Keyword: LLRF
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WEPME016 Experience Operating an X-band High-Power Test Stand at CERN klystron, network, controls, vacuum 2288
 
  • W. Wuensch, N. Catalán Lasheras, A. Degiovanni, S. Döbert, W. Farabolini, J.W. Kovermann, G. McMonagle, S.F. Rey, I. Syratchev, L. Timeo
    CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  • J. Tagg
    National Instruments Switzerland, Ennetbaden, Switzerland
  • B.J. Woolley
    Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
 
  CERN has constructed and is operating a klystron-based X-band test stand, called Xbox-1, dedicated to the high-gradient testing of prototype accelerating structures for CLIC and other applications such as FELs. The test stand has now been in operation for a year and significant progress has been made in understanding the system, improving its reliability, upgrading hardware and implementing automatic algorithms for conditioning the accelerating structures. This experience is reviewed.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME016  
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WEPME062 A New Digital LLRF System for a Fast Ramping Storage Ring cavity, feedback, operation, injection 2418
 
  • M. Schedler, F. Frommberger, W. Hillert, D. Proft, D. Sauerland
    ELSA, Bonn, Germany
  • D. Teytelman
    Dimtel, San Jose, USA
 
  At the Electron Stretcher Facility ELSA of Bonn University, an upgrade of the maximum stored beam current from 20 mA to 200 mA is planned. The storage ring operates applying a fast energy ramp of 6 GeV/s from 1.2 GeV to 3.5 GeV and a slow extraction afterwards over a few seconds to the hadron physics experiments. The intended upgrade is mainly limited by the coupled-bunch instabilities and the ability of bunch-by-bunch feedback systems to suppress such instabilities. In order to achieve optimum bunch-by-bunch feedback performance, the beam phase with respect to the master oscillator and the synchrotron frequency have to stay constant. This paper reports on a new high performance low level RF (LLRF) system. The system stabilizes the cavity field and is capable of executing fast voltage and phase ramps. The LLRF uses FPGA-based digital signal processing and includes cavity tuner control as well as fast interlocks and extensive diagnostics.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME062  
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WEPME064 Comparison of an Analytical Model for Lossy Transmission Lines with Measurement Data impedance, radio-frequency, feedback, network 2424
 
  • N. Schmitt
    TEMF, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
  • H. Klingbeil
    GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
 
  This paper deals with the analytical modeling of lossy coaxial transmission lines in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 50 MHz with focus on corrugated coaxial lines with polyethylene foam as dielectric. The considered transmission lines are used in low-level radio frequency (LLRF) systems (< 5 MHz) at GSI. These applications require a high precision in amplitude and phase for the transmitted signals where a detailed knowledge of the line properties is of significant interest. As the corresponding data sheets do not provide appropriate data, the necessary data have been computed. The obtained results from the purely analytical model were then compared with previous measurements for validation purposes.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME064  
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WEPME065 European XFEL RF Gun Commissioning and LLRF Linac Installation gun, linac, klystron, cryomodule 2427
 
  • J. Branlard, G. Ayvazyan, V. Ayvazyan, L. Butkowski, M.K. Grecki, M. Hoffmann, F. Ludwig, U. Mavrič, S. Pfeiffer, H. Schlarb, Ch. Schmidt, H.C. Weddig, B.Y. Yang
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  • S. Bou Habib, K. Czuba, M. Grzegrzółka, E. Janas, J. Piekarski, I. Rutkowski, R. Rybaniec, D. Sikora, L.Z. Zembala, M. Żukociński
    Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw, Poland
  • W. Cichalewski, D.R. Makowski, A. Mielczarek, P. Perek, A. Piotrowski, T. Pożniak
    TUL-DMCS, Łódź, Poland
  • S. Korolczuk, I.M. Kudla, J. Szewiński
    NCBJ, Świerk/Otwock, Poland
  • K. Oliwa, W. Wierba
    IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland
 
  The European x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) is based on a 17.5 GeV super conducting pulsed linac and is scheduled to deliver its first beam in 2016. The first component of its accelerator chain, the RF gun, was installed in fall of 2013 and its commissioning is underway. This contribution gives an update on the low level radio frequency (LLRF) system development and installation for the XFEL. In particular, the installation, performance and conditioning results of the RF gun are presented. The subsequent steps toward LLRF components mass-production, testing and installation for the XFEL linac are also explained.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME065  
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WEPME066 High Speed Digitial LLRF Feedbacks for Normal Conducting Cavity Operation gun, cavity, operation, klystron 2430
 
