CYCLOTRONS2022 - List of Authors (Pan, G.F.)

Paper	Title	Page
MOPO004	Beam Dump Development for High Power Proton and Electron Beam	54
	J.Y. Liu, H.R. Cai, M.Z. Hu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, G.F. Song, L. Wang, Y. Wang, S.M. Wei, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	The high-intensity 100 MeV proton cyclotron CYCIAE-100 had provided 52 kW beam to the beam dump in 2018, is planning to upgrade at China Institute of Atomic Energy(CIAE). It is designed to provide a 75~100 MeV, 1 mA proton beam. So, a new beam dump for higher beam power have been developed since 2020. At the same time, a 1:4 scale, RF cavity with Q value up to 42000, is constructed for the engineering feasibility verification of a 2 GeV/6 MW CW FFAG, which is also being considered as a main accelerating cavity of a 100 kW electron accelerator. The electron beam will be rotated and accelerated 7 times by the gradient dipoles and the high Q cavity. The beam dump is designed to also use for the 100kW electron beam. With the same-level beam power of the two accelerators above the content, a beam dump for absorbing two kinds of particle beams according to the characteristics of the modification was designed. The energy deposition of 100MeV proton beam and 5MeV electron beam in the beam dump was investigated by the Monte-Carlo simulation program FLUKA. The beam dump cooling structure was optimizing by ICEM-CFD and fluent, so that the beam dump temperature was controlled less than 100°C, and the maximum temperature on the beam dump is less than 450°C. The beam dump is designed as a cube (450200200, unit:mm) with two 2.5°V-type copper pentagon and two flat parts. All the details about the simulation of energy deposition, thermal distribution and structure design will be presented in the paper.
	Poster MOPO004 [3.428 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO004
About •	Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 26 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOPO005	Impedance Characteristic Analysis and Matching Network Design for a 100 mA H⁻ Ion Source	58
	A.X. Ding, H.R. Cai, X.L. Jia, P.Z. Li, Z.J. Nong, G.F. Pan, J.F. Wang, H. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) has developed a series of multi-cusp H⁻ ion sources (IS) with DC beam intensity ranging from 3 to 18 mA for high intensity proton cyclotron uses such as cyclotron PET application, neutron source and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) facilities. Based on the previous experiences, a new project of radio frequency (RF) antenna driving ion source has been launched for pulse accelerator research. This new ion source is expected to provide over 100 mA peak intensity H⁻ beams of 60 keV and a longer maintenance interval than conventional filament-driving ion sources above. Impedance matching is indispensable for efficient RF power coupling in the whole working process of the ion source for high-intensity H⁻ beam extraction. In this paper, impedance characteristic of the IS antenna with various plasma loading is analyzed. Eight typical matching topologies are discussed on their electrical requirements. A type-L and a type-γ network are finally selected for the 2 MHz and 13.56 MHz chains respectively. This design may provide a better compromise between the matching performance and the cost of implementation for a wide dynamic loading range. Design of the network is evaluated on the power delivering efficiency in each of the two RF chains and isolation between one and the other. The IS structure and near-future work plan are also presented.
	Poster MOPO005 [1.228 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO005
About •	Received ※ 24 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 April 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOPO007	The Design and Commission of Vacuum System for CYCIAE-230 Superconducting Cyclotron	66
	S.P. Zhang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, B. Ji, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, C. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	In this paper, the design and installation CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotron main vacuum system’s equipment and the cryogenic systems based on the liquid helium zero-boiling-off technology for the CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotrons are described. The vacuum in the particle acceleration cavity is 2x10^-4 Pa. The main technical features of the accelerator vacuum system are that the main magnet cover plate with diameter 3.12m are used as a part of the main vacuum chamber, 8 magnetic poles, 8 high frequency resonators, and 2 sets of striper targets and 2 sets of radial targets are installed in the main vacuum chamber, resulting in technical difficulties such as large surface gas discharge, virtual leakage, high leakage of magnetic flux at the installation position of vacuum equipment (up to 2000 gauss) and so on. The main vacuum system is designed as 9 sets of TMP with magnet shields installed on the valley of magnet poles, which also used as RF cavity.
	Poster MOPO007 [1.509 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO007
About •	Received ※ 06 February 2023 — Revised ※ 07 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 October 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEPO010	High Intensity Cyclotron System Integration and Commissioning for Industrialization Application	225
