagnostics technique for bunch length and indirectly rf phase measurements is evaluated and proposed for the Advanced Superconducting Test Accelerator (ASTA) facility under construction at Fermilab. Previous experiments on an rf thermionic cathode gun beam at 50 MeV provide a proof-of-principle reference for the ASTA injector. The ASTA injector is based on an L-band rf photocathode (PC) gun with UV pulse drive laser, two L-band superconducting accelerator structures, a chicane bunch compressor, and an electron spectrometer. The injector energy of 40-50 MeV is expected. The 3-MHz micropulse repetition rate with micropulse charges up to to 3.2 nC and 1-ps bunch lengths should generate sufficient CDR signal for standard pyroelectric detectors to be used. The CDR signals will also be evaluated as a bunch compression signal for beam-based feedback for rf phase. The technique would also be applicable at high energy in straight transport lines after the cryomodules. 		 
 
MOPWO062 A Parallel Multi-objective Differential Evolution Algorithm for Photoinjector Beam Dynamics Optimization controls, emittance, electron, solenoid 1031
 
  • J. Qiang, C.E. Mitchell, S. Paret, R.D. Ryne
    LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
  • Y.X. Chao
    UCB, Berkeley, California, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by the Director of the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under Contract no. DEAC02-05CH11231
In photoinjector design, there is growing interest in using multi-objective beam dynamics optimization to minimize the final transverse emittances and to maximize the final peak current of the beam. Most previous studies in this area were based on genetic algorithms. Recent progress in optimization suggests that the differential evolution algorithm could perform better in comparison to the genetic algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new parallel multi-objective optimizer based on the differential evolution algorithm for photoinjector beam dynamics optimization. We will discuss the numerical algorithm and some benchmark examples. This algorithm has the potential to significantly reduce the computation time required to reach the optimal Pareto solution. 		 
 
TUOCB101 Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA): A Facility for the Development of High Gradient Accelerating Structures and Wakefield Measurements wakefield, electron, acceleration, linac 1111
 
  • M.E. Conde, S.P. Antipov, D.S. Doran, W. Gai, C.-J. Jing, R. Konecny, W. Liu, J.G. Power, E.E. Wisniewski, Z.M. Yusof
    ANL, Argonne, USA
  • S.P. Antipov, C.-J. Jing, R. Konecny
    Euclid TechLabs, LLC, Solon, Ohio, USA
  • E.E. Wisniewski, Z.M. Yusof
    Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
The recently upgraded AWA facility is being commissioned. Operation of the new L-Band RF gun with a Cesium Telluride photocathode will generate long electron bunch trains, with high charge per bunch (up to 100 nC). The six new linac tanks will boost the beam energy to 75 MeV, making it an extremely well suited drive beam to excite wakefields in structures. One of the main goals of the facility is to generate RF pulses with GW power levels, corresponding to accelerating gradients of hundreds of MV/m and energy gains on the order of 100 MeV per structure. A key aspect of the studies and experiments carried out at the AWA facility is the use of relatively short RF pulses (15 – 25 ns), which is believed to mitigate the risk of breakdown and structure damage. 		 
slides icon Slides TUOCB101 [3.416 MB]  
 
TUOCB103 Quasi Traveling Wave Side Couple RF Gun for SuperKEKB cavity, emittance, focusing, cathode 1117
 
  • T. Natsui, Y. Ogawa, M. Yoshida, X. Zhou
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  
  We are developing a new RF gun for SuperKEKB. High charge low emittance electron and positron beams are required for SuperKEKB. We will generate 7.0 GeV electron beam at 5 nC 20 mm-mrad by J-linac. In this linac, a photo cathode S-band RF gun will be used as the electron beam source. For this reason, we are developing an advanced RF gun. We have tested a Disk and Washer (DAW) type RF gun. Additionally, another new RF gun which has two side coupled standing wave field is developed. We call it quasi traveling wave side couple RF gun. This gun has a strong focusing field at the cathode and the acceleration field distribution also has a focusing effect. The design of RF gun and experimental results will be shown.  
slides icon Slides TUOCB103 [2.959 MB]  
 
TUODB101 Studies on An S-band Bunching System with Hybrid Buncher bunching, linac, cavity, electron 1120
 
  • S. Pei, O. Xiao
    IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
  
  Generally, a standard bunching system is composed by a SW pre-buncher, a TW buncher and a standard accelerating section. However, there is one way to simplify the whole system to some extent by using the hybrid buncher, which is a combined structure of the SW pre-buncher and the TW buncher. Here the beam dynamics studies on an S-band bunching system with hybrid buncher is presented, simulation results shows that similar beam performance can be obtained at the linac exit by using this kind of bunching system rather than the standard one. In the meantime, the structure design of the hybrid buncher is also described. Furthermore, the standard accelerating section can also be integrated with the hybrid buncher, this can further simplify the bunching system and lower the construction cost.  
slides icon Slides TUODB101 [22.120 MB]  
 
TUPEA004 The Free-electron Laser FLASH at DESY FEL, photon, linac, undulator 1167
 
  • M. Vogt, B. Faatz, J. Feldhaus, K. Honkavaara, S. Schreiber, R. Treusch
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  
  The free-electron laser FLASH at DESY routinely produces up to several thousand photon pulses per second with wavelengths ranging from 44 nm down to as low as 4.25 nm and with pulse energies of up to 400μJoule. After a significant technical upgrade in 2010, which included an energy upgrade to 1.25 GeV and linearization of the longitudinal phase space by 3-rd harmonic cavities, emphasis was put on consolidation and automatization of operational procedures and better control of the electron/photon beam properties. Some highlights are: on-line measurements of the electron bunch-length in the regime of several 10 fs to 100 fs, reaching into the water window, increased photon pulse energies and the improved machine reproducibility. Moreover, first evidence of HHG seeding was found at the sFLASH experiment in spring 2012. Construction work is ongoing for a 2-nd beam-line (FLASH-2) for which commissioning will start in late 2013.  
 
TUPEA013 Present Status of Mid-infrared Free Electron Laser Facility in Kyoto University FEL, electron, undulator, cavity 1190
 
  • H. Zen, Y.W. Choi, H. Imon, M. Inukai, T. Kii, R. Kinjo, T. Konstantin, K. Masuda, K. Mishima, H. Negm, H. Ohgaki, K. Okumura, M. Omer, S. Shibata, K. Shimahashi, K. Yoshida
    Kyoto University, Institute for Advanced Energy, Kyoto, Japan
  
  A Mid-Infrared Free Electron Laser (MIR-FEL) facility named as KU-FEL has been constructed for energy science in Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University*. The accelerator of KU-FEL consists of an S-band 4.5-cell thermionic RF gun, a Dog-leg section for energy filtering, a 3-m traveling-wave type accelerator tube, 180-degree arc section for bunch compression and a hybrid undulator. We have already succeeded in lasing of the FEL from 5.5 to 14.5 micro-meter. Present status and recent activity for the FEL development will be presented in the conference.
*H. Zen, et al., Infrared Physics & Technology, vol.51, 382-385. 		 
 
TUPEA075 Passively Driving X-band Structures to Achieve Higher Beam Energies electron, linac, impedance, laser 1304
 
  • S. Biedron, S.V. Milton, N. Sipahi, T. Sipahi
    CSU, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
  
  Particle accelerators at X-band frequencies have gradients of around 100 MV/m. This technology permits more compact accelerators. One of our aims at the Colorado State University Accelerator Laboratory is to adapt this technology to our L-band (1.3 GHz) accelerator system to increase our overall beam energy; however, we would like to do this in a passive manner, i.e. one that does not require investment in an expensive, custom, high-power klystron system. In this paper we explore using the beam from our L-band 6 MeV photoinjector to power an x-band structure tuned to the 9th harmonic of our L-band system, 11.7 GHz. Electron bunches will be generated at a repetition rate of 81.25 MHz and passed through a high shunt impedance x-band accelerating structure where they will resonantly excite the fundamental field. We will optimize the system to create the highest accelerating potential within this structure. Once the peak gradient is achieved we will send a single electron bunch through the system at a phase that places it on the crest of the X-band accelerating wave thereby increasing the electron bunch energy by some amount without need for additional external power sources.  
 