  • M. Hoffmann, L. Butkowski, H. Schlarb, Ch. Schmidt
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  • W. Köhler
    DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
  • A. Piotrowski
    TUL-DMCS, Łódź, Poland
  • I. Rutkowski, R. Rybaniec
    Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw, Poland
 
  In the first half of the year 2014, the MTCA.4 based LLRF control system will be installed at several facilities (FLASH RF Gun, REGAE, PITZ, FLUTE/KIT). First tests during the last year show promising results in optimizing the system for high speed digital llrf feedbacks (reducing system latency, increase internal controller processing speed). In this contribution we will present further improvements in latency and performance optimization of the system, results and gained experience from the commisioning of the system at the metioned facilities.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME066  
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WEPME067 Performance of the MTCA.4 Based LLRF System at FLASH electron, operation, laser, free-electron-laser 2433
 
  • Ch. Schmidt, V. Ayvazyan, J. Branlard, L. Butkowski, M.K. Grecki, M. Hoffmann, F. Ludwig, U. Mavrič, K.P. Przygoda, H. Schlarb, H.C. Weddig, B.Y. Yang
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  • W. Cichalewski, D.R. Makowski, A. Piotrowski
    TUL-DMCS, Łódź, Poland
  • K. Czuba, I. Rutkowski, D. Sikora, M. Żukociński
    Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw, Poland
  • I.M. Kudla
    NCBJ, Świerk/Otwock, Poland
  • K. Oliwa, W. Wierba
    IFJ-PAN, Kraków, Poland
 
  The Free Electron Laser in Hamburg (FLASH) is the first linac which is equipped with a MTCA.4 based low level RF control system. Precise regulation of RF fields is essential for stable and and reproducible photon generation. Flash benefits from the performance increase using the new developments like, accurate and precise field detection devices. Further enourmous increase of processing capabilities allow for more sophisticated controller applications which better the overall performance of the regulation.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME067  
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WEPME069 Performance of a Compact LLRF System using Analog RF Backplane in MTCA.4 Crates controls, distributed, operation, timing 2438
 
  • U. Mavrič, M. Fenner, M. Hoffmann, F. Ludwig, A.T. Rosner, H. Schlarb
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  • K. Czuba, T.P. Leśniak
    Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw, Poland
  • A. Rohlev
    Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
 
  In order to increase system compactness, mitigate cabling problems, increase rack space, minimize points of failure in the system and reduce digital distortion leakage into the sensitive analog signals, the concept of the RF backplane located in the rear section of the MTCA.4 crate has been introduced. Besides signal distribution, the concept includes a signal generation module and backplane management module. The generation and splitting of the analog signals is taking place in slots 15 and 14 on the rear side in theμLO generation module (uLOG). This module generates the local oscillator signal, the clocks and feeds through the master reference signal over the RF backplane to the slots. In this paper we present the recent results of such system.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME069  
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WEPME070 Plans for the Implementation of an Intra-pulse Feedback on the Fermi Linac LLRF System feedback, klystron, linac, controls 2441
 
  • M. Milloch, A. Fabris, F. Gelmetti, M. Predonzani
    Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
 
  FERMI is a single-pass linac-based FEL user-facility covering the wavelength range from 100 nm (12 eV) to 4 nm (310 eV) and is located next to the third generation synchrotron radiation facility Elettra in Trieste, Italy. The 1.5 GeV S-band linac is composed of fifteen 3 GHz 45 MW peak RF power plants powering the gun, sixteen accelerating sections and the RF deflectors. The requirements on beam quality impose tight specifications on the stability of the electromagnetic fields that can be achieved only installing high reliable and high performance state of the art LLRF systems. While these requirements are presently met by the system installed, the on-going upgrade of the processing board with the final one will allow to add new functionalities of the system. One of the possible developments is the implementation of an intra-pulse feedback that will allow to apply the corrections inside the RF pulse. This paper provides an overview of the additional benefits that could be achieved and discusses the requirements and the constraints for the implementation in the machine.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME070  
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WEPME071 Development and Construction Status of New LLRF Control System for SuperKEKB controls, cavity, FPGA, klystron 2444
 
  • T. Kobayashi, K. Akai, K. Ebihara, A. Kabe, K. Nakanishi, M. Nishiwaki, J.-I. Odagiri
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  • H. Deguchi, K. Hayashi, T. Iwaki, M. Ryoshi
    Mitsubishi Electric TOKKI Systems, Amagasaki, Hyogo, Japan
 
