ICALEPCS2013 - List of Keywords (feedback)

Paper	Title	Other Keywords	Page
MOCOAAB07	Real Time Control for KAGAR, 3km Cryogenic Gravitational Wave Detector in Japan	controls, network, EPICS, real-time	23
	O. Miyakawa ICRR, Chiba, Japan
	KAGRA is a 3km cryogenic interferometer for gravitational wave detection located underground Kamioka-mine in Japan. The next generation large scale interferometric gravitational wave detectors require very complicated control topologies for the optical path length between mirrors, and very low noise feedback controls in order to detect an extremely tiny motion between mirrors excited by gravitational waves. The interferometer consists of a Michelson interferometer with Fabry-Perot cavities on its arms, and other two mirrors as, so called, a power recycling and a resonant sideband extraction technique. In total, 5 degrees of freedom for length between 7 mirrors should be controlled at a time, and the control must be continuously kept during the observation of gravitational waves. We are currently developing a real time controls system using computers for KAGRA. In this talk, we report how the control system works.
	Slides MOCOAAB07 [8.536 MB]

MOMIB03	Control Systems Issues and Planning for eRHIC	controls, interface, electron, hardware	58
	K.A. Brown, P. Chitnis, T. D'Ottavio, J.P. Jamilkowski, J.S. Laster, J. Morris, S. Nemesure, C. Theisen BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The next generation of high-energy nuclear physics experiments involve colliding high-energy electrons with ions, as well as colliding polarized electrons with polarized protons and polarized helions (Helium-3 nuclei). The eRHIC project proposes to add an electron accelerator to the RHIC complex, thus allowing all of these types of experiments to be done by combining existing capabilities with high energy and high intensity electrons. In this paper we describe the controls systems requirements for eRHIC, the technical challenges, and our vision of a control system ten years into the future. What we build over the next ten years will be what is used for the ten years following the start of operations. This presents opportunities to take advantage of changes in technologies but also many challenges in building reliable and stable controls and integrating those controls with existing RHIC systems. This also presents an opportunity to leverage on state of the art innovations and build collaborations both with industry and other institutions, allowing us to build the best and most cost effective set of systems that will allow eRHIC to achieve its goals.
	Slides MOMIB03 [0.633 MB]
	Poster MOMIB03 [2.682 MB]

MOPPC036	The BPM Integration in the Taiwan Photon Source	booster, storage-ring, FPGA, electronics	158
	C.H. Kuo, Y.-T. Chang, J. Chen, Y.-S. Cheng, P.C. Chiu, K.T. Hsu, K.H. Hu, D. Lee, C.Y. Wu NSRRC, Hsinchu, Taiwan
	TPS (Taiwan Photon Source) is a 3 GeV synchrotron light source which is being in construction at NSRRC. The TPS BPM is based on xTCA platform, is used for various request and function reasons. These functions will be discussed. Another purpose is for orbit feedback system. The tradition BPM electronic is separated from orbit feedback system, is just monitor. In the TPS, the orbit feedback system is embedded in the BPM crate with FPGA modules. High throughput backplane, data transfer and processing support rich function for waveform recorder, diagnostic, beam study and transient analysis. The implementation result of the BPM system will be reported in this conference.

MOPPC084	ESS Integrated Control System and the Agile Methodology	controls, software, target, neutron	296
	M. Reščič Cosylab, Ljubljana, Slovenia L. Fernandez ESS, Lund, Sweden
	The stakeholders of the ESS Integrated Control System (ICS) reside in four parts of the ESS machine: accelerator, target, neutron instruments and conventional facilities. ICS plans to meet the stakeholders’ needs early in the Construction phase, to accelerate and facilitate the Commissioning process by providing and delivering required tools earlier. This introduces the risk that stakeholders will not have had the full set of information required available early enough for the development of the interfacing systems (e.g. missing requirements, undecided design etc.) In order for ICS to accomplish its objectives it is needed to establish a development process that allows a quick adaptation to any change in the requirements with a minimum impact in the execution of the projects. Agile Methodology is well known for its ability to adapt quickly to change, as well as for involving users in the development process and producing working and reliable software from a very early stage in the project. The paper will present the plans, the tools, the organization of the team and the preliminary results of the setup work.

TUPPC025	Advantages and Challenges to the Use of On-line Feedback in CERN’s Accelerators Controls Configuration Management	controls, hardware, database, status	600
	Z. Zaharieva, S. Jensen, J. Rolland Lopez De Coca, A. Romero Marin CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The Controls Configuration Service (CCS) provides the Configuration Management facilities for the Controls System for all CERN accelerators. It complies with Configuration Management standards, tracking the life of configuration items and their relationships by allowing identification and triggering change management processes. Data stored in the CCS is extracted and propagated to the controls hardware for remote configuration. The article will present the ability of the CCS to audit items and verify conformance to specification with the implementation of on-line feedback focusing on Front-End Computers (FEC) configurations. Long-standing problems existed in this area such as discrepancies between the actual state of the FEC and the configuration sent to it at reboot. This resulted in difficult-to-diagnose behaviour and disturbance for the Operations team. The article will discuss the solution architecture (tailored processes and tools), the development and implementation challenges, as well as the advantages of this approach and the benefits to the user groups – from equipment specialists and controls systems experts to the operators in the Accelerators Controls Centre.
	Poster TUPPC025 [3.937 MB]

TUPPC094	Em# Project. Improvement of Low Current Measurements at Alba Synchrotron	controls, FPGA, hardware, target	798
	X. Serra-Gallifa, J.A. Avila-Abellan, J.J. Jamroz, O. Matilla CELLS-ALBA Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
	After two years with 50 four-channels electrometer measurement units working successfully at Alba beamlines, new features implementation have forced a complete instrument architecture change. This new equipment is taking advantage of the targets achieved as the remarkable low noise in the current amplifier stage and implements new features currently not available in the market. First an embedded 18 bits SAR ADC able to work under up to 500V biasing has been implemented looking for the highest possible accuracy. The data stream is analysed by a flexible data processing based on a FPGA which is able to execute sample-by-sample real-time calculation aimed to be applied in experiments as the current normalization absorption between two channel acquisitions; being able to optimize the SNR of an absorption spectrum. The equipment is oriented from the design stage to be integrated in continuous scans setups, implementing low level timestamp compatible with multiple clock sources standards using an SFP port. This port could also be used in the future to integrate XBPM measures into the FOFB network for the accelerator beam position correction.
	Poster TUPPC094 [0.545 MB]