	P.Z. Li, H.R. Cai, S.G. Hou, X.L. Jia, G.F. Pan, G.F. Song, J.F. Wang, G. Yang, H. Zhang, T.J. Zhang CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Up to 430 µA beam intensity was obtained in 10 MeV CRM cyclotron (CYCIAE-CRM) at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) in 2010. Whereafter, CIAE built a series of 14 MeV high intensity external ion source cyclotrons for medical isotope application and its relevant research. Compared with research cyclotron facility, cyclotron for industrialization application requires higher level of safety, usability and stability. Therefore, mechanical and electrical system integration and optimum are applied in the cyclotron design and commissioning. Electrical devices of cyclotron, including power supply, RF amplifier and PLC controller, are integrated into four standard industrial shielding cabinets with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design to improve electromagnetic interference and operation stability. Besides, earthing system is rearranged in regular laboratory maintenance period to minimize electromagnetic coupling of different signal systems. Based on the previous compact system integration, communication system is integrated into each electrical device as well and could be operated in local and remote mode for the convenience of commissioning. Industrial Ethernet standard PROFINET is adopted as communication protocol to improve the efficiency of protocol interaction towards millisecond level. Regarding RF system, start-up sequence of LLRF is optimized to increase uptime and reliability. The commissioning is also presented in this paper.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO010
About •	Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 31 December 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 30 October 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THAI01	Recent Progress of Research and Development for the Cost-Effective, Energy-Efficient Proton Accelerator CYCIAE-2000	245
	T.J. Zhang, H.R. Cai, Z.C. Chu, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, X.L. Jia, Z.J. Jin, H. Le, J. Lin, J.Y. Liu, X. Mu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, Q.Q. Song, C. Wang, F. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, Z.Y. Yin, S.P. Zhang, B.H. Zhao, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901. The MW class proton accelerators are expected to play important role in many fields, attracting institutions to continue research and tackle key problems. The CW isochronous accelerator obtains a high power beam with higher energy efficiency, which is very attractive to many applications. Scholars generally believe that the energy limitation of the isochronous cyclotron is ~1 GeV. To get higher beam power by the isochronous machine, enhancing the beam focusing become the most important issue. Adjusting the radial gradient of the average magnetic field makes the field distribution match the isochronism. When we adjust the radial gradient of the peak field, the first-order gradient is equivalent to the quadrupole field, the second-order, the hexapole field, and so on. Just like the synchrotron, there are quadrupoles, hexapole magnets, and so on, along the orbits to get higher energy, as all we know. If we adjust the radial gradient for the peak field of an FFAG’s FDF lattice and cooperate with the angular width (azimuth flutter) and spiral angle (edge focusing) of the traditional cyclotron pole, we can manipulate the working path in the tune diagram very flexibly. During enhancing the axial focusing, both the beam intensity and the energy of the isochronous accelerator are significantly increased. And a 2 GeV CW FFAG with 3 mA of average beam intensity is designed. It is essentially an isochronous cyclotron although we use 10 folders of FDF lattices. The key difficulty is that the magnetic field and each order of gradient should be accurately adjusted in a large radius range. As a high-power proton accelerator with high energy efficiency, we adopt high-temperature superconducting technology for the magnets. 15 RF cavities with a Q value of 90000 provide energy gain per turn of ~15 MeV to ensure the CW beam intensity reaches 3 mA. A 1:4 scale, 15 ton HTS magnet, and a 1:4 scale, 177 MHz cavity have been completed. The results of such R&D will also be presented in this
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI01
About •	Received ※ 20 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 April 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPO015	R&D Studies on A 177.6 MHz 1:4 Scale Boat Shape Prototype RF Cavity for the 2 GeV CW FFA	338
	S. Pei, L.L. Guan, Y. Jia, Z.J. Jin, M. Li, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, F. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Wang, G. Yang, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhu CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China B. Li, S.B. Xia, Y. Xing ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: Work supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901. A proton circular accelerator complex composed of a 100 MeV separated radial sector cyclotron, an 800 MeV separated spiral sector cyclotron and a 2 GeV FFA was proposed and is being studied at CIAE. To satisfy the beam dynamics requirements of the FFA, NC RF cavity with high Q and R will be adopted. It is found that the boat shape cavity is the most promising candidate. Therefore, R&D on a 177.6 MHz 1:4 scale boat shape prototype cavity is being carried out to study all aspects of developing such a high-power cavity. In this scenario, self-consistent multi-physics coupled simulation study with ANSYS HFSS and Workbench was carried out. This paper describes the method to deal with a mechanical model including hundreds of bodies in the FEM analysis and shows the simulation results. In addition, the manufacturing technology and some testing results are also presented.
	Poster THPO015 [3.234 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO015
About •	Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
Cite •	reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