TUPFI004 Longitudinal Manipulation to Obtain and Keep the Low Emittance and High Charge Electron Beam for SuperKEKB Injector emittance, wakefield, laser, alignment 1337
 
  • M. Yoshida, N. Iida, T. Natsui, Y. Ogawa, S. Ohsawa, H. Sugimoto, L. Zang, X. Zhou
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  
  The design strategy of SuperKEKB is based on the.nano-beam scheme. The dynamic aperture decreases due to the very small beta function at the interaction point. Thus the injector upgrade is required to obtain the low emittance and high charge beam corresponding to the short beam life and small injection acceptance. The required beam parameters are 5 nC, 20 mm mrad and 4 nC, 6 mm mrad for the electron and positron respectively. For the electron beam, we installed new photocathode RF-Gun with the focusing electric field and temporal adjusting laser system. Further the projected emittance dilution in the LINAC is an important issue for the low emittance injection. The longitudinal bunch length and shape is an important key to avoid the space charge effect and emittance dilution. The longitudinal manipulation using the temporal adjusting laser system and the bunch compression will be presented. Further the longitudinal bunch measurement will be also presented.  
 
TUPFI081 Progress with Coherent Electron Cooling Proof-Of-Principle Experiment cavity, electron, ion, undulator 1535
 
  • I. Pinayev, S.A. Belomestnykh, I. Ben-Zvi, K.A. Brown, J.C. Brutus, L. DeSanto, A. Elizarov, C. Folz, D.M. Gassner, Y. Hao, R.L. Hulsart, Y.C. Jing, D. Kayran, R.F. Lambiase, V. Litvinenko, G.J. Mahler, M. Mapes, W. Meng, R.J. Michnoff, T.A. Miller, M.G. Minty, P. Orfin, A. Pendzick, F. Randazzo, T. Rao, T. Roser, J. Sandberg, B. Sheehy, J. Skaritka, K.S. Smith, L. Snydstrup, R. Than, R.J. Todd, J.E. Tuozzolo, G. Wang, D. Weiss, M. Wilinski, W. Xu, A. Zaltsman
    BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
  • G.I. Bell, J.R. Cary, K. Paul, B.T. Schwartz, S.D. Webb
    Tech-X, Boulder, Colorado, USA
  • C.H. Boulware, T.L. Grimm, R. Jecks, N. Miller
    Niowave, Inc., Lansing, Michigan, USA
  • M.A. Kholopov, P. Vobly
    BINP SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
  • M. Poelker
    JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA
  
  We conduct proof-of-the-principle experiment of coherent electron cooling (CEC), which has a potential to significantly boost luminosity of high-energy, high-intensity hadron colliders. In this paper, we present the progress with experimental equipment including the first tests of the electron gun and the magnetic measurements of the wiggler prototype. We describe current design status as well as near future plans.  
 
TUPME018 Construction of New 90 MeV Injector Linac for the 1.2 GeV Booster Synchrotron at Tohoku University linac, electron, synchrotron, quadrupole 1607
 
  • S. Kashiwagi, H. Hama, F. Hinode, M. Kawai, T. Muto, I. Nagasawa, K. Nanbu, Y. Shibasaki, K. Takahashi
    Tohoku University, Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Sendai, Japan
  • N.Y. Huang
    NTHU, Hsinchu, Taiwan
  
  The Great East Japan Earthquake (March 11, 2011) has inflicted enormous damage on the accelerator facility of Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Tohoku University. A 300 MeV linac operated for 46 years as an accelerator for radioisotope production and also as an injector of the 1.2 GeV booster synchrotron for nuclear physics experiments. The accelerator will be rebuilt with all the recyclable components. New small linac is constructed as the injector for the booster synchrotron. The injector consists of thermionic rf-gun, two 3m-long accelerating structures, and transport line to the synchrotron. The maximum energy of injector is 90 MeV with beam loading. The detail of the injector linac is introduced in this conference.  
 
TUPME027 Advanced Studies on New Generation of Electron-positron Accelerators and Colliders for Fundamental and Applied Researches laser, electron, FEL, radiation 1631
 
  • A. Dudarev, N. Balalykin, U.A. Budagov, V. Kobets, M.V. Lyablin, B.M. Sabirov, G. Shirkov, E. Syresin, G.V. Trubnikov
    JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
  
  JINR actively leads the R&D works in particle accelerator physics and engineering, construction of the free electron laser with the aim to prepare proposals for the project of JINR participation in international collaboration on construction of the future Linear Collider (CLIC/ILC). JINR scientists and engineers study in free electron laser physics, development and construction of systems applied for formation and diagnostics of ultra short dense bunches in the linear electron accelerators. JINR physicists also take part in several fields of activity in ILC: works on photo injector prototype, participation in design and construction of cryomodules, laser metrology, and possible ILC location near Dubna.  
 
TUPWA041 Reduction of Secondary Electron (SEY) Yield Figures on Smooth Metallic Surfaces by Means of Magnetic Roughness electron, permanent-magnet, radio-frequency 1799
 
  • M. Taborelli, F. Caspers, M. Mensi
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • L.S. Aguilera, I. Montero
    CSIC, Madrid, Spain
  
  High secondary electron yield of metallic surfaces used in accelerator and also space applications is of general concern. In addition to several well known coating techniques and microscopic or macroscopic mechanical roughness (grooves) which may significantly increase microwave losses the concept of magnetic surface roughness has been proposed recently. In this concept a smooth and very well conductimg surface with low microwave losses is maintained, but underneath this surface a large number of tiny permanent magnets are located to build a rough magnetic equipotential structure. In this paper we present and discuss measurement of the SEY and the improvement in terms of SEY for different parameter ranges  
 
WEZB101 Status of the European XFEL linac, undulator, photon, electron 2058
 
  • M. Hüning
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  
  The European XFEL is one of the world's largest accelerators presently under construction. The facility includes a 17.5 GeV superconducting linac with more than 3 km of electron beam transport lines and up to 5 FEL undulators. In mid-2013 the underground civil construction will finish. With most of the large scale production in full swing and first accelerator components installed, this talk should present the XFEL facility status and plans for accelerator commissioning including prospects for first XFEL experiments in Hamburg.  
slides icon Slides WEZB101 [16.980 MB]  
 
WEODB103 Current Status of PAL-XFEL Project FEL, undulator, emittance, klystron 2074
 
  • H.-S. Kang, J.H. Han, T.-H. Kang, C. Kim, D.E. Kim, S.H. Kim, I.S. Ko, H.-S. Lee, K.-H. Park, S.J. Park
    PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
  
  The PAL-XFEL is a 0.1-nm hard X-ray FEL construction project which started from 2011 with a total budget of 400 M$. The PAL-XFEL is designed to have three hard X-ray undulator lines at the end of 10-GeV linac and a dog-leg branch line at 3 GeV point for two soft X-ray undulator lines. The three-bunch compressor lattice (3-BC) is chosen to have large flexibility of operation, making it possible to operate soft X-ray FEL undulator line simultaneously and independently from hard X-ray FEL line. Self seeding to achieve the FEL radiation bandwidth of below 5x10-5 is baseline for the hard X-ray FEL line. Polarization control will be available by using the PU + EPU layout for the soft X-ray FEL line. The overview of the project with current status is presented.  
slides icon Slides WEODB103 [8.332 MB]  
 
WEPWA009 RF Bunch Compression Studies for FLUTE linac, cavity, simulation, space-charge 2144
 
  • M. Schuh, E. Huttel, S. Marsching, A.-S. Müller, S. Naknaimueang, M.J. Nasse, R. Rossmanith, R. Ruprecht, M. Schreck, M. Schwarz, M. Weber, P. Wesolowski
    KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • R.W. Aßmann, K. Flöttmann, H. Schlarb
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  
  FLUTE is a planned 40 to 50 MeV accelerator test facility consisting, in the first phase, of an electron gun with an output energy of about 7 MeV, a traveling wave linac and a magnet chicane bunch compressor. The machine will serve as a source of intense THz radiation using coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR), coherent transition radiation (CTR), and coherent edge radiation (CER) as generation mechanisms. It is planned to operate the machine in the charge regime from a few pC up to several nC in order to study bunch compression schemes as well as the THz radiation generation. In this contribution the effect of velocity bunching by using a dedicated buncher cavity at low energy and operating the linac off-crest is studied in order to deliver RMS bunch lengths in the femtosecond range at low charge.  
 
