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| WOPB003 | Neutrinos and Einstein | |
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| A tiny neutrino mass is a clue to the physics beyond the standard model of elementary particle physics. The primary cosmic rays, mostly protons, are created and accelerated to the relativistic energy in supernova remnants. They traverse the universe and reach the earth. The incoming primary cosmic rays interact with the earth’s atmosphere to produce secondary particles, which subsequently decay into neutrinos, called atmospheric neutrinos. The atmospheric neutrinos have shown the evidence of the finite neutrino masses through the phenomena called neutrino oscillations. Neutrinos are detected by large detectors underground like, for example, Super-Kamiokande, SNO and KamLAND. Those detectors use large photomultiplier tubes, which make use of the photo-electric effect to convert photons created by the interaction of neutrinos to electrons to form electric pulses. Neutrinos are therefore created and detected by "Einstein" and have step forward beyond the current physics. Neutrinos may also carry a hit to the origin of the dark energy, the Einstein’s Cosmological Constant. | ||
| RPPT051 | Electron Model of Linear-Field FFAG | 3173 |
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Funding: TRIUMF receives federal funding via a contribution agreement through the National Research Council of Canada. A fixed-field alternating-gradient accelerator (FFAG) that employs only linear-field elements ushers in a new regime in accelerator design and dynamics. The linear-field machine has the ability to compact an unprecedented range in momenta within a small component aperture. With a tune variation which results from the natural chromaticity, the beam crosses many strong, uncorrec-table, betatron resonances during acceleration. Further, relativistic particles in this machine exhibit a quasi-parabolic time-of-flight that cannot be addressed with a fixed-frequency rf system. This leads to a new concept of bucketless acceleration within a rotation manifold. With a large energy jump per cell, there is possibly strong synchro-betatron coupling. A few-MeV electron model has been proposed to demonstrate the feasibility of these untested acceleration features and to investigate them at length under a wide range of operating conditions. This paper presents a lattice optimized for a 1.3 GHz rf, initial technology choices for the machine, and describes the range of experiments needed to characterize beam dynamics along with proposed instrumentation. |
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| RPPT052 | Analysis of Rapid Betatron Resonance Crossing | 3206 |
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Funding: TRIUMF receives federal funding via a contribution agreement through the National Research Council of Canada. The reduction of transverse and longitudinal cooling requirements, the increased number of beam circulations, and the reduce cost, as compared to RLAs, are arguments to adopt the linear-field FFAG as the acceleration stage of a Neutrino Factory. Because of the large range of central momenta, pm 50% delta p/p, and negative uncorrected chromaticity, the non-scaling FFAG will cross many integer and half-integer betatron resonances during the 10-20 turns acceleration. There is the expectation that if driving terms are small enough and crossing is fast enough, then there is insufficient time for the betatron amplitudes to grow. The conventional theory of resonance crossing is applied to slow acceleration, over 100s or 1000s of turns. This paper examines whether the rapid parameter changes encountered in the multi-GeV FFAGs, or few-MeV electron model, are compatible with simple theory. |
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| RPPT053 | Studies of the Injection System in the Decay Ring of Beta-Beam Neutrino Souce Project | 3221 |
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| After being accelerated the beta radioactive ions are accumulated in a decay ring. The losses due to their decay are compensated with regular injections in presence of filled bucket. Without a damping mechanism, the new particles are injected at a different energy from the stored beam energy, then the old and the new buckets are merged with RF manipulation. This type of injection has to be done, in a dispersive region, in presence of closed orbit bump and a septum magnet. The sizes of the injected beam and of the stored beam have to be adjusted in order to minimize the losses on the septum and to maximize the stored intensity keeping small beam sizes. The dispersion has to be large enough in order to decrease the energy difference. The injection system may be located either in the arc or in a straight section, both possibilities have been studied. | ||
| RPPT058 | Kaon Monitoring Using the MiniBooNE Little Muon Counter | 3435 |
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| The Little Muon Counter (LMC) is a permanent magnet spectrometer designed to constrain electron neutrino backgrounds to the MiniBooNE experiment's neutrino oscillation signal. Electron neutrinos from kaon decay are a background to the MiniBooNE signal mode of the oscillation of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos. MiniBooNE uses collisions of 8 GeV protons from the Fermilab Booster accelerator on a beryllium target to generate a secondary beam of pions and kaons that decay to produce a neutrino beam. The LMC constrains the kaon content of the meson beam, and thus the electron neutrinos from kaon decays, through momenta measurements of muons originating from decays of secondary beam kaons and pions. The LMC, located 7 degrees off-axis from the secondary beam, can distinguish pionic muons from kaonic muons kinematically. A description of the LMC components; analysis milestones including track momenta, muon identification penetration depth, track projection plots, and event displays; and the status of the LMC are presented. | ||
