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| MOPIK041 | Commissioning of the Stripping Foil Units for the Upgrade of the PSB H− Injection System | 595 |
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| The PSB will be extensively upgraded during the next long shutdown of the CERN accelerator complex, to double the brightness of the stored beams. The existing multi-turn injection will be replaced by a charge exchange system designed for the 160 MeV hydrogen ions provided by Linac4. Part of the injection equipment has been temporarily installed along the Linac4-to-PSB transfer line and tested with beam. This allowed to gain experience with the system, test the related diagnostics and benchmark calculations with measurements. An additional permanent stripping foil test stand is also installed right after the Linac and will be used to characterise new foils for possible future applications. The main outcomes, issues and applied or planned mitigations are presented for both installations. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPIK041 | |
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| MOPIK044 | The Use of a Passive Scatterer for SPS Slow Extraction Beam Loss Reduction | 607 |
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| A significant reduction in the fraction of protons lost on the SPS electrostatic septum ES during resonant slow extraction is highly desirable for present Fixed-Target beam operation, and will become mandatory for the proposed SHiP experiment, which is now being studied in the framework of CERN's Physics Beyond Colliders program. In this paper the possible use of a passive scattering device (diffuser) is investigated. The physics processes underlying the use of a diffuser are described, and the dependence on the diffuser geometry, material and location of the potential loss reduction on the electrostatic septum (ES) wires is investigated with a semi-analytical approach. Numerical simulations to quantify the expected performance gain for the optimum configuration are presented, and the results discussed in view of the feasibility of a potential realisation in the SPS. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPIK044 | |
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| MOPIK045 | SPS Slow Extraction Losses and Activation: Challenges and Possibilities for Improvement | 611 |
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In 2015 the highest integrated number of protons in the history of the North Area was slow extracted from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) for the Fixed Target physics programme. At well over 1.1019 protons on target (POT), this represented the highest annual figure at SPS for almost two decades, since the West Area Neutrino Facility was operational some 20 years ago. The high intensity POT requests have continued into 2016-17 and look set to do so for the foreseeable future, especially in view of the proposed SPS Beam Dump Facility and experiments, e.g. SHiP*, which are requesting up to 4·1019 POT per year. Without significant improvements, the attainable annual POT will be limited to well below the total the SPS machine could deliver, due to activation of accelerator equipment and associated personnel dose limitations. In this contribution, the issues arising from the recent high activation levels are discussed along with the steps taken to understand, manage and mitigate these issues. The research avenues being actively pursued to improve the slow extraction related beam loss for present operation and future requests are outlined, and their relative merits discussed.
*A. Golutvin et al., ‘‘A Facility to Search for Hidden Particles (SHiP) at the CERN SPS'', CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, Rep. CERN-SPSC-2015-016 (SPSC-P-350), Apr. 2015. |
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| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPIK045 | |
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| MOPIK046 | Phase Space Folding Studies for Beam Loss Reduction During Resonant Slow Extraction at the CERN SPS | 615 |
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| The requested number of protons slow-extracted from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) for Fixed Target (FT) physics is expected to continue increasing in the coming years, especially if the proposed SPS Beam Dump Facility is realised. Limits on the extracted intensity are already being considered to mitigate the dose to personnel during interventions required to maintain the extraction equipment, especially the electrostatic extraction septum. In addition to other on-going studies and technical developments, a reduction of the beam loss per extracted proton will play a crucial role in the future performance reach of the FT experimental programme at the SPS. In this paper a concept is investigated to reduce the fraction of beam impacting the extraction septum by folding the arm of the phase space separatrix. Beam dynamics simulations for the concept are presented and compared to the phase space acceptance of the extraction channel. The performance potential of the concept at SPS is evaluated and discussed alongside the necessary changes to the non-linear optical elements in the machine. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPIK046 | |
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| MOPIK048 | Experimental Results of Crystal-Assisted Slow Extraction at the SPS | 623 |