WEPWA010 FLUTE: A Versatile Linac-based THz Source Generating Ultra-short Pulses radiation, linac, laser, electron 2147
 
  • M.J. Nasse, E. Huttel, S. Marsching, A.-S. Müller, S. Naknaimueang, R. Rossmanith, R. Ruprecht, M. Schreck, M. Schuh, M. Schwarz, P. Wesolowski
    KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • R.W. Aßmann, M. Felber, K. Flöttmann, M. Hoffmann, H. Schlarb
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  • H.-H. Braun, R. Ganter, L. Stingelin
    PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
  
  FLUTE is a linac-based accelerator test facility and a THz source currently being constructed at KIT with an electron beam energy of ~41 MeV. It is designed to cover a large charge range from a few pC to ~3 nC. FLUTE is optimized to provide ultra-short electron bunches with an RMS length down to a few fs. In this contribution, we focus on the layout of the machine from the RF gun & gun laser over the linac and the compressor to the THz beamline for the generation of coherent synchrotron, transition and edge radiation (CSR, CTR, CER).  
poster icon Poster WEPWA010 [0.802 MB]  
 
WEPWA015 Progress in Construction of the 35 MeV Compact Energy Recovery Linac at KEK linac, cryomodule, shielding, laser 2159
 
  • S. Sakanaka, S. Adachi, M. Akemoto, D.A. Arakawa, S. Asaoka, K. Enami, K. Endo, S. Fukuda, T. Furuya, K. Haga, K. Hara, K. Harada, T. Honda, Y. Honda, H. Honma, T. Honma, K. Hosoyama, K. Hozumi, E. Kako, Y. Kamiya, H. Katagiri, H. Kawata, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Kojima, Y. Kondou, T. Kume, T. Matsumoto, H. Matsumura, H. Matsushita, S. Michizono, T. Miura, T. Miyajima, S. Nagahashi, H. Nakai, H. Nakajima, N. Nakamura, K. Nakanishi, K. Nakao, K.N. Nigorikawa, T. Nogami, S. Noguchi, S. Nozawa, T. Obina, T. Ozaki, F. Qiu, H. Sagehashi, H. Sakai, S. Sasaki, K. Satoh, M. Satoh, T. Shidara, M. Shimada, K. Shinoe, T. Shioya, T. Shishido, M. Tadano, T. Takahashi, R. Takai, T. Takenaka, Y. Tanimoto, M. Tobiyama, K. Tsuchiya, T. Uchiyama, A. Ueda, K. Umemori, K. Watanabe, M. Yamamoto, Y. Yamamoto, Y. Yano, M. Yoshida
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  • E. Cenni
    Sokendai, Ibaraki, Japan
  • R. Hajima, S.M. Matsuba, R. Nagai, N. Nishimori, M. Sawamura, T. Shizuma
    JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
  • H. Takaki
    ISSP/SRL, Chiba, Japan
  
  The 35-MeV Compact Energy Recovery Linac (the Compact ERL or cERL) is under construction at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) in Japan. With the Compact ERL, we aim at establishing cutting-edge technologies for the GeV-class ERL-based synchrotron light source. To install the accelerator components of the cERL, we have constructed a shielding room having an area of about 60 m x 20 m. We have then installed a 500-kV DC photocathode gun, a 5-MV superconducting (SC) cryomodule for the injector, a 30-MV SC cryomodule for the main linac, and some of the other components. High-power test on the main SC cryomodule is underway in December, 2012. High-power or high-voltage tests on the injector cryomodule and on the DC gun are planned during January to March, 2013. An injector of the Compact ERL will be commissioned in April, 2013. We report the newest status of its construction.  
 
WEPWA023 Design of 14 MeV LINAC for THz Source Based FEL linac, FEL, quadrupole, emittance 2181
 
  • Y.J. Pei, G. Feng, Y. Hong, G. Huang, D. Jia, K. Jin, C. Li, J. Li, S. Lu, L. Shang
    USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
  • Q.S. Chen, M. Fan, T. Hu, Y.Q. Xiong, H. Zeng
    HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
  • B. Qing, Z.X. Tang, X.L. Wei
    USTC, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
  • L.G. Shen, F. Zhang
    USTC/PMPI, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
  
  Abstract THz wave have many special performances, such as it can penetrate deep into many organic materials without the damage associated with ionizing radiation such as X-ray, it can be used to distinguish between materials with varying water content, because THz radiation is absorbed by water. In part researchers lacked reliable sources of THz, so develop new THz sources is important now. So far there were many kind of THz Source, one of them is THz source based a FEL that can produce high power (~kW). This paper will describe the design of a LINAC of 14MeV which is used for FEL to produce THz radiation. The LINAC is mainly composed of a novel EC-ITC RF gun, compensation coil, constant gradient accelerating structure, beam diagnostic system and so on. Main design parameters are as following: Energy 7~15MeV Beam current (macro pulse) 571mA (micro pulse) 30~40° Bunch length 5~7ps Charge per bunch 200~300pC Normalized emittance ≤10mm.mrad Energy spread(rms) ≤0.5%  
 
WEPWA024 Study of an Electron Gun for Terahertz Radiation Source electron, cathode, focusing, radiation 2184
 
  • J. Li, C. Li, Y.J. Pei, L. Shang
    USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
  • Q.S. Chen, T. Hu
    HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
  • G. Feng
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  
  With the aim to obtain short-pulse bunches with high peak current for a terahertz radiation source, an RF gun with independently tunable cells (ITC) was employed. As the electron source of the ITC RF gun, a grid-control DC gun plays a key role, the performance of which determines the beam quality in the injector and transport line. In order to make the beam well compressed in the ITC RF gun, the energy of the electrons acquired from the grid-control DC gun should be 15 KeV at most. A proper structure of the grid-gun is shown to overcome the strong space charge force on the cathode, which is able to generate 1us beam with 4.5A current successfully. Simulations considering the grid net are also introduced.  
 
WEPWA040 Options for PAL-XFEL Injector Operation emittance, laser, FEL, cathode 2217
 
  • J.H. Han
    PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
  • M.S. Chae
    POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
  
  Present designs of the PAL-XFEL injector assume a 120 MV/m peak field at the cathode in the gun and a flat-top longitudinal drive-laser profile. As accelerating field in the gun decreases and laser shape becomes imperfect, beam quality degradation takes place. On the other hand, by reducing accelerating field in the gun and by relaxing drive-laser shaping requirement the stability of the injector can be increased. We study various options for operating conditions of the injector with relaxed RF and drive-laser parameters.  
 
WEPWA043 Construction of Injector Test Facility (ITF) for the PAL XFEL emittance, laser, controls, klystron 2220
 
  • S.J. Park, H. J. Choi, T. Ha, J.H. Han, J.H. Hong, W.H. Hwang, H.-S. Kang, T.-H. Kang, D.T. Kim, J.M. Kim, S.-C. Kim, I.S. Ko, B.H. Lee, H.-S. Lee, W.W. Lee, C.-K. Min, Y.J. Park, Y.G. Son
    PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
  • M.S. Chae
    POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
  
  Funding: Work supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) in Korea.
An injector test facility (ITF) for the PAL-XFEL has been successfully constructed and its commissioning is under way. The facility is to demonstrate beam performances required by the PAL XFEL (beam energy of 139 MeV, projected rms emittance of < 0.5 mm mrad @ 200 pC, and beam repetition rate of 60 Hz) with good enough stabilities. We have constructed a dedicated building for the facility in which a radiation-shielding tunnel (19.2-m long, 3.5-m wide, and 2.4-m high inner space), a klystron-modulator gallery, a laser room, and a control room are installed. The injector consists of an in-house-developed photo-cathode rf gun, a 30-mJ Ti:Sa laser system, two accelerating structures (as well as two sets of klystron-modulator systems), and various diagnostics as well as magnets & instrumentations. The installation of a transverse deflecting cavity (S-band, 10-fs resolution) and a laser heater is scheduled in 2013. In this article we report on the facility construction and some of the early commisisoning results. 		 
 
WEPWA052 A Gun to Linac Operation Analysis of the Taiwan Light Source Injector electron, linac, factory, synchrotron 2235
 
  • H.C. Chen, H.H. Chen, S. Fann, S.J. Huang, J.A. Li, C.C. Liang, Y.K. Lin, Y.-C. Liu
    NSRRC, Hsinchu, Taiwan
  
  A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the gun to linac optimization process of the Taiwan Light Source (TLS) injector at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC). A study model, based on artificial neural network (ANN) theory, which uses electron beam tuning knobs as variables, was constructed. An optimization procedure was developed by designating electron beam efficiency as the objective function and the selected beam tuning knobs as the variables. The theoretical model and optimization procedure were both implemented to evaluate the model. By properly applying the constructed optimization procedure, the beam efficiency was improved. This report outlines the details of the gun to linac optimization process experiment.  
 