| RPPT059 | Spectrum from the Proposed BNL Very Long Baseline Neutrino Facility | 3476 |
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Funding: The work was performed with the support of the U.S. DOE under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886. This paper calculates the neutrino flux that would be seen at the far detector location from the proposed BNL Very Long Baseline Neutrino Facility. The far detector is assumed to be located at an underground facility in South Dakota 2540 km from BNL. The neutrino beam facility uses a 1 MW upgraded AGS to provide an intense proton beam on the target and a magnetic horn to focus the secondary pion beam. The paper will examine the sensitivity of the neutrino flux at the far detector to the positioning of the horn and target so as to establish alignment tolerances for the neutrino system. |
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| RPPT060 | The MuCool Test Area at Fermilab | 3482 |
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Funding: Work supported by the US Dept. of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-76CH03000 A new experimental area designed to develop, test and verify muon ionization cooling using the 400- MeV Fermilab Linac proton beam began construction in spring, 2002. This area will be used initially for cryogenic tests of liquid-hydrogen absorbers for the MUCOOL R&D program and, later, for high-power beam tests of these absorbers and other prototype muon-cooling apparatus. The experimental scenarios being developed for muon facilities involve collection, capture, and cooling of large-emittance, high-intensity muon beams–~1013 muons at a repetition rate of 15Hz, so that conclusive tests of the apparatus require full Linac beam, or 1.6 x 1013 p at 15 Hz. To support the muon cooling facility, a new primary beamline will divert beam from the Linac to the test facility. Located southwest of Wilson Hall between the Linac berm and parking lot, implementation of the facility and associated beamline takes advantage of civil construction and resources that remain from the 400-MeV Linac Upgrade Project. The design concept for the MuCool facility is taken from an earlier proposal, but modifications to the existing proposal were necessary to accommodate high-intensity beam, cryogenics, and the increased scale of the cooling experiments. |
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| RPPT061 | Linear Quadrupole Cooling Channel for a Neutrino Factory | 3526 |
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Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Dept. of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-76CH03000. The staging and optimization in the design of a Neutrino Factory are critically dependent on the choice and format of accelerator. Possibly the simplest, lowest-cost scenario is a nonscaling FFAG machine coupled to a linear (no bending) transverse cooling channel constructed from the simplest quadrupole lens system, a FODO cell. In such a scenario, transverse cooling demands are reduced by a factor of 4 and no longitudinal cooling is required relative to acceleration using a Recirculating Linac (RLA). Detailed simulations further show that a quadrupole-based channel cools efficiently and over a momentum range which is well-matched to FFAG acceleration. Details and cooling performance for a quadrupole channel are summarized in this work. |
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| RPPT062 | Radiation Simulations for the Proposed ISOL Stations for RIA | 3561 |
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Funding: This work is supported in part by Michigan State University, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the National Research Council of Canada. The Department of Energy's Office of Nuclear Physics, within the Office of Science (SC), has given high priority to consider and analyze design concepts for the target areas for the production of rare isotopes via the ISOL technique at the Rare-Isotope Accelerator (RIA) Facility. Key criteria are the maximum primary beam power of 400 kW, minimizing target change-out time, good radiological protection, flexibility with respect to implementing new target concepts, and the analysis and minimization of hazards associated with the operation of the facility. We will present examples of on-going work on simulations of radiation heating of targets, surrounding components and shielding, component activation, and levels of radiation dose, using the simulation codes MARS, MCNPX, and PHITS. These results are important to make decisions that may have a major impact on the layout, operational efficiency and cost of the facility, hazard analysis, shielding design, civil construction, component design, and material selection, overall layout, and remote handling concepts. |
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| RPPT063 | Radiation Simulations and Development of Concepts for High Power Beam Dumps, Catchers and Pre-separator Area Layouts for the Fragment Separators for RIA | 3594 |
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Funding: This work is supported in part by Michigan State University, the US DOE, and the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, Germany. The development of high-power beam dumps and catchers, and pre-separator layouts for proposed fragment separators of the Rare-Isotope Accelerator (RIA) facility are important in realizing how to handle the 400 kW in the primary beam. We will present examples of pre-conceptual designs of beam dumps, fragment catchers, and the pre-separator layout. We will also present examples of ongoing work on radiation simulations using the heavy-ion-transport code PHITS, characterizing the secondary radiation produced by the high-power ion beams interacting with these devices. Results on radiation heating of targets, magnet coils, associated hardware and shielding, component activation, and levels of radiation dose will be presented. These initial studies will yield insight into the impact of the high-power dissipation on fragment separator design, remote handling concepts, nuclear safety and potential facility hazard classification, shielding design, civil construction design, component design, and material choices. Furthermore, they will provide guidance on detailed radiation analyses as designs mature. |