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| The possibility of extracting highly energetic particles from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) by means of silicon bent crystals has been explored since the 1990's. The channelling effect of a bent crystal can be used to strongly deflect primary protons and eject them from the synchrotron. Many studies and experiments have been carried out to investigate crystal channelling effects. The extraction of 120 and 270 GeV proton beams has already been demonstrated in the SPS with dedicated experiments located in the ring. Presently in the SPS, the UA9 experiment is performing studies to evaluate the possibility to use bent silicon crystals to steer particle beams in high energy accelerators. Recent studies on the feasibility of extraction from the SPS have been made using the UA9 infrastructure with a longer-term view of using crystals to help mitigate slow extraction induced activation of the SPS. In this paper, the possibility to eject particles into the extraction channel in LSS2 using the bent crystals already installed in the SPS is presented. Details of the concept, simulations and measurements carried out with beam are presented, before the outlook for the future is discussed. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPIK048 | |
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| MOPIK049 | SPS Slow Extracted Spill Quality During the 2016 Run | 627 |
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| The flux of particles slow extracted with the 1/3 integer resonance from the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN should ideally be constant over the length of the extraction plateau, for optimum use of the beam by the fixed target experiments. The extracted intensity is controlled in feed-forward correction of the horizontal tune via the main SPS quadrupoles. The Mains power supply noise at 50 Hz and harmonics is also corrected in feed-forward by small amplitude tune modulation at the respective frequencies with a dedicated additional quadrupole circuit. In 2016 the spill quality could be much improved with respect to the situation of the previous year with more performant algorithms. In this paper the improved tools are described and the characteristics of the SPS slow extracted spill in terms of macro structure and typical frequency content are shown. Other sources of perturbation were, however, also present in 2016 which frequently caused the spill quality to be much reduced. The different effects are discussed and possible or actual solutions detailed. Finally, the evolution of the spill quality during characteristic periods in the 2016 run is presented. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPIK049 | |
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| MOPIK050 | Reduction of Resonant Slow Extraction Losses with Shadowing of Septum Wires by a Bent Crystal | 631 |
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| A new experiment, SHiP, is being studied at CERN to investigate the existence of three Heavy Neutral Leptons in order to give experimental proof to the proposed neutrino minimal Standard Model. High-intensity slow-extraction of protons from the SPS is a pre-requisite for SHiP. The experiment requires a resonant extraction with in a 7.2 s cycle, and about 4·1013 protons extracted at 400 GeV in a 1 s flat-top, to achieve the needed 2·1020 protons on target in five years. Although the SPS has delivered this in the past to the CNGS experiment with fast extraction, for SHiP beam losses and activation of the SPS electrostatic extraction septum (ZS) could be a serious performance limitation, since the target number of protons to resonantly extract per year is a factor of two higher than ever achieved before and a factor of four than ever reached with the third-integer slow extraction. In this paper, a novel extraction technique to significantly reduce the losses at the ZS is proposed, based on the use of a bent crystal to shadow the septum wires. Theoretical concepts are developed, the performance gain quantified and a possible layout proposed. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPIK050 | |
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| MOPIK102 | Beam Dynamics Studies of the HIE-ISOLDE Transfer Lines in the Presence of Magnetic Stray Fields | 768 |
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| The ISOLDE facility at CERN produces radioactive isotopes far from stability for fundamental nuclear physics research. The radioactive beams are accelerated to high-energy using a post-accelerator before being transferred for study in different experiments at the end of a network of High Energy Beam Transfer (HEBT) lines. In the framework of the HIE-ISOLDE project, the energy of post-accelerated beams is to be increased to over 10 MeV/u and new experimental detectors are being proposed for installation to exploit the new energy regime. The stray magnetic fields associated with many of the new detectors will distort the beam trajectories in the HEBT, potentially affecting the transmission of the low intensity beams delivered to the experiments. In this contribution, the influence on the HEBT of the stray field of the proposed ISOL Solenoidal Spectrometer is discussed, correction schemes described and shielding options assessed. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-MOPIK102 | |
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| TUPIK086 | Modelling the Radioactivity Induced by Slow-Extraction Losses in the CERN SPS | 1897 |