WEPWA058 Operation of the NSRRC 2998 MHz Photo-cathode RF Gun laser, electron, cathode, cavity 2247
 
  • A.P. Lee, M.C. Chou, J.-Y. Hwang, W.K. Lau
    NSRRC, Hsinchu, Taiwan
  • P. Chiu, N.Y. Huang, P. Wang
    NTHU, Hsinchu, Taiwan
  
  We are developing the photoinjector technology for single pass high gain FEL research at NSRRC. A gun test facility(GTF) equipped with a 35 MW, S-band high power pulsed klystron as well as a 300 uJ, UV driver laser has been constructed for testing photo-cathode rf guns. Recently, a 2998 MHz, 1.6-cell photo-cathode rf gun has been fabricated in house and is being tested at the NSRRC GTF. Details of this setup will be described and the operational performance of this electron gun will be reported.  
 
WEPWA059 Operation of the Drive Laser System for the 2998 MHz NSRRC Photoinjector laser, cathode, electron, target 2250
 
  • M.C. Chou, W.K. Lau, A.P. Lee
    NSRRC, Hsinchu, Taiwan
  
  A 266nm UV laser system has been installed as the drive laser of the NSRRC 2998 MHz photo-cathode rf gun. We will report our experiences on using such laser system for rf gun beam test. UV optics for laser beam transport as well as shaping technique we used for emittance preservation will also be presented.  
 
WEPWA061 ALICE ERL Intra-train Variation Investigation using Bunch-by-bunch BPMs laser, FEL, cathode, linac 2256
 
  • D. Angal-Kalinin, F. Jackson, S.P. Jamison, J.K. Jones, A. Kalinin, T.T. Thakker, P.H. Williams
    STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
  
  The ALICE ERL is an energy recovery test facility based at Daresbury Laboratory. We present investigations of charge and transverse variations/oscillations in the ALICE trains (up to 1600 bunches, spacing 55.2ns, bunch charge up to 60pC), using turn-by-turn EMMA BPMs adjusted for bunch-by-bunch measurements*. A set-up was established which allows use of pickups immediately downstream of the DC Gun as well as in the Arcs. To analyse variations, a DFT was used. It was established that a previously observed prominent (~10%) 300kHz charge envelope variation is a feature of the Photoinjector Laser. A set of transverse variations at 300kHz and below that depended on steering was also observed in the Injection Line. Downstream of the Booster, it was discovered that the transverse spectra are different. Prevailing quite regular variations (in range of 50um) were observed around 100kHz, manifesting themselves in the horizontal plane, present in non-dispersive regions, and dependent on trajectory offset in the Booster. We discuss the results, and also present our plans to apply this technique to a new single bunch injector EBTF now under commissioning in Daresbury Laboratory.
* A. Kalinin et al, MOPA30, IBIC12, Tsukuba, Japan. 		 
 
WEPWA069 Design Concepts for an RF Deflecting Cavity-Based Beam Spreader for a Next Generation FEL cavity, dipole, FEL, septum 2274
 
  • M. Placidi, L.R. Doolittle, P. Emma, J.-Y. Jung, J. Qiang, A. Ratti, C. Sun
    LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by the Director, Office of Science, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231
The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is developing design concepts for a multi-beamline soft x-ray FEL array powered by a superconducting linear accelerator, operating with a high bunch repetition rate of approximately one MHz. Electron bunches supplied by a high-brightness, high-repetition-rate photocathode electron gun are distributed by a beam spreader, designed to deliver individual bunches from a CW linac to an array of independently configurable FEL beamlines with nominal bunch rates up to 100 kHz in each FEL, and with even pulse spacing. We describe recent developments in the technical choices, design and parameters of the spreader system and its main components. 		 
 
WEPWA070 Design of a Collimation System for the Next Generation Light Source collimation, undulator, kicker, linac 2277
 
  • C. Steier, J.M. Byrd, S. De Santis, P. Emma, D. Li, H. Nishimura, C. F. Papadopoulos, H.J. Qian, F. Sannibale
    LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
  
  Funding: This work is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
The Next Generation Light Source at LBNL will deliver MHz repetition rate electron beams to an array of free electron lasers. Because of the high beam power approaching one MW in such a facility, effective beam collimation is extremely important to minimize radiation damage, prevent quenches of superconducting cavities, limit dose rates outside of the accelerator tunnel and prevent equipment damage. This paper describes the conceptual design of a collimation system, including detailed simulations to verify its effectiveness. 		 
 
WEPWA078 Compact Accelerator Design for a Compton Light Source cavity, electron, emittance, photon 2292
 
  • T. Satogata, K.E. Deitrick, J.R. Delayen, B.R.P. Gamage, K.G. Hernández-Chahín, C.S. Hopper, G.A. Krafft, R.G. Olave
    ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
  • K.G. Hernández-Chahín
    DCI-UG, León, Mexico
  • G.A. Krafft, T. Satogata
    JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA
  
  Funding: Partially authored by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE contract NO. DE-AC05-06OR23177.
A compact electron accelerator suitable for Compton source applications is in design at the Center for Accelerator Science at Old Dominion University and Jefferson Lab. The design includes a KE=1.55 MeV low-emittance, optimized superconducting electron gun; a 23.45 MeV linac with multi-spoke 4.2 K superconducting cavities; and transport that combines magnetic longitudinal bunch compressor and transverse final focus. We report on the initial designs of each element, including end to end simulations with ASTRA and elegant, and expected beam parameters. 		 
 
WEPWA091 Simulation Design of a Low Energy Bunch Compressor with Space Charge Effect space-charge, electron, dipole, cathode 2307
 
  • A. He, Y. Hidaka, T.V. Shaftan, G.M. Wang, F.J. Willeke, L. Yang, L.-H. Yu
    BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
  
  Funding: Department of Energy, USA
Following the proposal of electron beam slicing method to generate short x-ray pulses in storage ring, we studied the feasibility of the crucial technique required by electron beam slicing, i.e., the generation of very low energy electron beam with very small beam size (30 μm) and very short bunch length (100 fs). Based on one of the BNL RF gun, 5 MeV beam energy and 50 pC bunch charge was assumed in the study. The beam ‘natural’ energy-time negative chirp, due to space charge effect, was used and the bunch length is compressed from from 0.8 ps to ~150 fs with a chicane structure. The system is in the space charge dominated regime. We use the code PARMELA and Generic optimization method for parameters optimization with various strategies to overcome the damaging from the space charge effect. After optimization, the beam transverse size is 50 micron and the bunch length is 150 fs, close to our original specification. In this paper we describe the design and the physical process in the compressor and focus section. The study confirmed the possibility to generate strong focused and compressed very low energy beam in the space charge dominated regime. 		 
 
WEPWO002 RF Measurements of the 1.6 Cell Lead/Niobium Photoinjector in HoBiCaT cavity, cathode, vacuum, SRF 2313
 
  • A. Burrill, W. Anders, T. Kamps, J. Knobloch, O. Kugeler, P. Lauinger, A. Neumann
    HZB, Berlin, Germany
  • P. Kneisel
    JLAB, Newport News, Virginia, USA
  • R. Nietubyć
    NCBJ, Świerk/Otwock, Poland
  • J.K. Sekutowicz
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  
  The development of a simple and robust SRF photoinjector capable of delivering up to 1 mA average current in c.w. operation continues to progress with the horizontal RF testing of the 1.6 cell Pb/Nb hybrid photoinjector. This injector utilizes a sputtered lead coating on a removable Nb cathode plug as the photoelectron source and has recently been tested in the horizontal test cryostat facility, HoBiCaT, at HZB. In this paper we will report on the status of these RF measurements and compare the performance to previous vertical RF tests performed at JLab. We will also report on the experience operating this cavity with a TTF-III high power RF input coupler, as well as provide a summary of the microphonics susceptibility now that it has been installed into a helium vessel and equipped with a Saclay style tuner.  
 
WEPWO009 Numerical Coupling Analyses of BERLinPro SRF Gun cavity, simulation, SRF, cathode 2328
 
  • E.N. Zaplatin
    FZJ, Jülich, Germany
  • W. Anders, A. Burrill, T. Kamps, J. Knobloch, O. Kugeler, A. Neumann
    HZB, Berlin, Germany
  
  BERLinPro is an approved ERL project to demonstrate energy recovery at 100 mA beam current by pertaining a high quality beam. These goals place stringent requirements on the SRF cavity (1300 MHz, β=1) for the photoinjector which has to deliver a small emittance 100 mA beam with at least 1.8 MeV kinetic energy while limited by fundamental power coupler performance to about 230 kW forward power. The RF and beam dynamics gun cavity features 1.4 λ/2 cell resonator. We present results of mechanical structure developments of SRF gun. The main purpose of the whole structure optimization was the design of the gun helium vessel together with the tuner and stiffening rings to provide the simple construction for structure tuning with minimization of the cavity frequency dependence on external pressure. During the resonator tuning and external load structure deformations the cavity field profile variation along the beam path should stay within 5%.  
 