TUCOCB09	The Internet of Things and Control System	controls, network, TANGO, embedded	974
	V.H. Hardion, J. Lidón-Simon, M. Lindberg, A. Milan-Otero, A.G. Persson, D.P. Spruce MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden
	A recent huge interest in Machine to Machine communication is known as the Internet Of Things (IOT), to allow the possibility for autonomous devices to use Internet for exchanging the data. The Internet and the World Wide Web have caused a revolution in communication between the people. They were born from the need to exchange scientific information between institutes. Several universities have predicted that IOT will have a similar impact and now, industry is gearing up for it. The issues under discussion for IOT , such as protocols, representations and resources are similar to human communication and are currently being tested by different institutes and companies, including start-ups. Already, the term smart city is used to describe uses of IOT, such as smart parking, traffic congestion and waste management. In the domain of Control Systems for big research facilities, a lot of knowledge has already been acquired for building the connections between thousands of devices, more and more of which are provided with a TCP/IP connection. This paper investigates the possible convergence between Control Systems and IOT.
	Slides TUCOCB09 [11.919 MB]

WECOCB01	CERN's FMC Kit	hardware, controls, FPGA, interface	1020
	E. Van der Bij, M. Cattin, E. Gousiou, J. Serrano, T. Włostowski CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	In the frame of the renovation of controls and data acquisition electronics for accelerators, the BE-CO-HT section at CERN has designed a kit based on carriers and mezzanines following the FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC, VITA 57) standard. Carriers exist in VME64x and PCIe form factors, with a PXIe carrier underway. Mezzanines include an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), a Time to Digital Converter (TDC) and a fine delay generator. All of the designs are licensed under the CERN Open Hardware Licence (OHL) and commercialized by companies. The paper discusses the benefits of this carrier-mezzanine strategy and of the Open Hardware based commercial paradigm, along with performance figures and plans for the future.
	Slides WECOCB01 [3.300 MB]

THMIB07	Fast Orbit Feedback Control in Mode Space	controls, booster, synchrotron, electron	1082
	S. Gayadeen, S. Duncan University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom M.T. Heron Diamond, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
	This paper describes the design and implementation of fast orbit feedback control in mode space. Using a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the response matrix, each singular value can be associated with a spatial mode and enhanced feedback performance can be achieved by applying different controller dynamics to each spatial mode. By considering the disturbance spectrum across both dynamic and spatial frequencies, controller dynamics for each mode can be selected. Most orbit feedback systems apply only different gains to each mode however; mode space control gives greater flexibility in control design and can lead to enhanced disturbance suppression. Mode space control was implemented on the Booster synchrotron at Diamond Light Source, operated in stored beam mode. Implementation and performance of the mode space controller are presented.
	Slides THMIB07 [0.582 MB]
	Poster THMIB07 [0.593 MB]

THPPC119	Software Architecture for the LHC Beam-based Feedback System at CERN	controls, optics, network, timing	1337
	L.K. Jensen, M. Andersen, K. Fuchsberger, S. Jackson, L. Ponce, R.J. Steinhagen, J. Wenninger CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	This paper presents an overview of beam based feedback systems at the LHC at CERN. It will cover the system architecture which is split into two main parts – a controller (OFC) and a service unit (OFSU). The paper presents issues encountered during beam commissioning and lessons learned including follow-up from a recent review which took place at CERN
	Poster THPPC119 [1.474 MB]

THPPC120	A Simplified Model of the International Linear Collider Final Focus System	detector, quadrupole, controls, resonance	1341
	M. Oriunno, T.W. Markiewicz SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA C.G.R.L. Collette, D. Tshilumba ULB - FSA - SMN, Bruxelles, Belgium
	Mechanical vibrations are the main sources of Luminosity Loss at the Final Focus System of the future Linear Colliders, where the nanometric beams are required to be extremely stable. Precise models are needed to validate the supporting scheme adopted. Where the beam structure allows it, as for the International Linear Collider (ILC), intra-trains Luminosity Feedback schemes are possible. Where this is not possible, as for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC), an active stabilization of the doublets is required. Further complications arise from the optics requirements, which place the final doublet very close to the IP (~4m). We present a model of the SID detector, where the QD0 doublet is captured inside the detector and the QF1 magnet is inside the tunnel. Ground Motion measured at the SLD detector at SLAC have been used together with a model of the technical noise. The model predicts that the rms vibration of QDO is below the capture range of the IP feedback system available in the ILC. With the addition of an active stabilization system on QD0, it is also possible to achieve the stability requirements of CLIC. These results can have important implications for CLIC.

THPPC121	Feedbacks and Automation at the Free Electron Laser in Hamburg (FLASH)	operation, electron, controls, laser	1345
	R. Kammering, Ch. Schmidt DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	For many years a set of historically grown Matlab scripts and tools have been used to stabilize transversal and longitudinal properties of the electron bunches at the FLASH. Though this Matlab-based approach comes in handy when commissioning or developing tools for certain operational procedures, it turns out to be quite tedious to maintain on the long run as it often lacks stability and performance e.g. in feedback procedures. To overcome these shortcomings of the Matlab-based approach, a server-based C++ solution in the DOOCS* framework has been realized at FLASH. Using the graphical UI designer jddd** a generic version of the longitudinal feedback has been implemented and put very fast into standard operation. The design uses sets of monitors and actuators plus their coupling which easily be adapted operation requirements. The daily routine operation of this server-based FB implementation has proven to offer a robust, well maintainable and flexible solution to the common problem of automation and control for such complex machines as FLASH and will be well suited for the European XFEL purposes. * see e.g. http://doocs.desy.de ** see e.g. http//jddd.desy.de
	Poster THPPC121 [9.473 MB]

