INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
INFN-Roma1, Rome, Italy
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
INFN-Roma1, Rome, Italy
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
INFN-Roma1, Rome, Italy
INFN-Roma, Roma, Italy
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
The interaction of charged beams with the surrounding accelerating structures requires a thorough investigation due to potential negative effects on the phase space quality. Indeed, the wakefields acting back on the beam are responsible for emittance dilution and instabilities, such as the beam break-up, which limit the performances of electron-based radiation sources and linear colliders. Here we introduce a new tracking code which is meant to investigate the effects of short-range transverse wakefields in linear accelerators. The tracking is based on quasi-analytical models for the beam dynamics which, in addition to the basic optics specified by the applied fields, include dipole wakefield forces and a simple approach to account for space-charge effects. Such features provide a reliable tool which easily allows to inspect the performances of a linac. To validate the model, a parallel analysis for a reference case is performed with well-known beam dynamics codes, and comparisons are shown. As an illustrative application, we discuss a study on alignment tolerances evaluating the emittance growth induced by misaligned accelerating sections.
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
We report the status of the development of an High Power RF Laboratory in X-Band called TEX (TEst-stand for X-Band). TEX is part of the LATINO (Laboratory in Advanced Technologies for INnOvation) initiative that is ongoing at the Frascati National Laboratories (LNF) of the Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) that covers many different areas focused on particle accelerator technologies. TEX is a RF test facility based on solid-state K400 modulator from ScandiNova with a 50MW class X-band (11.996 GHz) klystron tube model vkx 8311a operating at 50 Hz. This RF source will operate as resource for test and research programs such as the RF breakdown on RF waveguide components as well as high power testing of accelerating structures for future high gradient linear accelerator such as EuPRAXIA and CLIC. The high power testing will be performed in a dedicated brand-new bunker that has been recently built. RF system, vacuum controls and safety equipments are currently being installed. The first accelerating structure testing is scheduled by beginning 2022. In this document design and tests for all the sub-systems of the facility will be presented and discussed.
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
INFN/LNS, Catania, Italy
Institut Curie - Centre de Protonthérapie d’Orsay, Orsay, France
The Flash Radio Therapy is a revolutionary new technique in the cancer cure: it spares healthy tissue from the damage of the ionizing radiation maintaining the tumor control as efficient as in conventional radiotherapy. To allow the implementation of the FLASH Therapy concept into actual clinical use, it is necessary to have a linear accelerator able to deliver the very high dose and very high dose rate (>106 Gy/s) in a very short irradiation time (beam on time < 100ms). Low energy S-band Linacs (up to 7 MeV) are being used in Radiobiology and pre-clinic applications but in order to treat deep tumors, the energy of the electrons should achieve the range of 60-100 MeV. In this paper, we address the main issues in the design of a compact C band (5.712 GHz) electron linac-VHEE for FLASH Radio Therapy. We present preliminary studies on C-band structures at La Sapienza and at INFN-LNS, aiming to reach a high accelerating gradient and high current necessary to deliver a dose >1 Gy/pulse, with very short electron pulse.
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
RadiaBeam, Santa Monica, California, USA
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
In this paper, we present a new class of a hybrid photoinjector in C-Band. This project is the effort result of a UCLA/Sapienza/INFN-LNF/SLAC/RadiaBeam collaboration. This device is an integrated structure consisting of an initial standing-wave 2.5-cell gun connected to a traveling-wave section at the input coupler. Such a scheme nearly avoids power reflection back to the klystron, removing the need for a high-power circulator. It also introduces strong velocity bunching due to a 90° phase shift in the accelerating field. A relatively high cathode electric field of 120 MV/m produces a ~4 MeV beam with ~20 MW input RF power in a small foot-print. The beam transverse dynamics are controlled with a ~0.27 T focusing solenoid. We show the simulation results of the RF/magnetic design and the optimized beam dynamics that shows 6D phase space compensation at 250 pC. Proper beam shaping at the cathode yields a ~0.5 mm-mrad transverse emittance. A beam waist occurs simultaneously with a longitudinal focus of <400 fs rms and peak current >600 A. We discuss application of this injector to an Inverse-Compton Scattering system and present corresponding start-to-end beam dynamics simulations.
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
INFN-Roma, Roma, Italy
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
INFN/LNF, Frascati, Italy
A new hybrid C-band photo-injector, consisting of a standing wave RF gun connected to a traveling wave structure, operating in a velocity bunching regime, has shown to produce an extremely high brightness beam with very low emittance and a very high peak current through a simultaneous compression of the beam in the longitudinal and transverse dimensions. A beam slice analysis has been performed in order to understand the evolution of the relevant physical parameters of the beam in the longitudinal and transverse phase spaces along the structure. A simple model for the envelope equation has been developed to describe the beam behavior in this particular dynamics regime that we term "triple waist", since all three dimensions reach a minimum condition almost simultaneously. The model analyzes the transverse envelope dynamics at the exit of the hybrid photo-injector, in the downstream drift where the triple waist occurs. The analytical solutions obtained from the envelope equation are compared with the simulations, showing a good agreement. Finally, these results have been analyzed also in terms of plasma oscillation to obtain a further physical interpretation of the beam dynamics.