WEPWO029 Design of a SRF Quarter Wave Electron Gun at Peking University cavity, electron, simulation, SRF 2378
 
  • P.L. Fan, K.X. Liu, S.W. Quan, F. Zhu
    PKU, Beijing, People's Republic of China
  
  Funding: Work supported by National Basic Research Project (No. 2011CB808302) and National Natural Science Funds (No. 11075007)
Superconducting RF electron guns hold out the promise of very bright beams for use in electron injectors, particularly in future high average power free-electron lasers (FELs) and energy recovery linacs (ERLs). Peking University is designing a new SRF gun which is composed of a quarter wave resonator (QWR) and an elliptical cavity. Comparing to the elliptical cavity, the QWR is sufficiently compact at the same frequency and its electric field is quasi-DC. We have finished the preliminary design of the QWR cavity. The simulation shows that multipacting is not a critical issue for our cavity structure. Beam dynamic simulation of the QWR cavity is also presented.
contact author : zhufeng7726@pku.edu.cn 		 
 
WEPWO085 Commissioning SRF Gun for the R&D ERL at BNL SRF, cavity, HOM, simulation 2492
 
  • W. Xu, Z. Altinbas, S.A. Belomestnykh, I. Ben-Zvi, S. Deonarine, D.M. Gassner, H. Hahn, J.P. Jamilkowski, P. Kankiya, D. Kayran, N. Laloudakis, L. Masi, G.T. McIntyre, D. Pate, D. Phillips, T. Seda, K.S. Smith, A.N. Steszyn, T.N. Tallerico, R. Than, R.J. Todd, D. Weiss, A. Zaltsman
    BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
  • S.A. Belomestnykh, I. Ben-Zvi, J. Dai
    Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
  
  Funding: This work is supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S.
The R&D ERL project at BNL aims to demonstrate a high charge, high current energy recovery linac. One of the key SRF system is the 704 MHz half-cell SRF gun. The SRF gun is designed to deliver up to 0.5 A beam at 2 MeV with 1 MW of CW RF power. The gun commissioning started in November 2012. The first photoemission beam from the SRF gun is expected in early 2013. This presentation will discuss the results of the SRF gun commissioning, and the performance of the high-power RF system. 		 
 
WEPEA033 Optimization of Injector System for Early Commissioning Phase of Compact-ERL. emittance, laser, space-charge, solenoid 2573
 
  • J.G. Hwang, E.-S. Kim
    Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
  • T. Miyajima
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  
  Injector system of Compact-Energy Recovery Linear accelerator, which is currently develping in Photon Factory of KEK at Japan, consists of the photo-cathode DC gun, two solenoids, a 1.3 GHz buncher ,three 1.3 GHz 2 cell injector cavities, 5 quadrupole magnet and merger section. Target values of beam produced by the injector system are kinetic energy of 5 MeV, the normalized transverse emittance of under 0.1 mm-mrad and the bunch length of under 3 ps with the 7.7 pC charge per bunch and the repetition rate of 1.3 Ghz. In this low energy region, the effect of the space charge is dominated to cause the emittance growth. The optimization is performed by using MOGA (Multi-Object Genetic Algorithm) with code GPT to consider the effect of space charge under optimization. The code General Particle Tracer (GPT) is a 3D Paricle-In-Cell(PIC) code based on multi-layer object-oriented design. Using this method with code GPT, the target values was achieved at the exit of the merger section such as the normalized emittance of 0.1 mm-mrad with bunch length of 3 ps and kinetic energy of 5 MeV.  
 
WEPFI003 A New Timing System and Electron Gun Modulator electron, linac, synchrotron, simulation 2705
 
  • A.S. Setty, A.S. Chauchat, D. Fasse, D. Jousse
    Thales Communications & Security (TCS), Gennevilliers Cedex, France
  
  In the last decade, Thales Communications & Security has manufactured turnkey linacs for the SOLEIL, ALBA and BESSY II synchrotrons. In the meanwhile, a new timing system and electron gun modulator was designed and a gun pulse length of 600 ps was measured. This paper will describe the system and will present the beam dynamics simulations results, comparing them with those obtained with the previous gun modulator *.
* A. Setty, "Beam dynamics of the 100 MeV preinjector for the Spanish synchrotron ALBA", PAC07, Albuquerque, USA, June 2007. 		 
 
WEPFI022 Inner Diameter Change over the Years of MA Cores of RF-cavities at the J-PARC 3 GeV Synchrotron cavity, synchrotron 2750
 
  • T. Shimada, M. Nomura, F. Tamura, M. Yamamoto
    JAEA/J-PARC, Tokai-mura, Japan
  • K. Hara, K. Hasegawa, C. Ohmori, M. Toda, M. Yoshii
    KEK, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
  • A. Schnase
    GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
  • H. Suzuki
    Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), International Fusion Energy Research Center (IFERC), Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori, Japan
  
  The 11 RF cavities at the J-PARC 3 GeV synchrotron use 198 MA cores. Buckling occurred in some cores since the operation started in October 2007. We have measured the inner diameters of the cores as part of the investigation to determine the cause of buckling when the cavities were disassembled for maintenance. We obtained inner diameter change values of 36 cores over a longer than 2 years interval in the summer of 2012. We noticed deformations of the inner shapes of the cores related to the manufacturing process, and that inner diameter changes over this period were not detected in most of the cores without buckling. Furthermore, an effective core manufacturing process to avoid the buckling has been established. We are going to replace old type cores with new type cores in summer shutdown periods every year and will have finished the replacement work by the summer of 2013. We report the relation between inner shapes of the cores and the manufacturing process and inner shape changes over the years.  
 
WEPFI023 Study on Two-cell RF-deflector Cavity for Ultra-short Electron Bunch Measurement cavity, electron, simulation, target 2753
 
  • Y. Nishimura, K. Sakaue, T. Takahashi, M. Washio
    Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
  • T. Takatomi, J. Urakawa
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  
  Funding: Work supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) 10001690 and the Quantum Beam Technology Program of MEXT.
We have been developing an S-band Cs-Te photocathode rf electron gun system for pulse radiolysis and laser Compton scattering experiment at Waseda University. These researches demand for high quality and well controlled electron beam. In order to measure the ultra-short electron bunch, we decided to use rf-deflector cavity, which can convert the longitudinal distribution to that of transverse. With this technique, the longitudinal bunch profile can be obtained as the transverse profile. We used the 3D electromagnetic simulation codes HFSS for designing rf deflector cavity and GPT for beam tracking. The cavity has 2 cell structures operating on π mode, standing wave, dipole (TM120) mode at 2856MHz. We have confirmed on HFSS that 2 cell rf-deflector cavity can produce 660G magnetic field per cell on beam line with 750kW input rf power. This field strength is enough for our target, which is 100fs bunch length measurement at 4.3MeV. In this conference, we will present the cavity structure design, the present progresses and future plan. 		 
 
WEPFI030 Design Studies on NSC KIPT Electron Gun System electron, high-voltage, cathode, power-supply 2768
 
  • Z.S. Zhou, Y.L. Chi, D.Y. He
    IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
  
  In NSC KIPT, a neutron source based on a subcritical assembly driven by a 100MeV/100kW electron linear accelerator is under design and development. The linear accelerator needs a new high current electron gun. In this paper, physical design, mechanical fabrication and beam test of this new electron gun are described. The emission current is designed to be higher than 2A for the pulse width of 3us with repetition rate of 50 Hz. The gun will operate with a DC high voltage power supply which can provide up to 150 kV high voltages. Computer simulations and optimizations have been carried out in the design stage, including the gun geometry and beam transport line. The test results of high voltage conditioning and beam test are presented. The operation status of the electron gun system is also included. The basic test results show that the design, manufacture and operation of the new electron system are basically successful.  
 
WEPFI077 LLNL X-band Test Station Status alignment, emittance, cathode, vacuum 2872
 
  • R.A. Marsh, F. Albert, G.G. Anderson, S.G. Anderson, C.P.J. Barty, E.T. Dayton, S.E. Fisher, D.J. Gibson, F.V. Hartemann, S.S.Q. Wu
    LLNL, Livermore, California, USA
  
  Funding: This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344
In support of Compton scattering gamma-ray source efforts at LLNL, a multi-bunch test station is being developed to investigate accelerator optimization for future upgrades. This test station will enable work to explore the science and technology paths required to boost the current mono-energetic gamma-ray technology a higher effective repetition rate, potentially increasing the average gamma-ray brightness by two orders of magnitude. The test station will consist of a 5.5 cell X-band rf photoinjector, single accelerator section, and beam diagnostics. Detailed design of the test station including is complete, and will be presented with modeling simulations and future upgrade paths. The current status of the installation will also be discussed with future commissioning plans. 		 
 