  Beam commissioning of the SuperKEKB will be started in 2015. A new LLRF control system, which is an FPGA-based digital RF feedback control system on the MicroTCA platform, has been developed to satisfy the requirement for high current beam operation of the SuperKEKB. Then final refinements were applied, and now the quantity production is in progress. As a new function, klystron phase lock loop was additionally implemented within the cavity feedback control loop in the FPGA, and it was successfully worked in the low-level operation test. For the SuperKEKB, damping ring (DR) is required for the positron injection. Therefore another new LLRF control system is under development for the DR-RF system. It is operated at the same RF-frequency as the main ring, and vector sum control of three cavities is needed in the DR-LLRF control. In this report, the development status and progress from the previous report will be presented including the RF reference distribution system.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME071  
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WEPME072 Performance of the Digital LLRF System at the cERL cavity, controls, linac, feedback 2447
 
  • F. Qiu, D.A. Arakawa, H. Katagiri, T. Matsumoto, S. Michizono, T. Miura
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
 
  A digital low-level radio frequency (LLRF) system has been developed and evaluated at compact Energy Recovery Linac (cERL) in High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Japan. A total of three two-cell cavities were installed for the injector, and two nine-cell cavities were installed for the main linac. The required RF stabilities for these cavities are 0.1% rms in amplitude and 0.1° rms in phase. To satisfy these requirements, we survey feedback parameters such as the proportional and integral (PI) gains. Furthermore, we evaluated the beam energy fluctuation due to the vector-sum controlling error between the cavities injectors 2 and 3. Finally, we present the performance of the LLRF system that was realized in the beam commissioning. This paper describes the current status of the LLRF system.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME072  
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WEPME073 Performance of RF System for Compact-ERL Main Linac at KEK feedback, cavity, controls, linac 2450
 
  • T. Miura, M. Akemoto, A. Akiyama, D.A. Arakawa, S. Fukuda, H. Honma, H. Katagiri, T. Matsumoto, H. Matsushita, S. Michizono, H. Nakajima, K. Nakao, F. Qiu, H. Sakai, T. Shidara, T. Takenaka, K. Umemori, Y. Yano
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
 
  The construction of compact ERL in the first stage has been completed in the end of 2013. The rf commissioning in main-linac has been started. The main-linac consists of two nine-cell cavities. The loaded Q is high, ~107. As the rf power sources, a solid state power amplifier and an inductive output tube (IOT) has been used for two cavities, respectively. The RF field and tuner have been successfully controlled by using micro-TCA digital feedback board. This paper reports about the RF commissioning and the performance.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME073  
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WEPME074 Development of Digital Low Level Radio Frequency Controller at SSRF storage-ring, hardware, interface, controls 2453
 
  • Y.B. Zhao, J.F. Liu, K. Xu, Zh.G. Zhang, S.J. Zhao, X. Zheng
    SINAP, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
 
  Digital low level radio frequency technology has been adopted in the storage ring of SSRF and a controller based on commercial FPGA and DSP board has been developed and operated successfully which helps SSRF to satisfy its specification with beam high to 300mA. The second generation controller has been fabricated in house and used with 240mA beam current at beginning of this year. The stability of amplitude and phase reaches 0.089% (RMS) and 0.093 degree (RMS) respectively. The recent progress on digital LLRF for FEL will be also reported such as the development activities and test results on the local oscillation generation board and down converter board.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME074  
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WEPME075 Real-time Estimation of Superconducting Cavities Parameters cavity, controls, operation, FPGA 2456
 
  • R. Rybaniec
    Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw, Poland
  • V. Ayvazyan, J. Branlard, L. Butkowski, S. Pfeiffer, H. Schlarb, Ch. Schmidt
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  • W. Cichalewski, K.P. Przygoda
    TUL-DMCS, Łódź, Poland
 
  Performance of accelerators based on the superconductive cavities including FLASH and XFEL facilities at DESY is affected by cavity parameters variation over time. High gradient electromagnetic field inside cavities causes detuning due to the Lorentz force. In addition the quality factor of cavities can change during the RF field pulse. Currently used method for estimation of those parameters is based on the post-processing of the data recorded during operation of the RF. External servers calculate cavity parameters using cavity equation, forward power and probe signals collected during previous pulse. A novel approach* based on the component implemented in FPGA is presented. In the new method loaded quality factor and detuning are estimated in real-time during the RF pulse for increased reliability and better exception handling. Modified firmware of the LLRF control system based on the Micro Telecommunications Computing Architecture (MTCA) platform has been used for the method verification.
*”Development of Control System for Fast Frequency Tuners of Superconducting Resonant Cavities for FLASH and XFEL Experiments”, K. Przygoda, PhD thesis, Technical University of Łódź, Poland, 2010.
 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME075  
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WEPME078 Experimental Test of the Prototype LLRF Systems for PAL-XFEL klystron, target, feedback, impedance 2462
 
