Paper | Title | Other Keywords | Page |
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MOPLB04 | A 10 MeV L-band Linac for Irradiation Applications in China | linac, electron, klystron, simulation | 147 |
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The electron linear accelerator has wide applications, and the demands are keeping growing for the irradiation applications in China. A high beam power 10 MeV L-band Linac has been developed recently as a joint venture of Institute of High Energy Physics and EL-PONT Company. The Thales TH2104U klystron, 3 A thermionic electron gun and three meter L-band disk-loaded constant impedance RF structure are adopted. A stable electron beam of 10 MeV, 40 kW has been obtained in the last May with a microwave to beam efficiency of about 65%. In this paper we will present the detailed design issues and beam commissioning. | |||
Slides MOPLB04 [1.800 MB] | |||
MOPLB11 | The Upgraded Argonne Wakefield Accelerator Facility (AWA): a Test-Bed for the Development of High Gradient Accelerating Structures and Wakefield Measurements | wakefield, electron, linac, acceleration | 168 |
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Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Electron beam driven wakefield acceleration is a bona fide path to reach high gradient acceleration of electrons and positrons. With the goal of demonstrating the feasibility of this concept with realistic parameters, well beyond a proof-of-principle scenario, the AWA Facility is currently undergoing a major upgrade that will enable it to achieve accelerating gradients of hundreds of MV/m and energy gains on the order of 100 MeV per structure. A key aspect of the studies and experiments carried out at the AWA facility is the use of relatively short RF pulses (15 – 25 ns), which is believed to mitigate the risk of breakdown and structure damage. The upgraded facility will utilize long trains of high charge electron bunches to drive wakefields in the microwave range of frequencies (8 to 26 GHz), generating RF pulses with GW power levels. |
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Slides MOPLB11 [0.900 MB] | |||
MOPB004 | Design and Operation of a Compact 1 MeV X-band Linac | cavity, linac, electron, target | 183 |
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A compact 1 MeV linac has been produced at the Cockcroft Institute using X-band RF technology. The linac is powered by a high power X-band magnetron and has a 17 keV 200 mA thermionic gun with a focus electrode for pulsing. A bi-periodic structure with on-axis coupling is used to minimise the radial size of the linac and to reduce the surface electric fields. | |||
MOPB011 | Photoinjector of the EBTF/CLARA Facility at Daresbury | laser, cavity, vacuum, electron | 192 |
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A description is given of a photoinjector designed for Compact Linear Advanced Research Accelerator (CLARA) and Electron Beam Test Facility (EBTF), which will eventually be used to drive a compact FEL. The photoinjector is based on a 2.5 cell S-band photocathode RF gun operating with a copper photocathode and driven by a third harmonic of Ti: Sapphire laser (266 nm) installed in dedicated thermally stabilized room. The injector will be operated with laser pulses with an energy of up to 2 mJ, a pulse duration of 100 fs and initially a repetition rate of 10 Hz, with the aim of increasing this eventually to 400 Hz. At a field gradient of 100 MV/m provided by a 10 MW klystron the gun is expected to deliver beam pulses with energy of up to 6 MeV. Duration and emittance of electron bunches essentially depend on the bunch charge and vary from 0.1 ps at 20 pC to 5 ps at 200 pC and from 0.2 to 2 mm mrad respectively. Additional compression of the electron bunches will be provided with a velocity bunching scheme. For thermal stability the low energy part of the injector is mounted on an artificial granite support. | |||
MOPB013 | Experimental Results on the PHIL Photo-injector Test Stand at LAL | cathode, electron, emittance, laser | 198 |
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Since the first beam in November 2009 of the alphaX S-band RF gun, upgrades of the beamline have been carried out. Several YAG screens based transverse dimensions monitors have been installed as well as supplementary charge diagnostics. We will present a detailed experimental characterization of the RF gun performances such as emittance measurement using a solenoid scan and energy spread as a function of the RF phase. Most of the accelerator operation and experimental results have been carried out with a copper photo-cathode. PHIL being a test stand for photo-injectors, we have also tested a magnesium photo-cathode with the aim of higher charge per bunch thanks to its higher quantum efficiency. We will report on the results of this experiment. In May 2012, a new RF gun, the PHIN gun, will be installed. This gun which is also a S-band 2,5 cells is a copy of the one that LAL built for the CLIC Test Facility 3 at CERN. In the future, we plan to use this gun to produce a high charge up to 10nC with CsTe photo-cathodes introduced in the gun from a UHV transfer chamber. Preliminary tests and measurements of the beam produced by this gun with a copper photo-cathode will be presented. | |||
MOPB023 | Progress on the Design and Construction of the 100 MeV / 100 kW Electron Linac for the NSC KIPT Neutron Source | linac, klystron, electron, neutron | 222 |
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IHEP in China is designing and constructing a 100 MeV / 100 kW electron linac for NSC KIPT, which will be used as the driver of a neutron source based on a subcritical assembly. Recently, the physical design has been finalized. The chicane scheme instead of the RF chopper one has been selected. The mechanical design is on-going and will be finished in the very near future. The injector part of the machine has been installed in the experimental hall #2 of IHEP and is being commissioned and tested. The progress on the machine design and construction are reported, initial testing and commissioning results of the injector are also presented.