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| Resonant slow extraction is used to provide an intense quasi-DC flux of high-energy protons for the Fixed Target (FT) physics programme at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). The unavoidable beam loss intrinsic to the extraction process activates the extraction region and its equipment. Although the radiation dose to equipment has an impact on availability, the cool-down times required to limit dose to the personnel carrying-out maintenance of the accelerator also pose important restrictions, and ultimately limit the number of protons on target. In order to understand how the extracted proton flux affects the build-up and subsequent cool-down of the induced activation, a model based on a simple empirical relationship has been developed and shown to predict the measured radioactive decay at ionisation chambers located along the extraction region. In this contribution, the empirical model is described, its strengths and limitations discussed, and its application as a predictive tool for estimating cool-down times as a function of extracted proton flux demonstrated. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK086 | |
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| TUPVA007 | Impact of LHC and SPS Injection Kicker Rise Times on Lhc Filling Schemes and Luminosity Reach | 2043 |
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| The 2016 LHC proton filling schemes generally used a spacing between injections of batches of bunches into SPS and LHC corresponding to the design report specification for the SPS and LHC injection kicker rise times, respectively. A reduction of the batch spacing can be directly used to increase luminosity without detrimental effects on beam stability, and with no increase in the number of events per crossing seen by the experiments. Measurements and simulations were performed in SPS and LHC to understand if a shorter injection kicker rise time and associated tighter batch spacing would lead to increased injection oscillations of the first and last bunches of a bunch train and eventually also a systematic growth of the transverse emittance. The results were used to define the minimum possible batch spacing for an acceptable emittance growth in LHC, with gains of reductions of about 10% possible in both machines. The results are discussed, including the potential improvement of the LHC luminosity for different filling schemes. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPVA007 | |
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| TUPVA020 | The LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) Project at CERN: Ion Injector Chain | 2089 |
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| The LHC injector chain for Pb-ion beams at CERN consists of Linac3, the accumulator ring LEIR, the PS and the SPS. In the context of the LHC injectors upgrade (LIU) project an intense program of machine development studies has been performed in the last two years to maximise the intensity of Pb-ion beams at LHC injection. In this paper we present an analysis of the operational performance achieved so far, with the goal of 1) identifying the remaining performance bottlenecks along the chain and possible areas for improvement, and 2) to optimize the Pb-ion beam production scheme for the High Luminosity (HL-) LHC era. A consistent set of beam parameters for the HL-LHC era has been established taking into account the already achieved improvements as well as foreseen upgrades still to be implemented, such as slip stacking in the SPS. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPVA020 | |
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| TUPVA126 | The SPS Beam Dump Facility | 2389 |
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| The proposed SPS beam dump facility (BDF) is a fixed-target facility foreseen to be situated at the North Area of the SPS. Beam dump in this context implies a target aimed at absorbing the majority of incident protons and containing most of the cascade generated by the primary beam interaction. The aim is a general purpose fixed target facility, which in the initial phase is aimed at the Search for Hidden Particles (SHiP) experiment. Feasibility studies are ongoing at CERN to address the key challenges of the facility. These challenges include: slow resonant extraction from the SPS; a target that has the two-fold objective of producing charged mesons as well as stopping the primary proton beam; and radiation protection considerations related to primary proton beam with a power of around 355 kW. The aim of the project is to complete the key technical feasibility studies in time for the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) update foreseen in 2020. This is in conjunction with the recommendation by the CERN Research Board to the SHiP experiment to prepare a comprehensive design study as input to the ESPP. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPVA126 | |
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| WEPIK001 | Advanced Beam Dump for FCC-ee | 2906 |
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| A modified beam dump for the future electron positron circular collider FCC-ee is discussed. The extraction line with a dilution kicker system distributes bunches at different transverse locations on the face of the beam dump. For a standard absorber the maximum energy deposition of all bunches occurs at the same longitudinal position inside the beam dump. This region experiences an enormous temperature rise compared with the surrounding parts of the beam dump. We propose a novel type of beam dump which spreads out the deposited energy over its whole volume quasi-uniformly, thereby reducing the maximum temperature rise. Results of Monte-Carlo simulations for a multi-material mosaic beam dump and for absorbers with distorted shapes are shown. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPIK001 | |
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| WEPIK033 | LHC Beam Dump Performance in View of the High Luminosity Upgrade | 2999 |