WEPFI078 LLNL X-band RF System klystron, high-voltage, vacuum, cathode 2875
 
  • R.A. Marsh, G.G. Anderson, S.G. Anderson, C.P.J. Barty, S.E. Fisher, D.J. Gibson, F.V. Hartemann
    LLNL, Livermore, California, USA
  
  Funding: This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344
An X-band test station is being developed at LLNL to investigate accelerator optimization for future upgrades to mono-energetic gamma-ray technology at LLNL. The test station will consist of a 5.5 cell X-band rf photoinjector, single accelerator section, and beam diagnostics. The high power RF for the test station will be provided by a SLAC XL4 11.424 GHz klystron driven by a ScandiNova solid state modulator. The high power system has been installed and results of initial testing into high power loads will be presented. Performance of the system with respect to processing and stability will be discussed as well as future plans for the low level RF system. 		 
 
WEPFI089 High Gradient Normal Conducting Radio-frequency Photoinjector System for Sincrotrone Trieste cathode, coupling, quadrupole, dipole 2905
 
  • L. Faillace, R.B. Agustsson, H. Badakov, P. Frigola
    RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, USA
  • F. Cianciosi, P. Craievich, M. Trovò
    Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
  • A. Fukasawa, J.B. Rosenzweig, A. Yakub
    UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
  
  Radiabeam Technologies, in collaboration with UCLA, presents the development of a high gradient normal conducting radio frequency (NCRF) 1.6 cell photoinjector system for the Sincrotrone Trieste facility. Designed to operate with a 120MV/m accelerating gradient, this single feed, fat lipped racetrack coupler design is modeled after the LCLS photoinjector with a novel demountable cathode which permits cost effective cathode exchange. Full overview of the project to date and installation at Sincrotrone Trieste will be discussed along with basic, design, engineering and manufacturing.  
 
WEPME008 Precision LLRF Controls for the S-Band Accelerator REGAE laser, LLRF, electron, controls 2938
 
  • M. Hoffmann, H. Kay, U. Mavrič, H. Schlarb, Ch. Schmidt
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  • W. Jałmużna, T. Kozak, A. Piotrowski
    TUL-DMCS, Łódź, Poland
  
  The linear accelerator REGAE (Relativistic Electron Gun for Atomic Exploration) at DESY delivers electron bunches with a few femtosecond duration for time-resolved experiments of material structure in pump-probe configuration. To achieve the desired 10 fs resolution, the Low Level RF controls for the normal conducting S-band cavities must provide field stability of 0.01% in amplitude and of 0.01deg in phase. To achieve these demanding stability a recently developed LLRF controller based on the Micro-Telecommunications Computing Architecture (MTCA.4) have been installed and commission. In this paper, we report on measurement performance of the LLRF system, the achieved stability and current limitations.  
 
WEPME018 Ytterbium Laser Development of DAW RF Gun for SuperKEKB laser, linac, extraction, emittance 2965
 
  • X. Zhou, T. Natsui, Y. Ogawa, M. Yoshida
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  
  For obtaining higher luminosity in the SuperKEKB, the photocathode RF electron gun with strong electric focusing field for high-current, low-emittance beams will be employed in the injector linac. The electron beams with a charge of 5 nC and a normalized emittance of 10 μm are expected to be generated in the photocathode RF gun by using the laser source with a center wavelength of 260 nm and a pulse width of 30 ps. Furthermore, for reducing the emittance, the laser pulse width should be reshaped from Gaussian to rectangle structure. Therefore, Ytterbium (Yb)-doped laser system that provides broader bandwidth, higher amplify efficiency and higher output power is employed. The laser system starts with a large mode-area Yb-doped fiber-based amplifier system, which consists of a passively mode-locked femtosecond Yb-fiber oscillator and two steps Yb-fiber amplifier. To obtain the several 10mJ-class pulse energy, a Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative solid-state amplifier is employed. Deep UV pulses for the photocathode are generated by using two frequency-doubling stages. High pulse energy and good stability would be expected.  
 
WEPME019 Development of Beam Position Feedback Control System in KU-FEL FEL, feedback, controls, electron 2968
 
  • H. Ohgaki, Y.W. Choi, H. Imon, T. Kii, R. Kinjo, T. Konstantin, K. Masuda, H. Negm, K. Okumura, M. Omer, S. Shibata, K. Shimahashi, K. Yoshida, H. Zen
    Kyoto University, Institute for Advanced Energy, Kyoto, Japan
  
  The stability of electron beam parameters such as position, energy etc. is very crucial for stable FEL operation. In Kyoto University MIR-FEL facility (KU-FEL), fluctuation of beam position and energy is caused by external fluctuations, such as the fluctuation in the cathode temperature of the thermionic RF-gun due to the back-streaming electrons, fluctuation of RF phase and amplitude, fluctuations of room and water temperatures, electric noises and so on. To monitor electron beam movement, we have already developed BPM system consisting of a 4-button electrode type BPM, a heterodyne detector, and CAMAC ADC in KU-FEL. By using this BPM system we have observed some correlations between external fluctuations and the beam position movements. In this conference, we will present the developed BPM system as well as the beam feedback system for stable KU-FEL operation.  
 
WEPME057 Commission of the Drive Laser System for Advanced Superconducting Test Accelerator laser, controls, monitoring, cryomodule 3061
 
  • J. Ruan, M.D. Church, D.R. Edstrom, Jr, T.R. Johnson, J.K. Santucci
    Fermilab, Batavia, USA
  
  Currently an advanced superconducting test accelerator (ASTA) is being built at Fermilab. The accelerator will consist of a photo electron gun, injector, ILC-type cryomodules, multiple downstream beam lines for testing cryomodules and carrying advanced accelerator researches. In this paper we will report the commissioning and the drive laser system for this facility. It consists of a fiber laser system properly locked to the master frequency, a regen-amplifier, several power amplifier and final wavelength conversion stage. We will also report the characterization of the whole laser system and the performance of the laser system.  
 
WEPME062 Short-Pulse Ti:Sapphire Laser System for Photocathode Research at SLAC laser, cavity, cathode, diagnostics 3076
 
  • W.J. Corbett, A. Brachmann, R.N. Coffee, A.R. Fry, S. Gilevich, N. Hartmann, W. Helml, P. Hering, E.N. Jongewaard, D. Kelley, J.R. Lewandowski, W. Polzin, J. Sheppard, P. Stefan, T. Vecchione, S.P. Weathersby, W.E. White, M. Woods, F. Zhou
    SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
  
  A photo-cathode research laboratory has been constructed at SLAC to test and characterize the spare LCLS electron gun. At the heart of the laboratory is a dual-purpose Ti:Sapphire oscillator/regen laser that can deliver either a 2.5ps, 760nm beam to the photocathode gun or a 35fs, 800nm beam to prototype diagnostics for the LCLS. The objective of the photocathode research is to definitively identify ‘recipes’ for high-reliability cathode processing resulting in high quantum efficiency and low beam emittance. The LCLS diagnostics program is presently aimed at developing spectral-encoding systems for shot-by-shot pulse arrival time measurements at the 10fs level. In this paper we review the Ti:Sapphire laser system and report on status of the photocathode and diagnostics programs.  
 