*peisl@ihep.ac.cn |
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MOPB024 | Beam Dynamics Simulation and Optimization for 10 MeV Superconducting e-Linac Injector for VECC-RIB Facility | electron, linac, TRIUMF, emittance | 225 |
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Funding: This project is funded by Department of Atomic Energy, India In the first phase of ongoing collaboration between VECC (India) and TRIUMF (Canada) a 10 MeV superconducting electron linac injector will be installed at VECC. This will constitute a 100 keV DC thermionic gun with grid delivering pulsed electron beam at 650 MHz. Owing to low energy from the gun, a capture cryo-module (CCM) consisting of two β = 1 single cell elliptical cavities (frequency = 1.3 GHz) will be inserted before a 9-cell β = 1 elliptical cavity that will provide acceleration to 10 MeV. The present paper depicts the beam dynamics simulation and optimization of different parameters for the injector with a realistic simulated beam emittance from the electron gun. |
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MOPB025 | 1ms Multi-bunch Electron Beam Acceleration by a Normal Conducting RF Gun and Superconducting Accelerator | laser, cavity, emittance, cathode | 228 |
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Funding: Quantum Beam Project by MEXT, Japan We perform electron beam generation and acceleration of 1 ms long pulse and multi-bunch format at KEK-STF (Superconducting Test Facility). The 1 ms long pulse beam is generated by a normal conducting photo-cathode L-band RF gun. The beam is boosted up to 40 MeV by a super-conducting accelerator. Aim of STF is to establish the super-conducting accelerator technology for ILC (International Linear Collider). The facility is concurrently used to demonstrate high brightness X-ray generation by inverse laser Compton scattering supported by MEXT Quantum Beam project. The RF gun cavity has been fabricated by DESY-FNAL-KEK collaboration. After conditioning process, a stable operation of the cavity up to 4.0 MW RF input with 1 ms pulse was achieved by keeping low dark current. 1 ms pulse generation and acceleration has been confirmed in March 2012. Quasi-monochromatic X-ray generation experiment by Laser-Compton will be carried out at STF from the next coming July. We report the latest status of STF. |
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MOPB026 | TRIUMF/VECC e-Linac Injector Beam Test | diagnostics, linac, cryomodule, cavity | 231 |
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TRIUMF is collaborating with VECC on the design of a 10 MeV injector cryomodule to be used as a front end for a high intensity electron linac. A electron gun and low energy beam transport (LEBT) have been installed in a test area to act as the injector for the cryomodule test. The LEBT includes a wide variety of diagnostics to fully characterize the beam from the gun. A series of beam tests are being conducted during the stage installation. The test configuration details and results of beam tests will be presented. | |||
MOPB029 | Commissioning of the X-Band Test Area at SLAC | cathode, laser, injection, electron | 234 |
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Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. The X-Band Test Area (XTA) is being assembled in the NLCTA tunnel at SLAC to serve as a test facility for new X-Band RF guns. The first gun to be tested is an upgraded version of the 5.6 cell, 200 MV/m peak field X-band gun designed at SLAC in 2003 for the Compton Scattering experiment run in ASTA [1]. The XTA beamline is equipped with diagnostics to measure both the longitudinal phase space and the transverse phase space properties of the beam after it has reached 100 MeV. We will review design choices and present some early commissioning results. [1] A.E. Vlieks, et al. “Recent measurements and plans for the SLAC Compton X-ray source”, SLAC-PUB-11689, 2006. 10pp. Published in AIP Conf. Proc.807:481-490, 2006 |
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MOPB032 | Stabilization of the Beam Intensity in the Linac at the CTF3 CLIC Test Facility | linac, controls, feedback, electron | 243 |
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A new electron beam stabilization system has been introduced in CTF3 in order to open new possibilities for CLIC beam studies in ultra-stable conditions and to provide a sustainable tool to keep the beam intensity and energy at its reference values for long term operations. The stabilization system is based on a pulse-to-pulse feedback control of the electron gun to compensate intensity deviations measured at the end of the injector and at the beginning of the linac. Thereby it introduces negligible beam distortions at the end of the linac and it significantly reduces energy deviations. A self-calibration mechanism has been developed to automatically configure the feedback controller for the optimum performance. The residual intensity jitter of 0.045% of the stabilized beam was measured whereas the CLIC requirement is 0.075%. | |||