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| RPPT064 | Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility Development and Status | 3641 |
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Funding: Managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. The Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) is a national user facility dedicated to nuclear structure, reactions, and nuclear astrophysics research with radioactive ion beams (RIBs) using the isotope separator on-line (ISOL) technique. An integrated strategic plan for physics, experimental systems, and RIB production facilities have been developed and implementation of the plan is under way. Specific research objectives are defined for studying the nature of nucleonic matter, the origin of elements, solar physics, and synthesis of heavy elements. Experimental systems upgrade plans include new detector arrays and beam lines, and expansion and upgrade of existing devices. A multifaceted facility expansion plan includes a $4.75M High Power Target Laboratory (HPTL), presently under construction, to provide a facility for testing new target materials, target geometries, ion sources, and beam preparation techniques. Additional planned upgrades include a second RIB production system (IRIS2), an external axial injection system for the present driver cyclotron, ORIC, and an additional driver accelerator for producing high-intensity neutron-rich beams. |
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| RPPT065 | Beam Loss Estimates and Control for the BNL Neutrino Facility | 3647 |
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Funding: This work is performed under the auspices of the US DOE. BNL plans to upgrade the AGS proton beam from the current 0.14 MW to higher than 1.0 MW for a very long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. This increase in beam power is mainly due to the faster repetition rate of the AGS by a new 1.5 GeV superconductiong linac as injector, replacing the existing booster. The requirement for low beam loss is very important both to protect the beam component, and to make the hands-on maintenance possible. In this report, the design considerations for achieving high intensity and low loss will be presented. We start by specifying the beam loss limit at every physical process followed by the proper design and parameters for realising the required goals. The process considered in this paper include the emittance growth in the linac, the H- injection, the transition crossing, the ecectron cloud effect, the coherent instabilities, and the extraction losses. Collimation and shielding are also presented. |
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| RPPT066 | Electromigration Issues in High Current Horn | 3700 |
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Funding: Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. The secondary particle focusing horn for the AGS neutrino experiment proposal is a high current and high current density device. The peak current of horn is 300 kA. At the smallest area of horn, the current density is near 8 kA/mm2. At very high current density, a few kA/mm2, the electromigration phenomena will occur. Momentum transfer between electrons and metal atoms at high current density causes electromigration. The reliability and lifetime of focusing horn can be severely reduced by electromigration. In this paper, we discuss issues such as device reliability model, incubation time of electromigration, and lifetime of horn. |
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| RPPT067 | A High-Power Target Experiment | 3745 |
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Funding: U.S. Department of Energy. We describe an experiment designed as a proof-of-principle test for a target system capable of converting a 4 MW proton beam into a high-intensity muon beam suitable for incorporation into either a neutrino factory complex or a muon collider. The target system is based on exposing a free mercury jet to an intense proton beam in the presence of a high strength solenoidal field. |
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| RPPT068 | Pion-Muon Concentrating System for Detectors of Highly Enriched Uranium | 3757 |
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| One of many possible applications of low-energy antiprotons collected in a Penning trap can be a portable muon source. Released antiprotons annihilate on impact with normal matter producing on average about 3 charged pions per antiproton, which in turn decay into muons. Existence of such negative-muon sources of sufficient intensity would bring into play, for example, detectors of highly enriched uranium based on muonic X-rays. We explore options of collecting and focusing pions and resulting muons to enhance the muon flux toward the detector. Simulations with MARS and MAFIA are used to choose the target material and parameters of the magnetic system consisting of a few solenoids. | ||
| RPPT069 | The Installation Status of the SNS Accumulator Ring | 3789 |
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The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS*) SNS accumulator Ring, when completed in 2006, will be capable of delivering a 1.0 GeV, 1.4 MW proton beam to a liquid mercury target for neutron production. This paper presents an overview of the issues and logistics associated with the preparation and installation of the accumulator Ring. The preparatory activities which occurred at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, vendors and at the SNS will be discussed as well as the installation sequence and procedures.
SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 for the U.S. Department of Energy. SNS is a partnership of six national laboratories: Argonne, Brookhaven, Jefferson, Lawrence Berkeley, Los Alamos and Oak Ridge. |
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| RPPT070 | Status Report on the Installation of the Warm Sections for the Superconducting Linac at the SNS | 3828 |
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Funding: SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 for the U.S. Department of Energy. SNS is a partnership of six national laboratories: Argonne, Brookhaven, Jefferson, Lawrence Berkeley and Oak Ridge. The SNS superconducting linac (SCL) consists of 23 cryomodules (CMs), with possibly 9 additional CMs being added for future energy upgrade from 1 GeV to 1.3 GeV. A total of 32 warm sections separate the comparatively short CMs, and this allows a CM exchange within 48 hours, in order to meet demanding beam availability specifications. The 32 warm section chambers are installed between each pair of CMs, with each section containing a quadrupole doublet, beam diagnostics, and pumping. The chambers are approximately 1.6 m long, have one bellow installed at each end for alignment, and are pumped by one ion-pump. The preparation and installation of these chambers must be made under stringent clean and particulate-free conditions, in order to ensure that the performance of the SCL CMs is not compromised. This paper will discuss the development of the cleaning, preparation, and installation procedures that have been adopted for the warm sections, and the vacuum performance of this system. |
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| RPPT071 | Installation of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Superconducting Linac | 3838 |
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Funding: SNS is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 for the U.S. Department of Energy. SNS is a partnership of six national laboratories: Argonne, Brookhaven, Jefferson, Lawrence Berkeley, Los Alamos and Oak Ridge. The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) cold linac consists of 11 medium beta (0.61) and 12 high beta (0.81) superconducting RF cryomodules, 32 intersegment quadrupole magnet/diagnostics stations, 9 spool beampipes for future upgrade cryomodules, and two differential pumping stations on either side of the linac. The cryomodules and spool beampipes were designed and manufactured by Jefferson Laboratory, and the quadrupole magnets and beam position monitors were designed and furnished by Los Alamos National Laboratory. The remaining items were designed by ORNL. At present we are installing and testing the cold linac. Experience gained during installation will be presented. The performance in terms of mechanical and cryogenic systems will be described. |
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| RPPT072 | Ion Chamber Arrays for the NuMI Beam at Fermilab | 3892 |
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| The NuMI beamline and the MINOS experiment will study at a long baseline the possible oscillation of muon neutrinos and provide a precision measurement of the oscillation parameters. Neutrinos are produced from charged pion decays, where the pions are produced from interaction of the 120 GeV FNAL Main Injector proton beam with a graphite target. Ion chamber arrays have been built to monitor the resulting muons from pion decays, as well as remnant hadrons at the end of the NuMI decay pipe. The arrays of ion chambers measure both the intensity and lateral profile of the muon and hadron beams, allowing studies of sytematics of the neutrino beam. We will describe the design, construction, and precise calibration of the ion chamber arrays. Initial data from commissioning of the beam line and experience from long-term operations will be presented. | ||
| FOAC001 | High Intensity Muon Beam Facilities with FFAG | 29 |
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| A new highly intense muon source with narrow beam energy spread and high purity, based on a FFAG ring, is under development in Japan. It is called the PRISM project, which stands for Phase Rotated Intense Slow Muon source. The aimed beam intensity is about 1011-1012 muons per year, which is about 1000 or 1000 times that presently available. The muon beam energy is low, of 20 MeV in kinetic energy, for stopped muon experiments. In particular, high luminosity would be important, and narrow beam spread can be achieved by phase (bunch) rotation in the FFAG ring. It is expected to compress the beam energy spread from about 30% down to about 3 %. At Osaka university, the PRISM-FFAG ring is now under construction. The special requirements for the PRISM-FFAG ring, compared to other FFAG rings so far developed, is to have large acceptance dedicated for a muon beam, and high-gradient RF to complete phase rotation within a muon lifetime. In this presentation the present designs of PRISM and status of construction will be presented. | ||