THOAB203 100 MeV/100kW Electron Linear Accelerator Driver of the NSC KIPT Neutron Source electron, target, neutron, bunching 3121
 
  • A.Y. Zelinsky, N. Ayzatsky, O. Bezditko, I.M. Karnaukhov, V.A. Kushnir, V. Mitrochenco
    NSC/KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine
  • Y.L. Chi, X.W. Dai, C.D. Deng, M. Hou, X.C. Kong, R.L. Liu, W.B. Liu, C. Ma, G. Pei, S. Pei, H. Song, S. Wang, J.B. Zhao, Z.S. Zhou
    IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
  • Y. Gohar
    ANL, Argonne, USA
  
  In NSC KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine a neutron source based on a subcritical assembly driven by a 100MeV/100kW electron linear accelerator will be constructed. This neutron source is an USA (ANL)-Ukraine (KIPT) Joint project, and its Accelerator will be designed and constructed by Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), China. The design and construction of such a Accelerator with high average beam current and low beam power losses is a technical challenging task. In the paper, the main accelerator features and current status are under discussion.  
slides icon Slides THOAB203 [8.585 MB]  
 
THOBB203 Study on Fabrication of Superconducting RF 9-cell Cavity for ILC at KEK cavity, HOM, electron, status 3132
 
  • T. Saeki, Y. Ajima, K. Enami, H. Hayano, H. Inoue, E. Kako, S. Kato, S. Koike, T. Kubo, S. Noguchi, M. Satoh, M. Sawabe, T. Shishido, A. Terashima, N. Toge, K. Ueno, K. Umemori, K. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, S. Yamaguchi, A. Yamamoto, Y. Yamamoto, M. Yamanaka, K. Yokoya
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  • Y. Iwashita
    Kyoto ICR, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
  • N. Kawabata, H. Nakamura, K. Nohara, M. Shinohara
    SPS, Funabashi-shi, Japan
  • F. Yasuda
    The University of Tokyo, Institute of Physics, Tokyo, Japan
  
  We constructed a new facility for the fabrication of superconducting RF cavity at KEK from 2009 to 2011. In the facility, we have installed a deep-drawing machine, a half-cell trimming machine, an electron-beam welding machine, and a chemical etching room in one place. We started the study on the fabrication of 9-cell cavity for International Linear Collier (ILC) from 2009 using this facility. The study is focusing on the cost reduction with keeping high performance of cavity, and the goal is the establishment of mass-production procedure for ILC. This article reports the current status of the studies in CFF.  
slides icon Slides THOBB203 [3.983 MB]  
 
THPEA007 Upgrade of Safety Interlock System of e+/e− Linac for SuperKEKB Project linac, PLC, laser, status 3161
 
  • A. Shirakawa, H. Honma, Y. Ogawa
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  
  The upgrade of e+/e− Injector Linac is going on for SuperKEKB project. The personal interlock system of the Linac has been upgrading several times according to the upgrade phase. One of the biggest changes has been made when the Linac was divided into two areas: upstream and downstream linacs, which allows us to work out the upgrade even during injection to Photon Factories at lower energies using the downstream linac. Most of the interlock system devices were duplicated to start the 'half' accelerator operation. Another remarkable update is to adopt an RF-Gun as a new electron source. We programmed a specific strong logic for the RF-Gun operation. These upgrades will be reported with the introduction of the whole interlock system.  
 
THPFI012 Design of the cERL Vacuum System vacuum, linac, electron, diagnostics 3315
 
  • Y. Tanimoto, S. Asaoka, T. Honda, T. Nogami, T. Obina, R. Takai
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  
  The compact Energy Recovery Linac (cERL) is being constructed as a test accelerator for the ERL-based future light source at KEK. In the design of the cERL, electron beams with low normalized emittance (0.1 mm·mrad) and high average current (10 mA) are generated at a 500-kV gun, and accelerated up to 125 MeV at superconducting (SC) cavities that make energy recovery. The vacuum system should accommodate such high intensity, ultrashort bunch (0.1 ~ 3 ps) electron beams, and be designed so as to minimize its loss factor. Therefore, low impedance vacuum components, such as zero-gap flanges and rf-shielded screen monitors, have been developed. Extra high and clean vacuum is required in the vicinity of the SC cavities to maintain their high gradient operation, and those beam tubes are coated by Non-Evaporable Getter (NEG) films. Because of the low beam energy, photon absorbers are not necessary and the beam tubes can be made of stainless steel. However, the photon scrubbing effect is so limited that the beam tubes should be ready for in-situ bakeout and are wrapped with thin Kapton heaters, which are also useful for the NEG-coating activation.  
 
THPFI052 Application of Atmospheric Plasma-sprayed Ferrite Layers for Particle Accelerators plasma, vacuum, electron, resonance 3406
 
  • F. Caspers, M. Betz, S. Federmann, M. Taborelli
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • K. K., C.A.M. Schulz
    Surface Engineering Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
  • J.X. Wu
    IMP, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
  
  A common problem in all kind of cavity like structures in particle accelerators is the occurrence of RF-resonances. Typically, ferrite plates attached to the walls of such structures like diagnostic devices, kickers or collimators, are used to dampen those undesired modes. However the heat transfer rate from these plates to the walls is rather limited. Brazing ferrite plates to the walls is not possible in most cases due to the different thermal expansion coefficients. To overcome those limitations, atmospheric plasma spraying techniques have been investigated. Ferrite layers with a thickness from 50 micron to about 300 micron can be deposited on metallic surfaces like stainless steel exhibiting good thermal contact and still reasonable absorption properties. In this paper the technological aspects of plasma deposition are discussed and results of specifically developed RF loss measurement procedures for such thin magnetically lossy layers on metal are presented. This kind of layers can also be applied for the production of high temperature RF power loads and related examples will be shown.  
 
THPFI085 Status of PXIE MEBT Absorber Development electron, vacuum, radiation, simulation 3490
 
  • A.V. Shemyakin, C.M. Baffes, K. Carlson, A.Z. Chen, Y.I. Eidelman, B.M. Hanna, L.R. Prost, J.T. Walton
    Fermilab, Batavia, USA
  
  Funding: Fermilab is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the United States Department of Energy
One of the goals of the Project X Injector Experiment (PXIE) at Fermilab is to demonstrate the capability to form an arbitrary bunch pattern from an initially CW 162.5 MHz H− bunch train coming out of an RFQ. The bunch-by-bunch selection will be taking place in the 2.1 MeV Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) by directing the undesired bunches onto an absorber that needs to withstand a beam power of up to 21 kW, focused onto a spot with a ~2 mm rms radius. A ¼ - size prototype of the absorber is manufactured, and its thermal properties are tested with an electron beam generating a peak power density similar to the one expected during normal operation of the PXIE beam line. The paper describes the absorber concept, the prototype, the testing procedure with the electron beam, and the latest results. 		 
 
THPFI087 Measurements of Secondary Electron Yield of Metal Surfaces and Films with Exposure to a Realistic Accelerator Environment electron, vacuum, photon, background 3493
 
  • W. Hartung, J.V. Conway, C.A. Dennett, S. Greenwald, J.-S. Kim, Y. Li, T.P. Moore, V. Omanovic
    CLASSE, Ithaca, New York, USA
  
  One of the central goals of the CESR Test Accelerator program is to understand electron cloud (EC) effects in lepton rings and how to mitigate them. To this end, measurements of the secondary electron yield (SEY) of technical surfaces are being done in CESR. The CESR in-situ system, in operation since 2010, allows for measurements of SEY as a function of incident electron energy and angle on samples that are exposed to a realistic accelerator environment, typically 5.3 GeV electrons and positrons. The system was designed for periodic measurements to observe beam conditioning of the SEY and discrimination between exposure to direct photons from synchrotron radiation versus scattered photons and cloud electrons. Measurements so far have been done on bare metal surfaces (aluminum, copper, stainless steel) and EC-mitigatory coatings (titanium nitride, amorphous carbon, diamond-like carbon). A significant decrease in SEY with exposure to beam was observed for all cases other than the amorphous C samples; for the latter, the SEY remained near 1, independent of beam exposure. The SEY results are being used to improve predictive models for EC build-up and EC-induced beam effects.  
 
THPME002 Compact High-Tc 2G Superconducting Solenoid for Superconducting RF Electron Gun solenoid, cavity, electron, SRF 3514
 
  • G. Nielsen, A. Baurichter, N. Hauge, E.K. Krauthammer
    Danfysik A/S, Taastrup, Denmark
  
  A solenoid with second generation (2G) high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils for use in the superconducting RF electron gun of the WiFEL free electron laser at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, has successfully been designed, manufactured, tested and magnetically characterized at Danfysik. The solenoid is designed to operate in the temperature range between 5 K and 70 K. A stack of 16 serially connected pancake coils wound from SuperPower 2G HTS-tape is mounted inside a cylindrical iron yoke with end caps. The solenoid was designed with an excitation current margin of at least 130 % of the nominal operation current in the whole temperature range. At operation, 17.2 kA-turns yield a center field of 0.20 T and a field integral of 3.1 T2 mm, with very small integrated field errors. With a yoke outer diameter of 176 mm and a total length of 136 mm, the solenoid is very compact, and can therefore be placed very close to the RF cavity, improving its emittance compensating efficiency. Careful magnetic design minimizes the leak field at the SC cavity surface. Heat dissipation is negligible hence conduction cooling through copper braids attached to the iron yoke is sufficient.  
 