THPPC122	High Performance and Low Latency Single Cavity RF Control Based on MTCA.4	controls, LLRF, cavity, hardware	1348
	Ch. Schmidt, L. Butkowski, M. Hoffmann, H. Schlarb DESY, Hamburg, Germany M. Grzegrzółka, I. Rutkowski Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw, Poland
	The European XFEL project at DESY requires a very precise RF control, fulfilling the objectives of high performance FEL generation. Within the MTCA.4 based hardware framework a LLRF system has been designed to control multi-cavity applications, require large processing capabilities. A generic software structure allows to apply the same design also for single-cavity applications, reducing efforts for maintenance. It has be demonstrated that the MTCA.4 based LLRF controller development achieves XFEL requirement in terms of amplitude and phase control. Due to the complexity of the signal part, which is not essential for a single cavity regulation an alternative framework has been developed, to minimize processing latency which is especially for high bandwidth applications very important. This setup is based on a fast processing advanced mezzanine card (AMC) combined with a down-converter and vector-modulator rear transition module (RTM). Within this paper the system layout and first measurement results are presented, demonstrating capabilities not only for LLRF specific applications.

THPPC125	Evaluation and Implementation of Advanced Process Control with the compactRIO Material of National Instrument	controls, FPGA, LabView, real-time	1355
	G. Maire, A. Kehrli, M. Pezzetti, S. Ravat CERN, Geneva, Switzerland B. Charnier, H. Coppier ESIEE, Amiens, France
	Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is very commonly used in many industries and research applications for process control. However a very complex process control may require algorithms and performances beyond the capability of PLCs, very high-speed or precision controls may also require other solutions. This paper describes recent research conducted to implement advanced process controls with the cRIO material from National Instruments (decoupling of MIMO process control, steady state feedback, observer, Kalman filter, etc). The cRIO systems consist of an embedded real-time controller for communication and processing, a Reconfigurable Field Programmable Array (FPGA) and hot-swappable I/O modules. The paper presents experimental results and the ability of the cRIO to treat complex process control.
	Poster THPPC125 [1.004 MB]

THPPC128	The Feedback System for Damping Coherent Betatron and Synchrotron Oscillations of Electron Beam at Dedicated Synchrotron Radiation Source SIBERIA-2.	kicker, synchrotron, electron, radiation	1359
	A.S. Smygacheva, Y.A. Fomin, V. Korchuganov, N.I. Moseiko, Yu.F. Tarasov, A.G. Valentinov NRC, Moscow, Russia R. Cerne, R. Hrovatin, D.T. Tinta I-Tech, Solkan, Slovenia
	The description of feedback system for dumping coherent betatron and synchrotron oscillations of the electron beam which is realized at present time at the dedicated synchrotron radiation storage ring SIBERIA-2 in Kurchatov Institute is presented in the paper. The installation of new feedback system into the main ring SIBERIA-2 will allow to improve the quality of synchrotron radiation beams. In particular, at the beam injection energy (450 MeV) with the help of new feedback system we can increase maximum stored beam current and at operation beam energy (2.5 GeV) the system will provide additional electron beam spatial stabilization. The paper describes new feedback system description, the principle of operation and its technical characteristics. As well, we describe in detail the design of kickers (especially for longitudinal plane) used into the system as they are one of the important feedback system components.

THPPC129	Evolution of the FERMI Beam Based Feedbacks	laser, FEL, electron, controls	1362
	G. Gaio, M. Lonza Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy
	Funding: This work was supported in part by the Italian Ministry of University and Research under grants FIRB-RBAP045JF2 and FIRB-RBAP06AWK3 Evolution of the FERMI@Elettra Beam Based Feedbacks FERMI@Elettra is the first seeded Free Electron Laser (FEL) users facility. A number of shot-to-shot feedback loops running synchronously at the machine repetition rate stabilize the electron beam trajectory, energy and bunch length, as well as the trajectory of the laser beams used for the seeding and pump-probe experiments. They are based on a flexible real-time distributed framework integrated into the control system. The interdependence between feedback loops and the need to react coordinately to different operating conditions lead to the development of a real-time supervisor capable of controlling each loop depending on critical machine parameters not directly involved in the feedbacks. The overall system architecture, performance and user interfaces are presented.
	Poster THPPC129 [1.381 MB]

THPPC135	From Pulse to Continuous Wave Operation of TESLA Cryomodules – LLRF System Software Modification and Development	operation, LLRF, cavity, controls	1366
	W. Cichalewski, W. Jałmużna, A. Piotrowski, K.P. Przygoda TUL-DMCS, Łódź, Poland V. Ayvazyan, J. Branlard, H. Schlarb, J.K. Sekutowicz DESY, Hamburg, Germany J. Szewiński NCBJ, Świerk/Otwock, Poland
	Funding: We acknowledge the support from National Science Center (Poland) grant no 5593/B/T02/2010/39 Higher efficiency of TESLA based free electron lasers (FLASH, XFEL) by means of increased quantity of photon bursts can be achieved using continuous wave operation mode. In order to maintain constant beam acceleration in superconducting cavities and keep short pulse to CW operation transition costs reasonably low some substantial modification of accelerator subsystems are necessary. Changes in: RF power source, cryo systems, electron beam source, etc. have to be also accompanied by adjustments in LLRF system. In this paper challenges for well established pulsed mode LLRF system are discussed (in case of CW and LP scenarios). Firmware, software modifications needed for maintaining high performance of cavities field parameters regulation (for 1Hz CW and LP cryo-module operation) are described. Results from studies of vector sum amplitude and phase control in case of resonators high Ql factor settings (Ql~1.5e7) are shown. Proposed modifications implemented in VME and microTCA (MTCA.4) based LLRF system has been tested during studies at CryoModule Test Bench (CMTB) in DESY. Results from this tests together with achieved regulation performance data are also presented and discussed.
	Poster THPPC135 [1.310 MB]