  • J. Hu, H. Heo, J.H. Hong, W.H. Hwang, H.-S. Kang, H.-S. Lee, C.-K. Min
    PAL, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
 
  Two prototype LLRF systems were developed in collaboration with Pohang Accelerator Laboratory(PAL) and domestic companies. They are focused on the control of single klystron system to obtain mainly analogue performance. The low power test of the developed LLRF showed good performance previously. We experimentally tested LLRF in the klystron systems to see performance in the high power situation. They showed performance around the prototype specification for short time and relatively long time. During test some bugs are discovered and fixed.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME078  
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WEPME079 LLRF System for the ESS Proton Accelerator timing, cavity, controls, monitoring 2465
 
  • A.J. Johansson, F. Kristensen, A.M. Svensson
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  • R. Zeng
    ESS, Lund, Sweden
 
  The European Spallation Source is driven by a proton linear accelerator that will have an average beam power of 5 MW. The accelerator is pulsed at 14 Hz with a pulse length of 2.86 ms, and consists of both normal conduction and superconducting accelerating structures. The long pulse and the high goals of energy efficiency and availability create special challenges for the LLRF system.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPME079  
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WEPRI026 Mechanical Vibration Search of Compact ERL Main Linac Superconducting Cavities in Cryomodule cavity, operation, cryomodule, linac 2531
 
  • M. Satoh, K. Enami, T. Furuya, S. Michizono, T. Miura, F. Qiu, H. Sakai, K. Shinoe, K. Umemori
    KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
  • E. Cenni
    Sokendai, Ibaraki, Japan
  • M. Sawamura
    JAEA, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
 
  In 2014, we will start the beam operation in Compact ERL(cERL) by using main linac cryomodule, which contained the two 9-cell cavities. In principle, thanks to the mechanism of energy recovery, the input power of main linac of cERL is very small even if the beam current will be higher than 100mA. Therefore, the coupling is very weak. However, this coupling is perfectly not matched to the unloaded Q-value of the superconducting cavity like 1x1010. The minimum input power will be restricted by the cavity detuning due to the microphonics from the cryomodule itself. We designed the lower loaded Q-valued of (1-4)x107 to reduce the effect of the michrophonics from the expected outer disturbance At present, we successfully suppressed the michrophonics to meet our requirement. However we found the enhancement of the detuning angle when we did not optimize the feedback loop of LLRF. This enhancement will be expected coming from the mechanical resonance frequencies of cavity and/or cryomodule. In this paper, we reported the correlation between the measured microphincs spectrum with LLRF in a beam operation and the results of the measured resonance frequencies spectrum at the test bench.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPRI026  
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WEPRI044 Final Structure and Design Parameters of TARLA RF System electron, rf-amplifier, controls, FEL 2577
 
  • Ö. Karslı, A.A. Aksoy, C. Kaya, İ.B. Koc, E.Ç. Polat, O. Yavaş
    Ankara University, Accelerator Technologies Institute, Golbasi / Ankara, Turkey
  • M. Doğan
    Dogus University, Istanbul, Turkey
  • S. Özkorucuklu
    Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
 
  Funding: Work supported by Turkish Ministry of Development (Grant No: DPT2006K-120470)
Turkish Accelerator and Radiation Laboratory in Ankara (TARLA) is an oscillator mode IR-FEL facility which is under construction since 2011. ELBE licensed superconducting modules housing TESLA RF cavities have been manufacturing for one year and the first module will be delivered in 2015. He Cryogenic System has also started to be manufacturing at similar time with the accelerator structures. It will be delivered in 2014. High Power RF amplifiers are started to tender procedures and delivery time is planning as 2015. The installation of high power transmission lines have to be completed at the same time with the delivery date of HPRF amplifiers to test the cavities and amplifiers. In this study, the final structural design of high power RF transmission lines and design parameters of RF amplifiers for TARLA is discussed.
On behalf of TARLA Collaboration, www.tarla.org.tr
 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPRI044  
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WEPRI046 Commissioning of the ERL Cryomodule on ALICE at Daresbury Laboratory cryomodule, linac, cryogenics, cavity 2583
 