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| The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) project will increase the total beam intensity in the LHC by nearly a factor of two. Analysis and follow-up of recent operational issues as well as dedicated studies of the LHC Beam Dump System (LBDS) have been carried out to ensure the safe operation with HL-LHC parameters and to decide on possible hardware upgrades to meet the HL-LHC requirements. The fail-safe design must ensure the LBDS performance also for abnormal operation such as asynchronous beam dumps or failing dilution kickers. In this paper, we report on newly observed failure scenarios as the erratic firing of more than one dilution kicker, and discuss their consequences as well as possible mitigation measures in view of the high luminosity upgrade. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPIK033 | |
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| WEPVA023 | Performance of the PS Injection Kicker System Short Circuit Mode Upgrade for Operation with 2 GeV LIU Beams | 3308 |
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| In the framework of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) project an upgrade of the existing PS proton injection kicker system for 2 GeV operation is in progress. The upgrade is based on the operation of the existing kicker system in short circuit mode. This paper briefly reviews the deployed modifications to the system to obtain the specified reduction of pulse reflections unavoidably induced by such a configuration. The implementation of improvements to the magnet entry box, transmission cables and the short circuit plug with integrated LC-filter are described as well as tests and measurements during the 2016/17 annual shutdown. The impact of the residual pulse shape structure on the beam performance for the reference LIU beam is quantified. The paper concludes with a performance analysis, a comparison of measurements vs. simulations and an outlook to the remaining modifications during the next long shut down. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA023 | |
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| WEPVA033 | Conceptual Design Considerations for a 1.3 TeV Superconducting SPS (scSPS) | 3323 |
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| The Future Circular Collider for hadrons (FCC-hh) envisaged at CERN will require a High Energy Booster as injector. One option being studied is to reuse the 6.9 km circumference tunnel of the SPS to house a fast-ramping superconducting machine. This paper presents the conceptual design considerations for this superconducting single aperture accelerator (designated scSPS) which can be used to accelerate protons to an extraction energy of 1.3 TeV, both for FCC and for fixed target beam operation in CERN's North Area. As FCC injector this accelerator has to be used in a fast cycling mode to fulfil the FCC-hh requirements concerning filling time, which impacts directly the choice of magnet technology. The reliability and availability will also play important roles in the design, and the inclusion of a fixed target capacity also has significant implications for the lattice and layout. The cell design, magnet parameters, overall layout, design of the different insertion and performance estimates for specific applications will be presented and discussed. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA033 | |
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| WEPVA036 | The LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) Project at CERN: Proton Injector Chain | 3335 |
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| The LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project at CERN aims at delivering high brightness beams required by the LHC in the high-luminosity LHC (HLLHC) era. The project comprises a new H− Linac (Linac4) as well as a massive upgrade of the PS Booster, PS and SPS synchrotrons. This paper gives an update of the activities regarding the proton injector chain. We present the target beam parameters, a brief status of the upgrade work per machine and the outcome of the recent reviews. The planning for the implementation of the hardware upgrades and the re-commissioning of the complex will also be discussed. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA036 | |
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| WEPVA095 | Preliminary Estimate of Beam Induced Power Deposition in a FCC-hh Injection Kicker Magnet | 3475 |
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| The Future Circular Collider for hadrons (FCC-hh) will require a fast injection kicker system that is highly reliable and that does not limit accelerator performance. Important considerations in the design of such a system are machine protection constraints, collider filling factor and hence rise and fall times of the kicker magnet field. Fast rise time kicker magnets are generally ferrite loaded transmission line type magnets with a rectangular shaped aperture. The beam coupling impedance of the kicker magnets is crucial, as this can be a dominant contribution to beam instabilities. In addition, beam-induced heating of the ferrite yoke due to the real component of the longitudinal beam coupling impedance needs to be controlled: if the ferrite temperature exceeds the Curie point this impacts the ability to inject beam and hence the availability of the machine. This paper presents estimates for the beam induced power deposition in the ferrite yoke, based on a calculated FCC beam spectrum and an analytical model of longitudinal impedance for unshielded kicker magnets. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA095 | |