THPPC136	Stabilizing the Beam Current Split Ratio in TRIUMF's 500 MeV Cyclotron with High Level, Closed-Loop Feedback Software	software, cyclotron, TRIUMF, controls	1370
	J.J. Pon, K.S. Lee, M. Mouat, T. Planche, P.J. Yogendran TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada
	In the pursuit of progressively more stable beam currents at TRIUMF's 500 MeV cyclotron there was a proposal to regulate the beam current split ratio for two primary beamlines with closed-loop feedback. Initial runs have shown promising results and have justified further efforts in that direction. This paper describes the software to provide the closed-loop feedback, and future developments.
	Poster THPPC136 [4.309 MB]

THPPC137	Time Domain Simulation Software of the APS Storage Ring Orbit Real-time Feedback System	simulation, software, FPGA, storage-ring	1373
	H. Shang, J. Carwardine, G. Decker, L. Emery, F. Lenkszus, N. Sereno, S. Xu ANL, Argonne, USA
	The APS storage ring real-time feedback (RTFB) system will be upgraded as part of the APS Upgrade project. The time domain simulation software is implemented to find the best parameters of correctors and evaluate the performance of different system configurations. The software includes two parts: the corrector noise model generator and the RTFB simulation. The corrector noise model generates the corrector noise data that are the input for the RTFB simulation. The corrector noise data are generated from the measured APS BPM turn-by-turn noise data, so that simulation actually reproduces the real machine. This paper introduces the algorithm and high-level software development of the corrector noise model generator and the RTFB simulation. Work supported by U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
	Poster THPPC137 [0.445 MB]

THPPC138	A System for Automatic Locking of Resonators of Linac at IUAC	controls, linac, interface, operation	1376
	R.N. Dutt, G.K. Chaudhari, S. Ghosh, D. Kanjilal, J. Karmakar, A. Pandey, P. Patra, A. Rai, A. Roy, B.K. Sahu IUAC, New Delhi, India S. Sahoo VECC, Kolkata, India
	The superconducting LINAC booster of IUAC consists of five cryostats housing a total of 27 Nb quarter wave resonators (QWRs). The QWRs are phase locked against the master oscillator at a frequency of 97 MHz. Cavity frequency tuning is done by a Helium gas based slow tuner. Presently, the frequency tuning and cavity phase locking is done from the control room consoles. To automate the LINAC operation, an automatic phase locking system has been implemented. The slow tuner gas pressure is automatically controlled in response to the frequency error of the cavity. The fast tuner is automatically triggered into phase lock when the frequency is within the lock window. This system has band implemented sucessfully on a few cavities. The system is now being installed for the remaining cavities of the LINAC booster. [1]S.Ghosh et al Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 040101 (2009).
	Poster THPPC138 [4.654 MB]

THPPC140	MTCA Upgrade of the Readout Electronics for the Bunch Arrival Time Monitor at FLASH	laser, electronics, LLRF, electron	1380
	J. Szewiński, G. Boltruczyk, S. Korolczuk NCBJ, Świerk/Otwock, Poland S. Bou Habib, J. Dobosz, D. Sikora Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw, Poland C. Gerth, H. Schlarb DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	Bunch Arrival time Monitor (BAM) is an electro-optical device used at FLASH accelerator in DESY for the high precision, femtosecond scale, measurements of the moment when electron bunch arrives at the reference point in the machine. The arrival time is proportional to the average bunch energy, and is used to calculate the amplitude correction for RF field control. Correction is sent to the LLRF system in less than 10 us, and this creates a secondary feedback loop (over the regular LLRF one), which is focused on beam energy stabilization - beam feedback. This paper presents new uTCA BAM readout electronics design based on the uTCA.4 – “uTCA for Physics” and FMC mezzanine boards standards. Presented solution is a replacement for existing, VME based BAM readout devices. It provides higher efficiency by using new measurement techniques, better components (such as ADCs, FPGAs etc.), and high bandwidth uTCA backplane. uTCA provides also different topology for data transfers in the crate, which all together opens new opportunities for the improvement of the overall system performance.
	Poster THPPC140 [14.281 MB]

THCOCB03	Fast Automatic Beam-based Alignment of the LHC Collimation System	alignment, collimation, monitoring, operation	1430
	G. Valentino, R.W. Aßmann, R. Bruce, S. Jackson, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, D. Wollmann, C. Zamantzas CERN, Geneva, Switzerland N.J. Sammut University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta
	Maximum beam cleaning efficiency and LHC machine protection is provided when the collimator jaws are properly adjusted at well-defined distances from the circulating beams. The required settings for different locations around the 27 km long LHC rings are determined through beam-based collimator alignment, which uses feedback from Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) system. After the first experience with beam, a systematic automation of the alignment procedure was performed. This paper gives an overview of the algorithms developed to speed up the alignment and reduce human errors. The experience accumulated in four years of operation, from 2010 to 2013 is reviewed.
	Slides THCOCB03 [13.293 MB]

FRCOBAB04	Beam Feedback System Challenges at SuperKEKB Injector Linac	controls, linac, emittance, EPICS	1497
	K. Furukawa, R. Ichimiya, M. Iwasaki, H. Kaji, F. Miyahara, T.T. Nakamura, M. Satoh, T. Suwada KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	SuperKEKB electron/positron asymmetric collider is under construction in order to elucidate new physics beyond the standard model of elementary particle physics. This will be only possible by a precise measurement with 40-times higher luminosity compared with that of KEKB. The injector linac should be upgraded to enable a 20-times smaller beam size of 50 nm at the collision point and twice-larger stored beam current with short lifetime of 10 minutes. At the same time two light source rings, PF and PF-AR, should be filled in top-up injection mode. To this end the linac should be operated with precise beam controls. Dual-layer controls with EPICS and MRF event systems are being enhanced to support precise pulse-to-pulse beam modulation (PPM) at 50Hz. A virtual accelerator (VA) concept is introduced to enable a single linac behaving as four VAs switched by PPM, where each VA corresponds to one of four top-up injections into storage rings. Each VA should be accompanied with independent beam orbit and energy feedback loops to maintain the required beam qualities. The requirements from SuperKEKB HER and LER for beam emittance, energy-spread, and charge are especially challenging.
	Slides FRCOBAB04 [1.596 MB]