MOPB046 | A 10 MeV L-band Linac for Irradiation Applications in China | linac, electron, klystron, simulation | 276 |
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The electron linear accelerator has wide applications, and the demands are keeping growing for the irradiation applications in China. A high beam power 10 MeV L-band Linac has been developed recently as a joint venture of Institute of High Energy Physics and EL-PONT Company. The Thales TH2104U klystron, 3 A thermionic electron gun and three meter L-band disk-loaded constant impedance RF structure are adopted. A stable electron beam of 10 MeV, 40 kW has been obtained in the last May with a microwave to beam efficiency of about 65%. In this paper we will present the detailed design issues and beam commissioning. | |||
MOPB064 | Developing of Superconducting RF Guns at BNL | SRF, cathode, cavity, electron | 324 |
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Funding: Work is supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the US DOE. The work at Niowave is supported by the US DOE under SBIR contract No. DE-FG02-07ER84861. BNL is developing several superconducting RF guns for different applications. The first gun is based on a half-cell 1.3 GHz elliptical cavity. This gun is used to study generation of polarized electrons from GaAs photocathodes. The second gun, also of a half-cell elliptical cavity design, operates at 704 MHz and is designed to produce high average current electron beam for the ERL prototype from a multi-alkali photocathodes. The third gun is of a quarter-wave resonator type, operating at 112 MHz. This gun will be used for photocathode studies, including a diamond-amplified cathode, and to generate high charge, low repetition rate beam for the coherent electron cooling experiment. In this presentation we will briefly describe the gun designs, present recent test results and discuss future plans. |
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MOPB083 | Operational experience with the FERMI@Elettra S-band RF System | FEL, klystron, linac, LLRF | 369 |
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FERMI@Elettra is a single-pass linac-based FEL user-facility covering the wavelength range from 100 nm (12 eV) to 4 nm (310 eV) and is located next to the third generation synchrotron radiation facility Elettra in Trieste, Italy. The machine is presently under commissioning and the first FEL line (FEL-1) will be opened to the users by the end of 2012. The 1.5 GeV linac is based on S-band technology. The S-band system is composed of fifteen 3 GHz 45 MW peak RF power plants powering the gun, eighteen accelerating structures and the RF deflectors. The S-band system has been set into operation in different phases starting from the second half of 2009. This paper provides an overview of the performance of the system, discussing the achieved results, the strategies adopted to assure them and possible upgrade paths to increase the operability and safety margins of the system. | |||
MOPB088 | Fabrication Tests for IMP 162.5 MHz RFQ | rfq, vacuum, cavity, linac | 381 |
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The RFQ for one of front ends of C-ADS is designed. The frequency of the RFQ is 162.5 MHz and the energy is 2.1 MeV. The beam intensity is 15 mA and it works at CW mode. Because of low frequency, the four-wing structure is big size. It makes fabrication will take more risks. Therefore, four fabrication testing were planned and done to minimize the technic risks. The description about fabrication and testing results are presented in the paper. | |||
MOPB093 | The Upgraded Argonne Wakefield Accelerator Facility (AWA): a Test-Bed for the Development of High Gradient Accelerating Structures and Wakefield Measurements | wakefield, electron, linac, acceleration | 392 |
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Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Electron beam driven wakefield acceleration is a bona fide path to reach high gradient acceleration of electrons and positrons. With the goal of demonstrating the feasibility of this concept with realistic parameters, well beyond a proof-of-principle scenario, the AWA Facility is currently undergoing a major upgrade that will enable it to achieve accelerating gradients of hundreds of MV/m and energy gains on the order of 100 MeV per structure. A key aspect of the studies and experiments carried out at the AWA facility is the use of relatively short RF pulses (15 – 25 ns), which is believed to mitigate the risk of breakdown and structure damage. The upgraded facility will utilize long trains of high charge electron bunches to drive wakefields in the microwave range of frequencies (8 to 26 GHz), generating RF pulses with GW power levels. |