Paper

Title

Page

Beam Dump Development for High Power Proton and Electron Beam

54

J.Y. Liu, H.R. Cai, M.Z. Hu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, G.F. Song, L. Wang, Y. Wang, S.M. Wei, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

The high-intensity 100 MeV proton cyclotron CYCIAE-100 had provided 52 kW beam to the beam dump in 2018, is planning to upgrade at China Institute of Atomic Energy(CIAE). It is designed to provide a 75~100 MeV, 1 mA proton beam. So, a new beam dump for higher beam power have been developed since 2020. At the same time, a 1:4 scale, RF cavity with Q value up to 42000, is constructed for the engineering feasibility verification of a 2 GeV/6 MW CW FFAG, which is also being considered as a main accelerating cavity of a 100 kW electron accelerator. The electron beam will be rotated and accelerated 7 times by the gradient dipoles and the high Q cavity. The beam dump is designed to also use for the 100kW electron beam. With the same-level beam power of the two accelerators above the content, a beam dump for absorbing two kinds of particle beams according to the characteristics of the modification was designed. The energy deposition of 100MeV proton beam and 5MeV electron beam in the beam dump was investigated by the Monte-Carlo simulation program FLUKA. The beam dump cooling structure was optimizing by ICEM-CFD and fluent, so that the beam dump temperature was controlled less than 100°C, and the maximum temperature on the beam dump is less than 450°C. The beam dump is designed as a cube (450*200*200, unit:mm) with two 2.5°V-type copper pentagon and two flat parts. All the details about the simulation of energy deposition, thermal distribution and structure design will be presented in the paper.

Poster MOPO004 [3.428 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO004

About •

Received ※ 31 December 2022 — Revised ※ 26 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 June 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOPO005

Impedance Characteristic Analysis and Matching Network Design for a 100 mA H⁻ Ion Source

58

A.X. Ding, H.R. Cai, X.L. Jia, P.Z. Li, Z.J. Nong, G.F. Pan, J.F. Wang, H. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X. Zheng
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) has developed a series of multi-cusp H⁻ ion sources (IS) with DC beam intensity ranging from 3 to 18 mA for high intensity proton cyclotron uses such as cyclotron PET application, neutron source and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) facilities. Based on the previous experiences, a new project of radio frequency (RF) antenna driving ion source has been launched for pulse accelerator research. This new ion source is expected to provide over 100 mA peak intensity H⁻ beams of 60 keV and a longer maintenance interval than conventional filament-driving ion sources above. Impedance matching is indispensable for efficient RF power coupling in the whole working process of the ion source for high-intensity H⁻ beam extraction. In this paper, impedance characteristic of the IS antenna with various plasma loading is analyzed. Eight typical matching topologies are discussed on their electrical requirements. A type-L and a type-γ network are finally selected for the 2 MHz and 13.56 MHz chains respectively. This design may provide a better compromise between the matching performance and the cost of implementation for a wide dynamic loading range. Design of the network is evaluated on the power delivering efficiency in each of the two RF chains and isolation between one and the other. The IS structure and near-future work plan are also presented.

Poster MOPO005 [1.228 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO005

About •

Received ※ 24 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 01 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 25 April 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

MOPO007

The Design and Commission of Vacuum System for CYCIAE-230 Superconducting Cyclotron

66

S.P. Zhang, H.R. Cai, W.F. Fu, B. Ji, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, C. Wang, Z.G. Yin, T.J. Zhang, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

In this paper, the design and installation CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotron main vacuum system’s equipment and the cryogenic systems based on the liquid helium zero-boiling-off technology for the CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotrons are described. The vacuum in the particle acceleration cavity is 2x10^-4 Pa. The main technical features of the accelerator vacuum system are that the main magnet cover plate with diameter 3.12m are used as a part of the main vacuum chamber, 8 magnetic poles, 8 high frequency resonators, and 2 sets of striper targets and 2 sets of radial targets are installed in the main vacuum chamber, resulting in technical difficulties such as large surface gas discharge, virtual leakage, high leakage of magnetic flux at the installation position of vacuum equipment (up to 2000 gauss) and so on. The main vacuum system is designed as 9 sets of TMP with magnet shields installed on the valley of magnet poles, which also used as RF cavity.

Poster MOPO007 [1.509 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-MOPO007

About •

Received ※ 06 February 2023 — Revised ※ 07 February 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 12 October 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

WEPO010

High Intensity Cyclotron System Integration and Commissioning for Industrialization Application

225

P.Z. Li, H.R. Cai, S.G. Hou, X.L. Jia, G.F. Pan, G.F. Song, J.F. Wang, G. Yang, H. Zhang, T.J. Zhang
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Up to 430 µA beam intensity was obtained in 10 MeV CRM cyclotron (CYCIAE-CRM) at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) in 2010. Whereafter, CIAE built a series of 14 MeV high intensity external ion source cyclotrons for medical isotope application and its relevant research. Compared with research cyclotron facility, cyclotron for industrialization application requires higher level of safety, usability and stability. Therefore, mechanical and electrical system integration and optimum are applied in the cyclotron design and commissioning. Electrical devices of cyclotron, including power supply, RF amplifier and PLC controller, are integrated into four standard industrial shielding cabinets with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design to improve electromagnetic interference and operation stability. Besides, earthing system is rearranged in regular laboratory maintenance period to minimize electromagnetic coupling of different signal systems. Based on the previous compact system integration, communication system is integrated into each electrical device as well and could be operated in local and remote mode for the convenience of commissioning. Industrial Ethernet standard PROFINET is adopted as communication protocol to improve the efficiency of protocol interaction towards millisecond level. Regarding RF system, start-up sequence of LLRF is optimized to increase uptime and reliability. The commissioning is also presented in this paper.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-WEPO010