Paper

Title

Other Keywords

Page

MOCOAAB07

Real Time Control for KAGAR, 3km Cryogenic Gravitational Wave Detector in Japan

controls, network, EPICS, real-time

23

O. Miyakawa
ICRR, Chiba, Japan

KAGRA is a 3km cryogenic interferometer for gravitational wave detection located underground Kamioka-mine in Japan. The next generation large scale interferometric gravitational wave detectors require very complicated control topologies for the optical path length between mirrors, and very low noise feedback controls in order to detect an extremely tiny motion between mirrors excited by gravitational waves. The interferometer consists of a Michelson interferometer with Fabry-Perot cavities on its arms, and other two mirrors as, so called, a power recycling and a resonant sideband extraction technique. In total, 5 degrees of freedom for length between 7 mirrors should be controlled at a time, and the control must be continuously kept during the observation of gravitational waves. We are currently developing a real time controls system using computers for KAGRA. In this talk, we report how the control system works.

Slides MOCOAAB07 [8.536 MB]

MOMIB03

Control Systems Issues and Planning for eRHIC

controls, interface, electron, hardware

58

K.A. Brown, P. Chitnis, T. D'Ottavio, J.P. Jamilkowski, J.S. Laster, J. Morris, S. Nemesure, C. Theisen
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The next generation of high-energy nuclear physics experiments involve colliding high-energy electrons with ions, as well as colliding polarized electrons with polarized protons and polarized helions (Helium-3 nuclei). The eRHIC project proposes to add an electron accelerator to the RHIC complex, thus allowing all of these types of experiments to be done by combining existing capabilities with high energy and high intensity electrons. In this paper we describe the controls systems requirements for eRHIC, the technical challenges, and our vision of a control system ten years into the future. What we build over the next ten years will be what is used for the ten years following the start of operations. This presents opportunities to take advantage of changes in technologies but also many challenges in building reliable and stable controls and integrating those controls with existing RHIC systems. This also presents an opportunity to leverage on state of the art innovations and build collaborations both with industry and other institutions, allowing us to build the best and most cost effective set of systems that will allow eRHIC to achieve its goals.

Slides MOMIB03 [0.633 MB]

Poster MOMIB03 [2.682 MB]

MOPPC036

The BPM Integration in the Taiwan Photon Source

booster, storage-ring, FPGA, electronics

158

C.H. Kuo, Y.-T. Chang, J. Chen, Y.-S. Cheng, P.C. Chiu, K.T. Hsu, K.H. Hu, D. Lee, C.Y. Wu
NSRRC, Hsinchu, Taiwan

TPS (Taiwan Photon Source) is a 3 GeV synchrotron light source which is being in construction at NSRRC. The TPS BPM is based on xTCA platform, is used for various request and function reasons. These functions will be discussed. Another purpose is for orbit feedback system. The tradition BPM electronic is separated from orbit feedback system, is just monitor. In the TPS, the orbit feedback system is embedded in the BPM crate with FPGA modules. High throughput backplane, data transfer and processing support rich function for waveform recorder, diagnostic, beam study and transient analysis. The implementation result of the BPM system will be reported in this conference.

MOPPC084

ESS Integrated Control System and the Agile Methodology

controls, software, target, neutron

296

M. Reščič
Cosylab, Ljubljana, Slovenia
L. Fernandez
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The stakeholders of the ESS Integrated Control System (ICS) reside in four parts of the ESS machine: accelerator, target, neutron instruments and conventional facilities. ICS plans to meet the stakeholders’ needs early in the Construction phase, to accelerate and facilitate the Commissioning process by providing and delivering required tools earlier. This introduces the risk that stakeholders will not have had the full set of information required available early enough for the development of the interfacing systems (e.g. missing requirements, undecided design etc.) In order for ICS to accomplish its objectives it is needed to establish a development process that allows a quick adaptation to any change in the requirements with a minimum impact in the execution of the projects. Agile Methodology is well known for its ability to adapt quickly to change, as well as for involving users in the development process and producing working and reliable software from a very early stage in the project. The paper will present the plans, the tools, the organization of the team and the preliminary results of the setup work.

TUPPC025

Advantages and Challenges to the Use of On-line Feedback in CERN’s Accelerators Controls Configuration Management

controls, hardware, database, status

600

Z. Zaharieva, S. Jensen, J. Rolland Lopez De Coca, A. Romero Marin
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The Controls Configuration Service (CCS) provides the Configuration Management facilities for the Controls System for all CERN accelerators. It complies with Configuration Management standards, tracking the life of configuration items and their relationships by allowing identification and triggering change management processes. Data stored in the CCS is extracted and propagated to the controls hardware for remote configuration. The article will present the ability of the CCS to audit items and verify conformance to specification with the implementation of on-line feedback focusing on Front-End Computers (FEC) configurations. Long-standing problems existed in this area such as discrepancies between the actual state of the FEC and the configuration sent to it at reboot. This resulted in difficult-to-diagnose behaviour and disturbance for the Operations team. The article will discuss the solution architecture (tailored processes and tools), the development and implementation challenges, as well as the advantages of this approach and the benefits to the user groups – from equipment specialists and controls systems experts to the operators in the Accelerators Controls Centre.

Poster TUPPC025 [3.937 MB]

TUPPC094

Em# Project. Improvement of Low Current Measurements at Alba Synchrotron

controls, FPGA, hardware, target

798

X. Serra-Gallifa, J.A. Avila-Abellan, J.J. Jamroz, O. Matilla
CELLS-ALBA Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

After two years with 50 four-channels electrometer measurement units working successfully at Alba beamlines, new features implementation have forced a complete instrument architecture change. This new equipment is taking advantage of the targets achieved as the remarkable low noise in the current amplifier stage and implements new features currently not available in the market. First an embedded 18 bits SAR ADC able to work under up to 500V biasing has been implemented looking for the highest possible accuracy. The data stream is analysed by a flexible data processing based on a FPGA which is able to execute sample-by-sample real-time calculation aimed to be applied in experiments as the current normalization absorption between two channel acquisitions; being able to optimize the SNR of an absorption spectrum. The equipment is oriented from the design stage to be integrated in continuous scans setups, implementing low level timestamp compatible with multiple clock sources standards using an SFP port. This port could also be used in the future to integrate XBPM measures into the FOFB network for the accelerator beam position correction.