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TU2A02 | Overview of SACLA Machine Status | electron, undulator, laser, emittance | 427 |
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SACLA of an X-ray free-electron laser has been constructed and was successfully lased at 0.06 nm in 2011. SACLA mainly comprises a low-emittance thermionic electron gun, an 8-GeV linear accelerator using C-band (5712 MHz) cavities and 18 in-vacuum undulators. The concept to develop this machine is compactness compared with the other machine, such as LCLS with the length of more than 1 km. Stable X-ray lasing up to 0.06 nm as also the concept demands extreme stable accelerator components, such as 50 fs temporal stability at a cavity in an injector. We now realized a 700 m compact machine by a low-emittance at the electron gun, an accelerating gradient of more than 35 MV/m with the C-band accelerator, and the short-period undulators. The continuous lasing for more than several days is strongly supported by these stable components and small operator‘s trimming, and also established by reduction of perturbation sources to laser instability. SACLA is regularly operated for user experiments, such as the imaging with extreme amount of data. This presentation introduces the machine performance, the reduction of the perturbation sources and the operation of SACLA. | |||
Slides TU2A02 [28.971 MB] | |||
TU2A04 | High Current ERL at BNL | electron, linac, SRF, cavity | 437 |
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The electron hadron collider eRHIC will collide polarized and unpolarized electrons with a current of 50 mA and energy in the range of 5 GeV to 30 GeV with hadron beams, including heavy ions or polarized light ions of the RHIC storage ring. The electron beam will be generated in an energy recovery linac contained inside the RHIC tunnel, comprising six passes through two linac section of about 2.5 GeV each. The electron ERL poses many challenges in term of a high-current high-polarization electron gun, HOM damping in the linac, crab cavities, harmonic cavities and beam stability. | |||
Slides TU2A04 [2.227 MB] | |||
TUPLB01 | The Swiss FEL RF Gun: RF Design and Thermal Analysis | coupling, electron, cathode, linac | 442 |
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We report here on the design of a dual-feed S-band 2.5 cell RF gun, developed in the framework of SwissFEL, capable of operating at 100 Hz repetition rate. As in the LCLS RF gun, z-coupling, to reduce the pulsed surface heating, and a racetrack coupling cell shape, to minimize the quadrupolar component of the fields, have been adopted. The cell lengths and the iris thicknesses are as in the PHIN gun operating at CERN. However the irises aperture has been enlarged to obtain a frequency separation between the operating π mode and the π/2 mode higher than 15 MHz. An amplitude modulation scheme of the RF power, which allows one to obtain a flat plateau of 150 ns for multibunch operation and a reduced average power is presented as well. With an RF pulse duration of 1μs it is shown that operation at 100 MV/m and 100 Hz repetition rate is feasible with very reasonable thermal stresses. | |||
Slides TUPLB01 [1.679 MB] | |||
TUPB010 | The Swiss FEL RF Gun: RF Design and Thermal Analysis | coupling, electron, cathode, linac | 495 |
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We report here on the design of a dual-feed S-band 2.5 cell RF gun, developed in the framework of SwissFEL, capable of operating at 100 Hz repetition rate. As in the LCLS RF gun, z-coupling, to reduce the pulsed surface heating, and a racetrack coupling cell shape, to minimize the quadrupolar component of the fields, have been adopted. The cell lengths and the iris thicknesses are as in the PHIN gun operating at CERN. However the irises aperture has been enlarged to obtain a frequency separation between the operating π mode and the π/2 mode higher than 15 MHz. An amplitude modulation scheme of the RF power, which allows one to obtain a flat plateau of 150 ns for multibunch operation and a reduced average power is presented as well. With an RF pulse duration of 1μs it is shown that operation at 100 MV/m and 100 Hz repetition rate is feasible with very reasonable thermal stresses. | |||
TUPB011 | The Swiss FEL S-Band Accelerating Structure: RF Design | accelerating-gradient, linac, FEL, impedance | 498 |