  • A.E. Wheelhouse, R.K. Buckley, S.R. Buckley, P.A. Corlett, L.S. Cowie, P. Goudket, A.R. Goulden, L. Ma, P.A. McIntosh, A.J. Moss, S.M. Pattalwar
    STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
 
  The ERL cryomodule with two identical 7-cell, 1.3 GHz cavities developed as part of a international collaborative program has been installed in the linac stage on the ALICE (Accelerators and Lasers in Combined Experiments) facility at Daresbury Laboratory replacing the existing 9-cell cryomodule. The cavities have been cooled to 2 K and commissioning of the cryomodule is underway. This paper describes the conditioning and the characterisation tests performed on the two superconducting RF cavities.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPRI046  
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WEPRI115 Design and Integration of the Optical Reference Module at 1.3 GHz for FLASH and the European XFEL electronics, laser, detector, controls 2768
 
  • E. Janas, K. Czuba, P. Kownacki, D. Sikora
    Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw, Poland
  • M.K. Czwalinna, M. Felber, T. Lamb, H. Schlarb, S. Schulz, C. Sydlo, M. Titberidze, F. Zummack
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  • J. Szewiński
    NCBJ, Świerk/Otwock, Poland
 
  In this paper we present recent progress on the integration and implementation of the optical reference module (REFM-OPT) for the free-electron lasers FLASH and European XFEL. In order to achieve high energy stability and low arrival time jitter of the electron beam, the accelerator requires an accurate low-level RF (LLRF) field regulation and a sophisticated synchronization scheme for various devices along the facility. The REFM-OPT is a 19” module which is responsible for resynchronizing the 1.3 GHz reference signal for the LLRF distributed by coaxial cables to a phase-stable signal of the optical synchronization system. The module provides a 1.3 GHz output signal with low phase noise and high long-term stability. Several sub-components of the REFM-OPT designed specifically for this module are described in detail. The readout electronics of the high-precision Laser-to-RF phase detector are presented as well as the integration of this key component into the 19” module. Additionally, we focus on design solutions which assure phase stability and synchronization of the 1.3 GHz signal at several high power outputs of the module.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEPRI115  
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THPRO104 Drivers and Software for MTCA.4 controls, interface, hardware, Linux 3137
 
  • M. Killenberg, L.M. Petrosyan, Ch. Schmidt
    DESY, Hamburg, Germany
  • S. Marsching
    Aquenos GmbH, Baden-Baden, Germany
  • A. Piotrowski
    FastLogic Sp. z o.o., Łódź, Poland
 
  Funding: This work is supported by the Helmholtz Validation Fund HVF-0016 "MTCA.4 for Industry".
The MicroTCA.4 crate standard is a powerful electronic platform for digital and analog signal processing. Besides its hardware modularity, it is the software reliability and flexibility as well as the easy integration into existing software infrastructures that will drive the widespread adoption of this new standard. The DESY MicroTCA.4 User tool kit (MTCA4U) provides drivers, and a C++ API for accessing the MicroTCA.4 devices and interfacing to the control system. The PCIexpress driver is universal for basic access to all devices developed at DESY. Modularity and expandability allow to generate device-specific drivers with a minimum of code, inheriting the functionality of the base driver. A C++ API allows convenient access to all device registers by name, using mapping information which is automatically generated when building the firmware. A graphical user interface allows direct read and write access to the device, including plotting functionality for recorded raw data. Higher level applications will provide callback functions for easy integration into control systems, while keeping the application code independent from the actual control system in use.
 
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-THPRO104  
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THPRI031 Design and Commissioning of S-Band RF Station for AREAL Test Facility gun, electron, operation, klystron 3834
 
  • A. Vardanyan, H. Avdishyan, H. Davtyan, B. Grigoryan, L.H. Hakobyan, H. Poladyan
    CANDLE SRI, Yerevan, Armenia
 
  The RF station has been designed and constructed for AREAL Linac. The constructional features and commissioning results of RF system are presented. The whole RF system is designed to work at 3GHz frequency. The linac includes an electron gun for 0.5-8 ps electron bunch production with 1-10 Hz repetition rate. For linac RF control system a Libera LLRF stabilization system is used. An important feature of the presented system is a high level synchronization of amplitude-phase characteristics which provide the required accuracy for particle acceleration and bunch formation.  
DOI • reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-THPRI031  
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