| FOAC003 | New Concepts in FFAG Design for Secondary Beam Facilities and Other Applications | 261 |
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| Fixed Field Alternating Gradient accelerators offer much higher acceptances and repetition rates - and therefore higher beam intensities - than synchrotrons, at the cost of more complicated magnet and rf cavity designs. Perhaps because of the difficulty and expense anticipated, early studies never progressed beyond the stage of successful electron models, but in recent years, with improvements in magnet and rf design technology, FFAGs have become the focus of renewed attention. Two proton machines have now been built, and three more, plus a muon phase rotator, are under construction. In addition, more than 20 designs are under study for the acceleration of protons, heavy ions, electrons and muons, with applications as diverse as treating cancer, irradiating materials, driving subcritical reactors, boosting high-energy proton intensity, and producing neutrinos. Moreover, it has become apparent that FFAG designs need not be restricted to the traditional 'scaling' approach, in which the orbit shape, optics and tunes are kept fixed. Dropping this restriction has revealed a range of interesting new design possibilities. This paper will review the various approaches being taken. | ||
| FOAC004 | The Numi Neutrino Beam At Fermilab | |
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| The Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) is a conventional neutrino beam facility which will use the intense 120 GeV proton beam from the Fermilab Main Injector accelerator. The facility is envisaged to service a variety experiments, in particular the already-constructed MINOS long baseline oscillation experiment, and the proposed NOvA experiment to observe muon neutrino to electron neutrino oscillations. Summarized will be the design of the primary and secondary beam focusing systems, instrumentation to validate the neutrino beam intensity, direction, and energy spectrum, and considerations for coping with the 0.4 MWatt MI beam. The beam line will be commissioned December, 2004, through February, 2005, whereupon operations may begin. Data from the commissioning and experience from first operations will be presented. Further, the suitability of the facility for accepting beam from a proposed 2MW proton driver is discussed. | ||
| FOAC005 | Reliability and Availability Studies in the RIA Linac Driver | 443 |
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Funding: Work supported by the U. S. Department of Energy under contract W-31-109-ENG-38. The RIA facility will include various complex systems and must provide radioactive beams to many users simultaneously. The availability of radioactive beams for most experiments at the fully-commissioned facility should be as high as possible within design cost limitations. To make a realistic estimate of the achievable reliability a detailed analysis is required. The RIA driver linac is a complex machine containing a large number of SC resonators and capable of accelerating multiple-charge-state beams. At the pre-CDR stage of the design it is essential to identify critical facility subsystem failures that can prevent the driver linac from operating. The reliability and availability of the driver linac are studied using expert information and data from operating machines such as ATLAS, APS, JLab, and LANL. Availability studies are performed with a Monte-Carlo simulation code previously applied to availability assessments of the NLC facility [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/accelops/Full/LCoptsfull] and the results used to identify subsystem failures that affect most the availability and reliability of the RIA driver, and guide design iterations and component specifications to address identified problems. *J.A. Nolen, Nucl. Phys. A. 734 (2004) 661. |
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| FOPA004 | Opportunities and Challenges in Neutrino Physics | |
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Funding: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Science of the Department of Energy. During the last decade a number of key experiments revolutionized our ideas about neutrinos and gave the first indication of the physics beyond the Standard Model. This paper will summarize the current situation in neutrino physics and indicate the key questions that need to be addressed and resolved. Different approaches that are being proposed to address these issues will be described with a special emphasis on the technical challenges inherent in them. The paper will conclude with some more futuristic concepts in accelerator physics that are being discussed today as potential new powerful tools for the study of neutrinos in the future. |