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The Swiss FEL accelerator concept consists of a 450 MeV S-band injector Linac at 2998.8 GHz followed by the main linac at the C-band frequency aiming at a final energy of 5.8 GeV. The injector has six four-meter long S-band accelerating structures that shall operate with gradients up to 20 MV/m and with a 100 Hz repetition rate. Each structure has 122 cells, including the two coupler cells and operates with a 2π/3 phase advance. The design presented is such that the average dissipated RF power is constant over the whole length of the structure. The cells consist of cups and the cell irises have an elliptical profile to minimize the peak surface electric field. The coupler cells are of the double-feed type with a racetrack cross-section to cancel the dipolar components of the fields and to minimize its quadrupolar components. | |||
WE1A01 | ERL-Based Light Source Challenges | linac, electron, laser, emittance | 714 |
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The challenges of the design and technology for the future Energy Recovery Liancs will be reviewed: electron sources, injector, SCRF cavities and cryomodules, commissioning. | |||
WE1A03 | Application of X-band Linacs | linac, FEL, emittance, collider | 724 |
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Since the late 80’s the development of Normal Conducting (NC) X-band technology for particle accelerators has made significant progress and has witnessed tremendous growth. The driving force behind this technological development has been, and is, the interest of the scientific community in the construction of a Multi-TeV e+e− Linear Collider at a reasonable size and cost. The use of the X-band frequency allows for a much higher accelerating gradient per meter, when compared to the S and C bands. SLAC, with a major contribution from KEK, has been pioneering this development since the late 80’s in the framework of the NLC/JLC projects. Later, in 2007, the same technology was chosen by CERN for CLIC, the 12 GHz Linear Collider based on the Two-Beam Acceleration (TBA) concept. In addition to these applications, X-band technology is also rapidly expanding in the field of X-ray FELs and other photon sources where it shows great potential. Here, a selection of X-band projects as well as the main applications of this technology at different international laboratories, is reported. The paper also includes a brief report on X-band medical and industrial applications. | |||
Slides WE1A03 [5.826 MB] | |||
WE1A04 | The ARIEL Superconducting Electron Linac | cryomodule, cavity, TRIUMF, linac | 729 |
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The TRIUMF Advanced Rare Isotope Laboratory (ARIEL) is funded since 2010 June by federal and BC Provincial governments. In collaboration with the University of Victoria, TRIUMF is proceeding with construction of a new target building, connecting tunnel, rehabilitation of an existing vault to contain the electron linear accelerator, and a cryogenic compressor building. TRIUMF starts construction of a 300 keV thermionic gun, and 10 MeV Injector cryomodule (EINJ) in 2012; the designs being complete. The 25 MeV Accelerator Cryomodule (EACA) follows in autumn 2013. TRIUMF is embarking on major equipment purchases and has signed contracts for 4K cryogenic plant and four sub-atmospheric pumps, a 290 kW c.w. klystron and high-voltage power supply, 80 quadrupole magnets, EINJ tank and lid, and four 1.3 GHz niobium 9-cell cavities from a local Canadian supplier. The low energy beam transport and beam diagnotics are being installed at the ISAC-II/VECC test facility. Procurement is anticipated October 2012 for the liquid He distribution system. | |||
Slides WE1A04 [4.305 MB] | |||
THPLB12 | Photoinjector SRF Cavity Development for BERLinPro | cavity, cathode, HOM, emittance | 837 |
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In 2010 HZB has received approval to build BERLinPro, an ERL project to demonstrate energy recovery at 100 mA beam current by pertaining a high quality beam. These goals place stringent requirements on the SRF cavity for the photoinjector which has to deliver a small emittance 100 mA beam with at least 1.5 MeV kinetic energy while limited by fundamental power coupler performance to about 200 kW forward power. In oder to achieve these goals the injector cavity is being developed in a three stage approach. The current design studies focus on implementing a normal conducting cathode insert into a newly developed superconducting photoinjector cavity. In this paper the fundamental RF design calculations concerning cell shape for optimized beam dynamics as well as SRF performance will be presented. Further studies concentrate on the HZDR based choke cell design to implement the high quantum efficiency normal conducting cathode with the SRF cavity. | |||
Slides THPLB12 [1.431 MB] | |||
THPB066 | Photoinjector SRF Cavity Development for BERLinPro | cavity, cathode, HOM, emittance | 993 |