Poster TUPPC094 [0.545 MB]

TUCOCB09

The Internet of Things and Control System

controls, network, TANGO, embedded

974

V.H. Hardion, J. Lidón-Simon, M. Lindberg, A. Milan-Otero, A.G. Persson, D.P. Spruce
MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden

A recent huge interest in Machine to Machine communication is known as the Internet Of Things (IOT), to allow the possibility for autonomous devices to use Internet for exchanging the data. The Internet and the World Wide Web have caused a revolution in communication between the people. They were born from the need to exchange scientific information between institutes. Several universities have predicted that IOT will have a similar impact and now, industry is gearing up for it. The issues under discussion for IOT , such as protocols, representations and resources are similar to human communication and are currently being tested by different institutes and companies, including start-ups. Already, the term smart city is used to describe uses of IOT, such as smart parking, traffic congestion and waste management. In the domain of Control Systems for big research facilities, a lot of knowledge has already been acquired for building the connections between thousands of devices, more and more of which are provided with a TCP/IP connection. This paper investigates the possible convergence between Control Systems and IOT.

Slides TUCOCB09 [11.919 MB]

WECOCB01

CERN's FMC Kit

hardware, controls, FPGA, interface

1020

E. Van der Bij, M. Cattin, E. Gousiou, J. Serrano, T. Włostowski
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

In the frame of the renovation of controls and data acquisition electronics for accelerators, the BE-CO-HT section at CERN has designed a kit based on carriers and mezzanines following the FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC, VITA 57) standard. Carriers exist in VME64x and PCIe form factors, with a PXIe carrier underway. Mezzanines include an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), a Time to Digital Converter (TDC) and a fine delay generator. All of the designs are licensed under the CERN Open Hardware Licence (OHL) and commercialized by companies. The paper discusses the benefits of this carrier-mezzanine strategy and of the Open Hardware based commercial paradigm, along with performance figures and plans for the future.

Slides WECOCB01 [3.300 MB]

THMIB07

Fast Orbit Feedback Control in Mode Space

controls, booster, synchrotron, electron

1082

S. Gayadeen, S. Duncan
University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
M.T. Heron
Diamond, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom

This paper describes the design and implementation of fast orbit feedback control in mode space. Using a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the response matrix, each singular value can be associated with a spatial mode and enhanced feedback performance can be achieved by applying different controller dynamics to each spatial mode. By considering the disturbance spectrum across both dynamic and spatial frequencies, controller dynamics for each mode can be selected. Most orbit feedback systems apply only different gains to each mode however; mode space control gives greater flexibility in control design and can lead to enhanced disturbance suppression. Mode space control was implemented on the Booster synchrotron at Diamond Light Source, operated in stored beam mode. Implementation and performance of the mode space controller are presented.

Slides THMIB07 [0.582 MB]

Poster THMIB07 [0.593 MB]

THPPC119

Software Architecture for the LHC Beam-based Feedback System at CERN

controls, optics, network, timing

1337

L.K. Jensen, M. Andersen, K. Fuchsberger, S. Jackson, L. Ponce, R.J. Steinhagen, J. Wenninger
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

This paper presents an overview of beam based feedback systems at the LHC at CERN. It will cover the system architecture which is split into two main parts – a controller (OFC) and a service unit (OFSU). The paper presents issues encountered during beam commissioning and lessons learned including follow-up from a recent review which took place at CERN

Poster THPPC119 [1.474 MB]

THPPC120

A Simplified Model of the International Linear Collider Final Focus System

detector, quadrupole, controls, resonance

1341

M. Oriunno, T.W. Markiewicz
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
C.G.R.L. Collette, D. Tshilumba
ULB - FSA - SMN, Bruxelles, Belgium

Mechanical vibrations are the main sources of Luminosity Loss at the Final Focus System of the future Linear Colliders, where the nanometric beams are required to be extremely stable. Precise models are needed to validate the supporting scheme adopted. Where the beam structure allows it, as for the International Linear Collider (ILC), intra-trains Luminosity Feedback schemes are possible. Where this is not possible, as for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC), an active stabilization of the doublets is required. Further complications arise from the optics requirements, which place the final doublet very close to the IP (~4m). We present a model of the SID detector, where the QD0 doublet is captured inside the detector and the QF1 magnet is inside the tunnel. Ground Motion measured at the SLD detector at SLAC have been used together with a model of the technical noise. The model predicts that the rms vibration of QDO is below the capture range of the IP feedback system available in the ILC. With the addition of an active stabilization system on QD0, it is also possible to achieve the stability requirements of CLIC. These results can have important implications for CLIC.

THPPC121

Feedbacks and Automation at the Free Electron Laser in Hamburg (FLASH)

operation, electron, controls, laser

1345

R. Kammering, Ch. Schmidt
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

For many years a set of historically grown Matlab scripts and tools have been used to stabilize transversal and longitudinal properties of the electron bunches at the FLASH. Though this Matlab-based approach comes in handy when commissioning or developing tools for certain operational procedures, it turns out to be quite tedious to maintain on the long run as it often lacks stability and performance e.g. in feedback procedures. To overcome these shortcomings of the Matlab-based approach, a server-based C++ solution in the DOOCS* framework has been realized at FLASH. Using the graphical UI designer jddd** a generic version of the longitudinal feedback has been implemented and put very fast into standard operation. The design uses sets of monitors and actuators plus their coupling which easily be adapted operation requirements. The daily routine operation of this server-based FB implementation has proven to offer a robust, well maintainable and flexible solution to the common problem of automation and control for such complex machines as FLASH and will be well suited for the European XFEL purposes.
* see e.g. http://doocs.desy.de
** see e.g. http//jddd.desy.de

Poster THPPC121 [9.473 MB]