THPWA011 Concepts of 220 MeV Racetrack Microtron for Non-destructive Nuclear Material Detection System electron, microtron, acceleration, simulation 3651
 
  • T. Hori, T. Kii, R. Kinjo, H. Ohgaki, M. Omer, H. Zen
    Kyoto University, Institute for Advanced Energy, Kyoto, Japan
  • I. Daito, R. Hajima, T. Hayakawa, M. Kando, H. Kotaki
    JAEA, Kyoto, Japan
  • F. Sakai
    SHI, Tokyo, Japan
  
  Funding: Japan Science and Technology Agency Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology (Grant No. 066)
A nuclear material detection system (NMDS) using the quasi-monochromatic gamma-ray beam from a laser Compton scattering (LCS) source is proposed for the container inspection, where nuclear resonance fluorescence method is to be employed for the specific isotope identification such as U-235. In the system an electron beam of good quality at about 220-MeV must be provided for LCS. One of the most promising electron source is a compact electron accelerator named racetrack microtron (RTM). Some concepts of RTM suitable for NMDS and expected beam qualities will be presented. 		 
 
THPWA012 The Development of a New Type of Electron Microscope using Superconducting RF Acceleration cavity, acceleration, electron, cathode 3654
 
  • N. Higashi
    The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo, Japan
  • A. Enomoto, Y. Funahashi, T. Furuya, Y. Kamiya, S. Michizono, M. Nishiwaki, H. Sakai, M. Sawabe, K. Ueno, M. Yamamoto
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  • M. Kuriki
    HU/AdSM, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
  • S. Yamashita
    ICEPP, Tokyo, Japan
  
  We are developing a new type of electron microscope (EM), which adopts RF acceleration in order to exceed the energy limit of DC acceleration used in conventional EMs. It enables us to make a high-voltage EM more compact and to examine thicker specimens, and possibly to get better spatial resolution. Using a superconducting RF cavity, we can operate the EM in CW mode to obtain a beam flux comparable to that in DC mode. Low energy dispersion ΔE/E , e.g. 10-6 or better, is required for good spatial resolution in EMs, while it is usually between 10-3 to 10-4 in accelerators. We have thus designed a special type of cavity that can be excited with the fundamental and second-harmonic frequencies simultaneously; TM010 and TM020. With the two-mode cavity, the energy dispersion of the order of 10-5 would be obtained by modifying the peak of accelerating field to be flattened. As the proof-of-principle of our concept, we are developing the prototype using a 300 keV transmission electron microscope (TEM), to which a new photocathode gun and the two-mode cavity are attached. We have already manufactured the cavity and it is under test, and the gun is under construction.  
 
THPWA013 Direct Diagnostic Technique of High-intensity Laser Profile based on Laser-Compton Scattering laser, solenoid, electron, cathode 3657
 
  • Y. Yoshida, A. Endo, K. Sakaue, R. Sato, M. Washio
    Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
  
  Funding: Work supported by NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization).
A high-intensity laser is essential for the LPP (Laser Produced Plasma) EUV generation, which is studied as the next generation light source of ultra-fine semiconductor lithography. Nevertheless, there is no way to directly measure the profile of high-intensity laser. Therefore, we have been developing a method for measuring high-intensity laser profile based on the laser-Compton scattering using a Cs-Te photo cathode RF-Gun at Waseda University. In this diagnostic technique, laser profile is obtained by scanning the extremely-focused electron beam, which is about 10μm by solenoid lens. We have obtained the 10μm beam size by solenoid lens using tracking code GPT (General Particle Tracer) by optimizing the beam parameter and lens shape. Recently, we have installed solenoid lens and generated focused beam. The focused beam size was evaluated by using radiochromic film called GAFCHROMIC dosimetry film type HD-810. In this conference, we will report the results of GPT simulations, beam size measurements and future prospects. 		 
 
THPWA018 High Power Test of a C-band 6 MeV Standing-wave Linear Accelerator target, coupling, radiation, brightness 3666
 
  • J.H. Shao, H.B. Chen, Y.-C. Du, Q.X. Jin, J. Shi, H. Zha
    TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
  
  A C-band 6MeV standing-wave bi-periodic on-axis coupled linear accelerator has been developed at the accelerator laboratory of Tsinghua University [1,2]. In the recent high power RF test, the capture ratio, the energy spectrum, the spot size and the dose rate of this accelerator have been measured. With a 2.07-MW input power, the peak current is 130mA and the output spot root-mean-square diameter is about 0.8mm. The output kinetic energy is 6.0MeV with a spectrum FWHM of 7.5%. In this paper, the setup and detailed results of the high power RF test are presented.  
 
THPWA021 Studies of Density Distribution and Emittance Measurement for High Current Electronic Beam emittance, electron, simulation, ion 3672
 
  • Q.C. Li, Z.-F. He, J.M. Huang, D.M. Li, Y.-T. Zhang, X.K. Zhu
    SINAP, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
  
  Beam density distribution and emittance are the important parameters of an accelerator. The accurate emittance measurement has an important reference significance for the design of accelerating tube, and provides a design basis for the aperture size of accelerating tube. This paper introduces a beam measurement method which uses multiwire, can rotate in the horizontal plane and adjust in the Z coordinate. The results of simulation show that this method can accurately measure the beam density distribution and emittance, and the accuracy can meet the requirements of applied accelerator.  
 
THPWA023 Research on Modeling of the High-density Current Electron Gun System Based on T-S Fuzzy Model electron, controls, simulation, cathode 3678
 
  • B. Lv, D.M. Li, H.J. Su
    SINAP, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
  
  Abstract: The stability of the electron beam is considered as an important performance of industrial electron accelerators. For the beam control system of the accelerator, it is significant to obtain the accurate model of the electron gun system. The paper presents a fuzzy modeling method based on the Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model. A T-S model can be obtained using the system identification algorithms from input-output data. In our approach, fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm is applied to identify the model structure. And a hybrid method based on quantum-inspired differential evolution algorithm (QDE) and genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to learn the parameters of T-S fuzzy model. Experiments on the Box-Jenkins gas furnace data have verified the validity of the modeling approach. The simulation results show that the T-S fuzzy model is very well to describe the electron gun system and reveal its performance.  
 
THPWA036 Implementation and Commissioning of the New Electron Beam Test Facility (EBTF) at Daresbury Laboratory for Industrial Accelerator System electron, laser, diagnostics, cathode 3708
 
  • P.A. McIntosh, D. Angal-Kalinin, R.K. Buckley, S.R. Buckley, J.A. Clarke, B.D. Fell, A.R. Goulden, C. Hill, F. Jackson, S.P. Jamison, J.K. Jones, A. Kalinin, B.P.M. Liggins, J.W. McKenzie, K.J. Middleman, B.L. Militsyn, T.C.Q. Noakes, Y.M. Saveliev, B.J.A. Shepherd, S.L. Smith, T.T. Thakker, A.E. Wheelhouse
    STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
  • N. Bliss, G. Cox, G.P. Diakun, A. Gleeson, L. Ma, B.G. Martlew, A.J. Moss, K. Robertson, M.D. Roper, R.J. Smith
    STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
  
  The EBTF facility will provide enabling infrastructures targeted at the development and testing of novel and compact accelerator technologies, specifically through partnership with industry and aimed at addressing applications in medicine, health, security, energy and industrial processing. The facility has now been implemented at Daresbury Laboratory and the commissioning of the critical accelerator systems has been performed. The facility is now preparing for first exploitation with partnering industries that will be able to utilise the electron beam parameters available on EBTF to either demonstrate new techniques and/or processes or otherwise develop new technologies for future commercial realisation.  
 
THPWA051 Compact, Inexpensive X-band Linacs as Radioactive Isotope Source Replacements linac, electron, simulation, radiation 3746
 
  • S. Boucher, R.B. Agustsson, L. Faillace, J.J. Hartzell, A.Y. Murokh, A.V. Smirnov, S. Storms, K.E. Woods
    RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, USA
  
  Funding: Work supported by DNDO Phase II SBIR HSHQDC-10-C-00148 and DOE Phase II SBIR DE- SC0000865.
Radioisotope sources are commonly used in a variety of industrial and medical applications. The US National Research Council has identified as a priority the replacement of high-activity sources with alternative technologies, due to the risk of accidents and diversion by terrorists for use in Radiological Dispersal Devices (“dirty bombs”). RadiaBeam Technologies is developing novel, compact, inexpensive linear accelerators for use in a variety of such applications as cost-effective replacements. The technology is based on the MicroLinac (originally developed at SLAC), an X-band linear accelerator powered by an inexpensive and commonly available magnetron. Prototypes are currently under construction. This paper will describe the design, engineering, fabrication and testing of these linacs at RadiaBeam. Future development plans will also be discussed.