Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
CEA/DSM/IRFU, France
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
The LCLS-II project calls for cryomodule production and testing at both Fermilab and JLab. Due to low beam loading and high cavity quality factor, the designed peak detuning specification is 10 Hz. Initial testing showed peak detuning up to 150 Hz with a complex and varying time-structure, showing both fast (1-2 second) and slow (1-2 hour) drifts in amplitude and spectrum. Extensive warm and cold testing showed Thermoacoustic Oscillations in the cryogenic valves were the primary source of the microphonics. This was mitigated by valve wipers and valve re-plumbing, resulting in a greatly improved cavity detuning environment. Additional modifications were made to the cavity mechanical supports and Fermilab test stand to improve detuning performance. These modifications and testing results will be presented.
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) II project at Fermilab is a proton driver linac which will use of five different cavity geometries including a 650 MHz 5-cell elliptical cavities that will operate in RF-pulse mode. Detuning of these cavities by Lorentz Forces will be large and strongly depend of the stiffness of the cavity's tuner. First prototype tuner built and tested warm [1,2]. Measured stiffness of the prototype tuner was below 30kN/mm instead of expected from simulation 70kN/mm [2]. Significant effort has been invested into understanding discrepancy between simulation and experimental data that led to newest tuner design. Updated 'dressed cavity-helium vessel-tuner' model provided consistent results between ANSYS simulations and experiment results. Modified tuner design and analysis in limitations for overall 'cavity/tuner system' stiffness will be presented.
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
Direct measurement of the quality factor of SRF cavity using traditional RF techniques is essential for cavity production and development. Systematic effects of the measurement can contribute significant amounts of error to these measurements if not accounted for. This paper will present measurements taken at Fermilab using a digital RF system to characterize and correct for these systematic effects and directly measure the quality factor versus gradient curve for a single spoke resonator in the Spoke Test Cryostat at Fermilab. These measurements will be compared to traditional calorimetric measurements, and a discussion of improving/extending these techniques to other testing situations will be included.
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
FRIB, East Lansing, USA
LCLS-II 1.3 GHz cryomodule production is well underway at Fermilab. Several dozen cavity/tuner systems have been tested, including tuning to 1.3 GHz, cold landing frequency, range/sensitivity of the slow tuner, and range/sensitivity of the fast tuner. All this testing information as well as lessons learned from tuner installation will be presented.
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
The PIP-II project at Fermilab is a proton driver linac calling for the use of five different, novel cavity geometries. Prototyping at Fermilab is in the advanced stages for the low-beta single-spoke resonator (SSR1) and associated technologies. A production tuner design has been fabricated and tested, both warm and cold in the Spoke Test Cryostat (STC). This paper will present the detailed studies on this tuner, including slow motor/piezoelectric tuner range and hysteresis as well as dynamic mechanical system characterization.
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
Initial LCLS-II cryomodule testing at Fermilab showed microphonics on the furthest upstream cavity (number 1) at least factor 2 larger than on the rest of the cavities. Testing indicated that this was a difference in the mechanical support of cavity 1, not a local acoustic source. Further investigation pointed to the upstream beam-pipe of the cavity 1. The upstream cavity flange has a solid spool piece connection to the beamline gate valve unlike the other cavities, which all connect through bellows. The gate valve's weight is supported by sliding system (free in z-axis) connected to large diameter Helium gas return pipe. The tuner design was modified to transform interface between cavity#1 and gate valve. Arms of the tuner for cavity 1 were extended and became the support structure for gate valve, eliminating the connection to the helium return pipe. Modification of the tuner design and results in microphonics mitigations will be presented.
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
Testing of early LCLS-II cryomodules showed microphonics-induced detuning levels well above specification. As part of a risk-mitigation effort, a collaboration was formed between SLAC, LBNL, and Fermilab to develop and implement active microphonics compensation into the LCLS-II LLRF system. Compensation was first demonstrated using a Fermilab FPGA-based development system compensating on single cavities, then with the LCLS-II LLRF system on single and multiple cavities simultaneously. The primary technique used for this effort is a bank of narrowband filter set using the piezo-to-detuning transfer function. Compensation automation, optimization, and stability studies were done. Details of the techniques used, firmware/software implementation, and results of these studies will be presented.
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
FRIB, East Lansing, USA
Fermilab is responsible for the design of the 3.9 GHz cryomodule for LCLS-II. Integrated acceptance testing of a dressed 3.9 GHz cavity for the LCLS-II project has been done at the Fermilab Horizontal Test Stand. This test included a slim blade tuner (based on INFN & XFEL designs) with integrated piezoelectric fast/fine tuner. This paper will present results of the mechanical setup, cold testing, and cold function of this tuner including fast and slow tuner range, sensitivity, and hysteresis.
LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
Osprey DCS LLC, Ocean City, USA
The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is building LCLS-II, a new 4 GeV CW superconducting (SCRF) Linac as a major upgrade of the existing LCLS. The LCLS-II Low-Level Radio Frequency (LLRF) collaboration is a multi-lab effort within the Department of Energy (DOE) accelerator complex. The necessity of high longitudinal beam stability of LCLS-II imposes tight amplitude and phase stability requirements on the LLRF system (up to 0.01% in amplitude and 0.01° in phase RMS). This is the first time such requirements are expected of superconducting cavities operating in continuous-wave (CW) mode. Initial measurements on the Cryomodule test stands at partner labs have shown that the early production units are able to meet the extrapolated hardware requirements to achieve such levels of performance. A large effort is currently underway for system integration, Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) controls, transfer of knowledge from the partner labs to SLAC and the production and testing of 76 racks of LLRF equipment.
FRIB, East Lansing, USA
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is developing a 5-cell 644 MHz βopt=0.65 elliptical cavity for a future linac energy upgrade to 400 MeV/u for the heaviest uranium ions. Superconducting elliptical cavities operated in continuous wave, such as the ones for FRIB, are prone to microphonics which can excite mechanical modes of the cavities. It has been shown that the detuning due to microphonics can be mitigated with the use of piezo actuators (fast tuner) as opposed to the costly option of increasing the input RF power. The FRIB slow/fast dynamic tuner will be based on the Fermilab experience with similar tuners like those developed for the linac coherent light source (LCLS) II and proton improvement plan (PIP) II. This paper will present the results of tuner properties on the bench.