THPPC122

High Performance and Low Latency Single Cavity RF Control Based on MTCA.4

controls, LLRF, cavity, hardware

1348

Ch. Schmidt, L. Butkowski, M. Hoffmann, H. Schlarb
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
M. Grzegrzółka, I. Rutkowski
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw, Poland

The European XFEL project at DESY requires a very precise RF control, fulfilling the objectives of high performance FEL generation. Within the MTCA.4 based hardware framework a LLRF system has been designed to control multi-cavity applications, require large processing capabilities. A generic software structure allows to apply the same design also for single-cavity applications, reducing efforts for maintenance. It has be demonstrated that the MTCA.4 based LLRF controller development achieves XFEL requirement in terms of amplitude and phase control. Due to the complexity of the signal part, which is not essential for a single cavity regulation an alternative framework has been developed, to minimize processing latency which is especially for high bandwidth applications very important. This setup is based on a fast processing advanced mezzanine card (AMC) combined with a down-converter and vector-modulator rear transition module (RTM). Within this paper the system layout and first measurement results are presented, demonstrating capabilities not only for LLRF specific applications.

THPPC125

Evaluation and Implementation of Advanced Process Control with the compactRIO Material of National Instrument

controls, FPGA, LabView, real-time

1355

G. Maire, A. Kehrli, M. Pezzetti, S. Ravat
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
B. Charnier, H. Coppier
ESIEE, Amiens, France

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is very commonly used in many industries and research applications for process control. However a very complex process control may require algorithms and performances beyond the capability of PLCs, very high-speed or precision controls may also require other solutions. This paper describes recent research conducted to implement advanced process controls with the cRIO material from National Instruments (decoupling of MIMO process control, steady state feedback, observer, Kalman filter, etc). The cRIO systems consist of an embedded real-time controller for communication and processing, a Reconfigurable Field Programmable Array (FPGA) and hot-swappable I/O modules. The paper presents experimental results and the ability of the cRIO to treat complex process control.

Poster THPPC125 [1.004 MB]

THPPC128

The Feedback System for Damping Coherent Betatron and Synchrotron Oscillations of Electron Beam at Dedicated Synchrotron Radiation Source SIBERIA-2.

kicker, synchrotron, electron, radiation

1359

A.S. Smygacheva, Y.A. Fomin, V. Korchuganov, N.I. Moseiko, Yu.F. Tarasov, A.G. Valentinov
NRC, Moscow, Russia
R. Cerne, R. Hrovatin, D.T. Tinta
I-Tech, Solkan, Slovenia

The description of feedback system for dumping coherent betatron and synchrotron oscillations of the electron beam which is realized at present time at the dedicated synchrotron radiation storage ring SIBERIA-2 in Kurchatov Institute is presented in the paper. The installation of new feedback system into the main ring SIBERIA-2 will allow to improve the quality of synchrotron radiation beams. In particular, at the beam injection energy (450 MeV) with the help of new feedback system we can increase maximum stored beam current and at operation beam energy (2.5 GeV) the system will provide additional electron beam spatial stabilization. The paper describes new feedback system description, the principle of operation and its technical characteristics. As well, we describe in detail the design of kickers (especially for longitudinal plane) used into the system as they are one of the important feedback system components.

THPPC129

Evolution of the FERMI Beam Based Feedbacks

laser, FEL, electron, controls

1362

G. Gaio, M. Lonza
Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Italy

Funding: This work was supported in part by the Italian Ministry of University and Research under grants FIRB-RBAP045JF2 and FIRB-RBAP06AWK3
Evolution of the FERMI@Elettra Beam Based Feedbacks FERMI@Elettra is the first seeded Free Electron Laser (FEL) users facility. A number of shot-to-shot feedback loops running synchronously at the machine repetition rate stabilize the electron beam trajectory, energy and bunch length, as well as the trajectory of the laser beams used for the seeding and pump-probe experiments. They are based on a flexible real-time distributed framework integrated into the control system. The interdependence between feedback loops and the need to react coordinately to different operating conditions lead to the development of a real-time supervisor capable of controlling each loop depending on critical machine parameters not directly involved in the feedbacks. The overall system architecture, performance and user interfaces are presented.

Poster THPPC129 [1.381 MB]

THPPC135

From Pulse to Continuous Wave Operation of TESLA Cryomodules – LLRF System Software Modification and Development

operation, LLRF, cavity, controls

1366

W. Cichalewski, W. Jałmużna, A. Piotrowski, K.P. Przygoda
TUL-DMCS, Łódź, Poland
V. Ayvazyan, J. Branlard, H. Schlarb, J.K. Sekutowicz
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
J. Szewiński
NCBJ, Świerk/Otwock, Poland

Funding: We acknowledge the support from National Science Center (Poland) grant no 5593/B/T02/2010/39
Higher efficiency of TESLA based free electron lasers (FLASH, XFEL) by means of increased quantity of photon bursts can be achieved using continuous wave operation mode. In order to maintain constant beam acceleration in superconducting cavities and keep short pulse to CW operation transition costs reasonably low some substantial modification of accelerator subsystems are necessary. Changes in: RF power source, cryo systems, electron beam source, etc. have to be also accompanied by adjustments in LLRF system. In this paper challenges for well established pulsed mode LLRF system are discussed (in case of CW and LP scenarios). Firmware, software modifications needed for maintaining high performance of cavities field parameters regulation (for 1Hz CW and LP cryo-module operation) are described. Results from studies of vector sum amplitude and phase control in case of resonators high Ql factor settings (Ql~1.5e7) are shown. Proposed modifications implemented in VME and microTCA (MTCA.4) based LLRF system has been tested during studies at CryoModule Test Bench (CMTB) in DESY. Results from this tests together with achieved regulation performance data are also presented and discussed.