About •

Received ※ 06 December 2022 — Revised ※ 31 December 2022 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 30 October 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THAI01

Recent Progress of Research and Development for the Cost-Effective, Energy-Efficient Proton Accelerator CYCIAE-2000

245

T.J. Zhang, H.R. Cai, Z.C. Chu, W.F. Fu, A.L. He, M.Z. Hu, X.L. Jia, Z.J. Jin, H. Le, J. Lin, J.Y. Liu, X. Mu, G.F. Pan, S. Pei, Q.Q. Song, C. Wang, F. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.G. Yin, Z.Y. Yin, S.P. Zhang, B.H. Zhao, H. Zhou, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901.
The MW class proton accelerators are expected to play important role in many fields, attracting institutions to continue research and tackle key problems. The CW isochronous accelerator obtains a high power beam with higher energy efficiency, which is very attractive to many applications. Scholars generally believe that the energy limitation of the isochronous cyclotron is ~1 GeV. To get higher beam power by the isochronous machine, enhancing the beam focusing become the most important issue. Adjusting the radial gradient of the average magnetic field makes the field distribution match the isochronism. When we adjust the radial gradient of the peak field, the first-order gradient is equivalent to the quadrupole field, the second-order, the hexapole field, and so on. Just like the synchrotron, there are quadrupoles, hexapole magnets, and so on, along the orbits to get higher energy, as all we know. If we adjust the radial gradient for the peak field of an FFAG’s FDF lattice and cooperate with the angular width (azimuth flutter) and spiral angle (edge focusing) of the traditional cyclotron pole, we can manipulate the working path in the tune diagram very flexibly. During enhancing the axial focusing, both the beam intensity and the energy of the isochronous accelerator are significantly increased. And a 2 GeV CW FFAG with 3 mA of average beam intensity is designed. It is essentially an isochronous cyclotron although we use 10 folders of FDF lattices. The key difficulty is that the magnetic field and each order of gradient should be accurately adjusted in a large radius range. As a high-power proton accelerator with high energy efficiency, we adopt high-temperature superconducting technology for the magnets. 15 RF cavities with a Q value of 90000 provide energy gain per turn of ~15 MeV to ensure the CW beam intensity reaches 3 mA. A 1:4 scale, 15 ton HTS magnet, and a 1:4 scale, 177 MHz cavity have been completed. The results of such R&D will also be presented in this

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THAI01

About •

Received ※ 20 January 2023 — Revised ※ 24 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 09 February 2023 — Issue date ※ 04 April 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

THPO015

R&D Studies on A 177.6 MHz 1:4 Scale Boat Shape Prototype RF Cavity for the 2 GeV CW FFA

338

S. Pei, L.L. Guan, Y. Jia, Z.J. Jin, M. Li, J.Y. Liu, G.F. Pan, F. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Wang, G. Yang, Z.G. Yin, S.P. Zhang, T.J. Zhang, X.F. Zhu
CIAE, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
B. Li, S.B. Xia, Y. Xing
ASIPP, Hefei, People’s Republic of China

Funding: Work supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 12135020 and the basic research fund from the Ministry of Finance of China under Grant BRF201901.
A proton circular accelerator complex composed of a 100 MeV separated radial sector cyclotron, an 800 MeV separated spiral sector cyclotron and a 2 GeV FFA was proposed and is being studied at CIAE. To satisfy the beam dynamics requirements of the FFA, NC RF cavity with high Q and R will be adopted. It is found that the boat shape cavity is the most promising candidate. Therefore, R&D on a 177.6 MHz 1:4 scale boat shape prototype cavity is being carried out to study all aspects of developing such a high-power cavity. In this scenario, self-consistent multi-physics coupled simulation study with ANSYS HFSS and Workbench was carried out. This paper describes the method to deal with a mechanical model including hundreds of bodies in the FEM analysis and shows the simulation results. In addition, the manufacturing technology and some testing results are also presented.

Poster THPO015 [3.234 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-CYCLOTRONS2022-THPO015

About •

Received ※ 04 December 2022 — Revised ※ 11 January 2023 — Accepted ※ 31 January 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023

Cite •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)