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In 2010 HZB has received approval to build BERLinPro, an ERL project to demonstrate energy recovery at 100 mA beam current by pertaining a high quality beam. These goals place stringent requirements on the SRF cavity for the photoinjector which has to deliver a small emittance 100 mA beam with at least 1.5 MeV kinetic energy while limited by fundamental power coupler performance to about 200 kW forward power. In oder to achieve these goals the injector cavity is being developed in a three stage approach. The current design studies focus on implementing a normal conducting cathode insert into a newly developed superconducting photoinjector cavity. In this paper the fundamental RF design calculations concerning cell shape for optimized beam dynamics as well as SRF performance will be presented. Further studies concentrate on the HZDR based choke cell design to implement the high quantum efficiency normal conducting cathode with the SRF cavity. | |||
THPB068 | First Observation of Photoemission Enhancement from Copper Cathode Illuminated by Z-Polarized Laser Pulse | laser, cathode, polarization, focusing | 996 |
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Since 2006, we have developed a novel photocathode gun gated by laser-induced Schottky-effect. This new type of gun utilizes a laser’s coherency to aim at a compact femtosecond laser oscillator as an IR laser source using Z-polarization on the photocathode. This Z-polarization scheme reduces the laser photon energy (making it possible to excite the cathode with a longer wavelength) by reducing the work function of cathode due to Schottky effect. A hollow laser incidence is applied with a hollow convex lens in a vacuum that is focused after passing the laser beam through a radial polarizer. According to our calculations (convex lens: NA=0.15), a Z-field of 1 GV/m needs 1.26 MW at peak power for the fundamental wavelength (792 nm). In the first demonstration of Z-field emission, enhancement was done with a copper cathode at THG (264 nm). Consequently, we observed 1.4 times enhancement of photoemission at 1.6 GV/m of an averaged laser Z-field on the cathode surface. We report the first observation and analysis of the emission enhancements with this laser-induced Schottky-effect on metal copper photocathodes by comparing radial and azimuthal polarizations of the incident laser pulses. | |||
THPB069 | Beam Dynamics Studies for SRF Photoinjectors | emittance, cavity, SRF, booster | 999 |
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The SRF photoinjector combines the advantages of photo-assisted production of high brightness, short electron pulses and high gradient, low-loss continuous wave (CW) operation of a superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavity. The paper discusses beam dynamics considerations for FEL and ERL class applications of SRF photoinjectors. One case of particular interest is the design of the SRF photoinjector for BERLinPro, an ERL test facility demanding a high brightness beam with an emittance better than 1 mm mrad at 77 pC and average current of 100 mA. | |||
THPB073 | Initial RF Tests of the Diamond S-Band Photocathode Gun | cathode, cavity, coupling, controls | 1002 |
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An S-band photocathode electron gun designed to operate at repetition rates up to 1 kHz CW has been designed at Diamond and manufactured at FMB*. The first test results of this gun are presented. Low-power RF measurements have been carried out to verify the RF design of the gun, and high-power conditioning and RF test has begun. Initial high power tests have been carried out at 5 Hz repetition rate using the S-band RF plant normally used to power the Diamond linac: the benefits and limitations of this approach are considered, together with plans for further testing.
* J. H. Han et al, NIM A 647(2011) 17-24 |
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THPB092 | Recent Improvements in SPring-8 Linac for Early Recovery from Beam Interruption | klystron, linac, electron, power-supply | 1035 |
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The 1GeV SPring-8 linac is an injector for the SPring-8 synchrotron radiation storage ring with 8GeV booster synchrotron. In recent years, backup systems were installed to eliminate long-time interruption of the beam injections: The main gun system is usually operated, and the second gun is always pre-heated and can inject electron beams into a buncher section with an interval of several minutes in case the main gun failed. The first klystron, that feeds RF powers to the buncher system and the downstream klystrons, can be relieved by the next klystron with an interval of about 20 minutes by switching the waveguide circuit. When one of the eleven working klystrons faults, one of standby klystrons, which are kept for hot spares on line, is automatically activated to accelerate beams instead of the failed one without beam interruption. The total downtime in FY2012 was 0.12% in top-up operation user time. The averaged fault frequency was 0.2 times per day. | |||