Poster THPPC135 [1.310 MB]

THPPC136

Stabilizing the Beam Current Split Ratio in TRIUMF's 500 MeV Cyclotron with High Level, Closed-Loop Feedback Software

software, cyclotron, TRIUMF, controls

1370

J.J. Pon, K.S. Lee, M. Mouat, T. Planche, P.J. Yogendran
TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vancouver, Canada

In the pursuit of progressively more stable beam currents at TRIUMF's 500 MeV cyclotron there was a proposal to regulate the beam current split ratio for two primary beamlines with closed-loop feedback. Initial runs have shown promising results and have justified further efforts in that direction. This paper describes the software to provide the closed-loop feedback, and future developments.

Poster THPPC136 [4.309 MB]

THPPC137

Time Domain Simulation Software of the APS Storage Ring Orbit Real-time Feedback System

simulation, software, FPGA, storage-ring

1373

H. Shang, J. Carwardine, G. Decker, L. Emery, F. Lenkszus, N. Sereno, S. Xu
ANL, Argonne, USA

The APS storage ring real-time feedback (RTFB) system will be upgraded as part of the APS Upgrade project. The time domain simulation software is implemented to find the best parameters of correctors and evaluate the performance of different system configurations. The software includes two parts: the corrector noise model generator and the RTFB simulation. The corrector noise model generates the corrector noise data that are the input for the RTFB simulation. The corrector noise data are generated from the measured APS BPM turn-by-turn noise data, so that simulation actually reproduces the real machine. This paper introduces the algorithm and high-level software development of the corrector noise model generator and the RTFB simulation.
Work supported by U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.

Poster THPPC137 [0.445 MB]

THPPC138

A System for Automatic Locking of Resonators of Linac at IUAC

controls, linac, interface, operation

1376

R.N. Dutt, G.K. Chaudhari, S. Ghosh, D. Kanjilal, J. Karmakar, A. Pandey, P. Patra, A. Rai, A. Roy, B.K. Sahu
IUAC, New Delhi, India
S. Sahoo
VECC, Kolkata, India

The superconducting LINAC booster of IUAC consists of five cryostats housing a total of 27 Nb quarter wave resonators (QWRs). The QWRs are phase locked against the master oscillator at a frequency of 97 MHz. Cavity frequency tuning is done by a Helium gas based slow tuner. Presently, the frequency tuning and cavity phase locking is done from the control room consoles. To automate the LINAC operation, an automatic phase locking system has been implemented. The slow tuner gas pressure is automatically controlled in response to the frequency error of the cavity. The fast tuner is automatically triggered into phase lock when the frequency is within the lock window. This system has band implemented sucessfully on a few cavities. The system is now being installed for the remaining cavities of the LINAC booster.
[1]S.Ghosh et al Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 040101 (2009).

Poster THPPC138 [4.654 MB]

THPPC140

MTCA Upgrade of the Readout Electronics for the Bunch Arrival Time Monitor at FLASH

laser, electronics, LLRF, electron

1380

J. Szewiński, G. Boltruczyk, S. Korolczuk
NCBJ, Świerk/Otwock, Poland
S. Bou Habib, J. Dobosz, D. Sikora
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw, Poland
C. Gerth, H. Schlarb
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

Bunch Arrival time Monitor (BAM) is an electro-optical device used at FLASH accelerator in DESY for the high precision, femtosecond scale, measurements of the moment when electron bunch arrives at the reference point in the machine. The arrival time is proportional to the average bunch energy, and is used to calculate the amplitude correction for RF field control. Correction is sent to the LLRF system in less than 10 us, and this creates a secondary feedback loop (over the regular LLRF one), which is focused on beam energy stabilization - beam feedback. This paper presents new uTCA BAM readout electronics design based on the uTCA.4 – “uTCA for Physics” and FMC mezzanine boards standards. Presented solution is a replacement for existing, VME based BAM readout devices. It provides higher efficiency by using new measurement techniques, better components (such as ADCs, FPGAs etc.), and high bandwidth uTCA backplane. uTCA provides also different topology for data transfers in the crate, which all together opens new opportunities for the improvement of the overall system performance.

Poster THPPC140 [14.281 MB]

THCOCB03

Fast Automatic Beam-based Alignment of the LHC Collimation System

alignment, collimation, monitoring, operation

1430

G. Valentino, R.W. Aßmann, R. Bruce, S. Jackson, S. Redaelli, B. Salvachua, D. Wollmann, C. Zamantzas
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
N.J. Sammut
University of Malta, Information and Communication Technology, Msida, Malta

Maximum beam cleaning efficiency and LHC machine protection is provided when the collimator jaws are properly adjusted at well-defined distances from the circulating beams. The required settings for different locations around the 27 km long LHC rings are determined through beam-based collimator alignment, which uses feedback from Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) system. After the first experience with beam, a systematic automation of the alignment procedure was performed. This paper gives an overview of the algorithms developed to speed up the alignment and reduce human errors. The experience accumulated in four years of operation, from 2010 to 2013 is reviewed.

Slides THCOCB03 [13.293 MB]

FRCOBAB04

Beam Feedback System Challenges at SuperKEKB Injector Linac

controls, linac, emittance, EPICS

1497

K. Furukawa, R. Ichimiya, M. Iwasaki, H. Kaji, F. Miyahara, T.T. Nakamura, M. Satoh, T. Suwada
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

SuperKEKB electron/positron asymmetric collider is under construction in order to elucidate new physics beyond the standard model of elementary particle physics. This will be only possible by a precise measurement with 40-times higher luminosity compared with that of KEKB. The injector linac should be upgraded to enable a 20-times smaller beam size of 50 nm at the collision point and twice-larger stored beam current with short lifetime of 10 minutes. At the same time two light source rings, PF and PF-AR, should be filled in top-up injection mode. To this end the linac should be operated with precise beam controls. Dual-layer controls with EPICS and MRF event systems are being enhanced to support precise pulse-to-pulse beam modulation (PPM) at 50Hz. A virtual accelerator (VA) concept is introduced to enable a single linac behaving as four VAs switched by PPM, where each VA corresponds to one of four top-up injections into storage rings. Each VA should be accompanied with independent beam orbit and energy feedback loops to maintain the required beam qualities. The requirements from SuperKEKB HER and LER for beam emittance, energy-spread, and charge are especially challenging.

Slides FRCOBAB04 [1.596 MB]