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| WEPVA097 | Upgrading the SPS Fast Extraction Kicker Systems for HL-LHC | 3483 |
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| The CERN SPS has two fast extraction systems, each consisting of travelling wave kicker magnets (MKEs). The beam induced heating in the ferrite yoke of these magnets was historically kept to an acceptable level by implementing water cooling of the kicker magnets: in addition serigraphy was applied on the surfaces of the ferrite yoke facing the beam. Nevertheless, high intensity beams needed in the future for HL-LHC will significantly increase the beam induced heating, potentially raising the MKE ferrite yoke temperature to its Curie point. Hence detailed studies of longitudinal beam coupling impedance were carried out to identify simple but effective methods of further reducing beam induced power deposition. Based on the results of these studies, and in the framework of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project, an upgraded MKE kicker magnet was installed during the 2015-2016 shutdown. This paper reports and compares results of predictions, laboratory measurements, temperature measurements during SPS operation, and machine development studies. Measurements of both dynamic pressure rise in the upgraded magnet and Secondary Electron Yield, on samples, are also reported. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA097 | |
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| WEPVA100 | Operational Experience of the Upgraded LHC Injection Kicker Magnets During Run 2 and Future Plans | 3495 |
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| During Run 1 of the LHC, one of the injection kicker magnets caused occasional operational delays due to beam induced heating with high bunch intensity and short bunch lengths. In addition, there were also sporadic issues with vacuum activity and electrical flashover of the injection kickers. An extensive program of studies was launched and significant upgrades were carried out during Long Shutdown 1 (LS 1). These upgrades included a new design of beam screen to reduce both beam coupling impedance of the kicker magnet and the electric field associated with the screen conductors, hence decreasing the probability of electrical breakdown in this region. This paper presents operational experience of the injection kicker magnets during the first years of Run 2 of the LHC, including a discussion of faults and kicker magnet issues that limited LHC operation. In addition, in light of these issues, plans for further upgrades are briefly discussed. | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA100 | |
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| WEPVA105 | Upgrading of Ageing CERN Underground Infrastructure to Fulfil the Space Requirements of New Facilities at CERN | 3510 |
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| Particle accelerator technology is constantly being developed, and new equipment and machines replace the former ones to keep pushing the energy and intensity frontiers. Therefore, in order to meet the space requirements of new equipment, the infrastructure often needs to be modified, and given its rigid nature, this presents a challenge for the civil engineers to provide the needed space without compromising the safety and serviceability of the structures. In this paper two underground works are presented: a new cross-passage tunnel for the AWAKE experiment completed in 2014 and the future SPS Beam Dump. The challenges that must be faced are: (a) to make sure that the movements of the adjacent structures remain within admissible limits, (b) to design and execute the works such that the life span of the structure is not reduced, (c) To ensure the effectiveness of existing and new drainage systems during and after the works. For these purposes, in the frame of future tunnel asset management, the use of novel and conventional monitoring techniques plays a crucial role as it can predict in real time potential tunnel deformations which can lead, in the worst scenario, to tunnel failure | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA105 | |
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| WEPVA110 | Analysis and Operational Feedback on the New Design of the High Energy Beam Dump in the CERN SPS | 3524 |
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| CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) high-energy internal dump (Target Internal Dump Vertical Graphite, known as TIDVG) is required to intercept beams from 102 to 450 GeV. The equipment installed in 2014 (TIDVG#3) featured an absorbing core composed of different materials surrounded by a water-cooled copper jacket, which hold the UHV of the machine. An inspection of a previous equipment (TIDVG#2) in 2013 revealed significant beam induced damage to the aluminium section of the dump, which required imposing operational limitations to minimise the risk of reproducing this phenomenon. Additionally, in 2016 a vacuum leak was detected in the dump assembly, which imposed further limitations, i.e. a reduction of the beam intensity that could be dumped per SPS supercycle. This paper presents a new design (TIDVG#4), which focuses on improving the operational robustness of the device. Moreover, thanks to the added instrumentation, a careful analysis of its performance (both experimentally and during operation) will be possible. These studies will help validating technical solutions for the design of the future SPS dump to be installed during CERN's Long Shutdown 2 in 2020 (TIDVG#5). | ||
| DOI • | reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPVA110 | |
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